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input[type="text"]{ background:rgba(255,255,255,0.4); width:85%; color:#fff; } */ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:none; margin: 0 0 20px 0; width:100%; } .comments-section .extra-content-bordered .extra-content-bordered{ padding-left:20px; } .article-single-page section .post-content a{ /*color: #fff;*/ color: #007bff; } .article-single-page section .post-content p a{ color: #007bff; } .desktop-related{ display:none; } .mobile-related{ display:block; } .mobile-related article{ margin:0; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6 .card-block{ padding:10px 0 10px 0; } h4.col-10{ padding-left:0; } article.grid-card .card-block{ padding:10px 0; min-height:auto !important; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .feature-content-block .col-xl-6{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px 0; margin:0; } .navbar-dark .navbar-toggler{ float:left; margin-right:10px; margin-top:3px; color:#fff; font-size:18px; } .seach2{ /*color:#fff !important;*/ color:#999 !important; background:none !important; border:0 !important; float:right; height:30px; } #modalSearchForm{ top:70px; } #modalSearchForm input[type="text"]{ color: #15a2e8; } .modal-header{ border-bottom:0; padding:15px 15px 5px 15px; } .modal-header .close{ margin:-11px -15px -15px auto; } .modal-footer{ justify-content:flex-start; } .econ-btn{ font-size:14px; background:#44c3da !important; padding:7px 20px; border-radius:5px; display:block; width:100%; } .search-btn-wrap{ padding:0 15px 15px 15px; } .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:0; background-image: linear-gradient(#0e1634, #ffffff); } .search_tool_wrap{ padding:20px; background:#fff; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control, .search_tool_wrap .form-check-label{ font-family: Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji"; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control{ margin-bottom:5px; border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; } .search_tool_wrap .card-body{ padding:0 0 15px 15px; border:0; } .search_tool_wrap .col-6{ padding:0; } .search-filter-toggles a, .search-on{ color:#000; font-weight:600; font-size:16px; display:block; } .search-option-wrap{ margin:20px 0 0 0; } .fa-caret-down, .fa-caret-right{ color: #1781fc; } #search_term{ border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; margin-bottom:10px; color:#1781fc !important; font-weight:500; font-size:20px !important; background:none !important; } .start-date, .end-date{ display:inline-block; float:left; width:49%; } .start-date{ margin-right:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap{ position:relative; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ position:absolute; top:0; right:0; } .search_note{ font-size:13px; } .refine-search{ background:#27a79a; width:100%; border-radius:5px; color:#fff; text-transform:uppercase; font-weight:600; } .results-header{ background:#0d1534; } .results-header-row div{ color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ /*background:#4a90e2;*/ background:#0d1534; padding:5px; position:relative; float:right; /*display:none;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ padding:5px; background:#0d1534; color:#fff; font-size:14px; float:left; } .sortby-toggle, .sortby-toggle:focus, .sortby-toggle .fa{ color:#fff; font-weight:600; } .sortby-toggle .fa{ font-size:16px; } #results-orderby{ padding:20px; /*background:#4a90e2;*/ background:#0d1534; position: absolute; top:31px; left:0; width:100%; } #results-orderby a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:3px; font-size:14px; } #results-orderby a.orderby-active{ color:#494d5a; } .fa-check{ color:#fff; } .search_result_article{ margin-bottom:20px; padding:10px 0; } .search_result_article .col-6{ padding:0; } .search_result_title a{ color:#1ca5e9; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .search_result_content, .sr_meta{ font-size:14px; } .search_result_cat{ font-weight:600; } .search_result_year{ font-style:italic; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ cursor: pointer; } .search_result_content b{ background-color:#FFFF00; } .preloader_wrap{ margin-top:20px; padding:0 20px; position: relative; height:20px; width:100%; overflow:hidden; } .slider{ position:absolute; width:100%; height:5px; overflow-x: hidden; display:none; } .line{ position:absolute; opacity: 0.5; background:#acece6; width:100%; height:5px; } .subline{ position:absolute; background:#26a69a; height:5px; } .inc{ animation: increase 2s infinite; } .dec{ animation: decrease 2s 0.5s infinite; } .sortby-toggle{ text-transform:capitalize; } span.badge.new { font-weight: 300; font-size: 12px; color: #fff; background-color: #26a69a; border-radius: 2px; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px; cursor:pointer; } #divResultSummary{ /*display:block;*/ display:none; margin-top:10px; } @keyframes increase { from { left: -5%; width: 5%; } to { left: 130%; width: 100%;} } @keyframes decrease { from { left: -80%; width: 80%; } to { left: 110%; width: 10%;} } .clear-fix{ clear:both; } .clear-fix::after { content: " "; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; } /* 2nd level menu */ ul.dropdown-menu{ background:#72bdca; position:absolute !important; /*width:100%;*/ text-align:center !important; padding:0; left:auto; } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; padding:10px 