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soils, water & land</h1> </div> <div class="c-t2-banner__desc">Soils are critical to our productive and natural landscapes, and their health is central to society’s well-being.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-container" id="overview"> <div class="l-elemental-content"> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--default "> <div class="element keypointsblock" id="e2462"> <div class="c-key-points"> <a id="our-work-enables-new-zealand-to"></a> <h3 class="c-key-points__heading">Our work enables New Zealand to:</h3> <ul class="c-key-points__list"> <li class="c-key-points__item">use land more sustainably</li> <li class="c-key-points__item">he whenua koiora (better use resources for intergenerational well-being)</li> <li class="c-key-points__item">better protect and restore land and soil resources</li> <li class="c-key-points__item">reduce the impact of land use on freshwater resources. </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--full l-content-block--snug-bottom"> <div class="element dnadesign__elemental__models__elementcontent" id="e2463"> <div class="content-element__content"> <a id="content"></a> <p class="l-content-page-summary">One of the greatest challenges facing regional and national agencies, and the food and fibre sector, is the integrated management of land and water to provide sustainable production, while simultaneously protecting downstream ecosystems and supporting diverse community and iwi values. Soils hold more water than our rivers, lakes, and aquifers. They are the pathways for pollutants from land use, and the source of sediment entering waterways from erosion. Soils are being lost by erosion from productive lands at unsustainable rates.</p><p class="l-content-page-summary">Our work provides understanding of soils, capability to manage the effects of land use, and confidence to deploy mitigation approaches.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--default l-content-block--snug-bottom"> <div class="element dnadesign__elemental__models__elementcontent" id="e2464"> <div class="content-element__content"> <a id="content"></a> <h2>In this section</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--default "> <div class="element dnadesign__elemental__models__elementcontent" id="e2421"> <div class="content-element__content"> <a id="in-this-section"></a> <p><img src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/Sedimenterosion__ResizedImageWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" class="left ss-htmleditorfield-file image" loading="lazy"></p><h3>Erosion & sediment</h3><p>We undertake a diversity of research and consultancy projects including fundamental understanding of erosion processes, landscape dynamics and response in a changing environment, erosion and sediment modelling, and tools for control and mitigation of soil and land degradation.</p><p><a class="button" href="/discover-our-research/land/erosion-and-sediment/"><span>Discover more</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--default "> <div class="element dnadesign__elemental__models__elementcontent" id="e2422"> <div class="content-element__content"> <a id="land-and-soil-resources"></a> <p><img src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/190327_-6089__ResizedImageWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" class="left ss-htmleditorfield-file image" loading="lazy"></p><h3>Land & soil resources</h3><p><span>Soils, landscapes and natural resources such as water underpin natural and managed ecosystems. They provide ecosystem and productive services on which we rely for agriculture and forestry and act as a platform for communities, infrastructure, and the national identity on which our culture and tourist trade is based.</span></p><p><a class="button" href="/discover-our-research/land/land-and-soil-resources/"><span>Discover more</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--default "> <div class="element dnadesign__elemental__models__elementcontent" id="e2423"> <div class="content-element__content"> <a id="soil-and-ecosystem-health"></a> <p><img src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/Soil-Cores-Glenorchy__ResizedImageWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" class="left ss-htmleditorfield-file image" loading="lazy"></p><h3>Soil & ecosystem health</h3><p><span>The ongoing capacity of soil ecosystems to maintain the services they provide is fundamental to our economic, cultural, social and environmental well-being.</span></p><p><a class="button" href="/discover-our-research/land/soil-and-ecosystem-health/"><span>Discover more</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--alone "> <div class="element relatedcontent" id="e8132"> <a id="soil-water-and-land-services"></a> <div class="c-section-header"> <h4 class="c-section-header__title"> Soil, water & land services </h4> <a href="/tools-and-resources/databases/" class="c-button"> View all tools and services <svg class="c-svg-icon c-button__icon"> <use xlink:href="/_resources/themes/default/images/icons/icons.svg?m=1731284049#icon-arrow-right"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="c-related-content c-related-content--4-up"> <div class="carousel carousel--disabled carousel--4-up"> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://smap.landcareresearch.co.nz/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Partner-With-Us/Portfolios/Characterising-Land-Resources/S-Map-Online-v2__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="S-Map Online"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> S-Map Online </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> S-map is a digital soil map of New Zealand. Use S-map Online to explore the most comprehensive, quantitative soil information available. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=tool" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Tool</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Partner-With-Us/Portfolios/Characterising-Land-Resources/soilsportal__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="soilsportal"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Soils Portal </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Manaaki Whenua's Soils Portal is a comprehensive source of information about New Zealand's soils. