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</li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_lawyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_lawyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New York lawyer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_lawyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_politician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_politician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 New York politician </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_York_politician-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle New York politician subsection </button> <ul id="toc-New_York_politician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conkling's_machine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conkling's_machine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Conkling's machine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conkling's_machine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clash_with_Hayes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clash_with_Hayes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Clash with Hayes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clash_with_Hayes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Election of 1880 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1881)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1881)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vice presidency (1881) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1881–1885)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1881–1885)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidency (1881–1885) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1881–1885)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1881–1885) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1881–1885)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taking_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taking_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Taking office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taking_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_service_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_service_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Civil service reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_service_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surplus_and_the_tariff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surplus_and_the_tariff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Surplus and the tariff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surplus_and_the_tariff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Foreign affairs and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Naval resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Native American policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Health and travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1884_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1884_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 1884 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1884_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1885–1886)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1885–1886)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Post-presidency (1885–1886) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1885–1886)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (1885–1886) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1885–1886)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Other websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chester A. Arthur</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BC%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ቼስተር አርተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቼስተር አርተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="تشستر آرثر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشستر آرثر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ester_Artur" title="Çester Artur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çester Artur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چستر آلن آرتور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چستر آلن آرتور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%8F._%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="চেস্টার এ. আর্থার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেস্টার এ. আর্থার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Чэстэр Алан Артур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэстэр Алан Артур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Чэстэр Алан Артур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэстэр Алан Артур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Честър Артър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Честър Артър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер Алан Артур – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Честер Алан Артур" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%83" title="ޗެސްޓަރ އެލާން އަރތަރ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗެސްޓަރ އެލާން އަރތަރ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81" title="Τσέστερ Άρθουρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέστερ Άρθουρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چستر آلن آرتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چستر آلن آرتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_A._%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C" title="체스터 A. 아서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체스터 A. 아서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B1._%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Չեսթեր Ա. Արթուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեսթեր Ա. Արթուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="चेस्टर ऐलन आर्थर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेस्टर ऐलन आर्थर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8" title="צ'סטר ארתור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'סטר ארתור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩესტერ ართური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩესტერ ართური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер Артур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Честер Артур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alanus_Arthur" title="Chester Alanus Arthur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chester Alanus Arthur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesters_Arturs" title="Česters Arturs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Česters Arturs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90._%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер А. Артур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Честер А. Артур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E._%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC" title="ചെസ്റ്റർ എ. ആർഥർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെസ്റ്റർ എ. ആർഥർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="चेस्टर ए. आर्थर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेस्टर ए. आर्थर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩესტერ ართური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩესტერ ართური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="تشيستر ارثر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيستر ارثر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چستر آلن آرتور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چستر آلن آرتور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер Артур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Честер Артур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ချက်စတာ အလန် အာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်စတာ အလန် အာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BBA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="チェスター・A・アーサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェスター・A・アーサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Artur" title="Chester Artur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chester Artur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚੈਸਟਰ ਐਲਨ ਆਰਥਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈਸਟਰ ਐਲਨ ਆਰਥਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چیسٹر اے آرتھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیسٹر اے آرتھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چسټر الن ارتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چسټر الن ارتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Артур, Честер Алан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артур, Честер Алан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur" title="Chester Arthur – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chester Arthur" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%92._%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="චෙස්ටර් ඒ. ආතර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෙස්ටර් ඒ. ආතර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur" title="Chester Alan Arthur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chester Alan Arthur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چێستەر ئەی ئارتور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێستەر ئەی ئارتور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90._%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер А. Артур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Честер А. Артур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер Әлан Артур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Честер Әлан Артур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD._%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เชสเตอร์ เอ. อาเทอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชสเตอร์ เอ. อาเทอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94_%E1%8E%A0._%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%98" title="ᏤᏍᏔ Ꭰ. ᎠᏘ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏤᏍᏔ Ꭰ. ᎠᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Честер Алан Артур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Честер Алан Артур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چیسٹر اے آرتھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیسٹر اے آرتھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F" title="切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טשעסטער עלען ארטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשעסטער עלען ארטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E5%A3%AB%E6%89%93%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F" title="車士打阿瑟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="車士打阿瑟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Chester A. Arthur" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F" title="切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chester_A._Arthur" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_A._Arthur&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_II" title="Chester Alan Arthur II">Chester Alan Arthur II</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Chester A. Arthur</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_(cropped)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="4496" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bogardus" title="Abraham Bogardus">Abraham Bogardus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">21st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">James A. Garfield</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York Republican Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 11, 1879 – October 11, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John F. Smyth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B._Platt_Carpenter" title="B. Platt Carpenter">B. Platt Carpenter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">21st <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 1, 1871 – July 11, 1878</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Collector)" title="Thomas Murphy (Collector)">Thomas Murphy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin Atkins Merritt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Engineer-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Guard" title="New York Guard">New York Militia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1861 – January 1, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">George F. Nesbitt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Isaac Vanderpoel<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p170-171-2">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Inspector General of the New York Militia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 14, 1862 – July 12, 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marsena_R._Patrick" title="Marsena R. Patrick">Marsena R. Patrick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Cuyler Van Vechten<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p170-171-2">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Quartermaster General of the New York Militia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 27, 1862 – January 1, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Cuyler Van Vechten</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Sebastian Visscher Talcott<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p170-171-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Chester Alan Arthur</div> (1829-10-05)October 5, 1829 <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Vermont" title="Fairfield, Vermont">Fairfield, Vermont</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 18, 1886(1886-11-18) (aged 57) <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a>, Menands, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1854–1886)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (before 1854)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nell_Arthur" title="Nell Arthur">Ellen Herndon</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1859; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1880)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>William</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_II" title="Chester Alan Arthur II">Chester II</a></li><li>Ellen</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_(clergyman)" title="William Arthur (clergyman)">William Arthur</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arthur" title="Gavin Arthur">Gavin Arthur</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_and_National_Law_School" title="State and National Law School">State and National Law School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>civil servant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chester A. Arthur's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg/128px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg/192px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg/256px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="49" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard" title="New York Army National Guard">New York Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1857–1863</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Second Brigade, New York Militia</li> <li>Staff of Governor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Edwin D. Morgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> – November 18, 1886) was the 21st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1881 to 1885. He was a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> lawyer from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> who previously served as the 20th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> under President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>. Assuming the presidency after Garfield's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">assassination</a>, Arthur's presidency saw the largest expansion of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, the end of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>", and the implementation of harsher restrictions for migrants entering from abroad. Arthur was born in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Vermont" title="Fairfield, Vermont">Fairfield, Vermont</a>, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a> and practiced law in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He served as quartermaster general of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard" title="New York Army National Guard">New York Militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Following the war, he devoted more time to New York Republican politics and quickly rose in Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>'s political organization. President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a> in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the <a href="/wiki/Stalwart_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart (politics)">Stalwart</a> faction of the Republican Party. In 1878, following bitter disputes between Conkling and President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> over control of patronage in New York, Hayes fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system. In <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">June 1880</a>, the extended contest between Grant, identified with the Stalwarts, and <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breed</a> faction, led to the compromise selection of Ohio's Garfield for president. Republicans then nominated Arthur for vice president to balance the ticket geographically and to placate Stalwarts disappointed by Grant's defeat. Garfield and Arthur won the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 presidential election</a> and took office in March 1881. Four months into his term, Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency. As president, Arthur presided over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#"New_Navy"" title="History of the United States Navy">rebirth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, but he was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. Arthur vetoed the first version of the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a>, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> He appointed <a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Horace Gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>. He also enforced the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a> to impose more restrictions on immigrants and the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">Tariff of 1883</a> to attempt to reduce <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a>. Arthur signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> of 1883, which came as a surprise to reformers who held a negative reputation of Arthur as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's organization. Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McClure" title="Alexander McClure">Alexander McClure</a> wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975423-8">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> wrote of him, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman95-9">[7]</a> Evaluations by modern historians generally rank Arthur as a mediocre or <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">average</a> president.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Arthur has also been described as one of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Memorability_of_the_presidents" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">least memorable</a> presidents.