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class="select_page">Seleccionar p谩gina</span> <span class="mobile_menu_bar mobile_menu_bar_toggle"></span> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="et_search_outer"> <div class="container et_search_form_container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="et-search-form" action="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/"> <input type="search" class="et-search-field" placeholder="B煤squeda …" value="" name="s" title="Buscar:" /><input type='hidden' name='lang' value='es' /> </form> <span class="et_close_search_field"></span> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-35432" class="post-35432 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/estudiar/">Estudiar</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Arden Smith, Sistemas de Escrituras</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Arden Smith, Sistemas de Escrituras</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Arden Smith provides a brief introduction to Tolkien鈥檚 invented alphabets and writing systems.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>A lo largo de su vida, J.R.R. Tolkien cre贸 diversos sistemas de escritura,</strong><span>聽</span>muchos de los cuales est谩n representados en sus obras. La mayor铆a de estos sistemas se encuentran conectados, de una u otra manera, con la 芦mitolog铆a禄 del autor en torno a la Tierra Media; y otros se relacionan con diferentes relatos o poseen una existencia independiente. Desde un punto de vista ling眉铆stico, a menudo se distinguen por su complejidad y sofisticaci贸n, sin embargo, poseen similitudes en la forma de las letras, las cuales revelan cierta semejanza fon茅tica entre los sonidos representados.</p> <p><strong>El alfabeto de<span>聽</span></strong><strong>R煤mil</strong></p> <p>La primera escritura 茅lfica inventada por Tolkien, en 1919, fue el<span>聽</span><strong><em>alfabeto de<span>聽</span></em></strong><strong><em>R煤mil</em></strong>, atribuido posteriormente a R煤mil, el sabio noldorin de Valinor. Las letras r煤milianas o Sarati (en singular, Sarat) se escriben normalmente en vertical, de arriba abajo, pero tambi茅n se pueden escribir en horizontal, ya sea de izquierda a derecha, de derecha a izquierda, o en bustr贸fedon (con l铆neas alternas de izquierda a derecha y de derecha a izquierda). A veces, se le a帽aden trazos verticales o barras, que pueden limitarse a una sola letra o abarcar la completa longitud de la l铆nea. A semejanza de algunos modos tengwar, las vocales se representan con signos diacr铆ticos. Pueden encontrarse ejemplos del alfabeto de R煤mil en los numeros 13 y 15 de la revista<span>聽</span><em>Parma Eldalamberon</em>.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/TaleofTurininElvishazz0106.jpg" alt="" title="Tale+of+Turin+in+Elvish+azz0106" /></span> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Part of the Tale of T煤rin written in the R煤milian alphabet.</span></em></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Las tengwar</strong></p> <p>Los sistemas de escritura con los que los lectores de Tolkien est谩n m谩s familiarizados son los que aparecen en<span>聽</span><em>El Se帽or de</em><em><span>聽</span>los Anillos</em>: Las tengwar y las angerthas. Las<span>聽</span><strong>tengwar</strong><span>聽</span>(cuya traducci贸n en quenya es 芦<em>letras</em>禄, tengwa en singular) son el tipo de letras 茅lficas que, por ejemplo, figuran en las inscripciones de la puerta de Moria y en el Anillo 脷nico. En el mundo ficticio de Tolkien, fueron inventadas por F毛anor, el m谩s dotado de los Elfos noldorin, y utilizadas originariamente para la representaci贸n del quenya, la lengua de los Altos Elfos. El uso de las tengwar se extendi贸 posteriormente a otros pueblos, ya fueran 茅lficos o no, del oeste de la Tierra Media.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_1"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Kingsletter_MS.Tolkien_Mss-4-2-25.jpg" alt="" title="Kings+letter_MS.Tolkien_Mss-4-2-25" /></span> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Letter from Aragorn, King of Gondor to Sam Gamgee, Mayor of the Shire, written in the Elvish script, Tengwar.