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=tool" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Tool</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://ourenvironment.scinfo.org.nz/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Partner-With-Us/Portfolios/Characterising-Land-Resources/Our-Environment__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Our Environment"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Our Environment Land Atlas </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> An online atlas of our land resources. Explore interactive maps to learn about your local environment and regional differences. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=tool" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Tool</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://lris.scinfo.org.nz/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Partner-With-Us/Portfolios/Characterising-Land-Resources/LRIS-Portal__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="LRIS Portal"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> LRIS Portal </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> The Land Resource Information Systems (LRIS) Portal is a repository of authoritative NZ environment datasets and information. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=tool" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Tool</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--alone "> <div class="element relatedcontent" id="e2124"> <a id="soil-water-and-land-programmes-and-projects"></a> <div class="c-section-header"> <h4 class="c-section-header__title"> Soil, water & land programmes & projects </h4> </div> <div class="c-related-content c-related-content--4-up"> <div class="carousel carousel--disabled carousel--4-up"> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/partner-with-us/our-science-portfolios/climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation/reducing-nitrogen-losses-from-farms/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Projects/Reducing-Nitrogen-Losses-from-Farms/06_highlight-2_190219_ashley_dene_gasses-0137__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="The completed lysimeter facility providing continuous measurements of carbon nitrogen and phosphorus leaching under irrigated lucerne (Bradley White)"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Reducing nitrogen losses from farms </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> This MBIE-funded research programme seeks to investigate and recommend practical changes to farm management practices. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=project" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Project</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/discover-our-research/land/erosion-and-sediment/smarter-targeting-of-erosion-control/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/erosion__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="erosion"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Smarter Targeting of Erosion Control (STEC) </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Helping to meet national freshwater objectives for catchment management. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=project" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Project</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=water-quality" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Water quality</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=erosion" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Erosion</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/discover-our-research/land/soil-and-ecosystem-health/soil-health-and-resilience/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/Soil-health-resilence/soil_samples__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Soil samples. Image: Bradley White"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Soil health and resilience: oneone ora, tangata ora </h4> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> The ongoing capacity of soil ecosystems to maintain the services they provide is fundamental to our well-being. </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=project" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Project</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=ecosystem" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Ecosystem</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-content-block l-content-block--alone "> <div class="element relatedcontent" id="e2126"> <a id="soil-water-and-land-news"></a> <div class="c-section-header"> <h4 class="c-section-header__title"> Soil, water & land news </h4> <a href="/search?tag=land&tag=soil-horizons&tag=stec&type=innovation-story&type=media-release&type=news&type=newsletter" class="c-button"> Show all <svg class="c-svg-icon c-button__icon"> <use xlink:href="/_resources/themes/default/images/icons/icons.svg?m=1731284049#icon-arrow-right"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="c-related-content c-related-content--4-up"> <div class="carousel carousel--disabled carousel--4-up"> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/erw-a-bulwark-against-climate-warming/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2024-issue-33/fine-dust-eger__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="fine dust eger"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Enhanced Rock Weathering: A bulwark against climate warming? </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2024-11-11 16:29:00"> 11 November 2024 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Silicate and carbonate weathering by carbonic acid is a key component of the natural, mid- to long-term global carbon cycle. This process... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/leaching-losses-under-cropping-and-variable-rate-irrigation/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2024-issue-33/massey-imgheade__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Massey pivot site with variable-rate irrigator"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Leaching losses under cropping and variable-rate irrigation </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2024-11-11 16:28:50"> 11 November 2024 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> The intensification of agricultural land typically includes irrigation to increase pasture and crop yields. This is often associated with... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/benchmark-results-from-new-zealands-soil-carbon-monitoring-programme-for-agricultural-land/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2024-issue-33/sampling__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Continuous soil core sampling. Soil core sampling using a mechanical waratah driver."> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Benchmark results from New Zealand’s soil carbon monitoring programme for agricultural land </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2024-11-11 16:28:41"> 11 November 2024 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Soil organic carbon (SOC) is critical for soil health. It is the basis of the soil food web and plays an important role in maintaining so... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-carbon" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil carbon</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/s-map-expands-further-and-reaches-11-million-hectares/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2024-issue-33/soil-profile-th__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="soil profile th"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> S-map expands further and reaches 11 million hectares! </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2024-11-11 16:28:33"> 11 November 2024 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Last year closed out with a significant achievement for S-map, New Zealand’s comprehensive online resource soil information system. In th... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=s-map" class="c-tag c-tag--small">S-map</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/updated-estimates-of-soil-water-retention-in-s-map/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2024-issue-33/soil-sampling-pit__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Figure 2. Soil sampling pit preparation near Rotorua. (Photo: Veronica Penny)"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Updated estimates of soil water retention in S-map </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2024-11-11 16:28:24"> 11 November 2024 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> New Zealand is internationally recognised as having a high diversity of soil types, with S-map identifying 4,844 soil siblings (types) in... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=s-map" class="c-tag c-tag--small">S-map</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/an-update-on-the-national-soil-carbon-benchmarking-and-monitoring-system-for-agricultural-land-in-new-zealand/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Putaiao/putaiao-issue-11/troughton_DAP2305__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Soil profile"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> An update on the national soil carbon benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2022-11-01 15:23:24"> 1 November 2022 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Every year, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, New Zealand is obliged to report its... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=climate-change" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Action on climate change</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-carbon" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil carbon</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/diverse-pasture-reduces-nitrous-oxide-emissions-but-theres-a-catch/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2022-issue-31/laubach-AAJ_6061__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="Measurement system for CO2 and N2O exchange in an irrigated paddock at the Ashley Dene Research & Development Station. The white box in the centre contains a multi-gas analyser; the mast to its right holds a sonic anemometer (to measure the turbulent air "> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Diverse pasture reduces nitrous oxide emissions – but there’s a catch! </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2022-11-01 15:23:17"> 1 November 2022 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> As New Zealand works toward a low-carbon future there is a critical need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly from live... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?type=newsletter" class="c-tag c-tag--content-type c-tag--small">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=soil-horizons" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Soil Horizons</a> </li> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a href="/search/?tag=enhancing-soils-water-and-land" class="c-tag c-tag--small">Enhancing soils, water, and land</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End carousel-cell --> <div class="carousel-cell"> <div class="c-related-content__item"> <a class="c-related-content__link" href="/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/sampling-event-based-drainage-in-near-real-time-using-drainage-fluxmeters/"> <span class="c-related-content__image-container"> <img class="c-related-content__image" src="/assets/Publications/Soil-Horizons/2022-issue-31/fluxmeter__FillMaxWzMwMCwyMDBd.png" width="300" height="200" alt="Field trials creating irrigation events for testing"> </span> <h4 class="c-related-content__title"> Sampling event-based drainage in near real time using drainage fluxmeters </h4> <time class="c-related-content__date" datetime="2022-11-01 15:23:01"> 1 November 2022 </time> <p class="c-related-content__desc"> Soil drainage containing chemicals and nutrients, such as from fertilisers, grazing animals, effluent, and other diffuse sources, is a ke... </p> </a> <ul class="c-tag-list"> <li class="c-tag-list__item"> <a 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