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG/220px-Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG/330px-Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG/440px-Fairfield_ChesterArthur_Nov2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Arthur's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Vermont" title="Fairfield, Vermont">Fairfield, Vermont</a></figcaption></figure> Chester Alan Arthur was born in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Vermont" title="Fairfield, Vermont">Fairfield, Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">[11]</a> Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone was born in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire,_Vermont" title="Berkshire, Vermont">Berkshire, Vermont</a>, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambley103-14">[12]</a> Her family was primarily of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a> descent, and her maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, had served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">[11]</a> Arthur's father, <a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_(clergyman)" title="William Arthur (clergyman)">William Arthur</a>, was born in 1796 in Dreen, <a href="/wiki/Cullybackey" title="Cullybackey">Cullybackey</a>, County Antrim, Ireland, to a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> descent. William's mother was born Eliza McHarg and she married Alan Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754-15">[13]</a> William graduated from college in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Province of Lower Canada</a> in 1819 or 1820.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970179-16">[14]</a> Malvina Stone met William Arthur when Arthur was teaching school in <a href="/wiki/Dunham,_Quebec" title="Dunham, Quebec">Dunham, Quebec</a>, near the Vermont border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)294-17">[15]</a> They married in Dunham on April 12, 1821, soon after meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">[11]</a> The Arthurs moved to Vermont after the birth of their first child, Regina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)294-17">[15]</a> They quickly moved from <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jericho,_Vermont" title="Jericho, Vermont">Jericho</a>, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Waterville,_Vermont" title="Waterville, Vermont">Waterville</a>, as William received positions teaching at different schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">[11]</a> William Arthur also spent a brief time studying law, but while still in Waterville, he departed from both his legal studies and his <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> upbringing to join the <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a>; he spent the rest of his life as a minister in that denomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">[11]</a> William Arthur became an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a>, which often made him unpopular with some members of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe7Reeves19756-18">[16]</a> In 1828, the family moved again, to Fairfield, where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year; he was the fifth of nine children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19755-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe5,_25,_28–29-19">[17]</a> He was named "Chester" after Chester Abell,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermont_Bureau_of_Publicity84-20">[18]</a> the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth, and "Alan" for his paternal grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975436-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a> The family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when William Arthur's profession took them to churches in several towns in Vermont and upstate New York. The family finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a> in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8-23">[20]</a> Arthur had seven siblings who lived to adulthood:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson246-24">[21]</a> <ul><li>Regina (1822–1910), the wife of William G. Caw, a grocer, banker, and community leader of <a href="/wiki/Cohoes,_New_York" title="Cohoes, New York">Cohoes, New York</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Town_supervisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Town supervisor">town supervisor</a> and village trustee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Sister_of_Arthur_Dead"-25">[22]</a></li> <li>Jane (1824–1842)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman13-26">[23]</a></li> <li>Almeda (1825–1899), the wife of James H. Masten who served as postmaster of Cohoes and publisher of the Cohoes Cataract newspaper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolton-27">[24]</a></li> <li>Ann (1828–1915), a career educator who taught school in New York and worked in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in the years immediately before and after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Burlington_Free_Press"-28">[25]</a></li> <li>Malvina (1832–1920), the wife of Henry J. Haynesworth who was an official of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> government and a merchant in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, before being appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> and assistant <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster#United_States_Army" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> in the U.S. Army during Arthur's presidency<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970184-29">[26]</a></li> <li>William (1834–1915), a medical school graduate and career Army officer and paymaster who was wounded during his Civil War service. William Arthur retired in 1898 with the brevet rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>, and permanent rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenks310-30">[27]</a></li> <li>George (1836–1838)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)295-31">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary</a> (1841–1917), the wife of John E. McElroy, an Albany businessman and insurance executive, and Arthur's official White House hostess during his presidency<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Mrs._John_E._McElroy_Dead"-32">[29]</a></li></ul> The family's frequent moves later spawned accusations that Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. When Arthur was <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">nominated for vice president in 1880</a>, a New York attorney and political opponent, Arthur P. Hinman, initially speculated that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> until he was 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Bushnell-33">[30]</a> Had that been true, opponents might have argued that Arthur was ineligible for the vice presidency under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">natural-born-citizen clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell53–54-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher28-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975202–203-38">[33]</a> When Hinman's original story did not take root, he spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Bushnell-33">[30]</a> This claim, too, failed to gain credence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975202–203-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)292–293-40">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in the New York towns of <a href="/wiki/York,_New_York" title="York, New York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry,_New_York" title="Perry, New York">Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(town),_New_York" title="Greenwich (town), New York">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lansingburgh,_New_York" title="Lansingburgh, New York">Lansingburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hoosick,_New_York" title="Hoosick, New York">Hoosick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris1999127-41">[35]</a> One of his first teachers said Arthur was a boy "frank and open in manners and genial in disposition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe7-42">[36]</a> During his time at school, he gained his first political inclinations and supported the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. He joined other young Whigs in support of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, even participating in a brawl against students who supported <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8-23">[20]</a> Arthur also supported the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> organization founded in America; he showed this support by wearing a green coat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19759-43">[37]</a> After completing his college preparation at the Lyceum of Union Village (now <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(village),_New_York" title="Greenwich (village), New York">Greenwich</a>) and a grammar school in Schenectady, Arthur enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> there in 1845, where he studied the traditional <a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">classical curriculum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8-23">[20]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Senior_(education)#Higher_education" title="Senior (education)">senior</a> he was president of the debate society and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19759-43">[37]</a> During his winter breaks, he served as a teacher at a school in <a href="/wiki/Schaghticoke_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaghticoke (town), New York">Schaghticoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19759-43">[37]</a> After graduating in 1848, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full-time teacher, and soon began to pursue an education in law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197510-45">[39]</a> While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job at a school in <a href="/wiki/North_Pownal,_Vermont" title="North Pownal, Vermont">North Pownal, Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197510-45">[39]</a> Coincidentally, future president <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> taught penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197511-46">[40]</a> In 1852, Arthur moved again, to <a href="/wiki/Cohoes,_New_York" title="Cohoes, New York">Cohoes, New York</a>, to become the principal of a school at which his sister, Malvina, was a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197511-46">[40]</a> In 1853, after studying at <a href="/wiki/State_and_National_Law_School" title="State and National Law School">State and National Law School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ballston_Spa,_New_York" title="Ballston Spa, New York">Ballston Spa, New York</a>, and then saving enough money to relocate, Arthur moved to New York City to <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read law</a> at the office of <a href="/wiki/Erastus_D._Culver" title="Erastus D. Culver">Erastus D. Culver</a>, an abolitionist lawyer and family friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell12-47">[41]</a> When Arthur was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the New York bar</a> in 1854, he joined Culver's firm, which was subsequently renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514-48">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_lawyer">New York lawyer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a young man with a mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png/170px-Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png/255px-Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Chester_A_Arthur_1859.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Arthur as a young lawyer</figcaption></figure> When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> (the grandson of the Founding Father <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>) were pursuing a <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15-49">[43]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lemmon_v._New_York" title="Lemmon v. New York">Lemmon v. New York</a>, Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15-49">[43]</a> The argument was successful, and after several appeals was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15-49">[43]</a> Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197516-50">[44]</a> In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jennings_Graham" title="Elizabeth Jennings Graham">Elizabeth Jennings Graham</a> after the conductor physically removed her from a streetcar because she was Black.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197516-50">[44]</a> He won the case, and the verdict led to the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> of the New York City streetcar lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197516-50">[44]</a> In 1856, Arthur courted <a href="/wiki/Nell_Arthur" title="Nell Arthur">Ellen Herndon</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Herndon" title="William Lewis Herndon">William Lewis Herndon</a>, a Virginia naval officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197519–20-51">[45]</a> The two were soon engaged to be married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell14-52">[46]</a> Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197516-50">[44]</a> At that time, the state was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">violent confrontations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Border_ruffian" title="Border ruffian">pro-slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">anti-slavery settlers</a>, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197517–18-53">[47]</a> The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City, where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS Central America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197517–18-53">[47]</a> In 1859, they were married at <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Calvary Church (Manhattan)">Calvary Episcopal Church</a> in Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197521-54">[48]</a> The couple had three children: <ul><li>William Lewis Arthur (December 10, 1860 – July 7, 1863), died of "<a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">convulsions</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_II" title="Chester Alan Arthur II">Chester Alan Arthur II</a> (July 25, 1864 – July 18, 1937), married Myra Townsend, then Rowena Graves, father of <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arthur" title="Gavin Arthur">Gavin Arthur</a></li> <li>Ellen Hansbrough Herndon "Nell" Arthur Pinkerton (November 21, 1871 – September 6, 1915), married Charles Pinkerton</li></ul> After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in Republican party politics. In addition, he indulged his military interest by becoming <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps,_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army">Judge Advocate General</a> for the Second Brigade of the New York Militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe18–19-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3></div> In 1861, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Edwin D. Morgan</a> as engineer-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe18–19-55">[49]</a> The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe20–21Reeves197522–23-56">[50]</a> Arthur was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> and assigned to the state militia's <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe20–21Reeves197522–23-56">[50]</a> He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted to inspector general of the state militia in March 1862, and then to quartermaster general that July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197524–25-57">[51]</a> He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the <a href="/wiki/9th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> elected him commander with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe25-58">[52]</a> He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade, again at Morgan's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe25-58">[52]</a> The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a>, Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a> seized the town during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe26–27Reeves197528–29-59">[53]</a> That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and he spent the next few months helping to enlist New York's quota of 120,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe26–27Reeves197528–29-59">[53]</a> Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political appointment, and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, took office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197530-60">[54]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a> won the 1864 election for governor, Arthur requested reappointment; Fenton and Arthur were from different factions of the Republican Party, and Fenton had already committed to appointing another candidate, so Arthur did not return to military service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197533-61">[55]</a> Arthur returned to practicing law, and with the help of additional contacts made in the military, he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe30–31Reeves197533–34-62">[56]</a> Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that year at the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe29–30Reeves197534–35-63">[57]</a> The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197535-64">[58]</a> They also had a daughter, Ellen, in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197584-65">[59]</a> Both children survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197584-65">[59]</a> Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197537-66">[60]</a> He was hired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Collector)" title="Thomas Murphy (Collector)">Thomas Murphy</a>, a Republican politician, but also a friend of <a href="/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed">William M. Tweed</a>, the boss of the <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> Democratic organization. Murphy was also a <a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">hatter</a> who sold goods to the Union Army, and Arthur represented him in Washington. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197537-66">[60]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1864</a>, Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York, and they attended the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197538-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_politician">New York politician</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conkling's_machine">Conkling's machine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A columned building with a domed roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg/250px-NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg/375px-NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg/500px-NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Custom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Custom House">New York Custom House</a> (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building at <a href="/wiki/55_Wall_Street" title="55 Wall Street">55 Wall Street</a>) was Arthur's office for seven years.