5px; } ul.dropdown-menu li a:hover{ color:#fff; } .dropdown-menu a:before{ content:none !important; } .dropdown-item:focus, .dropdown-item:hover{ background:#72bdca; } .nav-main .nav-item:hover{ background:none; } .navbar.nav-main .nav-item.menu-with-icon a:before{ content: none; } nav{ background:#000; line-height:45px; } nav a{ font-family: Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#9497a6; } .menu-toggle{ float:left; } .econlib_logo{ float:left; text-align:left; margin-bottom:7px; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none; color:#fff; font-size:12px; margin-left:5px; text-align:left; display:none; } .main-header{ padding:20px 8px; display:flex; align-items:center; position:relative; } .logo-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .nav-wrap{ flex-grow:2; } .search-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .fa-bars{ font-size:30px; } .fa-search:before{ font-size:25px; } /***********************/ header{ overflow:visible; } .navbar{ position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; z-index:99; width:100% } header .navbar-toggler{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu .menu-item{ text-align:left; } .sp-srpc{ border:0; border-radius:5px; background:#27a79a; color:#fff; padding:5px 20px; display:inline-block; cursor:pointer; } .jump_to_page{ padding: 6px; background: #27a79a; color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; border: 0; } #template_submenu{ background:#72bdca; height:45px; padding:10px 15px; position:relative; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; font-weight:bold; } #template_submenu ul{ display:none; background:#72bdca; position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; width:100%; z-index:9; padding:0; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu.open ul{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li a{ color:#212529; font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; line-height:16px; display:block; padding:15px 22px !important; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul li a:hover{ color:#fff; } #template_submenu ul li a.active{ color:#fff; } .subnav-toggler{ color:#fff; cursor:pointer; } .subnav-toggler .fa{ color:#fff; } .nav-link{ padding:15px 5px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile{ z-index:999; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ text-align:left; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:none; }*/ .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:block; } .nav-mobile-wrap li{ text-align:left; } .page_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ padding:0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5));*/ } #econlog_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2019/03/blog-13.jpg); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: center center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ height:45px; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px 15px; opacity: 0.68; background-color: #0e1733; /*max-height:450px;*/ /*overflow-y:hidden;*/ } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(114,189,202,0.7); } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:none; font-family:Arial; font-size:23px; color:#ababab; text-align:center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:none; width:100%; padding:0; } .page_subcat_wrap .open .oakcol{ display:block; } .page_subcat_wrap .open{ height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; display:block; /*padding:5px;*/ padding:5px 0; color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#cbcbcb; } .subcat{ display:inline-block; color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .subcat-parent{ color:#4a90e2; } .subcat-toggler{ cursor:pointer; } .subcat-parent, .subcat-toggler{ margin-bottom:10px; } .clear{ clear:left; } #book-resource *{ font-family: Arial; color:#4a4a4a; } #book-resource a{ color:#007bff; } #book-resource h2{font-size:22px;} #book-resource h3{font-size:20px;} #book-resource h4{font-size:18px;} .grey-section{ background:#d8d8d8; margin-bottom:10px; padding:40px 20px 100px 20px; } .grey-section:last-of-type{ margin-bottom:0; } .div-container{ display:block; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px; } .article-second-container, .video-container{ display:block !important; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .video-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .div-item{ /*border:1px solid #000;*/ height:280px; margin-right:25px; margin-bottom:10px; display:block; color:#212529; } .div-item:hover, .div-item:active{ color:#212529; } .div-item:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .div-item-content{ padding:20px 0; min-height:280px; } .video-container .div-item-content{ min-height:170px; } .div-item-content a{ color:#000; font-size:24px; font-family:Arial; font-weight:600; } .article-img-bg{ width:100%; height:270px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position:top center; position:relative; } .article-img-bg span{ color:#fff; font-size:21px; text-transform:uppercase; font-family:Arial; position:absolute; left:20px; bottom:10px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000; } .col3, .col2{ margin-top:40px; } .grow1{ flex-grow:1; } .