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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%84" title="والتر پوهل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر پوهل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="والتر بول (مؤرخ من النمسا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والتر بول (مؤرخ من النمسا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ヴァルター・ポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルター・ポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Поль, Вальтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поль, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Walter Pohl" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="沃尔特·波尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian historian</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter Pohl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg/220px-Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg/330px-Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg/440px-Walter_Pohl_Aufnahme_von_Monika_Reimitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pohl in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-09-27</span>) </span>27 September 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Austrian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Dr. habil.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus" title="Reinhard Wenskus">Reinhard Wenskus</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval History">Medieval History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_History" title="Vienna School of History">Vienna School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>University of Vienna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Science_Foundation" title="European Science Foundation">European Science Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walter Pohl</b> (born 27 December 1953) is an Austrian historian who is Professor of Auxiliary Sciences of History and Medieval History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. He is a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_History" title="Vienna School of History">Vienna School of History</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walter Pohl was born in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, on 27 December 1953. He received his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> in 1984 under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> with a thesis on the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>. He received his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history">medieval history</a> at the University of Vienna in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Vienna_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vienna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pohl is a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Science_Foundation" title="European Science Foundation">European Science Foundation</a> and the recipient of a large number of grants from the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a>. He was a key member of the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Roman_World" title="Transformation of the Roman World">Transformation of the Roman World</a> project. In 2004, Pohl was elected Director of the Institute for Medieval Studies and Member of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a>. In 2013, Pohl was elected a Member of <a href="/wiki/Academia_Europaea" title="Academia Europaea">Academia Europaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vienna_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vienna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with Wolfram, Pohl is a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_History" title="Vienna School of History">Vienna School of History</a>. However, he has a "much more fluid" approach on the issues<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> than Wolfram or the latter's mentor <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus" title="Reinhard Wenskus">Reinhard Wenskus</a>. Pohl's theories are "profoundly influenced" by <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall200716_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall200716-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pohl is well known for his theories about the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. He regards the category 'Germanic' as a primarily linguistic one, and doubts whether ethnicity is useful as a concept in analyzing the early Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pohl treats the <i>Germani</i> strictly as a Roman construct existing from the 1st century BC to the 6th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does not consider <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">culture</a> as defining the <i>Germani</i>, and instead stresses fluidity, flexibility and ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He partly follows the ancient, contemporary, definitions of the <i>Germani</i> which did not include the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pohl's work has faced some opposition. <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz" title="Wolf Liebeschuetz">Wolf Liebeschuetz</a> called his work "extraordinarily one-sided" and a form of ideological "dogmatism" evincing "a closed mind", which he believed to be a reaction to Nazi racism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebeschuetz agrees with Pohl's view that the early <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> did not form a racial unit, but he opposed the increasingly popular idea among modern scholars such as Pohl that the early Germanic peoples had no single shared set of institutions or values of their own, because this idea conflicts with Liebeschuetz's belief that these peoples should be considered a single entity that made a major contribution to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Drinkwater" title="John F. Drinkwater">John F. Drinkwater</a> has suggested that Pohl's theories on Germanic peoples are motivated by a desire to accelerate <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, members of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto School of History">Toronto School of History</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a>, have accused Pohl of not going far enough in his denials of the existence of a single continuous Germanic ethnicity in late antiquity. They charge Pohl and his colleagues at Vienna with perpetuating older German nationalist scholarship in an improved form. According to them, some of Pohl's theories on Germanic peoples are still ultimately derived from nineteenth-century <i>germanische Altertumskunde</i>, via scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_H%C3%B6fler" title="Otto Höfler">Otto Höfler</a>, and have not changed significantly since <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus" title="Reinhard Wenskus">Reinhard Wenskus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallander_Murray2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallander_Murray2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These charges have been denied by Pohl, who argues that ethnogenesis theory "has come a long way" since Wenskus, and that his own critique of Wenskus is in fact parallel to the critiques which are, in his view wrongly against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002223–224_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002223–224-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As evidence of how far the Vienna ethnogenesis paradigm has changed, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002225_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002225-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>It was precisely Herwig Wolfram who underlined the Roman foundations of the Gothic kingdoms, contrary to the views held by Höfler, Schlesinger, and Wenskus. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geary" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Geary">Patrick Geary</a>'s ‘mantra’ that ‘the Germanic world was perhaps the greatest and most enduring creation of Roman political and military genius’ sketches a new paradigm that is contrary to all that Höfler ever believed.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Works in English translation. For a complete list see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/imafo/mitarbeiterinnen-imafo/walter-pohl/publikationen/">publications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326164356/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/imafo/mitarbeiterinnen-imafo/walter-pohl/publikationen/">Archived</a> 26 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567 – 822 n. Chr.</i> (2002). English translation in conjunction with Cornell: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPohl2018" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pohl, Walter</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoR1DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822</i></a>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2940-9"><bdi>978-1-5017-2940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avars%3A+A+Steppe+Empire+in+Central+Europe%2C+567%E2%80%93822&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-2940-9&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoR1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1995" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pohl, Walter</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZIiAQAAIAAJ"><i>Die Welt der Babenberger: Schleier, Kreuz und Schwert</i></a>. Graz: Verlag Styria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-222-12334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-222-12334-4"><bdi>978-3-222-12334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Welt+der+Babenberger%3A+Schleier%2C+Kreuz+und+Schwert&rft.place=Graz&rft.pub=Verlag+Styria&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-222-12334-4&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZIiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity</i> (1997).</li> <li><i>Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (1998).</i></li> <li><i>The Transformation of Frontiers: From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians</i> (2000).