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<ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Financial decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Restructuring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Store_culls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Store_culls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Store culls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Store_culls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 New management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_office_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_office_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Head office locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_office_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Financial performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social and environmental policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Look_Behind_the_Label"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Look_Behind_the_Label""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 "Look Behind the Label" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Look_Behind_the_Label"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Charity work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Senior management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Stores </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stores-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Stores subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 UK and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Store_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Store_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Store formats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Store_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Store formats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Store_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_line_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_line_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Full line stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_line_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_hall_(in-store)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_hall_(in-store)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Food hall (in-store) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_hall_(in-store)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Home stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outlet_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlet_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Outlet stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlet_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M&S_Foodhall_(standalone)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M&S_Foodhall_(standalone)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 M&S Foodhall (standalone) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M&S_Foodhall_(standalone)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Online services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_line_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_line_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Product line history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_line_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Marketing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marketing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Your_M&S" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Your_M&S"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Your M&S </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Your_M&S-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-profile_media_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-profile_media_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 High-profile media campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-profile_media_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Digital marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Criticism and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Israel_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Israel_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Anti-Israel protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Israel_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Animal welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comprehensive_Spending_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comprehensive_Spending_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Comprehensive Spending Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comprehensive_Spending_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contactless_payment_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contactless_payment_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Contactless payment issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contactless_payment_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_checkout-staff_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_checkout-staff_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Muslim checkout-staff policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_checkout-staff_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hijab_as_school_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hijab_as_school_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Hijab as school uniform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hijab_as_school_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holly_Willoughby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holly_Willoughby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Holly Willoughby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holly_Willoughby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marks & Spencer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ماركس أند سبنسر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماركس أند سبنسر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Маркс и Спенсър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркс и Спенсър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="مارکس اند اسپنسر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکس اند اسپنسر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4_%26_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%9C%EC%84%9C" title="마크스 & 스펜서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마크스 & 스펜서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="מרקס אנד ספנסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקס אנד ספנסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%26%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="マークス&スペンサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マークス&スペンサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marks & Spencer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marks & Spencer" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"M&S" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/M%26S_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="M&S (disambiguation)">M&S (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Marks & Spencer plc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:M%26S_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M%26S_logo.svg/220px-M%26S_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M%26S_logo.svg/330px-M%26S_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M%26S_logo.svg/440px-M%26S_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="195" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">Public limited company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/MKS//">MKS</a> <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Component</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">US57069PAD42 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1884; 140 years ago (1884) <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, West Riding of Yorkshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marks" title="Michael Marks">Michael Marks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_(businessman)" title="Thomas Spencer (businessman)">Thomas Spencer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of locations</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,463 (2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Norman" title="Archie Norman">Archie Norman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Machin" title="Stuart Machin">Stuart Machin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive">Chief Executive</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Autograph</li><li><a href="/wiki/M%26S_Bank" title="M&S Bank">M&S Bank</a></li><li>Blue Harbour</li><li>Boutique</li><li>M&S Collection</li><li>M&S Energy</li><li>Goodmove</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jaeger_(clothing)" title="Jaeger (clothing)">Jaeger</a></li><li>Per Una</li><li>Rosie</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>11.931 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-ar-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>515.1 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-ar-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>364.5 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-ar-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">72,316 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-ar-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Marks and Spencer Group P.L.C. (2016–present)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marksandspencer.com">marksandspencer.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Marks and Spencer plc (commonly abbreviated to M&S and colloquially known as Marks or Marks & Sparks) is a major British multinational retailer based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, that specialises in selling clothing, beauty products, home products and food products. It is listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> (LSE) and is a constituent of the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a>. M&S was founded in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marks" title="Michael Marks">Michael Marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_(businessman)" title="Thomas Spencer (businessman)">Thomas Spencer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. Through its television advertising it asserts the exclusive nature and luxury of its food and beverages. It also offers an online food delivery service through a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Ocado" title="Ocado">Ocado</a>. In 1998, the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over £1 billion,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> although it then went into a sudden slump taking the company and its stakeholders by surprise. In November 2008 the company began to sell branded goods such as <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s" title="Kellogg's">Kellogg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Corn_flakes" title="Corn flakes">corn flakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-top_brands-4">[4]</a> In November 2009, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolland" title="Marc Bolland">Marc Bolland</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Morrisons" title="Morrisons">Morrisons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> would take over as chief executive from executive chairman <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Rose" title="Stuart Rose">Sir Stuart Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft_bolland-6">[6]</a> In the early 21st century clothing sales fell, while food sales increased, after the company dropped its traditional <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_(brand)" title="St Michael (brand)">St. Michael brand</a>. On 22 May 2018, it was confirmed that over 100 stores would have closed by 2022 in a "radical" plan.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> On 18 August 2020, M&S stated that they would cut 7,000 jobs over the next three months owing to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In May 2021, the company announced plans to close another 30 shops over the next 10 years as part of its turnaround plan.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-9">[9]</a> In its 2024 results the company stated that it was aiming at reducing locations to 180 full-line and 420 food stores in the UK, commenting that legacy stores were more expensive to operate.<a href="#cite_note-results2024-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_%26_Spencer,_Briggate,_Leeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg/220px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg/330px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg/440px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Briggate%2C_Leeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Marks and Spencer on <a href="/wiki/Briggate" title="Briggate">Briggate</a>, not far from its original branch in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></figcaption></figure> The company was founded by a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marks" title="Michael Marks">Michael Marks</a>, a Polish Jew<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>), who had migrated to Leeds, England in the early 1880s, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_(businessman)" title="Thomas Spencer (businessman)">Thomas Spencer</a>, a cashier from the English market town of <a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Marks worked for a company in Leeds called Barran, which employed Jewish migrants (see <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barran,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barran, 1st Baronet">Sir John Barran, 1st Baronet</a>). In 1884, he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work. Dewhirst lent Marks £5 (equivalent to £687 in 2023), which he used to establish his <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">penny</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> on <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Kirkgate_Market" title="Leeds Kirkgate Market">Kirkgate Market</a> in Leeds.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Original Penny Bazaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg/220px-Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg/330px-Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg/440px-Marks_and_Spencer_Original_Stall_Leeds_Kirkgate_Market_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The original penny bazaar setup by Marks & Spencer is still in operation in Leeds Kirkgate Market.</figcaption></figure> Dewhirst also taught him a little English. Dewhirst's cashier was Thomas Spencer, a bookkeeper, whose second wife, Agnes, helped improve Marks's English. In 1894, when Marks acquired a permanent stall in the Leeds covered market, he invited Spencer to become his partner.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1901, Marks moved to the <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> open market in North West England, amalgamating his business with Spencer's. In 1903, the two men were allocated stall numbers 11 and 12 in the centre aisle; there they opened the penny bazaar. The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The next few years saw Michael Marks and Tom Spencer move the original Leeds penny bazaar to 20, Cheetham Hill Road, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, and they also opened market stalls in many locations around the North West of England.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Spencer died in 1905, and Marks in 1907; Michael Marks' son Simon became chairman in 1916. Under Simon Marks the company acquired other chains of penny bazaars, growing into a retail empire.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_growth">Domestic growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestic growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_and_Spencer_shop,_Bekonscot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG/220px-Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG/330px-Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG/440px-Marks_and_Spencer_shop%2C_Bekonscot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Representation of historic store from the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Bekonscot" title="Bekonscot">Bekonscot</a> model village, UK</figcaption></figure> Textiles were first sold in 1926, and food from 1931.