</span></em></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Las 24 letras principales de este sistema se componen de un<span>聽</span><em>telco<span>聽</span></em>(tallo) y de, al menos, un<span>聽</span><em>l煤va<span>聽</span></em>(arco); se ordenan en cuatro columnas o series (<em>t茅mar</em>) y en seis filas o grados (<em>tyeller</em>). El t茅mar y el tyeller se relacionan con diferentes tipos de sonidos, variables seg煤n la fon茅tica de la lengua representada; cada una de estas representaciones constituye lo que llamamos un<span>聽</span><em>modo</em>. Tambi茅n existe una serie de letras adicionales, que difieren de un modo a otro. Los signos diacr铆ticos, llamados tehtar (del quenya 芦signos禄, tehta en singular), se a帽aden a las tengwar para indicar fen贸menos tales como una consonante doble, una nasal anterior (como<span>聽</span><em>m</em><span>聽</span>o<span>聽</span><em>n</em>), o una semivocal posterior (<em>w</em><span>聽</span>o<span>聽</span><em>y</em>). En algunos modos, consonantes y vocales est谩n representadas por las tengwar. En otros, sin embargo, s贸lo las consonantes est谩n representadas por las tengwar y se utilizan los tehtar para diferenciar las vocales. Se puede encontrar informaci贸n m谩s detallada sobre las tengwar en el Ap茅ndice E de<span>聽</span><em>El Se帽or de</em><em><span>聽</span>los Anillos</em>.</p> <p><strong>Las angerthas (runas 茅lficas)</strong></p> <p>Otro sistema de escritura utilizado en<span>聽</span><em>El Se帽or de</em><em><span>聽</span>los Anillos</em><span>聽</span>es el de las angerthas (que significa, en sindarin, 芦largas series de runas禄). Las letras que lo componen se llaman cirth (certh en singular), lo que se traduce generalmente por 芦runas禄, ya que la construcci贸n angular de estas letras recuerda inevitablemente a las runas hist贸ricas utilizadas por las tribus germ谩nicas. A semejanza de las runas antiguas, las<span>聽</span><em>cirth</em><em><span>聽</span></em>fueron concebidas para las inscripciones talladas en madera o piedra, mientras que las<span>聽</span><em>tengwar</em><span>聽</span>eran m谩s adecuadas para la caligraf铆a con pluma o pincel. Se dice que las<span>聽</span><em>cirth</em><span>聽</span>fueron inventadas por los Elfos Sindar de Beleriand, e incluso, el m谩s desarrollado de los alfabetos r煤nicos: las<strong><em><span>聽</span>angerthas Daeron</em>,</strong><span>聽</span>lleva el nombre del trovador y maestro de historias del rey elfo Thingol de Doriath. El uso de las<span>聽</span><em>cirth</em><span>聽</span>se extendi贸 tambi茅n a otros pueblos, en particular a los Enanos. Los Enanos de Moria usaban un alfabeto r煤nico modificado llamado<span>聽</span><strong><em>angerthas Moria</em></strong>, mientras que los Enanos de la Monta帽a Solitaria sol铆an utilizar otra variante llamada el<span>聽</span><strong><em>modo de Erebor</em></strong>. Ejemplos de runas enanas son las inscritas en la tumba de Balin en<span>聽</span><em>El Se帽or de los Anillos</em><span>聽</span>y las de<span>聽</span>las p谩ginas del facs铆mil del Libro de Mazarbul. Para m谩s informaci贸n, consulten el Ap茅ndice E de<span>聽</span><em>El Se帽or de los Anillos</em>.</p> <p><strong>Las runas anglo-sajonas y otros alfabetos r煤nicos</strong></p> <p>El alfabeto r煤nico utilizado en el Mapa de Thror y en otros fragmentos de<span>聽</span><em>El</em><em><span>聽</span>Hobbit</em><span>聽</span>no pertenece a las angerthas, sino que se trata del futhorc, utilizado por los anglosajones hace miles de a帽os. Tolkien tuvo que adaptarlo al ingl茅s moderno (para m谩s informaci贸n, v茅ase el Ap茅ndice B de<span>聽</span><em>El</em><em><span>聽</span>Hobbit anotado</em>), e incluso se sirvi贸 de otros alfabetos r煤nicos, a veces hist贸ricos y, otras veces, inventados. Varios de ellos, incluyendo las<strong><em><span>聽</span>runas</em></strong><strong><em><span>聽</span>gondolinicas</em></strong>, se pueden encontrar en el art铆culo 芦Early Runic Documents禄 publicado en el numero 15 de la revista<span>聽</span><em>Parma</em><em><span>聽</span>Eldalamberon</em>. La<span>聽</span><strong><em>skirditaila</em></strong><span>聽</span>(serie r煤nica) taliska, utilizada por una tribu de Hombres que hab铆a tenido contacto con los Elfos silvanos, se menciona (sin ejemplos), en el 芦Ap茅ndice sobre las runas禄, el cual se encuentra al final del s茅ptimo volumen de<span>聽</span><em>la Historia de la Tierra Media</em><span>聽</span>(<em>La traici贸n de Isengard)</em>. 