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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamizacja_Afryki_północnej_(649_–_1055)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamizacja_Afryki_północnej_(649_–_1055)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Islamizacja Afryki północnej (649 – 1055)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamizacja_Afryki_północnej_(649_–_1055)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afryka Północna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 140 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bar%C3%B4h" title="Afrika Barôh – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika Barôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ስሜን አፍሪካ – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን አፍሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave-Afrik" title="Tave-Afrik – inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tave-Afrik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمال إفريقيا – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_de_Bise" title="Africa de Bise – franko-prowansalski" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa de Bise" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="franko-prowansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_del_Norte" title="África del Norte – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Afrika" title="Şimali Afrika – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="قوزئی آفریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তর আফ্রিকা – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Hui-chiu" title="Pak Hui-chiu – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak Hui-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төньяҡ Африка – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўночная Афрыка – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўночная Афрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночная Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_an_Norzh" title="Afrika an Norzh – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_del_Nord" title="Àfrica del Nord – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Çурçĕр Африка – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр Африка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Afrika" title="Severní Afrika – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_ye_Maodzanyemba" title="Afurika ye Maodzanyemba – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika ye Maodzanyemba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Aafrika" title="Põhja-Aafrika – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Βόρεια Αφρική – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="North Africa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_%C3%81frica" title="Norte de África – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norte de África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afriko" title="Nord-Afriko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمال آفریقا – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_du_Nord" title="Afrique du Nord – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noard-Afrika" title="Noard-Afrika – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noard-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afraic_Thuaidh" title="An Afraic Thuaidh – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afraic Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Affrick_Hwoaie" title="Yn Affrick Hwoaie – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Affrick Hwoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_do_Norte" title="África do Norte – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="북아프리카 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewacin_Afirka" title="Arewacin Afirka – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arewacin Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հյուսիսային Աֆրիկա – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային Աֆրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर अफ़्रीका – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर अफ़्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerna_Afrika" title="Sewjerna Afrika – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_nga_Aprika" title="Amianan nga Aprika – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Цæгат Африкæ – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Африкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Norður-Afríka – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrica" title="Nordafrica – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nordafrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="צפון אפריקה – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_L%C3%A8r" title="Afrika Lèr – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika Lèr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთი აფრიკა – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Солтүстік Африка – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kaskazini" title="Afrika ya Kaskazini – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika ya Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelika_ya_Node" title="Afelika ya Node – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afelika ya Node" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentefa_Afrika" title="Lentefa Afrika – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lentefa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik_din%C3%B2" title="Afrik dinò – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik dinò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEkaya_Bakur" title="Afrîkaya Bakur – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afrîkaya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_del_Norte" title="Afrika del Norte – ladyński" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Afrika del Norte" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Septentrionalis" title="Africa Septentrionalis – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa Septentrionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BC%C4%81frika" title="Ziemeļāfrika – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļāfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Afrika" title="Šiaurės Afrika – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naord-Afrika" title="Naord-Afrika – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afil%C3%ADka_ya_Nola" title="Afilíka ya Nola – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afilíka ya Nola" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_norde" title="Africa norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-Afrika" title="Észak-Afrika – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Avaratra" title="Afrika Avaratra – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്ക – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80wherika-ki-te-raki" title="Āwherika-ki-te-raki – maoryjski" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āwherika-ki-te-raki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर आफ्रिका – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოორუე აფრიკა – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمال افريقيا – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمال افريقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="آفریقای شمال – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آفریقای