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a> Marks and Spencer, known colloquially as "Marks and Sparks",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> or "M&S", made its reputation until the 1990s with a policy of selling 99% British-made goods.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It entered into long-term relationships with British manufacturers, and sold clothes under the "<a href="/wiki/St_Michael_(brand)" title="St Michael (brand)">St Michael</a>" brand, after Michael Marks, which was introduced in 1928, and extended to food in 1941, replacing all other brands by 1956.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a> It also accepted the return of unwanted items, giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown, no matter how long ago the product was purchased, which was unusual for the time.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1941, M&S staff raised £5,000 to pay for a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> fighter aircraft called The Marksman.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> By 1950, virtually all goods were sold under the "St Michael" label. M&S lingerie, women's clothes and girls' school uniform were branded under the "St Margaret" label until the whole range of general merchandise became "St Michael". <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marks,_1st_Baron_Marks_of_Broughton" title="Simon Marks, 1st Baron Marks of Broughton">Simon Marks</a>, son of Michael Marks, died in 1964, after fifty-six years' service. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Sieff,_Baron_Sieff" title="Israel Sieff, Baron Sieff">Israel Sieff</a>, the son-in-law of Michael Marks, took over as chairman and in 1968 <a href="/wiki/John_Salisse" title="John Salisse">John Salisse</a> became a company director. A cautious international expansion began with the introduction of Asian food in 1974. M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> The company put its main emphasis on quality, including a 1957 stocking size measuring system.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> In 1948, it established a Food Technology department. Staff in the canteens and cafeterias had hygiene training by the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> For most of its history, it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money. When this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. Arguably, M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of 'British Quality Goods'.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> The uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan: "The customer is always and completely right!"<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> Energy efficiency was improved by the addition of thermostatically controlled refrigerators in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> M&S began selling <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Christmas cakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas puddings</a> in 1958. In an effort to improve the quality of their <a href="/wiki/Swiss_roll" title="Swiss roll">Swiss rolls</a>, they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg, who made a major improvement across their entire cake range, which had lost the public's favour a few years earlier. As a later measure to improve food quality, food labelling was improved and "sell by dates" were phased in between 1970 and 1972.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> Smoking was banned as a fire hazard from all M&S shops in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terror_attack">Terror attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terror attack">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> bombed the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> store of Marks & Spencer in London on 18 July 1969.<a href="#cite_note-dopa79-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_expansion">International expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International expansion">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sieff,_Baron_Sieff_of_Brimpton" title="Marcus Sieff, Baron Sieff of Brimpton">Marcus Sieff</a> became chairman, remaining in place until 1984, and emphasising the importance of good staff relations to the tradition of the store while extending staff benefits to areas such as restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Podiatry" title="Podiatry">chiropody</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg/220px-Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg/330px-Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg/440px-Central_Tower_Marks_%26_Spencer_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Marks & Spencer store in <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central, Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg/220px-Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg/330px-Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg/440px-Marks_%26_Spencer_in_Times_Square_HK_201507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>A Marks & Spencer store in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square_(Hong_Kong)" title="Times Square (Hong Kong)">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causeway_Bay" title="Causeway Bay">Causeway Bay</a>, Hong Kong</figcaption></figure> Marks & Spencer expanded into Canada in 1973, and at one point had 47 stores. Despite efforts to improve its image, the chain was never able to move beyond its reputation there as a stodgy retailer, one that catered primarily to senior citizens and expatriate Britons. The shops in Canada were smaller than British outlets, and did not carry the same selection. In the late 1990s, further efforts were made to modernise them and also expand the customer base. Unprofitable locations were closed. Nevertheless, the Canadian operations continued to lose money, and the last 38 shops in Canada were closed in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Expansion into France began with shops opening in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Haussmann" title="Boulevard Haussmann">Boulevard Haussmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1975, followed by a second Paris shop at Rosny 2 in 1977. Further expansion into other French and Belgian cities followed into the 1980s. Although the Paris shops remained popular and profitable, the Western European operation as a whole did not fare as well and eighteen shops were sold in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In April 2011, M&S changed direction again, with a plan to reopen a store that would sell food as well as clothing. In addition, the group opened several food outlets throughout Paris. The first branch opened on 24 November 2011, on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> in a ceremony attended by the company's CEO <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolland" title="Marc Bolland">Marc Bolland</a>, the model <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley" title="Rosie Huntington-Whiteley">Rosie Huntington-Whiteley</a>, and the British Ambassador to France, Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Westmacott" title="Peter Westmacott">Peter Westmacott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1988, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers" title="Brooks Brothers">Brooks Brothers</a>, an American clothing company<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Food_Markets" title="Kings Food Markets">Kings Food Markets</a>, a US food chain.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In early 1980, M&S became the first British supermarket chain to sell packaged sandwiches, beginning with five shops. Demand was so high that M&S enlisted suppliers to industrialise the process, and other supermarkets followed. By 1990, the British sandwich industry was worth £1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_decline">Financial decline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financial decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_%26_S,_Inverness_(1998).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png/220px-M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png/330px-M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png/440px-M_%26_S%2C_Inverness_%281998%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>M&S shop in <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> in 1998</figcaption></figure> M&S's profits peaked in the financial year 1997–1998.<a href="#cite_note-profit-35">[35]</a> At the time it was seen as a continuing success story, but with hindsight it is considered that during Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenbury" title="Richard Greenbury">Richard Greenbury</a>'s tenure as head of the company, profit margins were pushed to untenable levels, and the loyalty of its customers was seriously eroded. Another factor was the company's refusal until 2001 to accept any credit cards except its own chargecard.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> These factors combined to send M&S into a sudden slump: its profits fell from more than a billion pounds in 1997 and 1998, to £145 million in the year ended 31 March 2001.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2002, with changes in its business focus such as accepting credit cards, the introduction of the "Per Una" clothing range designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Davies_(retailer)" title="George Davies (retailer)">George Davies</a>, and a redesign of its underlying business model, profits recovered somewhat.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2004, M&S was in the throes of an attempted takeover by <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Group" title="Arcadia Group">Arcadia Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">BHS</a> boss, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Green" title="Philip Green">Philip Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-39">[39]</a> On 12 July a recovery plan was announced which would involve selling off its financial services business <a href="/wiki/M%26S_Bank" title="M&S Bank">M&S Money</a> to <a href="/wiki/HSBC_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSBC (United Kingdom)">HSBC Bank</a>, buying control of the Per Una range, closing the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> Lifestore and stopping the expansion of its Simply Food line of shops. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Green" title="Philip Green">Philip Green</a> withdrew his takeover bid after failing to get sufficient backing from shareholders.<a href="#cite_note-green-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In February 2007, M&S announced the opening of the world's largest M&S shop outside the UK at <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Festival_City" title="Dubai Festival City">Dubai Festival City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On 2 October 2008, M&S opened its first mainland China shop which is in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Problems with the supply chain for the first few months of opening led Stuart Rose, M&S chairman, to describe failures in "basic shopkeeping".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restructuring">Restructuring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Restructuring">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer,_Kirkgate,_Wakefield,_West_Yorkshire_(8th_December_2020)_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_Kirkgate%2C_Wakefield%2C_West_Yorkshire_%288th_December_2020%29_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a branch in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakefield, West Yorkshire">Wakefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> Twenty-two unprofitable and minor food stores, including branches in <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balham" title="Balham">Balham</a>, were closed in early 2009 as part of a cost-cutting measure.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> In August 2010, it was confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Grantham" title="Grantham">Grantham</a> branch of M&S would close, along with two other <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> branches in <a href="/wiki/Skegness" title="Skegness">Skegness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scunthorpe" title="Scunthorpe">Scunthorpe</a>, owing to low sales in these older format stores. These decisions met with protests from the local communities and petitions were signed in support of retaining the stores, although the closures went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Retail Knowledge Bank conducted an audit of the company's brands in August 2010, and revealed that sales of womenswear were at a 10-year low. <a href="/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)" title="Drapers (magazine)">Drapers</a> magazine claimed that Per Una was the only clothing brand not at risk of being axed while <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolland" title="Marc Bolland">Marc Bolland</a>, the chief executive, considered which brands would be retained.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-44">[44]</a> On 9 November 2010, Bolland revealed plans to strengthen the company's overall brand image and targeting sales of between £800 million and £1 billion for which company will increase capital expenditure to £850 million to £900 million over the next three years to fund the plans.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-45">[45]</a> The plan also involved the discontinuation of its 'Portfolio' fashion brand and the sale of electrical products. The company announced a new marketing strapline, 'Only at M&S', and that it would revamp its website.<a href="#cite_note-htanna-46">[46]</a> Bolland ordered a new store design in May 2011, and it was announced that the company would spend around £600 million between 2011 and 2014 on its UK stores.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph2-47">[47]</a> In May 2013, the Best of British range was launched along with an overhaul of Per Una and Indigo.<a href="#cite_note-mirror1-48">[48]</a> Patrick Bousquet-Chavanne became the marketing director, succeeding Steven Sharp in July. Bolland vowed to bring "quality and style back".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-50">[50]</a> In November 2013, it was revealed that Bill Adderley, founder of homeware chain <a href="/wiki/Dunelm_Group" title="Dunelm Group">Dunelm Group</a>, had built a £250 million stake in M&S over the past 18 months. This disclosure was made under stock market rules which require any holding larger than a 3 per cent share to be made public.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 7 January 2016, it was announced that Marc Bolland, who has been CEO since 2010, would step down on 2 April 2016, and be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Rowe_(businessman)" title="Steve Rowe (businessman)">Steve Rowe</a>, head of clothing, and previously head of the food business.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20160107-52">[52]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Machin" title="Stuart Machin">Stuart Machin</a> was appointed managing director of Food to lead the transformation of the food business.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On 28 June 2024, the company announced that it would be launching a new service for clothing repairs and alterations in partnership with the Sojo company.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Store_culls">Store culls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Store culls">edit</a>]</div> Some 30 stores were identified for closure in 2015–2016.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsshopper.co.uk-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-57">[57]</a> Several smaller stores were identified for closure in November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo1-59">[59]</a> On 31 January 2018, another fourteen stores were identified for closure in April 2018,<a href="#cite_note-BBC31012018-60">[60]</a> and eight other stores were earmarked for closure later, pending consultation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC31012018-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On 23 May 2018, M&S managers confirmed that 14 more shops were to be closed and another 86 were under investigation, and thus put on notice, because of falling corporate sales and customer footfall. This would take the total to over 100 closing by 2022,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo.com2-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo.com1-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 15 January 2019, the company named the next wave of 17 stores earmarked for closure.