</figcaption></figure> The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine</a>, including Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell17-68">[62]</a> Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party, as did the men who worked with him in the organization, including Weed, Seward (who continued in office under President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> (an eloquent <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> Congressman and rising star in the party).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell17-68">[62]</a> Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine; as was common at the time, loyalty and hard work on the machine's behalf was more important than actual political positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197539Howe37-69">[63]</a> At the time, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">custom houses</a> were managed by political appointees who served as Collector, Naval Officer, and Surveyor. In 1866, Arthur unsuccessfully attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Custom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Custom House">New York Custom House</a>, a lucrative job subordinate only to the Collector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197540–41-70">[64]</a> He continued his law practice (now a solo practice after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Century_Association" title="Century Association">Century Club</a> in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197540–41-70">[64]</a> Conkling, elected to the United States Senate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in New York, 1867">in 1867</a>, noticed Arthur and facilitated his rise in the party, and Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197542–45-71">[65]</a> His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights, and his wife resented his continual absence from the family home on party business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197571–73-72">[66]</a> Conkling succeeded to leadership of the conservative wing of New York's Republicans by 1868 as Morgan concentrated more time and effort on national politics, including serving as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>. The Conkling machine was solidly behind General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s candidacy for president, and Arthur raised funds for Grant's election <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">in 1868</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197548-73">[67]</a> The opposing Democratic machine in New York City, known as <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, worked for Grant's opponent, former New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a>; while Grant was victorious in the national vote, Seymour narrowly carried the state of New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197548-73">[67]</a> Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law, and in 1869 he became counsel to the New York City Tax Commission, appointed when Republicans controlled the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">state legislature</a>. He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $10,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197549–50Howe42-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[g]</a> Arthur resigned after Democrats controlled by William M. Tweed of Tammany Hall won a legislative majority, which meant they could name their own appointee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe42-77">[70]</a> In 1871, Grant offered to name Arthur as <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Internal_Revenue" title="Commissioner of Internal Revenue">Commissioner of Internal Revenue</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a>; Arthur declined the appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Tribune''18712-78">[71]</a> In 1870, President Grant gave Conkling control over New York <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">patronage</a>, including the Custom House at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey#History" title="Port of New York and New Jersey">Port of New York</a>. Having become friendly with Murphy over their shared love of horses during summer vacations on the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore" title="Jersey Shore">Jersey Shore</a>, in July of that year, Grant appointed him to the Collector's position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197551–53Howe44–45-79">[72]</a> Murphy's reputation as a <a href="/wiki/War_profiteer" class="mw-redirect" title="War profiteer">war profiteer</a> and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197551–53Howe44–45-79">[72]</a> The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for appointing the Collector. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197561–67Schwartz182-80">[73]</a> Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a>'s faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197557–58-81">[74]</a> Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in December 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197557–58-81">[74]</a> Grant offered the position to <a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Griswold" title="John Augustus Griswold">John Augustus Griswold</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Orton_(businessman)" title="William Orton (businessman)">William Orton</a>, each of whom declined and recommended Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_&_Swaney188-82">[75]</a> Grant then nominated Arthur, with the New York Times commenting, "his name very seldom rises to the surface of metropolitan life and yet moving like a mighty undercurrent this man during the last 10 years has done more to mold the course of the Republican Party in this state than any other one man in the country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197560Howe46–47-83">[76]</a> The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment; as Collector he controlled nearly a thousand jobs and received compensation as great as any federal officeholder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197561–67Schwartz182-80">[73]</a> Arthur's salary was initially $6,500, but senior customs employees were compensated additionally by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the cargoes seized and fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197559,_63,_85–86-84">[77]</a> In total, his income came to more than $50,000—more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197559,_63,_85–86-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[h]</a> Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197568-86">[78]</a> He got along with his subordinates and, since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling's adherents, he had few occasions to fire anyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197569–70-87">[79]</a> He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197571–73-72">[66]</a> Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197561–67Schwartz182-80">[73]</a> A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to rename the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the concept remained, and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197576–77-88">[80]</a> In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> party and voted against Grant, but he was <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">re-elected</a> in spite of their opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197578–79-89">[81]</a> Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine; in 1874 Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company as a way to increase their own incomes, and Congress reacted, repealing the moiety system and putting the staff, including Arthur, on regular salaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197579–84Howe49-90">[82]</a> As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a year—more than his nominal boss, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>, but far less than what he had previously received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197579–84Howe49-90">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clash_with_Hayes">Clash with Hayes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of a man kicking another man into the street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/250px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/375px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/500px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon depicting President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House</figcaption></figure> Arthur's four-year term as Collector expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, then among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protégé's reappointment by President Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197587–89-91">[83]</a> Conkling was a candidate for president at the <a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 Republican National Convention</a>, but the nomination was won by reformer <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> on the seventh ballot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197595–96Karabell26–27-92">[84]</a> Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal, but Conkling limited his own campaign activities for Hayes to a few speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975100–105-93">[85]</a> Hayes's opponent, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>, carried New York and won the popular vote nationwide, but after the resolution of several months of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">disputes over twenty electoral votes</a> (from Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina), Hayes was declared the winner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975106–107-94">[86]</a> Hayes entered office with a pledge to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> made Conkling's machine the primary target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975100–105-93">[85]</a> Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319-95">[87]</a> Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the Lemmon case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was overstaffed with political appointments, and that 20% of the employees were expendable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Reeves1975118–119Howe68–69-96">[88]</a> Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay, but he approved the commission's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel reductions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975119–120-97">[89]</a> Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975121–122-98">[90]</a> Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975121–122-98">[90]</a> Hayes further struck at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> by issuing an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> that forbade assessments, and barred federal office holders from "...tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Reeves1975121-99">[91]</a> Arthur and his subordinates, Naval Officer <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> and Surveyor <a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, refused to obey the president's order; Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him appointment by Hayes to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">consulship in Paris</a> in exchange, but Arthur refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975121–123-100">[92]</a> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975123-101">[93]</a> Hayes then submitted the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Bradford_Prince" title="L. Bradford Prince">L. Bradford Prince</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin Merritt</a> (all supporters of Conkling's rival <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a>) to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352Reeves1975125–126-102">[94]</a> The Senate's Commerce Committee, chaired by Conkling, unanimously rejected all the nominees; the full Senate rejected Roosevelt by a vote of 31–25<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> and similarly turned down the nomination of Prince by the same margin, later confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom353–355Reeves1975126–131-104">[96]</a> Arthur's job was spared only until July 1878, when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, replacing them with the <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a> of Merritt and <a href="/wiki/Silas_W._Burt" title="Silas W. Burt">Silas W. Burt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370–371Reeves1975136–137-105">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[i]</a> Hayes again offered Arthur the position of <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul general</a> in Paris as a <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">face-saving</a> consolation; Arthur again declined, as Hayes knew he probably would.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom354-108">[99]</a> Conkling opposed the confirmation of Merritt and Burt when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom382–384Reeves1975138–148-109">[100]</a> Arthur immediately took advantage of the resulting free time to work for the election of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cooper_(mayor)" title="Edward Cooper (mayor)">Edward Cooper</a> as New York City's next mayor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe85-110">[101]</a> In September 1879 Arthur became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York State Republican Executive Committee</a>, a post in which he served until October 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Sun"-111">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Boston_Post"-112">[103]</a> In the state elections of 1879, he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling's faction, who had become known as Stalwarts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975153–155Peskin704-113">[104]</a> They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234–216.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975153–155Peskin704-113">[104]</a> Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975153–155Howe96–99-114">[105]</a> Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra-party rivals, but Arthur had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when, on January 12, 1880, his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975158–159Karabell38–39-115">[106]</a> Arthur felt devastated, and perhaps guilty, and never remarried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe98–99Karabell38–39-116">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1880">Election of 1880</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880RepublicanPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/250px-1880RepublicanPoster.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/375px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/500px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Garfield–Arthur campaign poster</figcaption></figure> Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts, including Arthur, wished to follow up their 1879 success at the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a> by securing the presidential nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975160–165-117">[108]</a> Their opponents in the Republican party, known as <a href="/wiki/Half-Breed_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-Breed (politics)">Half-Breeds</a>, concentrated their efforts on <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, a senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975160–165-117">[108]</a> Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a>, James A. Garfield, an Ohio Congressman and Civil War general who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975177–178Howe107–108Karabell39–40-118">[109]</a> Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell41Reeves1975178-119">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a>, the first choice of Garfield's supporters, consulted with Conkling, who advised him to decline, which he did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe107–108-120">[111]</a> They next approached Arthur, and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975179–181-121">[112]</a> Arthur thought otherwise and accepted. According to a purported eyewitness account by journalist William C. Hudson, Conkling and Arthur argued, with Arthur telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975179–181-121">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[j]</a> Conkling eventually relented, and campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">ticket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975190–194-125">[115]</a> As expected, the election was close. The Democratic nominee, General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> was popular, and, having avoided taking definitive positions on most issues of the day, he had not offended any pivotal constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan292–305-126">[116]</a> As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody shirt">bloody shirt</a>"—the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secessionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975194–196Jordan294–295-127">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1880 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975194–196Jordan294–295-127">[117]</a> Realizing this, they adjusted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">protective tariff</a>, which would allow cheaper manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, and thereby put thousands out of work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975196–197Jordan297–302-128">[118]</a> This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and Indiana, where many were employed in manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975196–197Jordan297–302-128">[118]</a> Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only made him appear uninformed about an important issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975196Jordan301-129">[119]</a> Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but as state Republican chairman, Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: overseeing the effort in New York and raising money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975198–202-130">[120]</a> The funds were crucial in the close election, and winning his home state of New York was critical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975203–204-131">[121]</a> The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded—78.4%—they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975203–204-131">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> result was more decisive—214 to 155—and Garfield and Arthur were elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975203–204-131">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1881)">Vice