شمال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кельмеширень Африкась – moksza" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кельмеширень Африкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Умард Африк – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард Африк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="北アフリカ – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AE" title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къилбаседа Африка – czeczeński" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа Африка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="czeczeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdafrikoo" title="Nuurdafrikoo – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdafrikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_Afrika" title="Shimoliy Afrika – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy Afrika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالی افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالي افريقا – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي افريقا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_%C3%81frica" title="Norte de África – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norte de África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa_Afrika" title="Arqa Afrika – karakałpacki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arqa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakałpacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Nordic%C4%83" title="Africa Nordică – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Nordică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сіверна Африка – rusiński" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сіверна Африка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северная Африка – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хоту Африка – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хоту Африка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_de_su_Norti" title="Àfrica de su Norti – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àfrica de su Norti" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africae" title="North Africae – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Africae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Leboa" title="Afrika Leboa – sotho południowy" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Afrika Leboa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho południowy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Leboa" title="Afrika Leboa – sotho północny" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrika Leboa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho północny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_veriore" title="Afrika veriore – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika veriore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_d%C3%BB_Nord" title="Àfrica dû Nord – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àfrica dû Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Severná Afrika – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severná Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Afrika" title="Severna Afrika – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8D%C5%82nocn%C5%8F_Afryka" title="Pōłnocnŏ Afryka – śląski" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pōłnocnŏ Afryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="śląski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqooyiga_Afrika" title="Waqooyiga Afrika – somalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waqooyiga Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="باکووری ئەفریقا – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باکووری ئەفریقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Afrika Kalér – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Afrika Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Afrikka" title="Pohjois-Afrikka – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Aprika" title="Hilagang Aprika – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="வடக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்கா – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_n_ugafa" title="Tafriqt n ugafa – tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafriqt n ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_Ugafa" title="Tafriqt Ugafa – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafriqt Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төньяк Африка – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк Африка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="แอฟริกาเหนือ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอฟริกาเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Африқои Шимолӣ – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африқои Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Afrika" title="Kuzey Afrika – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_Afrika" title="Demirgazyk Afrika – turkmeński" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1za_Afi%CC%B1rika" title="A̱za Afi̱rika – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱za Afi̱rika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Північна Африка – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالی افریقا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C3%A0frica" title="Nordàfrica – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nordàfrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Phi" title="Bắc Phi – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike_bijhrece" title="Afrike bijhrece – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Afrike bijhrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%B2" title="北阿非利加洲 – chiński klasyczny" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北阿非利加洲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chiński klasyczny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ord-Afrika" title="Nôord-Afrika – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Amihanan nga Apriká – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amihanan nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaaru_Afrig" title="Bëj-gànnaaru Afrig – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-gànnaaru Afrig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="צפון אפריקע – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון אפריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80r%C3%ADw%C3%A1_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Àríwá Áfríkà – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àríwá Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Afrikay Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrikay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C9%99son%C9%99_Afrik%C9%99" title="Kobəsonə Afrikə – tałyski" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kobəsonə Afrikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="tałyski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Africa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" hreflang="pl"><span>Wikipodróże</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27381" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna.png/300px-Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Państwa Afryki Północnej (kolor ciemnozielony: przynależność do regionu uznawana bezspornie, kolor jasnozielony: tylko według