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In May 2021, the company announced plans to close another 30 shops over the next 10 years as part of its turnaround plan,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-9">[9]</a> and in September 2021 it was confirmed that half of the French stores had been closed due to supply chain issues arising from <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> In its results for the 52 weeks ending on 30 March 2024, the company stated that it was aiming at having 180 full-line and 420 food stores in the UK, commenting that legacy stores were more expensive to operate.<a href="#cite_note-results2024-10">[10]</a> In March 2021, M&S announced it intended to redevelop its largest store, the Marble Arch branch on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> in London, replacing it with a 10-storey building with two-and-a-half floors of shop space below several floors of offices.<a href="#cite_note-Butler-07Mar2022-70">[70]</a> Despite protests from groups including <a href="/wiki/Save_Britain%27s_Heritage" title="Save Britain's Heritage">Save Britain's Heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twentieth_Century_Society" title="The Twentieth Century Society">The Twentieth Century Society</a> and Create Streets, the plans were approved by <a href="/wiki/Westminster_City_Council" title="Westminster City Council">Westminster City Council</a> in November 2021,<a href="#cite_note-Ing-24Nov2022-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> chose not to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-Goldfingle-12Apr2022-72">[72]</a> However, in April 2022, Communities Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> blocked the plans to allow time for the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Levelling_Up,_Housing_and_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities">Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities</a> to review the proposed redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-Hurst-20Apr2022-73">[73]</a> In June 2022, Gove ordered a public enquiry into the plans; M&S said it was "bewildered" by his "baseless" decision.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-22Jun2022-74">[74]</a> A two-week planning enquiry, starting in October 2022, looked at whether the project complied with planning rules concerning heritage and the historic environment and also address environmental concerns, notably the release of almost 40,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Embodied_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Embodied carbon">embodied carbon</a> into the atmosphere caused by the construction of the replacement structure.<a href="#cite_note-Hurst-21Oct2022-75">[75]</a> In July 2023, Gove rejected the plans to demolish and redevelop the store saying it conflicted with policies on heritage and design, and involved significant embodied carbon impact and waste.<a href="#cite_note-AJ-20Jul2023-76">[76]</a> As well as overruling Westminster City Council and the Mayor of London, Gove also overruled his planning inspector, David Nicholson, who had recommended the project should go ahead due to its importance to the viability of the Oxford Street area.<a href="#cite_note-Butler-20Jul2023-77">[77]</a> M&S CEO Stuart Machin, calling the decision "utterly pathetic" and a "shortsighted act of self-sabotage".<a href="#cite_note-AJ-20Jul2023-76">[76]</a> M&S subsequently launched a legal challenge against Gove's decision.<a href="#cite_note-Prior-31Aug2023-78">[78]</a> In November 2023, the High Court allowed M&S to proceed with a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AJ-21Nov2023-79">[79]</a> and after a two-day hearing on 13–14 February 2024, Gove's decision to block demolition was quashed by a High Court judge on 1 March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Hurst-01Mar2024-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_management">New management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New management">edit</a>]</div> In May 2021, Machin's remit had expanded as he was appointed joint Chief Operating Officer taking oversight responsibility for Store and Central Operations, Property, Store Development, Technology, People and the Island of Ireland whilst remaining the Food Managing Director.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In March 2022, it was announced that chief executive (CEO) Steve Rowe would step down after six years in role. Rowe stayed on as an advisor before officially leaving the company in July 2022. Machin was announced as his successor as CEO, with <a href="/wiki/Katie_Bickerstaffe" title="Katie Bickerstaffe">Katie Bickerstaffe</a> assisting as co-CEO.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> In July 2022, the company agreed to buy the logistics firm Gist Limited for £145 million.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In November 2022, it was reported that the company had acquired the intellectual property developed by collapsed fashion marketplace Thread, and hired some former Thread staff including co-founder <a href="/wiki/Kieran_O%27Neill" title="Kieran O'Neill">Kieran O'Neill</a>, with the aim of adding personalised recommendations to the M&S website.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> The M&S company archive is held in the Michael Marks Building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. The archive has permanent museum-style displays and hosts temporary exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_office_locations">Head office locations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Head office locations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg/220px-Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg/330px-Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg/440px-Paddington_Waterside_geograph-2790569-by-Colin-Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Waterside House, 35 North Wharf Road, London</figcaption></figure> The headquarters of M&S had been since 1957 at Michael House, 55 <a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a>, London. This had formerly been the Baker Street Bazaar which had been destroyed in a fire in 1940. The site was redeveloped by M&S, under the direction of the then Sir Simon Marks, as the company had outgrown its previous Bayswater HQ.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2004, the company moved to a new headquarters designed by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mossessian" title="Michel Mossessian">Mossessian & Partners</a> at Waterside House, in <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Basin" title="Paddington Basin">Paddington Basin</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> As well as the main offices in London, there are a number of other head office sites across the UK; Stockley Park (IT Services), <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a> (Marks & Spencer Shared Services Ltd. which provides human resources, and finance administration)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%26S_Bank" title="M&S Bank">M&S Bank</a> joint venture and Retail Customer Services).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The company has overseas sourcing offices in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Turkey, mainland China, Ireland, Italy, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_performance">Financial performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Financial performance">edit</a>]</div> Financial performance has been as follows:<a href="#cite_note-ar-1">[1]</a> Until 1999 M&S's financial year ended on 31 March. Since then, the company has changed to reporting for 52- or 53-week periods, ending on variable dates.<div class="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year ended </th> <th>Turnover (£ M) </th> <th>Profit before tax (£ M) </th> <th>Net profit (£ M) </th> <th>Basic <a href="/wiki/Earnings_per_share" title="Earnings per share">eps</a> (p) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2023 </td> <td>11,931.3 </td> <td>475.7 </td> <td>364.5 </td> <td>18.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April 2022 </td> <td>10,885.1 </td> <td>391.7 </td> <td>309.0 </td> <td>15.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 April 2021 </td> <td>9,155.7 </td> <td>(209.4) </td> <td>(201.2) </td> <td>(10.1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 March 2020 </td> <td>10,181.9 </td> <td>403.1 </td> <td>27.4 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 March 2019 </td> <td>10,377.3 </td> <td>523.2 </td> <td>37.3 </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2018 </td> <td>10,698.2 </td> <td>580.9 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2017 </td> <td>10,622.0 </td> <td>613.8 </td> <td>115.7 </td> <td>7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April 2016 </td> <td>10,555.4 </td> <td>488.8 </td> <td>404.4 </td> <td>24.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 March 2015 </td> <td>10,311.4 </td> <td>600.0 </td> <td>481.7 </td> <td>29.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 March 2014 </td> <td>10,309.7 </td> <td>580.4 </td> <td>506.0 </td> <td>32.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 March 2013 </td> <td>10,026.8 </td> <td>564.3 </td> <td>458.0 </td> <td>29.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2012 </td> <td>9,934.3 </td> <td>658.0 </td> <td>489.6 </td> <td>32.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April 2011 </td> <td>9,740.3 </td> <td>780.6 </td> <td>598.6 </td> <td>38.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 April 2010 </td> <td>9,536.6 </td> <td>702.7 </td> <td>523.0 </td> <td>33.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 March 2009 </td> <td>9,062.1 </td> <td>706.2 </td> <td>506.8 </td> <td>32.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 March 2008 </td> <td>9,022.0 </td> <td>1,129.1 </td> <td>821.0 </td> <td>49.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2007 </td> <td>8,588.1 </td> <td>936.7 </td> <td>659.9 </td> <td>39.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2006 </td> <td>7,797.7 </td> <td>745.7 </td> <td>520.6 </td> <td>36.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April 2005 </td> <td>7,490.5 </td> <td>505.1 </td> <td>355.0 </td> <td>29.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 April 2004 </td> <td>8,301.5 </td> <td>781.6 </td> <td>452.3 </td> <td>24.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 March 2003 </td> <td>8,019.1 </td> <td>677.5 </td> <td>480.5 </td> <td>20.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 March 2002 </td> <td>8,135.4 </td> <td>335.9 </td> <td>153.0 </td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2001 </td> <td>8,075.7 </td> <td>145.5 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2000 </td> <td>8,195.5 </td> <td>417.5 </td> <td>258.7 </td> <td>9.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 1999 </td> <td>8,224.0 </td> <td>546.1 </td> <td>372.1 </td> <td>13.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 1998 </td> <td>8,243.3 </td> <td>1,155.0 </td> <td>815.9 </td> <td>28.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 1997 </td> <td>7,841.9 </td> <td>1,129.1 </td> <td>746.6 </td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 1996 </td> <td>7,233.7 </td> <td>965.8 </td> <td>652.6 </td> <td>455.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_environmental_policy">Social and environmental policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social and environmental policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Look_Behind_the_Label"">"Look Behind the Label"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Look Behind the Label"">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, the Look Behind the Label marketing campaign was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The aim of this campaign was to highlight to customers the various ethical and environmentally friendly aspects of the production and sourcing methods engaged in by M&S including: <a href="/wiki/International_Fairtrade_Certification_Mark" title="International Fairtrade Certification Mark">Fairtrade</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fishing">sustainable fishing</a> and environmentally friendly textile dyes. All coffee and tea sold in M&S stores is now Fairtrade.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In addition, the company offers clothing lines made from Fairtrade cotton in selected departments.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg/220px-MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg/330px-MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg/440px-MarksAndSpencerBirmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>M&S store on <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> High Street (relocated in 2023)</figcaption></figure> On 15 January 2007, M&S launched an initiative known as "Plan A",<a href="#cite_note-PlanA-96">[96]</a> to dramatically increase the environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of the business within five years and expected to cost £200 million.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The plan covers "100 commitments over five years to address the key social and environmental challenges facing M&S today and in the future" with the tag-line "Because there is no Plan B". The commitments span five themes: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, sustainable raw materials, 'fair partnership' and health,<a href="#cite_note-PlanA-96">[96]</a> with the aim that, by 2012, it will:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <ul><li>Become <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a></li> <li>Send no waste to landfill</li> <li>Extend <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">sustainable sourcing</a></li> <li>Help improve the lives of people in their supply chain</li> <li>Help customers and employees live a healthier life-style</li></ul> Despite an 18% fall in the share price in January 2008, following the publication of their latest <a href="/wiki/Trading_statement" title="Trading statement">trading statement</a>, the company confirmed that they would be continuing with the plan, saying that there were 'compelling commercial—as well as moral—reasons to do so'.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> M&S introduced a reusable <a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">hessian</a> bag in 2007 as part of the plan, aiming to reduce the number of plastic bags used within five years. This was followed in May 2008 by the introduction of a 5p charge for standard sized carrier bags used for food purchases (before this charge became compulsory).<a href="#cite_note-PlanA-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> All profits from the sale of food bags originally went to the charity <a href="/wiki/Groundwork_UK" title="Groundwork UK">Groundwork UK</a>;<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> M&S launched the "Forever Fish" campaign in June 2011 and switched funding to that campaign to promote protection of marine wildlife in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> While becoming carbon neutral the company has committed to use <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offsetting</a> only as a last resort,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> restricted to cases "where it is required by government or where the technology for green air or road transport will not be available for the foreseeable future".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As of August 2008, M&S had three <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> in operation, one at <a href="/wiki/Methlick" title="Methlick">Methlick</a> and two near <a href="/wiki/Strichen" title="Strichen">Strichen</a>, which generate enough power to supply three stores via the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In April 2009, the company began purchasing 2.6 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a> of renewable energy (wind and hydroelectric) from <a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a>, enough to power all Marks & Spencer stores and offices in England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2012, the company was awarded <a href="/wiki/European_Business_Awards_for_the_Environment" title="European Business Awards for the Environment">European Business Award for the Environment</a> (Management category) by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> for Plan A.