presidency (1881)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAArthur-oathofoffice_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg/220px-CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg/330px-CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg/440px-CAArthur-oathofoffice_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Arthur taking the oath of office as administered by Judge <a href="/wiki/John_R._Brady" title="John R. Brady">John R. Brady</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur_Home" title="Chester A. Arthur Home">Arthur's home</a> in New York City, September 20, 1881</figcaption></figure> After the election, Arthur worked in vain to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions with his fellow New York Stalwarts—especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury; the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when Garfield appointed Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975205–207-132">[122]</a> The running mates, never close, detached as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from his patronage. Arthur's status in the administration diminished when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech before reporters suggesting the election in Indiana, a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>, had been won by Republicans through illegal machinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975213–216Karabell52–53-133">[123]</a> Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">Thomas Lemuel James</a>, to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President clearly estranged when they took office on March 4, 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975216–219Karabell54–56-134">[124]</a> The Senate in the <a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">47th United States Congress</a> was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent (<a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>) who <a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">caucused</a> with the Democrats, one <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>), and four vacancies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975220–223-135">[125]</a> Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975220–223-135">[125]</a> As vice president, Arthur cast <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States">tie-breaking votes</a> in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975220–223-135">[125]</a> Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975223–230-136">[126]</a> Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other senator from New York, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a>, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975230–233-137">[127]</a> With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975233–237Howe147–149-138">[128]</a> Once there, he traveled with Conkling to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, where the former senator hoped for a quick re-election to the Senate, and with it, a defeat for the Garfield administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975233–237Howe147–149-138">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[k]</a> The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and an intense campaign in the statehouse ensued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975233–237Howe147–149-138">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[l]</a> While in Albany on July 2, Arthur learned that Garfield had been shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975233–237Howe147–149-138">[128]</a> The assassin, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, was a deranged office-seeker who believed that Garfield's successor would appoint him to a patronage job. He proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell59Reeves1975237-141">[129]</a> Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable, and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur, they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975238–241Doenecke53–54-142">[130]</a> Twenty-nine days before his execution for shooting Garfield, Guiteau composed a lengthy, unpublished poem claiming that Arthur knew the assassination had saved "our land [the United States]". Guiteau's poem also states he had (incorrectly) presumed that Arthur would pardon him for the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a> More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential succession</a>: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975241–243Howe152–154-144">[132]</a> Also, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore</a>, who would normally follow Arthur in the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975241–243Howe152–154-144">[132]</a> Arthur was reluctant to be seen acting as president while Garfield lived, and for the next two months there was a void of authority in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out his duties, and Arthur reluctant to assume them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63-145">[133]</a> Through the summer, Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur_Home" title="Chester A. Arthur Home">Lexington Avenue home</a> when, on the night of September 19, he learned that Garfield had died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63-145">[133]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/John_R._Brady" title="John R. Brady">John R. Brady</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">oath of office</a> in Arthur's home at 2:15 a.m. on September 20. Later that day he took a train to Long Branch to pay his respects to Garfield and to leave a card of sympathy for his wife, afterwards returning to New York City. On September 21, he returned to Long Branch to take part in Garfield's funeral, and then joined the funeral train to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabe764-146">[134]</a> Before leaving New York, he ensured the presidential line of succession by preparing and mailing to the White House a proclamation calling for a Senate special session. This step ensured that the Senate had legal authority to convene immediately and choose a Senate president pro tempore, who would be able to assume the presidency if Arthur died. Once in Washington he destroyed the mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special session.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975247–248-147">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1881–1885)">Presidency (1881–1885)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Presidency of Chester A. Arthur</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taking_office">Taking office</h3></div> Arthur arrived in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on September 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1881-148">[136]</a> On September 22, he re-took the oath of office, this time before Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Morrison_R._Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison R. Waite">Morrison R. Waite</a>. Arthur took this step to ensure procedural compliance; there had been a lingering question about whether a state court judge (Brady) could administer a federal oath of office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke53–54Reeves1975248-149">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[m]</a> He initially took up residence at the home of Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Percival_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Percival Jones">John P. Jones</a>, while a White House remodeling he had ordered was carried out, including addition of an elaborate fifty-foot glass screen by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975252–253,_268–269-151">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur-cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a group of men looking at another man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arthur-cabinet.jpg/250px-Arthur-cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arthur-cabinet.jpg/375px-Arthur-cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arthur-cabinet.jpg/500px-Arthur-cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him? In an 1881 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> cartoon, Arthur faces the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Cabinet_and_inauguration" title="James A. Garfield">cabinet</a> after President Garfield was shot. </figcaption></figure> Arthur's sister, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary Arthur McElroy</a>, served as White House hostess for her widowed brother;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975252–253,_268–269-151">[138]</a> Arthur became Washington's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of rumors, though romantically, he remained singularly devoted to the memory of his late wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975275–276-152">[139]</a> His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a> until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur shielded her from the intrusive press as much as he could.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975275–276-152">[139]</a> Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whom represented his opposition within the party. He asked the cabinet members to remain until December, when Congress would reconvene, but Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a> submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe160Reeves1975254-153">[140]</a> Arthur then selected <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Charles J. Folger</a>, his friend and fellow New York Stalwart as Windom's replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe160Reeves1975254-153">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[n]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">Wayne MacVeagh</a> was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe161Reeves1975254–255-156">[142]</a> Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeagh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Benjamin H. Brewster</a>, a Philadelphia lawyer and machine politician reputed to have reformist leanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe161Reeves1975254–255-156">[142]</a> Blaine, nemesis of the Stalwart faction, remained Secretary of State until Congress reconvened and then departed immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe160–161Reeves1975255–257-157">[143]</a> Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President chose <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a> of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe160–161Reeves1975255–257-157">[143]</a> Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected <a href="/wiki/Timothy_O._Howe" title="Timothy O. Howe">Timothy O. Howe</a>, a Wisconsin Stalwart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe162–163Reeves1975257–258-158">[144]</a> Navy Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed <a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a> to the post, on Blaine's recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe162–163Reeves1975257–258-158">[144]</a> Finally, when Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a> resigned that same month, Arthur appointed <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a>, a Colorado Stalwart to the office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe162–163Reeves1975257–258-158">[144]</a> Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> remained for the entirety of Arthur's term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe162–163Reeves1975257–258-158">[144]</a> Arthur could not appoint a new vice president to fill the vacancy, as this was prior to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25th Amendment to the Constitution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_service_reform">Civil service reform</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Alan_Arthur_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg/216px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg/324px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Chester_Alan_Arthur_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="3206" /></a><figcaption>Arthur in 1882</figcaption></figure> In the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Star_route_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Star route scandal">a scandal</a> was exposed, in which contractors for <a href="/wiki/Star_routes" title="Star routes">star postal routes</a> were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials (including Second Assistant Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Brady" title="Thomas J. Brady">Thomas J. Brady</a> and former senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wallace_Dorsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Wallace Dorsey">Stephen Wallace Dorsey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke93–95Reeves1975297–298-159">[145]</a> Reformers feared Arthur, as a former supporter of the spoils system, would not commit to continuing the investigation into the scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke93–95Reeves1975297–298-159">[145]</a> But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Merrick" title="Richard T. Merrick">Richard T. Merrick</a> to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975299–300Howe182-160">[146]</a> Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before his presidency, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975299–300Howe182-160">[146]</a> An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a> for the rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975301–302Howe185–189-161">[147]</a> After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him, the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975301–302Howe185–189-161">[147]</a> Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former senator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975303–305Howe189–193-162">[148]</a> The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975303–305Howe189–193-162">[148]</a> Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975303–305Howe189–193-162">[148]</a> Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-163">[149]</a> Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-163">[149]</a> In 1880, Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-163">[149]</a> This legislation greatly expanded similar civil service reforms attempted by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> 30 years earlier. In his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual presidential address to Congress</a> in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-163">[149]</a> Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100Theriault57–63-164">[150]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">lame-duck session</a> of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-165">[151]</a> Arthur signed the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> into law on January 16, 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-165">[151]</a> In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-165">[151]</a> At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-166">[152]</a> Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-166">[152]</a> To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">Civil Service Commission</a> that the law created, naming reformers <a href="/wiki/Dorman_Bridgman_Eaton" title="Dorman Bridgman Eaton">Dorman Bridgman Eaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Gregory" title="John Milton Gregory">John Milton Gregory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leroy_D._Thoman" title="Leroy D. Thoman">Leroy D. Thoman</a> as commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-166">[152]</a> The chief examiner, <a href="/wiki/Silas_W._Burt" title="Silas W. Burt">Silas W. Burt</a>, was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Custom House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210-167">[153]</a> The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a> jobs were to be awarded by merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210-167">[153]</a> That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction with the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment."<a href="#cite_note-Arthur_1884-168">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surplus_and_the_tariff">Surplus and the tariff</h3></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 230px; height: 270px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -48px; left: -38px; width: 310px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:ARTHUR,_Chester_A-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Bureau of Engraving and Printing engraved portrait of President Arthur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/310px-ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/465px-ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/620px-ARTHUR%2C_Chester_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8216" data-file-height="10984" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ARTHUR,_Chester_A-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:ARTHUR, Chester A-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> engraved portrait of President Arthur </div> </div> </div> With high revenue held over from wartime taxes, the federal government had collected more than it spent since 1866; by 1882 the surplus reached $145 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975328–329Doenecke168-169">[155]</a> Opinions varied on how to <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balance the budget</a>; the Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods, while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining. They preferred the government spend more on <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">excise</a> taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975328–329Doenecke168-169">[155]</a> Arthur agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–333Doenecke169–171-170">[156]</a> In May of that year, Representative <a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">William D. Kelley</a> of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–333Doenecke169–171-170">[156]</a> the bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionists</a> to the committee. Republicans were pleased with the committee's make-up but were surprised when, in December 1882, they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, dominated by protectionists, provided a 10% reduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975330–333Doenecke169–171-170">[156]</a> After conference with the Senate, <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">the bill that emerged</a> only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law, with no effect on the surplus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975334–335-171">[157]</a> Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger, with increased spending on the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act" title="Rivers and Harbors Act">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> in the unprecedented amount of $19 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975280–282Doenecke81-172">[158]</a> While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its narrow focus on "particular localities," rather than projects that benefited a larger part of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975280–282Doenecke81-172">[158]</a> On August 1, 1882, Arthur vetoed the bill to widespread popular acclaim;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975280–282Doenecke81-172">[158]</a> in his veto message, his principal objection was that it appropriated funds for purposes "not for the common defense or general welfare, and which do not promote commerce among the States."