脡ste tambi茅n incluye las primeras versiones de las<span>聽</span><em>angerthas</em>, as铆 como una variante escrita, en cursiva, llamada el<span>聽</span><strong><em>alfabeto de</em></strong><strong><em><span>聽</span>Dairon</em></strong>.</p> <p>Tolkien ide贸 varios alfabetos de estilo tengwar en la d茅cada de 1920, antes de que el sistema f毛anoriano alcanzase la forma que hoy conocemos, a principios de 1930. Entre ellos, se encuentra el alfabeto<span>聽</span><strong><em>valm谩r</em></strong><strong><em>ico</em></strong>, del que Tolkien dej贸 algunos ejemplos. A diferencia del alfabeto de R煤mil, la escritura valm谩rica s贸lo se escribe horizontalmente, de izquierda a derecha; pero comparte muchas caracter铆sticas con ambos sistemas (f毛anoriano y r煤miliano), como el uso de signos diacr铆ticos para representar las vocales. Un ejemplo de escritura valm谩rica aparece en el pie de<span>聽</span>la ilustraci贸n del<span>聽</span><em>聽</em>芦Paisaje Lunar禄, en<span>聽</span><em>Roverandom</em>. Se pueden encontrar m谩s ejemplos en los numeros<sup><span>聽</span></sup>14 y 15 de la revista<span>聽</span><em>Parma Eldalamberon</em>. Los pr贸ximos n煤meros de<span>聽</span><em>Parma</em><em><span>聽</span>Eldalamberon</em><span>聽</span>ofrecer谩n manuscritos que contienen otras escrituras 茅lficas de la d茅cada de 1920, algunas de las cuales pueden ser consideradas versiones tempranas de las tengwar de F毛anor. Ciertos alfabetos Pre-f毛anorianos, como el<strong><em><span>聽</span>Qenyatic, Falassin, Noriac, Banyaric,<span>聽</span></em></strong>y<span>聽</span><strong><em>Sinyatic</em></strong>, aparecen en numero 16 de<span>聽</span><em>Parma</em><em><span>聽</span>Eldalamberon</em>.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>El alfabeto Goblin (<em>Cartas de Pap谩 Noel</em>)</strong></p> <p>En las cartas escritas por Tolkien para sus hijos, bajo la apariencia de Pap谩 Noel y sus amigos del Polo Norte, destacan tambi茅n otras creaciones alfab茅ticas. La escritura 茅lfica utilizada por el Elfo Ilbereth es, esencialmente, una variante de las tengwar f毛anorianas, mientras que<span>聽</span>el<span>聽</span><strong><em>alfabeto</em></strong><strong><em><span>聽</span>de goblin</em></strong><span>聽</span>utilizado por Karhu, el Oso Polar,<span>聽</span>es muy diferente de otros alfabetos inventados por Tolkien. Est谩 basado, supuestamente, en los dibujos que trazaban los duendes (goblins) en sus cavernas, y se compone principalmente de figuras humanas de palo. Es, ante todo, alfab茅tico, pero consta de algunos caracteres que representan diptongos y combinaciones de consonantes comunes (ver<span>聽</span><em>Cartas de Pap谩 Noel</em>).</p> <p><strong>Los dem谩s sistemas de escritura</strong></p> <p>Tolkien tambi茅n invent贸 sistemas de escritura sin conexi贸n alguna con sus mundos ficticios. Uno de los primeros fue el<span>聽</span><strong><em>privata</em></strong><strong><em><span>聽</span>kodo skauta</em></strong><span>聽</span>(C贸digo Scout Privado), que aparece en un cuaderno de notas de 1909 todav铆a in茅dito, llamado<span>聽</span><em>Book of the Foxrook</em>. Destaca un alfabeto fon茅tico codificado, as铆 como s铆mbolos ideogr谩ficos que representan palabras completas (ver Bodleian Library,<span>聽</span><em>J.R.R.</em><em><span>聽</span>Tolkien</em>:<span>聽</span><em>Life and Legend,</em><span>聽</span>p. 18; y Arden R. Smith y Patrick Wynne, 芦Tolkien and Esperanto禄,<span>聽</span><em>SEVEN,</em><span>聽</span>vol. 17 [2000], p. 29-34). Hacia el final de su vida, Tolkien ide贸 su<span>聽</span><strong><em>nuevo alfabeto ingl茅s</em></strong>, una escritura fon茅tica que combina los principios l贸gico-estructurales de las<span>聽</span><em>angerthas</em><span>聽</span>y de las<span>聽</span><em>tengwar</em><em><span>聽</span></em>con caracteres que recuerdan al griego o al lat铆n. El alfabeto a煤n no ha sido publicado en su totalidad, pero se pueden consultar ejemplos en<span>聽</span><em>JRR</em><em><span>聽</span>Tolkien: Artista e Ilustrador,</em><span>聽</span>de Wayne G. 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