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charity_work">Charity work</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Charity work">edit</a>]</div> M&S has sold a wide range of charitable women's clothes for <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Breast_Cancer" title="Breakthrough Breast Cancer">Breakthrough Breast Cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> for many years and the <a href="/wiki/Ashbourne,_Derbyshire" title="Ashbourne, Derbyshire">Ashbourne</a> store collected a total of £2,000 for a local hospital's new ECG machine in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2011 M&S launched a <a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">clothes recycling</a> initiative in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2015, M&S partnered with community investment platform <a href="/wiki/Neighbourly_(community_investment_platform)" title="Neighbourly (community investment platform)">Neighbourly</a> to help them distribute unsold surplus food and non-food items to small charities and community groups in the UK and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In March 2020, M&S made a £100,000 donation to the Neighbourly Community Fund and a £100,000 donation to the National Emergencies Trust Coronavirus Appeal to help communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_management">Senior management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Senior management">edit</a>]</div> The following have served as the chairman of the company since it was founded: <ul><li>1884–1907: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marks" title="Michael Marks">Michael Marks</a> (set up first stall in Leeds in 1884)</li> <li>1907–1916: William Chapman<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>1916–1964: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Marks">Simon Marks</a> (Lord Marks)</li> <li>1964–1967: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Sieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Sieff">Israel Sieff</a> (Lord Sieff)</li> <li>1967–1972: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sieff">Edward Sieff</a></li> <li>1972–1984: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Sieff">Marcus Sieff</a> (Lord Sieff)</li> <li>1984–1991: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Rayner,_Baron_Rayner" title="Derek Rayner, Baron Rayner">Derek Rayner</a> (Lord Rayner)</li> <li>1991–1999: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenbury" title="Richard Greenbury">Sir Richard Greenbury</a></li> <li>2000–2004: Luc Vandevelde</li> <li>2004–2006: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Myners" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Myners">Paul Myners</a></li> <li>2006–2009: <a href="/wiki/Terence_Burns,_Baron_Burns" title="Terence Burns, Baron Burns">Lord Burns</a></li> <li>2009–2011: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stuart_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stuart Rose">Sir Stuart Rose</a></li> <li>2011–2017: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Swannell" title="Robert Swannell">Robert Swannell</a></li> <li>2017–present: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Norman" title="Archie Norman">Archie Norman</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stores">Stores</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stores">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_and_Ireland">UK and Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UK and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg/220px-A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg/330px-A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg/440px-A_picture_of_M%26S_White_City_branch_in_Westfield_London_2014-01-17_17-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>M&S White City in <a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a> (2014), one of the company's largest stores</figcaption></figure> The largest shop is near <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> in London, which has around 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft) of <a href="/wiki/Shop_floor" title="Shop floor">shop floor</a> (as noted above, a proposed redevelopment of this store was blocked in April 2022, and then successfully appealed in February 2024).<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurst-01Mar2024-80">[80]</a> The second largest is in Cheshire Oaks, <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>, which is the largest store outside of London.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The third largest shop is at the Gemini Retail Park in <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>. In 1999 M&S opened its shop in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Square,_Manchester" title="Exchange Square, Manchester">Exchange Square</a>, which was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a> and rebuilt. At re-opening, it was the largest M&S shop with 23,000 m2 (250,000 sq ft) of retail space, but half was subsequently sold to <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>, the company's second site in Manchester. The smallest branch is a 'Marks & Spencer Penny Bazaar' clearance outlet located in the <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Grainger Market">Grainger Market</a> in Newcastle upon Tyne.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> M&S has opened a number of stores at out of town locations since a trend to build shopping centres away from town centres became popular in the 1980s. The first was at the <a href="/wiki/MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">MetroCentre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, which opened in 1986. Another notable example is the store at the <a href="/wiki/Merry_Hill_Shopping_Centre" title="Merry Hill Shopping Centre">Merry Hill Shopping Centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brierley_Hill" title="Brierley Hill">Brierley Hill</a>, West Midlands. This store opened on 23 October 1990 shortly after the closure of stores in the nearby town centres of <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich" title="West Bromwich">West Bromwich</a>; the Merry Hill store was not originally intended to replace these two town centre stores, but both the Dudley and West Bromwich stores had experienced a downturn in trade as the opening of the Merry Hill store loomed, and both stores were closed on 25 August 1990.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Before Christmas 2006, twenty-two M&S shops were open for 24-hour trading including stores at <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, Middlebrook and at the Abbey Centre, <a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey" title="Newtownabbey">Newtownabbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In the Republic of Ireland, the company operates 17 stores employing 2,000 employees. Irish stores stock a range of Irish branded M&S products and M&S products part of its global network. As of September 2021, M&S Ireland stores are restructuring their product line for the Irish market due to EU-UK trade issues, with up to 800 products due to be dropped in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Furthermore, M&S Ireland confirmed it will increase the amount of Irish goods stocked at its stores.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_%26_Spencer,_The_Mall_Athens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG/220px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG/330px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG/440px-Marks_%26_Spencer%2C_The_Mall_Athens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Marks & Spencer branch in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> The company reopened its store in Paris on 24 November 2011, following the launch of a new French website on 11 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Rustan%27s" title="Rustan's">Rustans</a> Group of Companies serves as the official franchise partner<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and operates a total of 18 M&S shops, the largest of which is located in <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ayala_Center)" title="Greenbelt (Ayala Center)">Greenbelt Mall</a>. A new store opened on 17 April 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Kalverstraat" title="Kalverstraat">Kalverstraat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, more than 10 years after closure of the previous store. On 17 September 2013 the British ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir Geoffrey Adams, opened the first Dutch Marks & Spencer Food pilot store at a <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> petrol station in Bijleveld beside the <a href="/wiki/A12_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A12 motorway (Netherlands)">A12 motorway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> There are over 300 stores in some 40 overseas locations.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-127">[127]</a> On 11 November 2013, Marks & Spencer announced "that it is set to have about 80 stores open in the [Indian] region by 2016 as part of its strategy to become a leading international, multichannel retailer" with partner Reliance Retail.<a href="#cite_note-Marks_&_Spencer_to_Expand_in_India-128">[128]</a> It opened a flagship store in Bandra in Mumbai.<a href="#cite_note-Marks_&_Spencer_to_Expand_in_India-128">[128]</a> M&S sales of lingerie accounts for more than a fifth of the sales in the Indian market, with total lingerie sales increasing by a third during the last six months of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Marks_&_Spencer_to_Expand_in_India-128">[128]</a> In May 2014 Marks & Spencer announced that their intention was now to open 100 stores in the country by 2016.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In the Netherlands, as of 2015, M&S had a supermarket in the expensive <a href="/wiki/Kalverstraat" title="Kalverstraat">Kalverstraat</a> shopping street in Amsterdam, as well as a larger store including clothing in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. A number of BP petrol stations in the Western area of the Netherlands included M&S <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience food</a> stores.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2016, M&S was due to open a much larger store in Amsterdam, with a direct underground link to a new metro station.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> However, in November 2016 the company announced that they were closing all of their stores on the European mainland, something that did not actually happen. Nevertheless, they closed both of their stores in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Marks & Spencer owns 51 stores in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> as of 2022. Fiba Retail is the sole agent authorised to open Marks & Spencer stores in Turkey and Ukraine region.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Stores in the territories of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> were sold in early 2018 to <a href="/wiki/Al-Futtaim_Group" title="Al-Futtaim Group">Al-Futtaim Group</a>, a Dubai-based long-term franchise partner.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In September 2021, M&S confirmed the closure of 11 stores in France and ended its partnership with SFH, saying it was "near impossible for us to serve fresh and chilled products to customers" following the UK's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">exit from the European Union</a>. The company would still operate nine smaller stores in or near major travel hubs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Store_formats">Store formats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Store formats">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_line_stores">Full line stores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Full line stores">edit</a>]</div> M&S core shops typically feature a selection of the company's clothing, homeware and beauty ranges and an M&S Foodhall (formerly Simply Food). The range of clothing sold and the space given to it depends on the location and customer demographic (an example would be that some London shops do not stock the Classic Collection, but stock Limited Edition and a full Autograph range). Select locations feature an M&S Café. The current store format was designed by Urban Salon Architects in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_hall_(in-store)">Food hall (in-store)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Food hall (in-store)">edit</a>]</div> All the St Michael Food hall supermarkets were renamed M&S Food hall when Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand in 2000. Each M&S Foodhall sells groceries, which historically were all under the Marks & Spencer brand. However, in 2006 the company began selling a limited range of other brands, such as <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stella_Artois" title="Stella Artois">Stella Artois</a>, without reducing the number of M&S goods they sold. This marked the first time in its 125-year history that Marks & Spencer had sold any brands other than its own.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> M&S introduced <a href="/wiki/Self-checkout" title="Self-checkout">self-checkout</a> tills in the food halls of a small number of trial stores in 2002. Self-service checkouts were implemented in the general merchandise sections in three trial stores in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 2019, M&S launched five new Food renewal stores. This was part of the transformation of the Food business, led by Managing Director Stuart Machin, to have bigger Food stores with "the mind of a supermarket and the soul of a fresh market".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_stores">Home stores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Home stores">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, M&S announced that new, dedicated shops for home furnishings were to be launched. Shops have been opened in <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> in Gloucestershire, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a> in Kent, <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> Sprucefield in Northern Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and in the Barton Square section of <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">The Trafford Centre</a>, Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outlet_stores">Outlet stores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Outlet stores">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">outlet</a> division offers M&S products, with the majority of them discounted at least 30% from the original selling price.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The first of these stores opened at <a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford</a> in Kent in 2000, and by 2020 there were 25.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Many of the outlet shops are in retail parks and outlet centres, although others are high street shops such as the one in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, South London.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M&S_Foodhall_(standalone)">M&S Foodhall (standalone)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: M&S Foodhall (standalone)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_and_Spencer,_Banstead,_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg/220px-Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg/330px-Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg/440px-Marks_and_Spencer%2C_Banstead%2C_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_339773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>M&S Simply Food in <a href="/wiki/Banstead" title="Banstead">Banstead</a>, Surrey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%26S_Food_to_Go,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/220px-M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/330px-M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/440px-M%26S_Food_to_Go%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An M&S Food to Go store in Sutton station, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton, London</a></figcaption></figure> M&S launched a convenience format, branded Simply Food in 2001, with the first stores opening in <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surbiton" title="Surbiton">Surbiton</a>. The stores predominantly sell food, although some larger stores also stock a small selection of general merchandise.