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975281-173">[159]</a> Congress <a href="/wiki/Veto_override" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto override">overrode</a> his veto the next day<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975280–282Doenecke81-172">[158]</a> and the new law reduced the surplus by $19 million.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-Dwor-174">[160]</a> Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later concluded that it contributed to their loss of seats in <a href="/wiki/1882_United_States_elections" title="1882 United States elections">the elections of 1882</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe196–197Reeves1975281–282Karabell90-175">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs_and_immigration">Foreign affairs and immigration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/330px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/440px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_exclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese exclusion">Chinese exclusion</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield administration</a>, Secretary of State James G. Blaine attempted to invigorate United States diplomacy in Latin America, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke55–57Reeves1975284–289-176">[162]</a> Blaine, venturing a greater involvement in affairs south of the Rio Grande, proposed a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> being fought by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Chile, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke55–57Reeves1975284–289-176">[162]</a> Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through, and when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a> replaced him at the end of 1881, the conference efforts lapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke129–132Reeves1975289–293Bastert653–671-177">[163]</a> Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific, fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke129–132Reeves1975289–293Bastert653–671-177">[163]</a> Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere; a treaty with Mexico providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke173–175Reeves1975398–399,_409-178">[164]</a> Legislation required to bring the treaty into force failed in the House, however, rendering it a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_letter" class="extiw" title="wikt:dead letter">dead letter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke173–175Reeves1975398–399,_409-178">[164]</a> Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">Spain's American colonies</a> were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> was allowed to lapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke175–178Reeves1975398–399,_407–410-179">[165]</a> The 47th Congress spent a great deal of time on immigration, and at times was in accord with Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe168–169Doenecke81-180">[166]</a> In July 1882 Congress easily passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe168–169Doenecke81-180">[166]</a> To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it and requested revisions, which they made and Arthur then approved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe168–169Doenecke81-180">[166]</a> He also signed in August of that year the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a>, which levied a 50-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, and excluded from entry the <a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill">mentally ill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectually disabled</a>, criminals, or any other person potentially dependent upon public assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson162Howe169-181">[167]</a> A more contentious debate materialized over the status of Chinese immigrants; in January 1868, the Senate had ratified the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese into the country. As the economy soured after the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages; in reaction Congress in 1879 attempted to abrogate the 1868 treaty by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act, but President Hayes vetoed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975277–278Hoogenboom387–389-182">[168]</a> Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude working class Chinese laborers; Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">John F. Miller</a> of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that blocked entry of Chinese laborers for a twenty-year period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279Doenecke81–84-183">[169]</a> The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but this as well was vetoed by Arthur, who concluded the 20-year ban to be a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880. That treaty allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, while it was condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. Although he still objected to this denial of entry to Chinese laborers, Arthur acceded to the compromise measure, signing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> into law on May 6, 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975278–279Doenecke81–84-183">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[170]</a> The Chinese Exclusion Act attempted to stop all Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years, with exceptions for diplomats, teachers, students, merchants, and travelers. It was widely evaded.<a href="#cite_note-185">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[o]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_resurgence">Naval resurgence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution,_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of four warships" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg/220px-Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg/330px-Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg/440px-Chicago._Leading_the_Squadron_of_Evolution%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_512952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after Yorktown had been added: Chicago, Yorktown, Boston, Atlanta</figcaption></figure> In the years following the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">American naval power</a> declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975337Doenecke145-187">[172]</a> The nation's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur's election had been on the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, rather than the high seas, but as the region was increasingly pacified, many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975338–341Doenecke145–147-188">[173]</a> Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> advocated reform of the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke147–149-189">[174]</a> In his 1881 annual message, Arthur advocated a stronger Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002277-190">[175]</a> He gave full authority to his new Secretary of Navy <a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a>, Hunt's successor. Chandler, an aggressive administrator, purged the Navy of wood-and-canvas warship supporters and created the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002277-190">[175]</a> Chandler appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization, whose goal was to create a Navy that would protect America thousands of miles away, rather than just coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002277Doenecke147–149-191">[176]</a> Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds, signed into law by Arthur, for the construction of three steel <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruisers</a> (<a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1884)" title="USS Atlanta (1884)">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Chicago_(1885)" title="USS Chicago (1885)">Chicago</a>) and an armed dispatch-steamer (<a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(PG-24)" title="USS Dolphin (PG-24)">Dolphin</a>), collectively known as the ABCD Ships or the <a href="/wiki/Squadron_of_Evolution" title="Squadron of Evolution">Squadron of Evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002277Reeves1975342–343Abbot346–347-192">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[p]</a> The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, <a href="/wiki/John_Roach_%26_Sons" title="John Roach & Sons">John Roach & Sons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a>, Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975343–345Doenecke149–151-195">[179]</a> even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975343–345Doenecke149–151-195">[179]</a> Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the <a href="/wiki/48th_United_States_Congress" title="48th United States Congress">48th Congress</a>, refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975343–345Doenecke149–151-195">[179]</a> Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975349–350Doenecke152–153-196">[180]</a> Chandler scrapped costly outdated vessels, exclaiming he did his "best work in destroying the old navy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002277-190">[175]</a> During Arthur's term, the U.S. Signal Corps promoted the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a>, a scientific polar expedition to the Arctic. During the expedition, two members of the crew reached a new <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> record, but of the original twenty-five men, only seven survived to return.<a href="#cite_note-197">[181]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahone,_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia,_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg/220px-Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg/330px-Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg/440px-Mahone%2C_Hon._Senator_of_Virginia%2C_Brig._Gen._in_Civil_War_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4464" data-file-height="5952" /></a><figcaption>Readjuster Party leader <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> pressed civil rights in Virginia</figcaption></figure> Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975306–308Doenecke105–108-198">[182]</a> Since the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, conservative white Democrats (or "<a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a>") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">were disenfranchised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975306–308Doenecke105–108-198">[182]</a> One crack in the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">solidly Democratic South</a> emerged with the growth of a new party, the <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjusters</a>, in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975307–309Ayers46–47-199">[183]</a> Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding (for black and white schools alike) and abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">whipping post</a>, many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975307–309Ayers46–47-199">[183]</a> Arthur agreed, and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975307–309Ayers46–47-199">[183]</a> He followed the same pattern in other Southern states, forging coalitions with independents and <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975307–309Ayers46–47-199">[183]</a> Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and ex-Senator <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche K. Bruce</a>) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975310–313-200">[184]</a> Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers47–48-201">[185]</a> Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a> (1883), Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke112–114-202">[186]</a> Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> ruling against a black <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> cadet, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Chesnut_Whittaker" title="Johnson Chesnut Whittaker">Johnson Whittaker</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Judge Advocate General of the United States Army">Judge Advocate General of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_G._Swaim" title="David G. Swaim">David G. Swaim</a>, found the prosecution's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racial bias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek''[[passim]]''-203">[187]</a> The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a> was under government pressure to stop the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke84–85-204">[188]</a> Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke84–85-204">[188]</a> In 1882, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> into law; the legislation made polygamy a federal crime, barring polygamists both from public office and the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke84–85-204">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_policy">Native American policy</h3></div> The Arthur administration was challenged by changing relations with western <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke85–89-205">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Native American education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke89–92Reeves1975362–363-206">[190]</a> He also favored a move to the <a href="/wiki/Allotment_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotment Era">allotment system</a>, under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> changed the law to favor such a system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke89–92Reeves1975362–363-206">[190]</a> The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke91Stuart452–454-207">[191]</a> During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Native American territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke89–90Reeves1975362–363-208">[192]</a> Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a>, an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation">Crow Creek Reservation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> to settlers by executive order in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke89–90Reeves1975362–363-208">[192]</a> Arthur's successor, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, finding that title belonged to the Native Americans, revoked Arthur's order a few months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke89–90Reeves1975362–363-208">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_travel">Health and travel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men seated in a forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg/250px-President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg/375px-President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg/500px-President_Chester_A._Arthur_Yellowstone_National_Park_Expedition_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Arthur on an expedition in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after becoming president, Arthur was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_disease" title="Bright's disease">Bright's disease</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> ailment now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975317–318Howe243–244-209">[193]</a> He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate; he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, and struggled to keep the pace of the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975317–318Howe243–244-209">[193]</a> To rejuvenate his health outside the confines of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to Florida in April 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975355–359Howe244–246-210">[194]</a> The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975355–359Howe244–246-210">[194]</a> Later that year, on the advice of Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">George Graham Vest</a>, he visited <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975364–367Howe247–248-211">[195]</a> Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Park_Service" title="History of the National Park Service">National Park system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975364–367Howe247–248-211">[195]</a> The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell124–125Reeves1975366–367-212">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1884_presidential_election">1884 presidential election</h3></div> As the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 presidential election</a> approached, James G. Blaine was considered the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–371Howe254–257-213">[197]</a> In the months leading up to the <a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 Republican National Convention</a>, however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–371Howe254–257-213">[197]</a> Reform-minded Republicans, friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform, were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a> of Vermont, who had long favored their cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975368–371Howe254–257-213">[197]</a> Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975373–375Doenecke181–182-214">[198]</a> He kept up a token effort, believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was assured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975373–375Doenecke181–182-214">[198]</a> Blaine led on the first ballot, and by the fourth ballot he had a majority of 541 votes, while Arthur only received 207.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975380–381Howe264–265-215">[199]</a> Arthur telegraphed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975380–381Howe264–265-215">[199]</a> He played no role in the 1884 campaign, which Blaine would later blame for his loss that November to the Democratic nominee, New York governor <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975387–389Howe265–266-216">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur judicial appointments</a></div> Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a>, a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> Arthur nominated <a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Horace Gray</a>, a distinguished jurist from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> Gray would serve on the Court for over 20 years until resigning in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-TLHall2001-218">[202]</a> The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Ward Hunt</a> retired in January 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> the last time a confirmed nominee declined an appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Supreme_Court_Nominations"-219">[203]</a> Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke76-220">[204]</a> Instead, Arthur nominated <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a>, who had been a judge on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second Circuit Court of Appeals</a> for the prior four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved by the Senate within two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975260–261Howe195-217">[201]</a> Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1885–1886)">Post-presidency (1885–1886)</h2></div> Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home. Two months before the end of his term, several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate, but he declined, preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur, Knevals & Ransom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975412–414-221">[205]</a> His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only <a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a>. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975416–418-222">[206]</a> He managed a few public appearances until the end of 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975416–418-222">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg/220px-Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg/330px-Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg/440px-Chester_Arthur_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Arthur's grave at <a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a> in Menands, New York</figcaption></figure> After spending the summer of 1886 in <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>, he returned home where he became seriously ill, and on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975416–418-222">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[q]</a> The next morning, Arthur suffered a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a> and never regained consciousness. He died the following day, on November 18, at the age of 57.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975416–418-222">[206]</a> On November 22, a private funeral was held at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Heavenly_Rest" title="Church of the Heavenly Rest">Church of the Heavenly Rest</a> in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975418–419-225">[208]</a> Arthur was buried with his family members and ancestors in the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menands,_New_York" title="Menands, New York">Menands, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[r]</a> He was laid beside his wife in a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> on a large corner of the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975416–418-222">[206]</a> In 1889, a monument was placed on Arthur's burial plot by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Keyser" title="Ephraim Keyser">Ephraim Keyser</a> of New York, consisting of a giant bronze female angel figure placing a bronze palm leaf on a granite sarcophagus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1894-228">[210]</a> Arthur's post-presidency was the second-shortest of all presidents who lived past their presidencies, after that of <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> who died just three months after leaving office.<a href="#cite_note-229">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> Several <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a> posts were named for Arthur, including <a href="/wiki/Goff,_Kansas" title="Goff, Kansas">Goff, Kansas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Meeting_of_C._A._Arthur_Post,_No._411"1-230">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Nebraska" title="Lawrence, Nebraska">Lawrence, Nebraska</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Leading_Officials"13-231">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medford,_Oregon" title="Medford, Oregon">Medford, Oregon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"In_the_Encampment_at_the_Reunion_at_Ashland"3-232">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg,_Wisconsin" title="Ogdensburg, Wisconsin">Ogdensburg, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"GAR_Posts_by_State:_Wisconsin"12-233">[215]</a> On April 5, 1882, Arthur was elected to the District of Columbia Commandery of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a> (MOLLUS) as a Third Class Companion (insignia number 02430<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Original_Civil_War_Officer_Members_of_MOLLUS"-234">[216]</a>), the honorary membership category for militia officers and civilians who made significant contributions to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Loyal_Legion"1-235">[217]</a> Union College awarded Arthur the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D.</a> in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_the_State_of_New_York21–22-236">[218]</a> In 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Alan Arthur (sculpture)">Arthur memorial statue</a>—a fifteen-foot (4.6 m), bronze figure of Arthur standing on a <a href="/wiki/Barre_Granite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barre Granite">Barre Granite</a> pedestal—was created by sculptor <a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Bissell" title="George Edwin Bissell">George Edwin Bissell</a> and installed at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square">Madison Square</a>, in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975419-237">[219]</a> The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975419-237">[219]</a> At the dedication, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> described Arthur as, "...wise in statesmanship and firm and effective in administration," while acknowledging that Arthur was isolated in office and unloved by his own party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975419-237">[219]</a> In 1938, fifty-two years after Arthur's death, the U.S. Post Office issued a definitive stamp in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-238">[220]</a> Arthur appeared on a U.S. one dollar coin in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-239">[221]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Arthur at Madison Square Park in New York City, cast in 1898"><img alt="Bronze statue of a man in a city park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg/71px-Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg/106px-Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg/142px-Chester_A._Arthur_statue_by_Bissell_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Statue of Chester A. Arthur">Statue of Arthur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square Park">Madison Square Park</a> in New York City, cast in 1898</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A_Arthur,_21c,_1938_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp of Arthur, issued in 1938"><img alt="Stamp of Arthur, issued in 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg/104px-Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg/156px-Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg/208px-Chester_A_Arthur%2C_21c%2C_1938_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Issue" title="Presidential Issue">Stamp of Arthur</a>, issued in 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur,_Presidential_Dollar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential dollar coin of Arthur, minted in 2012"><img alt="Presidential dollar coin of Arthur, minted in 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg/120px-Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg/180px-Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg/240px-Chester_A._Arthur%2C_Presidential_Dollar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="859" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential dollar coin of Arthur, minted in 2012</div> </li> </ul> Arthur's general unpopularity during his presidency carried over into his assessment by various historians, and his reputation after leaving office mostly disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell139-240">[222]</a> By 1935, historian George F. Howe said that Arthur had achieved "an obscurity in strange contrast to his significant part in American history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe288-241">[223]</a> By 1975, however, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Thomas C. Reeves</a> would write that Arthur's "appointments, if unspectacular, were unusually sound; the corruption and scandal that dominated business and politics of the period did not tarnish his administration."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975420-242">[224]</a> As 2004 biographer <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Zachary Karabell</a> wrote, although Arthur was "physically stretched and emotionally strained, he strove to do what was right for the country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell139-240">[222]</a> Indeed, Howe had earlier surmised, "Arthur adopted [a code] for his own political behavior but subject to three restraints: he remained to everyone a man of his word; he kept scrupulously free from corrupt graft; he maintained a personal dignity, affable and genial though he might be. These restraints ... distinguished him sharply from the stereotype politician."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe290-243">[225]</a> Arthur's townhouse, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur_Home" title="Chester A. Arthur Home">Chester A. Arthur Home</a>, was sold to <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[226]</a> Since 1944 it has been the location of <a href="/wiki/Kalustyan%27s" title="Kalustyan's">Kalustyan's</a> Spice Emporium.<a href="#cite_note-245">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Arthur Cottage, ancestral home, <a href="/wiki/Cullybackey" title="Cullybackey">Cullybackey</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, Northern Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Sand" title="Julia Sand">Julia Sand</a>, correspondence with Arthur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Arthur was Vice President under <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> and became President upon <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Garfield's death</a> on September 19, 1881. This was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe5-3">[2]</a> but biographer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Thomas C. Reeves</a> confirms that this is incorrect: Arthur claimed to be a year younger "out of simple vanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19755-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19755-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Even if he had been born in Canada, Arthur might have still claimed to be a "natural born citizen" based on his mother having been born in and recently resided in the United States. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> applies presidential ineligibility to would-be vice presidents: "No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Among the facts that argue against Hinman's theories are the entries for Chester A. Arthur in several U.S. Censuses from before he was politically prominent, which list his birthplace as Vermont, and the entry of his birth in the Arthur family Bible, which also indicates Vermont as his birthplace. In addition, contemporary newspaper articles, including the 1871 stories about his appointment as Collector of the Port of New York, all indicate that he was born in Vermont, though some incorrectly give his birthplace as <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>. Hinman failed to explain why Arthur would have fabricated these records and the biographical information he provided to newspapers to conceal a Canadian birth when the only thing being born in Canada might possibly affect was Arthur's eligibility for the presidency, which no one at the time of his birth or in the years between his birth and his nomination for vice president in 1880 had any reason to think he would aspire to. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> $10,000 in 1870 is equal to $240,947 in present terms.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-75">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> $50,000 in 1871 is equal to $1.27 million in present terms.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-75">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Charles K. Graham</a> filled Merritt's former position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370-106">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe109-122">[113]</a> but later biographers suspect it may be apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975179Karabell40–41-123">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Before the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, Senators were elected by state legislatures. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_G._Lapham" title="Elbridge G. Lapham">Elbridge G. Lapham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Warner Miller</a>, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> One presidential oath was administered by a state court judge, also in New York City by a New York State judge: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of New York">Chancellor of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">administered the first presidential oath</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> in 1789 (there were yet no federal judges). The only other presidential oath administered by someone other than a Federal justice or judge, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">the first swearing in</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1923 (by his father <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a>, in the family home), was also re-taken in Washington due to questions about the validity of the first oath. This second oath taking was done in secret, and did not become public knowledge until <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> revealed it in 1932. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Arthur first offered the post to Edwin D. Morgan, who had been his patron in New York; Morgan was confirmed by the Senate, but declined on the grounds of age. He died in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975254-154">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-American children born in the United States was later found unconstitutional in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a> in 1898. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Earlier in 1874, during the Grant administration, Congress approved funds to rebuild four <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)" title="USS Puritan (BM-1)">Puritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Amphitrite_(BM-2)" title="USS Amphitrite (BM-2)">Amphitrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Monadnock_(BM-3)" title="USS Monadnock (BM-3)">Monadnock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Terror_(BM-4)" title="USS Terror (BM-4)">Terror</a>), which had lain uncompleted since 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975342–343Abbot346–347-193">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arthur" title="Gavin Arthur">Gavin Arthur</a> (born Chester Alan Arthur III), who allowed Arthur's biographer, Thomas C. Reeves, to examine them in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1972''passim''-223">[207]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> On his grave marker, his birth year is incorrectly given as 1830.<a href="#cite_note-226">[209]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p170-171-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p170-171_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p170-171_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p170-171_2-2">c</a> The New-York Civil List, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe5-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe5_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19755-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19755_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19755_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19755_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2003" class="citation book cs1">Sturgis, Amy H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fNPuBbSKUkC&pg=PA83">Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-1712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-1712-5"><bdi>978-0-3133-1712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents+from+Hayes+Through+McKinley&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-1712-5&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Amy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fNPuBbSKUkC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Alexander K. McClure, Colonel Alexander K. McClure's recollections of Half a Century (1902) p 115 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonelalexande01mcclgoog/page/n9/mode/2up">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975423-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975423_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman95-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman95_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldman">Feldman</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2004" class="citation news cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (October 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/leadership/schlesinger.html">"Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton"</a>. PBS.org. Arlington, VA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=Rating+the+Presidents%3A+Washington+to+Clinton&rft.date=2004-10-12&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fchoice2004%2Fleadership%2Fschlesinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Brinkley, Douglas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXblBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT274">American Heritage History of the United States</a>. Newbury, NH: New Word City. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6123-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6123-0857-9"><bdi>978-1-6123-0857-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Newbury%2C+NH&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=New+Word+City&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-6123-0857-9&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXblBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2019" class="citation magazine cs1">James, Randy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1879648_1879646_1879694,00.html">"Top 10 Forgettable Presidents: Fail to the Chief; Chester A. Arthur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+10+Forgettable+Presidents%3A+Fail+to+the+Chief%3B+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1879648_1879646_1879694%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754Howe4_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambley103-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambley103_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHambley">Hambley</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19754-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19754_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970179-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970179_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReevesJuly_1,_1970">Reeves & July 1, 1970</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)294-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)294_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)294_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves_(Autumn_1970)">Reeves (Autumn 1970)</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe7Reeves19756-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe7Reeves19756_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe5,_25,_28–29-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe5,_25,_28–29_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 5, 25, 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermont_Bureau_of_Publicity84-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermont_Bureau_of_Publicity84_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermont_Bureau_of_Publicity">Vermont Bureau of Publicity</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975436-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975436_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19757–8_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson246-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson246_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHudson">Hudson</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Sister_of_Arthur_Dead"-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Sister_of_Arthur_Dead"_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Sister_of_Arthur_Dead"">"Sister of Arthur Dead"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman13-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman13_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldman">Feldman</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolton-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolton_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolton">Dolton</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Burlington_Free_Press"-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Burlington_Free_Press"_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Burlington_Free_Press"">"Burlington Free Press"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970184-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReevesJuly_1,_1970184_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReevesJuly_1,_1970">Reeves & July 1, 1970</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenks310-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenks310_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenks">Jenks</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)295-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)295_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves_(Autumn_1970)">Reeves (Autumn 1970)</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Mrs._John_E._McElroy_Dead"-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Mrs._John_E._McElroy_Dead"_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Mrs._John_E._McElroy_Dead"">"Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushnell-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushnell_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnell2016" class="citation news cs1">Bushnell, Mark (September 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtdigger.org/2016/09/25/vermont-politician-faces-birthers/">"Then Again: A Vermont politician faces the 'birthers'"</a>. VT Digger. Montpelier, VT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VT+Digger&rft.atitle=Then+Again%3A+A+Vermont+politician+faces+the+%27birthers%27&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtdigger.org%2F2016%2F09%2F25%2Fvermont-politician-faces-birthers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell53–54-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell53–54_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher28-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher28_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975202–203-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975202–203_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975202–203_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)292–293-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves_(Autumn_1970)292–293_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves_(Autumn_1970)">Reeves (Autumn 1970)</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris1999127-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris1999127_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerris1999">Ferris 1999</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe7-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe7_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves19759-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19759_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19759_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves19759_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psiu.org/alumni/distinguished-alumni/">"Notable Alumni, Chester A. Arthur"</a>. Distinguished Alumni. Indianapolis, IN: Psi Upsilon Fraternity. September 11, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Distinguished+Alumni&rft.atitle=Notable+Alumni%2C+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsiu.org%2Falumni%2Fdistinguished-alumni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197510-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197510_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197510_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197511-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197511_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197511_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell12-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell12_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197514_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197514–15_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197516-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197516_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197516_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197516_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197516_50-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197519–20-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197519–20_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell14-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell14_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197517–18-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197517–18_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197517–18_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197521-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197521_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe18–19-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe18–19_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe18–19_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe20–21Reeves197522–23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe20–21Reeves197522–23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe20–21Reeves197522–23_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197524–25-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197524–25_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe25-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe25_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe25_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe26–27Reeves197528–29-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe26–27Reeves197528–29_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe26–27Reeves197528–29_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197530-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197530_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197533-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197533_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe30–31Reeves197533–34-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe30–31Reeves197533–34_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe29–30Reeves197534–35-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe29–30Reeves197534–35_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 29–30; <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197535-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197535_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197584-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197584_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197584_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197537-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197537_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197537_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197538-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197538_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell17-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell17_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell17_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197539Howe37-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197539Howe37_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197540–41-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197540–41_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197540–41_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197542–45-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197542–45_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 42–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197571–73-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197571–73_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197571–73_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197548-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197548_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197548_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves197549–50Howe42-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves197549–50Howe42_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 49–50; <a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_75-1">b</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. 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Abbot">Abbot, Willis J.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26416">The Naval History of the United States</a>. Vol. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3453791">3453791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Peter+Fenelon+Collier&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3453791&rft.aulast=Abbot&rft.aufirst=Willis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F26416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Ayers" title="Edward L. Ayers">Ayers, Edward L.</a> (2007) [1992]. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532688-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532688-8"><bdi>978-0-19-532688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+the+New+South%3A+Life+After+Reconstruction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532688-8&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_&_Swaney" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Burton T.; Swaney, Homer H. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofjamesa00doyle">Lives of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur</a>. Washington, D.C.: Rufus H. Darby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+James+A.+Garfield+and+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Rufus+H.+Darby&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Burton+T.&rft.au=Swaney%2C+Homer+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofjamesa00doyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen">The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+James+A.+Garfield+and+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0208-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofja00doen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Ruth Tenzer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chesteraarthur0000feld">Chester A. Arthur</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1512-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-1512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-1512-8&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Tenzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchesteraarthur0000feld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1999" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Gary W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVvOyszUlpEC&pg=PA127">Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of U.S. Presidents</a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-176-3"><bdi>978-0-89587-176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Places%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Historic+Sites+of+U.S.+Presidents&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89587-176-3&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVvOyszUlpEC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Louis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmDwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985621-3"><bdi>978-0-19-985621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Executive+Branch%3A+Presidential+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985621-3&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmDwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambley" class="citation book cs1">Hambley, Del (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3lxZHZFTp4C&pg=PA103">Presidential Footprints</a>. Indianapolis, IN: Dog ear Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-159858-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-159858-800-2"><bdi>978-159858-800-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Footprints&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=Dog+ear+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-159858-800-2&rft.aulast=Hambley&rft.aufirst=Del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3lxZHZFTp4C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe" class="citation book cs1">Howe, George F. (1966) [1935]. Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00089DVIG">B00089DVIG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+A.+Arthur%2C+A+Quarter-Century+of+Machine+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=F.+Ungar+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00089DVIG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, David L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000huds">The Handy Presidents Answer Book</a>. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000huds/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-317-0"><bdi>978-1-57859-317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handy+Presidents+Answer+Book&rft.place=Canton%2C+MI&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57859-317-0&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandypresidentsa0000huds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomfield: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-36580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-36580-4"><bdi>978-0-253-36580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott+Hancock%3A+A+Soldier%27s+Life&rft.place=Bloomfield&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-253-36580-4&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Karabell, Zachary</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chesteralanarthu00kara">Chester Alan Arthur</a>. New York: Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6951-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-6951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+Alan+Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6951-8&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchesteralanarthu00kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, James D. (1881). Our Martyred President ... : The Life and Public Services of Gen. James A. Garfield. National Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Martyred+President+...+%3A+The+Life+and+Public+Services+of+Gen.+James+A.+Garfield&rft.pub=National+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Reeves, Thomas C.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev">Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6"><bdi>978-0-394-46095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Boss%3A+The+Life+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46095-6&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlemanbosslif00reev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst04rhodgoog">online complete</a>; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_the_State_of_New_York" class="citation book cs1">University of the State of New York (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx0tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21">Annual Report of the Board of Regents</a>. Vol. 96. 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September 12, 1879. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Republican+State+Committee%3A+Gen.+Chester+A.+Arthur+Elected+Chairman+%E2%80%93+Campaign+Plans&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1879-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F78207539%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Boston_Post"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/72009166/">"Organization of the Republican State Committee"</a>. Boston Post. Boston, MA. October 12, 1881. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Post&rft.atitle=Organization+of+the+Republican+State+Committee&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1881-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F72009166%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1881" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/09/23/98566684.pdf">"The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. September 22, 1881. Retrieved January 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+Administration%3B+President+Arthur+Formally+Inaugurated&rft.date=1881-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1881%2F09%2F23%2F98566684.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"The_Loyal_Legion"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/68154593/">"The Loyal Legion: Meeting Last Night; President Arthur Elected to Membership"</a>. National Republican. Washington, DC. April 6, 1882 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Republican&rft.atitle=The+Loyal+Legion%3A+Meeting+Last+Night%3B+President+Arthur+Elected+to+Membership&rft.date=1882-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F68154593%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Leading_Officials"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/466338175/">"Leading Officials: The Three Principal Officers in the Nebraska Posts"</a>. Omaha Daily Bee. Omaha, NE. August 30, 1891 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Omaha+Daily+Bee&rft.atitle=Leading+Officials%3A+The+Three+Principal+Officers+in+the+Nebraska+Posts&rft.date=1891-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F466338175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"In_the_Encampment_at_the_Reunion_at_Ashland"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/94201757/">"In the Encampment at the Reunion at Ashland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mail_Tribune" title="Mail Tribune">Medford Mail</a>. Medford, OR. September 23, 1892 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medford+Mail&rft.atitle=In+the+Encampment+at+the+Reunion+at+Ashland&rft.date=1892-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F94201757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Meeting_of_C._A._Arthur_Post,_No._411"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/481174683/">"Meeting of C. A. Arthur Post, No. 411"</a>. The Goffs Advocate. Goff, KS. January 26, 1893 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Goffs+Advocate&rft.atitle=Meeting+of+C.