części klasyfikacji)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg/350px-United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg/525px-United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg/700px-United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Afryka Północna</b> – region <a href="/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka">Afryki</a>, obejmujący północną część kontynentu. Zazwyczaj do krajów Afryki Północnej zalicza się: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algieria" title="Algieria">Algieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (czasem zaliczana do <a href="/wiki/Afryka_Zachodnia" title="Afryka Zachodnia">Afryki Zachodniej</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara_Zachodnia" title="Sahara Zachodnia">Sahara Zachodnia</a> (rzadko zaliczana do Afryki Zachodniej)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (czasem zaliczany do <a href="/wiki/Afryka_Wschodnia" title="Afryka Wschodnia">Afryki Wschodniej</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunezja" title="Tunezja">Tunezja</a></li></ul> <p>Niekiedy wlicza się także <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopię</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erytrea" title="Erytrea">Erytreę</a> i <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BCibuti" title="Dżibuti">Dżibuti</a>. Z drugiej strony termin ten jest zawężany do krajów <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najstarszą cywilizacją, która sformowała się w północnej części Afryki, była cywilizacja egipska. Rządzone przez faraonów państwa <a href="/wiki/Dolny_Egipt" title="Dolny Egipt">Dolnego</a> i <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rny_Egipt" title="Górny Egipt">Górnego Egiptu</a> powstały około IV tysiąclecia p.n.e. i zjednoczone zostały około XXI wieku p.n.e. Polityczne, gospodarcze i kulturowe wpływy egipskie sięgały <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopii</a>, a nawet – dzięki morskim szlakom handlowym – <a href="/wiki/Punt_(kraina)" title="Punt (kraina)">krainy Punt</a>. </p> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span> </span><i>Osobny artykuł: <a href="/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Egipt" title="Starożytny Egipt">Starożytny Egipt</a>.</i></div> <p>Na przełomie XII i XI wieku p.n.e. na obszarze <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Numibii</a> rozwinęło się państwo <a href="/wiki/Kusz_(kraina)" title="Kusz (kraina)">Kusz</a>. W VIII wieku p.n.e. władcy Kusz sięgnęli po władzę w Egipcie i ponad sto lat rządzili nim jako tzw. <a href="/wiki/XXV_dynastia" title="XXV dynastia">dynastia etiopska</a>. </p><p>W północno-zachodniej Afryce, wzdłuż wybrzeża <a href="/wiki/Morze_%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dziemne" title="Morze Śródziemne">Morza Śródziemnego</a>, od XI wieku p.n.e. <a href="/wiki/Fenicja" title="Fenicja">Fenicjanie</a> zakładali <a href="/wiki/Faktoria" title="Faktoria">faktorie</a> handlowe i kolonie. Około 1100 roku p.n.e. powstała kolonia w <a href="/wiki/Utyka" title="Utyka">Utyce</a>, w 814 roku p.n.e. – w <a href="/wiki/Kartagina" title="Kartagina">Kartaginie</a>, która z czasem podporządkowała sobie inne kolonie fenickie. Dążenia do monopolizacji handlu morskiego przez Kartaginę doprowadziła do konfliktów z <a href="/wiki/Republika_rzymska" title="Republika rzymska">Rzymem</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wojny_punickie" title="Wojny punickie">trzech wojen punickich</a> (III–połowa II wieku p.n.e.), w wyniku których <a href="/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Kartaginy" title="Oblężenie Kartaginy">Kartagina została zniszczona</a>. </p><p>Od około XI wieku p.n.e. na obszarze współczesnej północnej <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopii</a> rozwijało się państwo <a href="/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum">Aksum</a> – według tradycji kontynuator <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Saba" title="Królestwo Saba">królestwa Saby</a>. Około 350 roku p.n.e. Aksum najechał Kusz i przyczynił się do jego upadku. W 333 roku władca Aksum, <a href="/wiki/Ezana" title="Ezana">Ezana</a>, przyjął chrzest w <a href="/wiki/Ryt_bizantyjski" title="Ryt bizantyjski">obrządku bizantyjskim</a>. W VI wieku na terenie Aksum toczyły się liczne wojny religijne. Państwo upadło w X wieku wskutek <a href="/wiki/Podboje_arabskie" title="Podboje arabskie">najazdu przez Arabów</a>. </p><p>W II–I wieku p.n.e. północne wybrzeże Afryki, łącznie z Egiptem, zostało zajęte przez Rzym, dzięki czemu region ten został ujednolicony pod względem gospodarczym i kulturowym. Taki stan rzeczy trwał do podziału <a href="/wiki/Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie">cesarstwa rzymskiego</a> w 395 roku. Egipt przypadł <a href="/wiki/Cesarstwo_Bizanty%C5%84skie" title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie">cesarstwu wschodniorzymskiemu</a> i został utracony w VII wieku wskutek podbojów arabskiech. W 429 roku obszary afrykańskie, należące do <a href="/wiki/Cesarstwo_zachodniorzymskie" title="Cesarstwo zachodniorzymskie">cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego</a>, zostały zajęte przez <a href="/wiki/Wandalowie" title="Wandalowie">Wandalów</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamizacja_Afryki_północnej_(649_–_1055)"><span id="Islamizacja_Afryki_p.C3.B3.C5.82nocnej_.28649_.E2.80.93_1055.29"></span>Islamizacja Afryki północnej (649 – 1055)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Islamizacja Afryki północnej (649 – 1055)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Islamizacja Afryki północnej (649 – 1055)"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Po śmierci <a href="/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet">Mahometa</a>, twórcy religii <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamskiej</a>, jego następcy – <a href="/wiki/Kalif" title="Kalif">kalifowie</a> – podjęli wielkie wyprawy wojenne przeciwko niewiernym. Ich wojska uderzyły między innymi na należący wtedy do <a href="/wiki/Cesarstwo_Bizanty%C5%84skie" title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie">Bizancjum</a> <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a> (całkowicie opanowany do 649 roku) oraz <a href="/wiki/Cyrenajka" title="Cyrenajka">Cyrenajkę</a> i <a href="/wiki/Trypolitania" title="Trypolitania">Trypolitanię</a> w północnej Afryce. Do początku VIII wieku <a href="/wiki/Arabowie" title="Arabowie">Arabowie</a> opanowali całą Afrykę Północną, skąd w 711 wdarli się do <a href="/wiki/Hiszpania" title="Hiszpania">Hiszpanii</a> na Półwyspie Iberyjskim. </p><p>Rządzący z <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdadu</a> kalifowie dość szybko utracili jednak kontrolę nad Afryką Północną, w której władzę przejęły lokalne islamskie dynastie. <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a> stanowił odrębne państwo od 868 roku. W 969 Egipt opanowali <a href="/wiki/Szyizm" title="Szyizm">szyiccy</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatymidzi" title="Fatymidzi">Fatymidzi</a>. W 971 założyli oni <a href="/wiki/Kair" title="Kair">Kair</a>, przyszłą stolicę oraz centrum handlowe i naukowe. Już w 988 powstał tam jeden z pierwszych uniwersytetów średniowiecza i biblioteka, licząca 1600 tys. tomów. </p><p>W <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebie</a> powstało silne państwo <a href="/wiki/Zirydzi" title="Zirydzi">Zirydów</a>, które rozpadło się w wyniku najazdu nomadów (1050 rok), nasłanych przez Fatymidów. </p> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" class="extiw" title="wikt:Afryka Północna"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>Afryka Północna</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;4019167"><i>Afryka. Historia. Starożytność</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2016-02-16]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Afryka.