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A number of these are run under <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> agreements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSP_Group" title="SSP Group">SSP Group</a> runs the stores at mainline railway stations and airports.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moto_Hospitality" title="Moto Hospitality">Moto</a> has stores at many of its motorway service areas.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> has petrol stations with Simply Food offerings.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> Orders from M&S accounted for more than half of <a href="/wiki/Uniq_plc" title="Uniq plc">Uniq</a>'s food product supplies to UK retailers in 2010, after several years' service as a major M&S food product supplier.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2011 it was noted that M&S were operating <a href="/wiki/Express_pricing" title="Express pricing">express pricing</a>; i.e., charging more in their Simply Food branches than in regular branches. A spokesperson stated that "prices are a little higher than at our high street stores but this reflects the fact that these stores are open longer and are highly convenient for customers on the move".<a href="#cite_note-m&s-150">[150]</a> The Simply Food brand was phased out in stand-alone larger stores after the rebrand in 2015 and the stores are now branded as "M&S Foodhall."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In March 2019, M&S announced that they would open more supermarket-sized food halls, with a floor area of between 10,000 and 15,000 square feet (930 and 1,390 m2), that would stock their full food range, in order to attract more families looking to do a weekly shop. M&S also lowered the price of over 1000 of their popular lines to compete with their larger supermarket rivals such as <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_services">Online services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Online services">edit</a>]</div> Online food deliveries began with trials in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 2019, M&S paid up to £750 million (dependent on future performance) for 50% of online retailer <a href="/wiki/Ocado" title="Ocado">Ocado Retail Ltd</a>, displacing <a href="/wiki/Waitrose" title="Waitrose">Waitrose</a> as Ocado's retail partner.<a href="#cite_note-:12-154">[154]</a> Since 2020,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> customers are directed to Ocado's website where they can order food and selected clothing items.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In February 2024, it was reported that M&S did not intend to pay the final £191 million instalment to Ocado, after performance targets were not met in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The online flower service was accused of unfair trading and using <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> to piggy-back advertise on online searches aimed at <a href="/wiki/Interflora" title="Interflora">Interflora</a> online in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_services">Other services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other services">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the main retail business, M&S partners with other companies to provide additional M&S-branded services: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%26S_Bank" title="M&S Bank">M&S Bank</a> – financial services and credit products, operated by <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC UK</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>M&S Energy – domestic gas and electricity supply, operated by <a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>M&S Opticians – operated by Owl Optical<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_line_history">Product line history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Product line history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marks_%26_Spencer_brands" title="List of Marks & Spencer brands">List of Marks & Spencer brands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_peruna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Women_peruna.jpg/220px-Women_peruna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Women_peruna.jpg/330px-Women_peruna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Women_peruna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Per Una's logo: three hearts</figcaption></figure> The "St Michael" brand was introduced by Simon Marks in 1928 in honour of his father and co-founder of Marks & Spencer, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marks" title="Michael Marks">Michael Marks</a>. By 1950, virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael brand. M&S lingerie, women's clothing and girls' uniform had been branded as St Margaret until 1950, when the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> The St Michael brand was retired in 2000 but returned to a limited extent as an emblem in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The synthetic fibre Tricell was first used in 1957 and lasted until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> Another synthetic fibre called Courtelle was first launched, nationally, by Marks & Spencer during 1960 and lasted well into the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> Machine washable wool first appeared in 1972, and <a href="/wiki/Lycra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycra">Lycra</a> hosiery first came in during 1986.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> "Per Una" was launched on 28 September 2001 as a joint venture between M&S and <a href="/wiki/Next_plc" title="Next plc">Next</a> founder <a href="/wiki/George_Davies_(retailer)" title="George Davies (retailer)">George Davies</a> with the contribution of Julie Strang. The Per Una brand has been a major success for the company,<a href="#cite_note-davies-163">[163]</a> and in October 2004, M&S bought the brand in a £125 million, two-year service contract with Davies.<a href="#cite_note-per-164">[164]</a> He was to stay on for at least two years to run the company, with 12 months notice required if he wished to leave.<a href="#cite_note-davies-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-per-164">[164]</a> In 2004, Sir Stuart Rose axed a number of brands including the menswear brand "SP Clothing", the "View From" sportswear range, the <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a> children's range "DB07" and several food lines, as he thought the company's stock inventory management had become 'too complicated'.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> A version of Per Una aimed at teenagers, "Per Una Due", was also discontinued, despite having launched earlier in the year, owing to poor sales.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The company began to sell branded goods such as <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s" title="Kellogg's">Kellogg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Corn_flakes" title="Corn flakes">corn flakes</a> in November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-top_brands-4">[4]</a> Following a review by Marc Bolland in 2011, M&S confirmed it would begin to reduce the number of branded items on sale, instead offering only those that it did not have an M&S alternative for.<a href="#cite_note-ausfoodnews.com.au-167">[167]</a> In January 2021, Marks & Spencer purchased the <a href="/wiki/Jaeger_(clothing)" title="Jaeger (clothing)">Jaeger</a> fashion brand from its administrators. The £5 million deal was part of the firm's strategy to boost its clothing division with new names. However, it did not include Jaeger's 63 shops and 13 concessions.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg/220px-M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg/330px-M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg/440px-M%26S_sign_c1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>An M&S store with old signage, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1990</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_2000s">Early 2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Early 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg/220px-Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg/330px-Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg/440px-Marks_%26_Spencer_corporate_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>The older logo, used from 2000 to 2007</figcaption></figure> During the height of the company's troubles at the beginning of the 21st century, the St Michael brand used as the selling label for all M&S products was discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer and a new logo in the <a href="/wiki/Optima" title="Optima">Optima</a> typeface was introduced and began to appear in place of St Michael on product packaging. The same logo was also applied to store fascias and carrier bags. The St Michael name was subsequently adopted as a 'quality guarantee' and appeared as the St Michael Quality Promise on the back of food products, on the side of delivery vehicles and on in-store ordering receipts.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Your_M&S">Your M&S</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Your M&S">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Your_M%26S_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Your_M%26S_logo.svg/220px-Your_M%26S_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Your_M%26S_logo.svg/330px-Your_M%26S_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Your_M%26S_logo.svg/440px-Your_M%26S_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Your M&S promotional logo 2004–2014</figcaption></figure> When Steve Sharp joined as marketing director in 2004, after being hired by Stuart Rose, he introduced a new promotional brand under the Your M&S banner, with a corresponding logo.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-profile_media_campaigns">High-profile media campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: High-profile media campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg/220px-Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg/330px-Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg/440px-Marks_%26_Spencer_new_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>Logo 2007–2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg/220px-MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg/330px-MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg/440px-MarksAndSpencer1884_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Est. 1884 byline variant used until 2022</figcaption></figure> M&S has run newspaper and/or magazine advertisements since the early 1950s, but the introduction of some famous stars including <a href="/wiki/Twiggy" title="Twiggy">Twiggy</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Jason" title="David Jason">David Jason</a> in television advertisements helped raise the company's profile. Twiggy first appeared in 1967, returning later in 1995 and 2005. Anne Grierson<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> featured in advertisements during the late 1950s and most of the 1960s. In later years, <a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Connor" title="Erin O'Connor">Erin O'Connor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myleene_Klass" title="Myleene Klass">Myleene Klass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer" title="Claudia Schiffer">Claudia Schiffer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Christensen" title="Helena Christensen">Helena Christensen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz" title="Tatjana Patitz">Tatjana Patitz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Snowdon" title="Lisa Snowdon">Lisa Snowdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dannii_Minogue" title="Dannii Minogue">Dannii Minogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/V_V_Brown" title="V V Brown">V V Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Kass" title="Carmen Kass">Carmen Kass</a> have featured in advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(journalist)" title="John Sergeant (journalist)">John Sergeant</a>, David Jason and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a> have either appeared in or voiced over advertisements since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-marksintime-23">[23]</a> Advertisements from the 2000s had the tag-line "This is not just food, this is M&S food" and featured slow motion, close-up footage of various food products, described in a sultry <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dervla_Kirwan" title="Dervla Kirwan">Dervla Kirwan</a>, to an enticing instrumental song — including Fleetwood Mac's "<a href="/wiki/Albatross_(instrumental)" title="Albatross (instrumental)">Albatross</a>" as well as <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Samba_Pa_Ti" title="Samba Pa Ti">Samba Pa Ti</a>", <a href="/wiki/Olly_Murs" title="Olly Murs">Olly Murs</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Busy_(Olly_Murs_song)" title="Busy (Olly Murs song)">Busy</a>", <a href="/wiki/Groove_Armada" title="Groove Armada">Groove Armada</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/At_the_River" title="At the River">At the River</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Ballet" title="Spandau Ballet">Spandau Ballet</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/True_(Spandau_Ballet_song)" title="True (Spandau Ballet song)">True</a>". These advertisements were referred to by some sections of the media as <a href="/wiki/Food_porn" title="Food porn">food porn</a>, with a number of other companies copying the idea, such as <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a> and, subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Waitrose" title="Waitrose">Waitrose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The 2009 TV advertising campaign drew complaints, leading to national press coverage, regarding sexism.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 2010, it was confirmed that <a href="/wiki/Dannii_Minogue" title="Dannii Minogue">Dannii Minogue</a> would be one of the new faces of Marks & Spencer. She filmed her first commercial in South Africa, which featured <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Lynn" title="Cheryl Lynn">Cheryl Lynn</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_Real" title="Got to Be Real">Got to Be Real</a>", for their Spring campaign that aired on 24 March.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In August 2011, M&S announced the new faces of their campaigns would be <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley" title="Rosie Huntington-Whiteley">Rosie Huntington-Whiteley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Gandy" title="David Gandy">David Gandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Marks & Spencer released a series of planned television adverts in July 2011, featuring Twiggy, Minogue and <a href="/wiki/V_V_Brown" title="V V Brown">V V Brown</a>, as it started its corporate image revamp. It confirmed that Twiggy, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Snowdon" title="Lisa Snowdon">Lisa Snowdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Redknapp" title="Jamie Redknapp">Jamie Redknapp</a> would return for future advertising.<a href="#cite_note-peacock1-177">[177]</a> On 31 March 2014, M&S launched the new iteration of its 'Leading Ladies' marketing campaign featuring <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Lawrence" title="Doreen Lawrence">Doreen Lawrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Scott_(footballer,_born_1984)" title="Alex Scott (footballer, born 1984)">Alex Scott</a> became the sportswear ambassador at M&S.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_marketing">Digital marketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Digital marketing">edit</a>]</div> Marks & Spencer announced its Technology Transformation Programme in 2018 focusing on business growth using digital marketing.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Israel_protests">Anti-Israel protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Anti-Israel protests">edit</a>]</div> Marks & Spencer has been repeatedly targeted and boycotted by <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">anti-Israel</a> protestors during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Arab League boycott of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 2014, it was reported that the Marble Arch branch was picketed weekly by protesters objecting to the sale of Israeli goods.