+A.+Arthur+Post%2C+No.+411&rft.date=1893-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F481174683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1894" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/07/104104464.pdf">"Monuments At Albany"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. January 7, 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monuments+At+Albany&rft.date=1894-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F01%2F07%2F104104464.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Sister_of_Arthur_Dead"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/31566955/">"Sister of Arthur Dead: Mrs. Regina M. Caw Was Born In Dunham, Canada in 1822"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, DC. November 17, 1910. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sister+of+Arthur+Dead%3A+Mrs.+Regina+M.+Caw+Was+Born+In+Dunham%2C+Canada+in+1822&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1910-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F31566955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Burlington_Free_Press"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/197410175/">"Sister of Late President Arthur Dies at Age of 87"</a>. Burlington Free Press. Burlington, VT. April 12, 1915. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Sister+of+Late+President+Arthur+Dies+at+Age+of+87&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1915-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F197410175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks" class="citation news cs1">Jenks, J. E. (March 6, 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA310">"Obituary, Major William Arthur"</a>. Army and Navy Register. Washington, DC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+and+Navy+Register&rft.atitle=Obituary%2C+Major+William+Arthur&rft.date=1915-03-06&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVE-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Mrs._John_E._McElroy_Dead"" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/79876014/">"Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead: Sister of Late President Arthur Succumbs in Atlantic City"</a>. Washington Times. Washington, DC. January 9, 1917. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+John+E.+McElroy+Dead%3A+Sister+of+Late+President+Arthur+Succumbs+in+Atlantic+City&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1917-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F79876014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolton" class="citation web cs1">Dolton, Trisha (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenwichhistory.blogspot.com/2013/07/another-sister-for-chester-almeda.html">"Another Sister for Chester: Almeda Arthur Masten"</a>. Greenwich History. Greenwich, NY: Greenwich Town Historian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+History&rft.atitle=Another+Sister+for+Chester%3A+Almeda+Arthur+Masten&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.aulast=Dolton&rft.aufirst=Trisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenwichhistory.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fanother-sister-for-chester-almeda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Supreme_Court_Nominations"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">"Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789"</a>. U.S. Senate. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+present-1789&rft.pub=U.S.+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Freference%2Fnominations%2FNominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"GAR_Posts_by_State:_Wisconsin"" class="citation web cs1">National GAR Records Program (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205328/http://www.suvcw.org/garrecords/garposts/wi.pdf">"Historical Summary of Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Posts by State: Wisconsin"</a> (PDF). garrecords.org. Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suvcw.org/garrecords/garposts/wi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=garrecords.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Summary+of+Grand+Army+of+the+Republic+%28GAR%29+Posts+by+State%3A+Wisconsin&rft.date=2005&rft.au=National+GAR+Records+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suvcw.org%2Fgarrecords%2Fgarposts%2Fwi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Original_Civil_War_Officer_Members_of_MOLLUS"" class="citation web cs1">Rhode Island Commandery (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rimollus.tripod.com/">"From the Headquarters Desk"</a>. Original Civil War Officer Members of MOLLUS. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Original+Civil+War+Officer+Members+of+MOLLUS&rft.atitle=From+the+Headquarters+Desk&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Rhode+Island+Commandery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frimollus.tripod.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chester_A._Arthur_Fourth_Annual_Message_(December_1,_1884)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fourth-annual-message-12">"Chester A. Arthur Fourth Annual Message"</a>. The American Presidency Project. December 1, 1884. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+A.+Arthur+Fourth+Annual+Message&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1884-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Ffourth-annual-message-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubin1906" class="citation book cs1">Aubin, J. Harris (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MoXlAAAAMAAJ">Register of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a>. Boston, MA: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of Massachusetts. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MoXlAAAAMAAJ/page/n27">20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+the+Military+Order+of+the+Loyal+Legion+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Military+Order+of+the+Loyal+Legion+of+the+United+States%2C+Commandery+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Aubin&rft.aufirst=J.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_MoXlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksMarsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8KztFy6QYwC&pg=PA233">The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present</a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4"><bdi>978-0-345-49773-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Directory+to+Prime+Time+Network+and+Cable+TV+Shows%2C+1946%E2%80%93Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-345-49773-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Earle+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8KztFy6QYwC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Oregon,_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic1919" class="citation book cs1">Department of Oregon, Grand Army of the Republic (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bIPB0S4iegC&pg=PA83">Journal of the Annual Encampment</a>. Salem, OR: State Publishing Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Annual+Encampment&rft.place=Salem%2C+OR&rft.pub=State+Publishing+Department&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Department+of+Oregon%2C+Grand+Army+of+the+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bIPB0S4iegC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger2017" class="citation book cs1">Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30-682389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30-682389-3"><bdi>978-0-30-682389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unexpected+President%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-30-682389-3&rft.aulast=Greenberger&rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrory2005" class="citation book cs1">McCrory, Thomas J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeuBye82K0EC&pg=PA100">Department of Wisconsin, Grand Army of the Republic</a>. Black Earth, WI: Trails Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931599-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-931599-28-9"><bdi>1-931599-28-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+Wisconsin%2C+Grand+Army+of+the+Republic&rft.place=Black+Earth%2C+WI&rft.pub=Trails+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-931599-28-9&rft.aulast=McCrory&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeuBye82K0EC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1889" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Edgar A. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXM1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA170">The New-York Civil List</a>. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. pp. 170–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New-York+Civil+List&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons+%26+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Edgar+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXM1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (February 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/5160978/presidents-day-history-memory/">"Chester A. Arthur Is the Most Forgotten President in U.S. History, According to Science"</a>. Time. Retrieved September 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Chester+A.+Arthur+Is+the+Most+Forgotten+President+in+U.S.+History%2C+According+to+Science&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2F5160978%2Fpresidents-day-history-memory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=192&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">"Blatchford, Samuel M."</a> Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+Federal+Judges&rft.atitle=Blatchford%2C+Samuel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FnGetInfo%3Fjid%3D192%26cid%3D999%26ctype%3Dna%26instate%3Dna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Chester A. Arthur at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" class="extiw" title="c:Chester A. Arthur">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" class="extiw" title="q:Chester A. Arthur">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Chester_Alan_Arthur" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Chester Alan Arthur">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressA000303" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000303">"Chester A. Arthur (id: A000303)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Chester+A.+Arthur+%28id%3A+A000303%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DA000303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+A.+Arthur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1653">Works by Chester A. Arthur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11292">Works by Chester A. Arthur</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/arthur">Essays on Chester Arthur and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/arthur/index.html">Chester Arthur: A Resource Guide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151431-1/life-portrait-chester-arthur">"Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, August 6, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?306347-1/life-career-chester-arthur">"Life and Career of Chester A. Arthur"</a>, presentation by <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Zachary Karabell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Public_Library" title="Kansas City Public Library">Kansas City Public Library</a>, May 23, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/chester-a-arthur/videos#president-chester-a-arthur">Chester A. Arthur's Presidency</a>, a video by <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdq0ADd91zI">Remarks at the Grave of Chester Alan Arthur, Albany Rural Cemetery, October 5, 2019</a> by historian <a href="/wiki/David_Pietrusza" title="David Pietrusza">David Pietrusza</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Arthur-Chester-A">Chester A. Arthur's Personal Manuscripts</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/">Shapell.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S47gxS3wPo">Scene from Futurama episode "The Day the Earth Stood Stupid"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chester_A._Arthur" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Template:Chester A. 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Arthur</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">21st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">20th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemmon_v._New_York" title="Lemmon v. New York">Lemmon v. New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_State_Historic_Site" title="Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site">Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur_Home" title="Chester A. Arthur Home">Chester A. Arthur Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">Tariff of 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Animal_Industry" title="Bureau of Animal Industry">Bureau of Animal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Statue of Chester A. Arthur">Statue of Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Arthur" title="Nell Arthur">Nell Arthur</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_II" title="Chester Alan Arthur II">Chester Alan Arthur II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arthur" title="Gavin Arthur">Gavin Arthur</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_(clergyman)" title="William Arthur (clergyman)">William Arthur</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary Arthur McElroy</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">← James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">← William A. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Category:Chester A. Arthur">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Smyth</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York Republican Party</a> 1879–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B._Platt_Carpenter" title="B. Platt Carpenter">B. Platt Carpenter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> 1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1881–1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Chester_A._Arthur" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Chester_A._Arthur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Chester A. Arthur</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Chester_A._Arthur_(1881–1885)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthur_cabinet" title="Template:Arthur cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthur_cabinet" title="Template talk:Arthur cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Chester_A._Arthur_(1881–1885)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a> (1881–1885)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg/120px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg/180px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg/240px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="3206" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Charles J. Folger</a> (1881–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a> (1884–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (1881–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">Wayne MacVeagh</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Benjamin H. Brewster</a> (1881–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">Thomas Lemuel James</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O._Howe" title="Timothy O. Howe">Timothy O. Howe</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hatton_(American_politician)" title="Frank Hatton (American politician)">Frank Hatton</a> (1884–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a> (1882–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a> (1882–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">← 1876</a>) <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William R. Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Dillaye" title="Stephen D. Dillaye">Stephen D. Dillaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Chase" title="Solon Chase">Solon Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allis_(businessman)" title="Edward P. Allis (businessman)">Edward P. Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry A. Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1880 elections: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_and_1881_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">← 1880</a>) <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">Joseph E. McDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester A. Arthur</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Joseph R. Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert T. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Harper_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Harper (politician) (page does not exist)">Jesse Harper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_St._John_(American_politician)" title="John St. John (American politician)">John St. John</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_(Maryland_politician)" title="William Daniel (Maryland politician)">William Daniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Stow" title="Marietta Stow">Marietta Stow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1884 elections: <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1884 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_and_1885_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071469990">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35249995">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/577/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWVCPt6mdCThT3VDPWjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118646001">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002601">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034874s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034874s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35076510">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0105916&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p118694839">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185462&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=225310">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257824005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000303">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/819568">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118646001.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118646001">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028531329">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581802">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w778qp">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hq3xqf">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_A._Arthur&oldid=1259494157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_A._Arthur&oldid=1259494157</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Category:Chester A. 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