</li> <li><i>Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World</i> (2003).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vienna-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vienna_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vienna_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/m/pohl-walter/">"Walter Pohl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Vienna&rft.atitle=Walter+Pohl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeaw.ac.at%2Fm%2Fpohl-walter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall200716-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall200716_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaas2001">Maas 2001</a>, p. 76<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMaas2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>. "Walter Pohl, Wolfram's successor in Vienna, is influenced by ethnogenesis theory, but he does not accept all of Wenskus's and Wolfram's ideas... [H]e rejects the idea of a German(ic)Volk or people, comprised of various tribes, as anything other than a linguistic abstraction... He raises a question that would have shocked Wenskus..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruscione2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFruscione2010">Fruscione 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater2002">Drinkwater 2002</a>, pp. 348–350. "Pohl's <i>Germani</i> are not all <i>Germani</i>, but those encountered by the Romans on the Rhine and the upper Danube from about the first century B.C. to the sixth century A.D. He does not consider, for example, the Goths or the Franks of the Merovingian kingdoms... [Pohl] is dismissive of language and culture as determinants... of ethnic identity. He stresses fluidity, flexibility and ambiguity... As I read P.'s book, I was frequently struck by the thought that this is the conviction of those urging faster and closer European integration... Perhaps attempting to convince people that the societies they belong to are no more than ephemeral historical artefacts may in the end prove to be just as misguided as praising them for their racial, social and institutional purity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2002">Kulikowski 2002</a>, p. 70. "Pohl... explicitly excludes the Goths and Vandals from the Germani he is meant to be treating, before proceeding to retail their history at length."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebeschuetz2015">Liebeschuetz 2015</a>, p. xxi. "Walter Pohl, had a completely closed mind to any view that admitted that these northern gentes had genuine histories and traditions of their own. Not content to demolish the view that these tribes were essentially racial organizations, they relied on sociological theory that ethnicity is nothing more than a negotiated system of social classification... to deny these peoples any institutions and values of their own, and so to reduce their contribution to medieval Europe to nothing at all. Such dogmatism is easily explained as a reaction to Nazi racism but it is nevertheless extraordinarily one-sided..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebeschuetz2015">Liebeschuetz 2015</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallander_Murray2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallander_Murray2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallander_Murray2002">Callander Murray 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002223–224-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002223–224_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl2002">Pohl 2002</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002225-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002225_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl2002">Pohl 2002</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallander_Murray2002" class="citation cs2">Callander Murray, Alexander (2002), "Reinhard Wenskus on 'Ethnogenesis', Ethnicity, and the Origin of the Franks", in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gillett" title="Andrew Gillett">Gillett, Andrew</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>, Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 4, <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">ISD</a>, pp. 39–68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4483">10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4483</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9"><bdi>978-2-503-51168-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reinhard+Wenskus+on+%27Ethnogenesis%E2%80%99%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+the+Origin+of+the+Franks&rft.btitle=On+Barbarian+Identity%3A+Critical+Approaches+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=39-68&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4483&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51168-9&rft.aulast=Callander+Murray&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Drinkwater" title="John F. Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John F.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/download/62275/54825">"W. Pohl, Die Germanen, 2000"</a>. <i>Francia</i>. <b>29</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Francia&rft.atitle=W.+Pohl%2C+Die+Germanen%2C+2000&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F62275%2F54825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruscione2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fruscione, Daniela (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heroicage.org/issues/14/fruscione.php">"On "Germanic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Age_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heroic Age (journal)">The Heroic Age</a></i> (14). <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heroic+Age&rft.atitle=On+%22Germanic%22&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Fruscione&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heroicage.org%2Fissues%2F14%2Ffruscione.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2002" class="citation cs2">Kulikowski, Michael (2002), "Nation versus Army: A Necessary Contrast?", in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gillett" title="Andrew Gillett">Gillett, Andrew</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>, Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 4, <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">ISD</a>, pp. 69–84, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4484">10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4484</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9"><bdi>978-2-503-51168-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nation+versus+Army%3A+A+Necessary+Contrast%3F&rft.btitle=On+Barbarian+Identity%3A+Critical+Approaches+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=69-84&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4484&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51168-9&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillett2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gillett" title="Andrew Gillett">Gillett, Andrew</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">ISD</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9"><bdi>978-2-503-51168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Barbarian+Identity%3A+Critical+Approaches+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51168-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Halsall" title="Guy Halsall">Halsall, Guy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbkLAQAAQBAJ"><i>Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39332-5"><bdi>978-1-107-39332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Migrations+and+the+Roman+West%2C+376%E2%80%93568&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-107-39332-5&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbkLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebeschuetz2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz" title="Wolf Liebeschuetz">Liebeschuetz, Wolf</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QV2CQAAQBAJ"><i>East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28952-9"><bdi>978-90-04-28952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+and+West+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Invasion%2C+Settlement%2C+Ethnogenesis+and+Conflicts+of+Religion&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28952-9&rft.aulast=Liebeschuetz&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QV2CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2012" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336931.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195336931-e-2">"Barbarians: Problems and Approaches"</a>. In Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336931.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195336931"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 60–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbarians%3A+Problems+and+Approaches&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=60-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195336931.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195336931-e-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2002" class="citation cs2">Pohl, Walter (2002), "Ethnicity, Theory, and Tradition: A Response", in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gillett" title="Andrew Gillett">Gillett, Andrew</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>, Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 4, <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">ISD</a>, pp. 221–239, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4490">10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4490</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51168-9"><bdi>978-2-503-51168-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Theory%2C+and+Tradition%3A+A+Response&rft.btitle=On+Barbarian+Identity%3A+Critical+Approaches+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=221-239&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.4490&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51168-9&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Pohl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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