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Animal welfare">edit</a>]</div> Marks & Spencer is a member of the <a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Assured" title="RSPCA Assured">RSPCA Assured</a> food labelling scheme that claims "any animals involved in a product's production have been reared to the RSPCA's strict farm animal welfare standards".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The scheme has been subject to controversy due to animal abuse being captured by hidden cameras at farms, with the RSPCA president calling it "utterly indefensible".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Instances of animal neglect and abuse have been reported in the Marks & Spencer supply chain. In July 2022, secret cameras caught lame animals "unable to get up to reach water" as workers killed goats "of no value" at an intensive farm producing cheese and milk for M&S. Animals were seen with overgrown hooves and piles of dead goats were observed outside the property.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In April 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> obtained footage of pigs from RSPCA Assured farms at a slaughterhouse being hit in the face by workers with a paddle before entering a gas chamber to die. The <a href="/wiki/RSPCA" title="RSPCA">RSPCA</a> reviewed the footage and said the hitting any animals was completely unacceptable and they would launch an immediate investigation.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In May 2024, footage emerged from several intensive RSPCA Assured farms in the M&S supply chain showing sick, dying and dead hens alongside living ones. M&S suspended one of the farms.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In September 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> released footage from an M&S dairy RSPCA Assured farm which had previously featured in advertising. Workers were observed mistreating cows, striking them with poles and kicking them. In one incident, a worker was seen jabbing a cow with a screwdriver.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton_2024-189">[189]</a> The farm was suspended from the RSPCA Assured scheme once the footage emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton_2024-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comprehensive_Spending_Review">Comprehensive Spending Review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Comprehensive Spending Review">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_Spending_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Spending Review">2010 Spending Review</a></div> In October 2010, chairman Sir Stuart Rose was a signatory to a controversial letter to <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> which claimed that "The private sector should be more than capable of generating additional jobs to replace those lost in the public sector, and the redeployment of people to more productive activities will improve economic performance, so generating more employment opportunities", despite recent job cuts of 1,000 staff.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contactless_payment_issues">Contactless payment issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Contactless payment issues">edit</a>]</div> Some Marks & Spencer customers claim that the chain's <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payment</a> terminals have taken money from cards other than the ones intended for payment. Contactless cards are supposed to be within about 4 cm of the front of the terminal to work. M&S investigated the incident and confirmed the new system had been extensively tested and was robust. It had recently rolled out the contactless payments system, provided by Visa Europe, to 644 UK stores.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_checkout-staff_policy">Muslim checkout-staff policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Muslim checkout-staff policy">edit</a>]</div> In December 2013, Marks & Spencer announced that Muslim checkout staff in the UK could refuse to sell pork products or alcohol to customers at their till.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The policy was announced after at least one news outlet reported that customers waiting with goods that included pork or alcohol were refused service, and were told by a Muslim checkout worker to wait until another till became available.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The policy applied across all 703 UK M&S stores and prompted a strong backlash by customers.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> A company spokesman subsequently apologised and stated that they will attempt to reassign staff whose beliefs may impact their work to different departments, such as clothing.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hijab_as_school_uniform">Hijab as school uniform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Hijab as school uniform">edit</a>]</div> Marks & Spencer introduced a hijab in its section of school uniforms in late 2018 and subsequently faced a backlash and boycott from some customers; the product is stocked for girls as young as three.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holly_Willoughby">Holly Willoughby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Holly Willoughby">edit</a>]</div> In September 2018, television presenter and model <a href="/wiki/Holly_Willoughby" title="Holly Willoughby">Holly Willoughby</a> became the company's new brand ambassador along with her 'Must Have' collection which launched on 27 September 2018. However, the company failed to order sufficient stock and many customers were left disappointed.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Marks & Spencer </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg/220px-Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg/330px-Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg/440px-Marks_and_Spencer_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1169" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1 October 1968</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a wreath of the colours, In front of two cornucopiae in saltire a ladder erect proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Pily azure and gules, a pair of scales Or in an orle of roses argent barbed and seeded Or.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>On the dexter side a lion gules and on the sinister side an owl proper, each gorged with an Eastern crown Or.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>STRIVE PROBE APPLY<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ar-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ar_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/sites/marksandspencer/files/2023-06/M-and-S_AR23_Financial_Statements.pdf">"Annual Report 2023"</a> (PDF). Marks and Spencer. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2023&rft.pub=Marks+and+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.marksandspencer.com%2Fsites%2Fmarksandspencer%2Ffiles%2F2023-06%2FM-and-S_AR23_Financial_Statements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00214436/persons-with-significant-control">"MARKS AND SPENCER P.L.C. persons with significant control"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Companies+House&rft.atitle=MARKS+AND+SPENCER+P.L.C.+persons+with+significant+control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffind-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk%2Fcompany%2F00214436%2Fpersons-with-significant-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2792584/Marks-and-Spencer-A-recent-history.html">"Marks & Spencer: A recent history"</a>. The Telegraph. 2 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2792584/Marks-and-Spencer-A-recent-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Marks+%26+Spencer%3A+A+recent+history&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F2792584%2FMarks-and-Spencer-A-recent-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-top_brands-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-top_brands_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-top_brands_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiscott" class="citation news cs1">Hiscott, Graham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/city-news/2009/11/04/marks-and-spencer-to-start-selling-top-brands-115875-21796883/">"Marks and Spencer to start selling top brands"</a>. Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Marks+and+Spencer+to+start+selling+top+brands&rft.aulast=Hiscott&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcity-news%2F2009%2F11%2F04%2Fmarks-and-spencer-to-start-selling-top-brands-115875-21796883%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodFinch2009" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Zoe & Finch, Julia (22 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/22/bolland-marks-spencer-problems">"A new face, but the same old problems at Marks & Spencer"</a>. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+new+face%2C+but+the+same+old+problems+at+Marks+%26+Spencer&rft.date=2009-11-22&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft.au=Finch%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2009%2Fnov%2F22%2Fbolland-marks-spencer-problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft_bolland-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ft_bolland_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2009" class="citation news cs1">Stafford, Philip (18 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8d85cb20-d438-11de-990c-00144feabdc0.html">"M&S names Bolland as new chief"</a>. Financial Times. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8d85cb20-d438-11de-990c-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=M%26S+names+Bolland+as+new+chief&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8d85cb20-d438-11de-990c-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/money/news/marks-and-spencer-confirms-100-stores-will-close-by-2022/ar-AAxCEC7?OCID=ansmsnnews11">"Marks And Spencer Confirms 100 Stores Will Close By 2022"</a>. Msn.com. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marks+And+Spencer+Confirms+100+Stores+Will+Close+By+2022&rft.pub=Msn.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-gb%2Fmoney%2Fnews%2Fmarks-and-spencer-confirms-100-stores-will-close-by-2022%2Far-AAxCEC7%3FOCID%3Dansmsnnews11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53817598">"M&S to cut 7,000 jobs over next three months"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M%26S+to+cut+7%2C000+jobs+over+next+three+months&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-53817598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57251682">"M&S to close 30 more shops as Ocado deal pays off"</a>. BBC News. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M%26S+to+close+30+more+shops+as+Ocado+deal+pays+off&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-57251682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-results2024-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-results2024_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results2024_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/media/press-releases/marks-and-spencer-group-plc-full-year-results-52-weeks-ended-30-march-2024">"Marks and Spencer Group Plc Full Year Results for 52 Weeks Ended 30 March 2024"</a>. 22 May 2024. <q>... performance is constrained by legacy stores that are more expensive to operate ... Rotation towards a target estate of 180 full line and 420 Food stores...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marks+and+Spencer+Group+Plc+Full+Year+Results+for+52+Weeks+Ended+30+March+2024&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.marksandspencer.com%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2Fmarks-and-spencer-group-plc-full-year-results-52-weeks-ended-30-march-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamillus2016" class="citation book cs1">Camillus, John C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf7QDAAAQBAJ&dq=michael+marks+polish&pg=PA129">Wicked Strategies; How Companies Conquer Complexity and Confound Competitors</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442650558" title="Special:BookSources/9781442650558"><bdi>9781442650558</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicked+Strategies%3B+How+Companies+Conquer+Complexity+and+Confound+Competitors&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442650558&rft.aulast=Camillus&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf7QDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmichael%2Bmarks%2Bpolish%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortePirkerHelff2010" class="citation book cs1">Korte, Barbara; Pirker, Eva Ulrike; Helff, Sissy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlUgyqzuQs0C&dq=michael+marks+polish&pg=PA350">Facing the East in the West; Images of Eastern Europe in British Literature, Film and Culture</a>. Rodopi. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042030497" title="Special:BookSources/9789042030497"><bdi>9789042030497</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+the+East+in+the+West%3B+Images+of+Eastern+Europe+in+British+Literature%2C+Film+and+Culture&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789042030497&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Pirker%2C+Eva+Ulrike&rft.au=Helff%2C+Sissy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlUgyqzuQs0C%26dq%3Dmichael%2Bmarks%2Bpolish%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzydlowska2020" class="citation book cs1">Szydlowska, Katarzyna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqPMDwAAQBAJ&dq=michael+marks+polish&pg=PA4">The Future Business Strategy of Marks and Spencer</a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783346104281" title="Special:BookSources/9783346104281"><bdi>9783346104281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Business+Strategy+of+Marks+and+Spencer&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783346104281&rft.aulast=Szydlowska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqPMDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmichael%2Bmarks%2Bpolish%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2000" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Glenda (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAZ-DwAAQBAJ&dq=michael+marks+polish&pg=PA22">Modern Jewish Mythologies</a>. 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Retrieved 26 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spartacus%3A+Michael+Marks&rft.pub=Spartacus-Educational.com&rft.date=1907-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FBUmarks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215105839/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919169,00.html">"Business: Marks & Sparks Trades Up"</a>, 28 November 1977 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/mampss-uturns-will-the-latest-plans-last-2133453.html">"M&S's U-turns: Will the latest plans last?"</a>. 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London. 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=M%26S%27s+U-turns%3A+Will+the+latest+plans+last%3F&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fanalysis-and-features%2Fmampss-uturns-will-the-latest-plans-last-2133453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marksintime-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marksintime_23-21">v</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChislett2009" class="citation book cs1">Chislett, Helen (3 September 2009). Marks in Time: 125 Years of Marks & Spencer. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85873-7"><bdi>978-0-297-85873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marks+in+Time%3A+125+Years+of+Marks+%26+Spencer&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85873-7&rft.aulast=Chislett&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtter2020" class="citation book cs1">Otter, Chris (2020). Diet for a large planet. 