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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Congregational Christian Church of Samoa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b>Ekalesia Fa'apotopotoga Kerisiano Samoa</b></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">Congregational</a>-<a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian polity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Samoa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1830 <br /><a href="/wiki/Savaii_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Savaii Island">Savaii Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Branched from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">325</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Congregational Christian Church Samoa</b> (<b>CCCS</b>) is an international <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> originally established in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institution_at_Malua,_Samoa_(LMS,_1869,_p.14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg/260px-Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg/390px-Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg/520px-Institution_at_Malua%2C_Samoa_%28LMS%2C_1869%2C_p.14%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Institution at Malua, Samoa (<a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">LMS</a>, 1869, p.14)<sup id="cite_ref-Fruits-LMS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fruits-LMS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>CCCS traces its beginnings to the arrival in 1830 of missionaries sent by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS), accompanied by missionary teachers from <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> couple from <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. </p><p>The LMS missionaries arrived at a time of fierce warfare and fighting between local chiefs. Weary of violence and bloodshed, they readily received the missionaries and their gospel of peace. </p><p>Paramount chief <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a> Vainu'upo, of noble lineage, accepted Christianity. All his followers and kinsfolk immediately followed suit. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Tui_Manu%27a" title="Tui Manu'a">Tui-Manu'a</a>, the sovereign ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Manu%CA%BBa_Islands" title="Manuʻa Islands">Manu'a islands</a>, also embraced the LMS emissary. The Kingdom of Manu'a became a LMS and Congregational stronghold. Within a few years, virtually the whole of Samoa was converted to Christianity. Huge numbers of people from simple and noble lineage soon offered themselves for overseas mission work. In 1839, nine years after the arrival of the LMS, the first twelve Samoan missionaries left for mission work in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. Since then, Samoans continued to take the gospel message to other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific islands">Pacific islands</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>. Many of these early Samoan missionaries never returned home; they occupy many of the unnamed and unmarked graves on islands throughout the Pacific. By the 1980s Samoan missionaries could be found in Africa, evangelizing on the streets of London, and in remote villages of Jamaica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_a_theological_college">Establishment of a theological college</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of a theological college"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malua Theological College was established in 1844, its main objective to teach and educate local students so that each village of Samoa would have a theologically educated pastor as spiritual leader. By the end of the 19th century, a pattern of ministry had emerged. It was modeled on the Samoan village structural organization and aimed at preserving, as much as possible, the value systems of the Samoan way of life. The church community functions in the same way as the village, where five main groups – <span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn">matai</i></span> (titled men), spouses of <span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">matai</a></i></span>, untitled men <span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn">aumaga</i></span>, unmarried women <span title="Samoan-language romanization"><i lang="sm-Latn">aualuma</i></span>, and children – each have their own individual and corporate roles and responsibilities for the maintenance of order and welfare. The village congregation is the basic unit of the CCCS with the pastor as the spiritual leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church's_focus"><span id="Church.27s_focus"></span>Church's focus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Church's focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Missionary_Society,_S%C4%81moa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg/220px-London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg/330px-London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg/440px-London_Missionary_Society%2C_S%C4%81moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>London Missionary Society, Samoa, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>The Samoan church during the missionary period engaged itself in the "social redemption of humanity". This vision was based on the church's understanding of God's sovereignty. It saw the divine purpose of redemption not in individual terms only but also in corporate, social and political terms. The newly acquired faith had its focus on the transformation of life and society. This legacy remains a motivating force in the nation's idealism as well as in the church's commitment to be active in social efforts. This social endeavor is evident in the sphere of educating the children of Samoa. The CCCS maintains a strong focus on the importance of education. The church operates five secondary schools, a girls' secondary school, a vocational fine arts school and one theological college. The CCCS maintains a steady annual enrollment of 3,000 students. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cccs.org.ws/index.php/education">http://cccs.org.ws/index.php/education</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_churches">Relationships with other churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationships with other churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the second half of the 20th century, the Samoan church has continued to forge ecumenical relationships with other churches locally, regionally and internationally. It has become an international church with eight districts (synod or diocese) outside Samoa: one in the United States, one in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, three in Australia and three in New Zealand. It has one congregation in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. In the Independent state of Samoa alone the CCCS membership is over 150,000. In the U.S. Territory of American Samoa, the CCCAS has over 39,000 adherents. Samoan Congregational adherents account for nearly half of the Samoan population living abroad. </p><p>When the London Missionary Society combined with other missions to create the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_World_Mission" title="Council for World Mission">Council for World Mission</a> (CWM) in 1977, the CCCS became a part of this global missionary effort as well. An ecclesial schism took place within the Samoan church in 1980, with the American Samoa district withdrawing and forming the Congregational Christian Church of American Samoa (CCCAS). The CCCAS became a member of CWM in 1994. The 2012 CWM Conference was held at the CCCAS headquarters in Kananafou. Fellow church members from over thirty-one Churches with LMS affiliations converged upon Kananafou to share in Christian fellowship. Samoan Congregational churches continue to play an active role in participating in ecumenical efforts that outreach to the world. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congregational_LMS_Samoan_Church" title="Congregational LMS Samoan Church">Congregational LMS Samoan Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible">Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the first years of mission work, the LMS missionaries developed a <a href="/wiki/Samoan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan alphabet">Samoan alphabet</a> and put the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">language</a> into written form. The setting-up of the first printing press in Samoa (1839), only the second in the Pacific region, was a mark of the missionary zeal to bring the people to understand the gospel through the written word. </p><p>The London Missionary Society missionaries, working with prominent and well-versed Samoan orators in the local vernacular, translated the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a>, and this Bible translation, "O le Tusi Pa'ia", is still used today. It provides an important grounding in the philosophical usage of the Samoan language. By 1855 the translation of the Bible in Samoan was completed. The 1886 edition of the Samoan Bible was printed by the LMS in London. This edition used Roman numerals and the word, "Ieova", or Jehovah, in reference to the Lord throughout the Old Testament text. This edition is widely used among other Christian denominations that use the Samoan language. </p><p>In 1839, the LMS missionaries introduced a monthly journal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulu_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulu Samoa (page does not exist)">Sulu Samoa</a>. The CCCS continues to print and provides online publication through its website - cccs.org.ws. </p><p>The London Missionary Society established a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> (firstly in the village of Avao, Savaii and later transferred their printing work to Malua, Upolu). In 1844 a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">theological college</a> was established at Malua, on Upolu island.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the theological college, Malua continues to be the main centre of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">Congregational Christian Church</a> in Samoa; with its main offices in the main town of <a href="/wiki/Apia,_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apia, Samoa">Apia, Samoa</a>. The Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS) has its headquarters and theological training seminary at Kanana Fou (New Canaan) compound on Tutuila Island in the US territory of American Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fruits-LMS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fruits-LMS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Missionary_Society1869" class="citation book cs1">London Missionary Society, ed. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fruitsoftoilinth17115gut"><i>Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society</i></a>. London: John Snow & Co. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruits+of+Toil+in+the+London+Missionary+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Snow+%26+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffruitsoftoilinth17115gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregational+Christian+Church+of+Samoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905112211/http://www.malua.edu.ws/">"Talofa Lava, and Welcome to the Website of Malua Theological College"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malua.edu.ws/">the original</a> on 2018-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talofa+Lava%2C+and+Welcome+to+the+Website+of+Malua+Theological+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malua.edu.ws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregational+Christian+Church+of+Samoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malama Meleisea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt_RrCAkctwC">Lagaga: a short history of Western Samoa</a> (editorips@usp.ac.fj, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0029-6" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0029-6">982-02-0029-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0029-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0029-6">978-982-02-0029-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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