+Historia.+Staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B4019167" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output 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Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Regiony_Ziemi&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Kontynent" title="Kontynent">Kontynenty</a> i regiony Ziemi</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka">Afryka</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afryka_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Afryka Południowa">Południowa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Północna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afryka_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Afryka Środkowa">Środkowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afryka_Wschodnia" title="Afryka Wschodnia">Wschodnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afryka_Zachodnia" title="Afryka Zachodnia">Zachodnia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ameryka" title="Ameryka">Ameryka</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloameryka" title="Angloameryka">Anglosaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameryka_Centralna" title="Ameryka Centralna">Centralna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiby" title="Karaiby">Karaiby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezoameryka" title="Mezoameryka">Mezoameryka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameryka_%C5%81aci%C5%84ska" title="Ameryka Łacińska">Łacińska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameryka_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Ameryka Południowa">Południowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Ameryka Północna">Północna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameryka_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Ameryka Środkowa">Środkowa</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Azja" title="Azja">Azja</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliski_Wsch%C3%B3d" title="Bliski Wschód">Bliski Wschód</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daleki_Wsch%C3%B3d" title="Daleki Wschód">Daleki Wschód</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Azja Południowa">Południowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_Po%C5%82udniowo-Wschodnia" title="Azja Południowo-Wschodnia">Południowo-Wschodnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Azja Północna">Północna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Azja Środkowa">Środkowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_Wschodnia" title="Azja Wschodnia">Wschodnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azja_Zachodnia" title="Azja Zachodnia">Zachodnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaz_(region)" title="Kaukaz (region)">Kaukaz</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[A]</a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Europa Południowa">Południowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Europa Północna">Północna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Europa Środkowa">Środkowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Wschodnia" title="Europa Wschodnia">Wschodnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Zachodnia" title="Europa Zachodnia">Zachodnia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Australia_i_Oceania" title="Australia i Oceania">Australia i Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(kontynent)" title="Australia (kontynent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Zelandia_(archipelag)" title="Nowa Zelandia (archipelag)">Nowa Zelandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanezja" title="Melanezja">Melanezja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikronezja_(wyspy)" title="Mikronezja (wyspy)">Mikronezja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polinezja" title="Polinezja">Polinezja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australazja" title="Australazja">Australazja</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a6"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Strefa_podbiegunowa" title="Strefa podbiegunowa">Obszary polarne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arktyka" title="Arktyka">Arktyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarktyka" title="Antarktyka">Antarktyka</a> (w tym <a href="/wiki/Antarktyda" title="Antarktyda">Antarktyda</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a7"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceany</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Atlantycki" title="Ocean Atlantycki">Atlantycki</a> (Atlantyk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Arktyczny" title="Ocean Arktyczny">Arktyczny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Indyjski" title="Ocean Indyjski">Indyjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Ocean Południowy">Południowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spokojny" title="Ocean Spokojny">Spokojny</a> (Pacyfik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wszechocean" title="Wszechocean">Wszechocean</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a8"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><i>Zobacz też</i></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stary_%C5%9Awiat" title="Stary Świat">Stary Świat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_%C5%9Awiat" title="Nowy Świat">Nowy Świat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurazja" title="Eurazja">Eurazja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroeurazja" title="Afroeurazja">Afroeurazja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelandia_(mikrokontynent)" title="Zelandia (mikrokontynent)">Zelandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cywilizacja_zachodnia" title="Cywilizacja zachodnia">Zachód</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection refsection-nav"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">leży częściowo w Azji i w Europie</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-g"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Region_(geografia)" title="Region (geografia)">region geograficzny</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/315124797">315124797</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85001631">sh85001631</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4042482-0">4042482-0</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge128640">ge128640</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293827905171">987007293827905171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa">place/North-Africa</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Nord-Afrika">Nord-Afrika</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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