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London; Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16111-9">10.1007/978-1-349-16111-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16111-9"><bdi>978-1-349-16111-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weapons+of+Terror%3A+International+Terrorism+at+Work&rft.place=London%3B+Basingstoke&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16111-9&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16111-9&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Payne%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16111-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer" class="citation web cs1">Schweitzer, Yoram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=687618">"Innovation in Terrorist Organizations: The Case of PFLP and its Offshoots"</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+in+Terrorist+Organizations%3A+The+Case+of+PFLP+and+its+Offshoots&rft.pages=18&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D687618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjmwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA325">London Bombed, Blitzed and Blown Up : the British Capital Under Attack Since 1867</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 February 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1323890/Lord-Sieff-of-Brimpton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary+%E2%80%93+Marcus+sieff&rft.date=2001-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1323890%2FLord-Sieff-of-Brimpton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/marks-spencer-closing-ahead-of-schedule-1.184100">"Marks and Spencer close ahead of schedule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 10 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826234315/http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/1999/07/14/marks990714.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2010. 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The Telegraph. 27 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8917910/Paris-has-a-Marks-and-Spencer-again-but-its-the-wrong-size-and-in-the-wrong-place.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Paris+has+a+Marks+and+Spencer+again%2C+but+it%27s+the+wrong+size+and+in+the+wrong+place&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F8917910%2FParis-has-a-Marks-and-Spencer-again-but-its-the-wrong-size-and-in-the-wrong-place.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooksbrothers.com/aboutus/heritage3.tem">"Brooks Brothers Heritage"</a>. Brooksbrothers.com. 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Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+sandwich+consumed+Britain&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fnov%2F24%2Fhow-the-sandwich-consumed-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-profit-35"><a href="#cite_ref-profit_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/96531.stm">"Marks & Spencer profits top expectations"</a>. BBC News. 19 May 1998. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Marks+%26+Spencer+profits+top+expectations&rft.date=1998-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F96531.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724031156/http://www.ciao.co.uk/Marks_Spencer_Chargecard__Review_5001590">"Marks & Spencer storecard fading value"</a>. Ciao.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciao.co.uk/Marks_Spencer_Chargecard__Review_5001590">the original</a> on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marks+%26+Spencer+storecard+fading+value&rft.pub=Ciao.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciao.co.uk%2FMarks_Spencer_Chargecard__Review_5001590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/07/02/bcnmshist102.xml">Marks & Spencer: A Recent History</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] The Daily Telegraph </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2794432/Marks-and-Spencer-loses-Per-Una-design-director.html">"Marks & Spencer loses Per Una design director"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Marks+%26+Spencer+loses+Per+Una+design+director&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F2794432%2FMarks-and-Spencer-loses-Per-Una-design-director.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211356/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0DQA/is_2000_Feb_17/ai_59870857">"Green drops Marks & Spencer bid"</a>. Findarticles.com. 2000. 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Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dubai+Online&rft.pub=Dubai.mconet.biz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdubai.mconet.biz%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dfullnews%26id%3D282535%26category%3D884%26category_name%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmeir2009" class="citation web cs1">Waldmeir, Patti (9 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bac61ae-f6e2-11dd-8a1f-0000779fd2ac.html">"M&S admits Shanghai errors"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bac61ae-f6e2-11dd-8a1f-0000779fd2ac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=M%26S+admits+Shanghai+errors&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.aulast=Waldmeir&rft.aufirst=Patti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F2bac61ae-f6e2-11dd-8a1f-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> BBC News Lincolnshire 25 August 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-11076135">'M&S confirms three store closures in Lincolnshire'</a> Retrieved 25 August 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-44"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation news cs1">Hall, James (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8098977/MandS-plans-to-take-Twiggy-international.html">"M&S plans to take Twiggy international"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8098977/MandS-plans-to-take-Twiggy-international.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=M%26S+plans+to+take+Twiggy+international&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F8098977%2FMandS-plans-to-take-Twiggy-international.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-45"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2010" class="citation news cs1">Potter, Mark (9 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6A70V420101109">"UPDATE 5-Marks & Spencer's new CEO lifts investment"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%C2%A32bn+Marks+%26+Spencer+makeover+%27less+than+inspiring%27&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F8534666%2F2bn-Marks-and-Spencer-makeover-less-than-inspiring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mirror1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-mirror1_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiscott2013" class="citation web cs1">Hiscott, Graham (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/marks-spencer-fashion-launch-slick-1889943">"Marks and Spencer fashion launch was slick but what matters is what core customers think"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marks+In+Time&rft.atitle=About+the+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarksintime.marksandspencer.com%2Fthe-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjohnswoodmemories.org.uk/content/samuel-godley/our-blog/unearthing-treasures-baker-street-bazaar">"Unearthing Treasures: The Baker Street Bazaar"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Gandy+and+Ryan+Reynolds+Join+Rosie+Huntington-Whiteley+for+M%26S&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffashion.telegraph.co.uk%2FArticle.aspx%3FId%3DTMG8731621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peacock1-177"><a href="#cite_ref-peacock1_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2011" class="citation news cs1">Peacock, Louisa (18 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8643936/MandS-drops-ad-featuring-Twiggy-Minogue-and-VV-Brown.html">"M&S drops ad featuring Twiggy, Minogue and VV Brown"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240915180542/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cows-abuse-muller-marks-spencers-milk-rspca-b2611198.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cows+on+farms+supplying+M%26S+and+Muller+kicked%2C+punched%2C+hit+with+chains+and+sworn+at+in+shocking+footage&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Colley%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fcows-abuse-muller-marks-spencers-milk-rspca-b2611198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/8069609/Osbornes-cuts-will-strengthen-Britains-economy-by-allowing-the-private-sector-to-generate-more-jobs.html">"Osborne's cuts will strengthen Britain's economy by allowing the private sector to generate more jobs"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. UK. 18 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/8069609/Osbornes-cuts-will-strengthen-Britains-economy-by-allowing-the-private-sector-to-generate-more-jobs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Osborne%27s+cuts+will+strengthen+Britain%27s+economy+by+allowing+the+private+sector+to+generate+more+jobs&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fletters%2F8069609%2FOsbornes-cuts-will-strengthen-Britains-economy-by-allowing-the-private-sector-to-generate-more-jobs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612031348/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article5455026.ece">M&S cuts 1,000 jobs as fashion sales dive</a>, Helen Power and Marcus Leroux, The Times, 6 January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22545804">"Contactless 'charging errors' at Marks and Spencer"</a>. BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Contactless+%27charging+errors%27+at+Marks+and+Spencer&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-22545804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithnallDelmar-Morgan2013" class="citation news cs1">Withnall, Adam; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (22 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ms-says-muslim-staff-may-refuse-to-serve-customers-pork-and-alcohol-9020982.html">"M&S says Muslim staff may refuse to serve customers pork and alcohol"</a>. The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=M%26S+says+Muslim+staff+may+refuse+to+serve+customers+pork+and+alcohol&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft.aulast=Withnall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Delmar-Morgan%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fms-says-muslim-staff-may-refuse-to-serve-customers-pork-and-alcohol-9020982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendick2013" class="citation news cs1">Mendick, Robert (21 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10532782/Muslim-staff-at-Marks-and-Spencer-can-refuse-to-sell-alcohol-and-pork.html">"Muslim staff at Marks & Spencer can refuse to sell alcohol and pork"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10532782/Muslim-staff-at-Marks-and-Spencer-can-refuse-to-sell-alcohol-and-pork.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Muslim+staff+at+Marks+%26+Spencer+can+refuse+to+sell+alcohol+and+pork&rft.date=2013-12-21&rft.aulast=Mendick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F10532782%2FMuslim-staff-at-Marks-and-Spencer-can-refuse-to-sell-alcohol-and-pork.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103021213/https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/m-faces-furious-backlash-customers-174843463.html">"M&S faces furious backlash from customers over Muslim policy"</a>. Yahoo News. 22 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/m-faces-furious-backlash-customers-174843463.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=M%26S+faces+furious+backlash+from+customers+over+Muslim+policy&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.finance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fm-faces-furious-backlash-customers-174843463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/news/business-25488259">"M&S apology over Muslim alcohol refusal"</a>. BBC News. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M%26S+apology+over+Muslim+alcohol+refusal&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-25488259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2018" class="citation news cs1">Hodgson, Sarah (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/ms-started-selling-hijabs-its-15268756">"M&S has started selling hijabs made for children as young as three"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Post_(North_Wales)" title="Daily Post (North Wales)">Daily Post (North Wales)</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post+%28North+Wales%29&rft.atitle=M%26S+has+started+selling+hijabs+made+for+children+as+young+as+three&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-wales-news%2Fms-started-selling-hijabs-its-15268756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/fashion/style/g23124252/holly-willoughby-marks-and-spencer-collection/">"The curse of Willoughby: it's great Holly's M&S range sells out – but not so for the rest of us"</a>. The Telegraph. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+curse+of+Willoughby%3A+it%27s+great+Holly%27s+M%26S+range+sells+out+%E2%80%93+but+not+so+for+the+rest+of+us&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolitan.com%2Fuk%2Ffashion%2Fstyle%2Fg23124252%2Fholly-willoughby-marks-and-spencer-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303152904/https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer">"'Marks and Spencer'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer">the original</a> on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Marks+and+Spencer%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldry-wiki.com%2Fheraldrywiki%2Fwiki%2FMarks_and_Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2008" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Paul (2008). Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building an Entrepreneurial Organization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-023-054-263-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-023-054-263-1"><bdi>978-023-054-263-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Entrepreneurship%3A+Building+an+Entrepreneurial+Organization&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-023-054-263-1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarks+%26+Spencer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marksandspencer.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/015736">Documents and clippings about Marks & Spencer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100</a> companies of the United Kingdom   → <a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3i" title="3i">3i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_Africa" title="Airtel Africa">Airtel Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_plc" title="Antofagasta plc">Antofagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Group" title="Ashtead Group">Ashtead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Trader_Group" title="Auto Trader Group">Auto Trader Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26M" title="B&M">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratt_Redrow" title="Barratt Redrow">Barratt Redrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beazley_plc" title="Beazley plc">Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Group_Holdings" title="Berkeley Group Holdings">Berkeley Group Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Land" title="British Land">British Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunzl" title="Bunzl">Bunzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Hellenic_Bottling_Company" title="Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company">Coca-Cola HBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Group" title="Compass Group">Compass Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convatec" title="Convatec">Convatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croda_International" title="Croda International">Croda International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCC_plc" title="DCC plc">DCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploma_plc" title="Diploma plc">Diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Mining" title="Endeavour Mining">Endeavour Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entain" title="Entain">Entain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_%26_C_Investment_Trust" title="F & C Investment Trust">F & C Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frasers_Group" title="Frasers Group">Frasers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnillo_plc" title="Fresnillo plc">Fresnillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK_plc" title="GSK plc">GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleon" title="Haleon">Haleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halma_plc" title="Halma plc">Halma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargreaves_Lansdown" title="Hargreaves Lansdown">Hargreaves Lansdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikma_Pharmaceuticals" title="Hikma Pharmaceuticals">Hikma Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiscox" title="Hiscox">Hiscox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdens_Joinery" title="Howdens Joinery">Howdens Joinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHG_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="IHG Hotels & Resorts">IHG Hotels & Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMI_plc" title="IMI plc">IMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brands" title="Imperial Brands">Imperial Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Capital_Group" title="Intermediate Capital Group">Intermediate Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Airlines_Group" title="International Airlines Group">International Airlines Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertek" title="Intertek">Intertek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_plc" title="Kingfisher plc">Kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsec" title="Landsec">Land Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LondonMetric_Property" title="LondonMetric Property">LondonMetric Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_Group" title="London Stock Exchange Group">London Stock Exchange Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G" title="M&G">M&G</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Industries" title="Melrose Industries">Melrose Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondi" title="Mondi">Mondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_plc" title="Next plc">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings" title="Pershing Square Holdings">Pershing Square Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_plc" title="Persimmon plc">Persimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckitt" title="Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentokil_Initial" title="Rentokil Initial">Rentokil Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rightmove" title="Rightmove">Rightmove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">J Sainsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroders" title="Schroders">Schroders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Mortgage_Investment_Trust" title="Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust">Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segro" title="Segro">Segro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent" title="Severn Trent">Severn Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Smith" title="DS Smith">DS Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_Group" title="Smiths Group">Smiths Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirax_Group" title="Spirax Group">Spirax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wimpey" title="Taylor Wimpey">Taylor Wimpey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Utilities" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Students" title="Unite Students">Unite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistry_Group" title="Vistry Group">Vistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPP_plc" title="WPP plc">WPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supermarkets_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supermarkets_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Supermarkets in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convenience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargain_Booze" title="Bargain Booze">Bargain Booze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-one" title="Best-one">Best-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgens" title="Budgens">Budgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Food" title="Co-op Food">Co-op Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costcutter" title="Costcutter">Costcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Shopper" title="Happy Shopper">Happy Shopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%26F_Jones" title="L&F Jones">Jones Convenience Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londis_(United_Kingdom)" title="Londis (United Kingdom)">Londis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(retailer)" title="Mace (retailer)">Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(retailer)" title="Nisa (retailer)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco#One_Stop" title="Tesco">One Stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_(store)" title="Premier (store)">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(retailer)" title="Spar (retailer)">Spar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discount</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargain_Buys" title="Bargain Buys">Bargain Buys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26M" title="B&M">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Bargains" title="Home Bargains">Home Bargains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwik_Save" title="Kwik Save">Kwik Save</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundland" title="Poundland">Poundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundstretcher" title="Poundstretcher">Poundstretcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frozen specialists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmfoods" title="Farmfoods">Farmfoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Foods" title="Heron Foods">Heron Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)" title="Iceland (supermarket)">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocado" title="Ocado">Ocado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitrose" title="Waitrose">Waitrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booths" title="Booths">Booths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnes_Stores" title="Dunnes Stores">Dunnes Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filco_Foods" title="Filco Foods">Filco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Organic" title="Planet Organic">Planet Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilf_Proudfoot" title="Wilf Proudfoot">Proudfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperValu_(Ireland)" title="SuperValu (Ireland)">SuperValu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Supermarkets_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Supermarkets of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Supermarkets" title="Portal:Supermarkets">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Department_stores_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_Department_stores" title="Template:UK Department stores"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_Department_stores" title="Template talk:UK Department stores"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_Department_stores" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK Department stores"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Department_stores_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department stores</a> of the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austins_(Newton_Abbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austins (Newton Abbot)">Austins of Newton Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beales_(department_store)" title="Beales (department store)">Beales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">British Home Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_of_York" title="Browns of York">Browns of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(department_store)" title="Daniel (department store)">Daniel of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)" title="Fenwick (department store)">Fenwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopers_(department_store)" title="Hoopers (department store)">Hoopers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Fraser" title="House of Fraser">House of Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jarrold_Group" title="The Jarrold Group">Jarrold & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis & Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morleys_Stores" title="Morleys Stores">Morleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supermarkets_in_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supermarkets_in_Ireland" title="Template:Supermarkets in Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supermarkets_in_Ireland" title="Template talk:Supermarkets in Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supermarkets_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supermarkets in Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supermarkets_in_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of supermarket chains in Ireland">Supermarkets in Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/32px-ShoppingCart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/48px-ShoppingCart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/64px-ShoppingCart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Supermarkets" title="Portal:Supermarkets">Supermarkets portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnes_Stores" title="Dunnes Stores">Dunnes Stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/JC%27s" title="JC's">JC's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(retailer)" title="Spar (retailer)">EuroSpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperValu_(Ireland)" title="SuperValu (Ireland)">SuperValu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco_Ireland" title="Tesco Ireland">Tesco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convenience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Centra" title="Centra">Centra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costcutter" title="Costcutter">Costcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(supermarket)" title="Gala (supermarket)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londis_(Ireland)" title="Londis (Ireland)">Londis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(retailer)" title="Mace (retailer)">Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(retailer)" title="Spar (retailer)">Spar</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cope" title="The Cope">The Cope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)" title="Iceland (supermarket)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce%27s_(supermarket)" title="Joyce's (supermarket)">Joyce's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superquinn" title="Superquinn">Superquinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supermarkets_in_Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supermarkets_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template:Supermarkets of Hong Kong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supermarkets_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template talk:Supermarkets of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supermarkets_of_Hong_Kong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supermarkets of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supermarkets_in_Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Supermarkets_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Supermarkets of Hong Kong">Supermarkets in Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/759_Store" title="759 Store">759 Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">Aeon</a> <ul><li>Aeon Style</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Mart_360" title="Best Mart 360">Best Mart 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citysuper" class="mw-redirect" title="Citysuper">C!ty'super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Resources_Vanguard" title="China Resources Vanguard">China Resources Vanguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_Select" title="U Select">U Select</a></li> <li>VanGO</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dah_Chong_Hong" title="Dah Chong Hong">Dah Chong Hong</a> <ul><li>DCH Foods</li> <li>DCH Food Mart Deluxe</li></ul></li> <li>Dai Sing (DS) Groceries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFI_Retail_Group" title="DFI Retail Group">DFI Retail Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThreeSixty" class="mw-redirect" title="ThreeSixty">3hreeSixty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Place_(supermarket)" title="Market Place (supermarket)">Market Place</a></li> <li>Oliver's The Delicatessen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome" title="Wellcome">Wellcome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Don_Donki" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Don Donki">Don Don Donki</a></li> <li>Ka Hing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Bo_Food_Supermarket" title="Kai Bo Food Supermarket">Kai Bo Food Supermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ParknShop" title="ParknShop">ParknShop</a> <ul><li>Food le Parc</li> <li>Fusion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourmet_(supermarket)" title="Gourmet (supermarket)">Gourmet</a></li> <li>International</li> <li>Superstore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(supermarket)" title="Taste (supermarket)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Food_Hall" title="Great Food Hall">Great Food Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uny" class="mw-redirect" title="Uny">Uny</a> <ul><li>APITA</li> <li>PIAGO</li> <li>GUU SAN</li></ul></li> <li>YATA</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/32px-ShoppingCart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/48px-ShoppingCart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShoppingCart.svg/64px-ShoppingCart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Supermarkets" title="Portal:Supermarkets">Supermarkets portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a> (withdrawal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jasons ichiba (DFI Retail Group) (2023)</li> <li>SU-PA-DE-PA (ParknShop) (2021)</li> <li>Vanguard (CRV) (2021)</li> <li>Jason's Food & Living (DFI Retail Group) (2020)</li> <li>blt (CRV) (2012)</li> <li>Ole' (CRV) (03/2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kee_Food" title="Yu Kee Food">Yu Kee Food</a> (2011)</li> <li>Needs (New World Department Store) (03/2010)</li> <li>Guangnan KK (06/2001)</li> <li>adMart (12/2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a> (09/2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> (1996)</li> <li>Hong Kong Round (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Retail_Round_Table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Retail_Round_Table" title="Template:European Retail Round Table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Retail_Round_Table" title="Template talk:European Retail Round Table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Retail_Round_Table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Retail Round Table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Retail_Round_Table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Retail_Round_Table" title="European Retail Round Table">European Retail Round Table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahold_Delhaize" title="Ahold Delhaize">Ahold Delhaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26A" title="C&A">C&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Corte_Ingl%C3%A9s" title="El Corte Inglés">El Corte Inglés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_Gruppen" title="ICA Gruppen">ICA Gruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inditex" title="Inditex">Inditex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Martins" title="Jerónimo Martins">Jerónimo Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercadona" title="Mercadona">Mercadona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_AG" title="Metro AG">Metro AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714491#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121937036">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158248557">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2082336-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50071321">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122148s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122148s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009529847&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2009514532&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265054505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034479112">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/91edb825-9e4b-4cdd-a232-077a5955f62f">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&oldid=1257836742">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marks_%26_Spencer&oldid=1257836742</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Category:Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1884_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1884 establishments in England">1884 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_brands" title="Category:British 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