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:100%; border:1px solid #979797; background:#d8d8d8; padding:10px; display:flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align:center; } .month-bg{ background-position: center center !important; background-size: cover !important; } /*.class-december{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/December.jpg); } .class-november{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/November.jpg); } .class-october{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/October.jpg); } .class-september{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/September.jpg); } .class-august{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/August.jpg); } .class-july{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/July.jpg); } .class-june{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/June.jpg); } .class-may{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/May.jpg); } .class-april{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/April.jpg); } .class-march{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/March.jpg); } .class-february{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/February.jpg); } .class-january{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/January.jpg); }*/ .section-title{ max-width:1280px; margin:auto; text-align:center; } .boxed-article{ width:100%; margin-right:40px; height:auto; } .section-title h2{ margin:60px auto; font-size:22px; } .section-title h2.featured{ margin:2px auto 50px auto; } .section-title h5{ margin:40px auto 0 auto; } .boxed-article:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ text-align:center; margin:10px 0 40px 0; } .boxed-article .ba-title a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:600; color:#000; } .boxed-article img{ width:100%; height:200px; object-fit:cover; } .ul-article{ /*list-style:none;*/ padding-left:20px; height:70%; } .ul-article a, .ul-article li{ font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; color:#000; } .ul-article a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .article-issue{ font-weight:600; font-size:24px; color:#fff; text-shadow:2px 2px 4px #000000; } .bio-links a{ display:inline-block; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none !important; } footer h6{ display:none !important; } .torch-text2{ color: #dbecf1 !important; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom:40px; } div.networking{ padding-top:40px; } .torch-text{ margin-bottom:2px; } h2.lined{ display:block; max-width:1280px; width: 100%; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid #72bdca; line-height: 0.1em; margin: 10px auto 40px auto; } h2.lined span { background:#fff; padding:0 10px; } .oak-more-entries{ text-align:center; } #btn-more-entries{ background:#d8d8d8; border:1px solid #979797; padding:10px 60px; margin:20px; color:#000; cursor:pointer; border-radius:10px; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .title-category{ padding-top:20px; } .title-category h3{ font-size:16px; } #econtal-page-banner{ display:block !important; padding-bottom:20px; } #econtal-page-banner .col-md-6, #econtal-page-banner .col-md-12, #econtal-page-banner .col-lg-6{ padding-left:0 !important; padding-right:0 !important; } .econtalk-page.econtalk.main-banner:before{ left:0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-size:18px; margin-bottom:0; line-height:normal; display:inline-block; } a.author.url{ font-size:18px; line-height:normal; color:#212529; } .card-block .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline, .card-block a.author.url{ font-size:14px; } .card-title a{ color:#000000; } h2.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-weight:normal; } #label_total_shown{ display:none; } .facet_span_ctr, .search_result_facet_counter{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-size:14px; color:#27baae; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer; } /*body{ max-width:1920px; margin:auto; }*/ .econtalk-container{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; display:block; } #econtalks{ display:block; overflow:auto; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:100%; } #econtalk-recent-wrap{ clear:both; margin-bottom:20px; } #econtalk-recent-image{ display:block; width:100%; height:30vh; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:right center; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:100%; } /*#econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; }*/ #wrap-content-head{ background:#0e0c0c; padding:10px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; } /*#wrap-content-head span{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:600; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px }*/ span.wrap-title{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px } span.lwe-title{ color:#000; padding:20px 0 0 20px; } span.lwe-related{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } span.newsletter-title{ color:#fff; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:28px; font-weight:600; } #wrap-content-head h2{ margin-bottom:20px; } #wrap-content-head h2 a{ color:#fff; } .btn_pill{ background:#fff; color:#72bdca; border-radius:25px; border:0; padding:7px 30px; font-weight:600; margin-right:15px; cursor:pointer; text-align:center; display:block; margin-bottom:5px; } .lw_btn_pill{ padding:7px 7px; float:left; margin-left:-20px; border-radius:0; } #twe-date{ font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; } #twe-excerpt{ font-size:18px; font-weight:500; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:block; width:85%; margin:auto; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:15px 40px; border:0; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:16px; /*margin-right:10px;*/ cursor:pointer; border-radius:0; vertical-align:top; } .econtalk-action-btn:hover{ color:#fff; } .btn-listen{ background:#00c29d; } .btn-transcript{ background:#44c3da; } .btn-share{ background:#282e2f; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:none; margin-bottom:16px; } .lw-col{ width:100%; } #last-week-epi-wrap{ background:#e8fbff; } #newsletter-wrap{ background:#363636; } #newsletter-wrap p{ color: #fff; padding: 20px 0 20px 20px; font-size:34px; line-height:1.2; } #newsletter-wrap form{ display:flex; padding:0 20px 20px 20px } #newsletter-wrap form .email{ width:70%; margin-right:20px; border-radius:0; } #newsletter-wrap form .btn{ width:30%; border-radius:0;; } #lw-image{ width:300px; height:300px; display:block; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; 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text-transform:uppercase; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link:hover{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link.active{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border:0; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk{ width:100%; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk-audio-wrap{ margin:20px 0; } #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#000; } #single-econtalk-date{ font-weight:600; } #single-econtalk-desc{ font-weight:500; } #single-about-the-guest{ padding:20px; margin-bottom:20px; background:#e8fbff; } #single-related-episodes{ padding:20px; } #single-about-the-guest span, #single-related-episodes span{ text-align:center; color:#000; } #single-about-the-guest-img{ text-align:center; margin-bottom:20px; } #single-related-episodes a{ color: #000; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:none; } #single-about-the-guest h5 a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#00c29d; } #checkbox_toggle{ font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; color: #1ca5e9; cursor:pointer; } .woo_subscribe_now_btn{ background-color: #44c3da; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: none; border: none; color: #fff !important; font-family: Lato; font-size: 16px; padding:20px 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.6px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; } .woocommerce *{ font-family: Lato !important; } .cart-collaterals{ padding-bottom:40px; } #customer_details .col-1, #customer_details .col-2{ max-width:100%; } #customer_details .form-row{ display:block; } .year-picker .col-8, .year-picker .col-4{ padding-left:0; display:inline-block; max-width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; } .year-picker .row{ padding-bottom:5px; } .year-picker .col-8 h3, .year-picker .col-4 h3{ font-size:14px; font-weight:600; } .dropdown-filter-wrap, .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:50%; position:relative; } .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:33.33%; } .dropdown-filter-wrap .btn-secondary, .dropdown-filter-wrap2 .btn-secondary{ color:#000; background:none; border:0; font-size:16px; } @media (min-width:768px){ .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:40px; } .main-header{ height:64px; padding:0 20px; } section.main-banner, .navbar-search{ display:block !important; } .lg-nextprev{ display:flex !important; } .article-single-page .card-comment{ display:inline-block !important; } .m-featured-image, .s-nextprev{ display:none; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: block !important; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 18px; } .recent-cards .article-text h4{ white-space:nowrap !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:inline-block !important; float:right !important; } header .logo{ margin-left:5%; } .search-header{ width:auto; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; } article.grid-card .card-block{ min-height:250px !important; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px; } /* search tool desktop */ .search_tool_wrap{ max-width: 815px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; } .search_tool_wrap form{ padding: 55px 165px 10px 165px; } .search_tool_wrap h4{ font-size: 30px; text-align: center; margin-bottom:32px; } .search_result_article h4{ text-align: left; margin-bottom:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ margin-bottom:27px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ top:10px; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ display:block; width:80%; margin:45px auto 0 auto; padding:14px 50px; font-size:18px; } .search_results h4{ /*display:none;*/ text-align:left; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ width:41.5%; float:left; margin-right:1%; /*display:block;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ width:57.5%; float:left; } #results-orderby a{ text-align:left; } #divResultSummary{ display:block; /*justify-content:flex-end;*/ } .page_subcat_wrap{ padding:25px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:block; width:50%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ padding:30px; height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ /*text-align:center;*/ font-size:18px; color:#fff; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat::before{ content:"> "; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:block; } .subcat{ display:none; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ /*overflow-y:scroll;*/ } /*.grey-section{ padding:40px 0 100px 0; }*/ .div-container{ display:flex; } .section-title h2{ font-size:32px; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ margin:25px 0 0 0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), 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2 2024 </span> <div class="hf_excerpt">Economic Freedom in Hong Kong The Fraser Institute’s 2024 Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) report,1 its most recent edition, ranks Hong Kong as the world’s freest economy in 2022. Since the first report in 1995, Hong Kong has invariably ranked first, with a rare occasional drop to second. The EFW report explains its methodology </div> <p><a class='btn' href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/rabushkahongkong.html">More</a></p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_fa_row"> <h2>Featured Articles</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Book Review, Liberty Classics</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/carsoncostchoice.html" title="<em>Cost and Choice</em>: Insights for Choosers" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/9xdx8WZM-300x153.jpeg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/carsoncostchoice.html" title="<em>Cost and Choice</em>: Insights for Choosers"><em>Cost and Choice</em>: Insights for Choosers</a></h4> <p>A Liberty Classic Book Review of Cost and Choice: An Inquiry in Economic Theory, by James M. Buchanan.1 In less than one hundred pages, James Buchanan excoriates economists—classical and modern—for their unrecognized confusions about cost. More than an insular academic debate, Cost and Choice: An Inquiry in Economic Theory develops a biting set of logical .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/carsoncostchoice.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Book Review, Kling's Corner</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/klingtruthvesteem.html" title="Seeking Truth versus Seeking Esteem" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/truth-or-esteem-300x200.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/klingtruthvesteem.html" title="Seeking Truth versus Seeking Esteem">Seeking Truth versus Seeking Esteem</a></h4> <p>So we have a way of telling which political activists actually care about society and which are merely trying to portray themselves as caring: The ones who actually care will exert significant effort to make sure that their beliefs are correct. —Michael Huemer, Progressive Myths,1 p. 212 Michael Huemer believes that some important components of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/klingtruthvesteem.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Book Review</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/buftondemocracy.html" title="Democracy’s Opportunity Cost" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/busy-people-300x200.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/buftondemocracy.html" title="Democracy’s Opportunity Cost">Democracy’s Opportunity Cost</a></h4> <p>A Book Review of Democracy for Busy People, by Kevin J. Elliott.1 Kevin J. Elliott’s 2023 book, Democracy for Busy People, is for anyone interested in liberal democratic politics. The book is worthwhile for classical liberals in particular because it handles topics often passed over by classically liberal democratic commentators and takes opportunity cost seriously. .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/buftondemocracy.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_recent_row"> <div class="col recent_cl"> <h2>Most Recent</h2> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Price Controls</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/letting-the-rich-subsidize-the-poor/" title="Letting the Rich Subsidize the Poor">Letting the Rich Subsidize the Poor</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Kevin Corcoran</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">International Trade</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-bitter-irony-of-donald-trumps-attack-on-u-s-steel/" title="The Bitter Irony of the Attack on U.S. Steel">The Bitter Irony of the Attack on U.S. Steel</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By David Henderson</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Business Economics</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/pumpkin-is-a-feeling/" title="Pumpkin is a Feeling">Pumpkin is a Feeling</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Nathan Goodman</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Political Economy</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/notre-dame-private-financing-of-a-public-good/" title="Notre-Dame: Private Financing of a “Public Good”">Notre-Dame: Private Financing of a “Public Good”</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Pierre Lemieux</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Finance</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-roots-of-debanking/" title="The Roots of Debanking">The Roots of Debanking</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Scott Sumner</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Article</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/rabushkahongkong.html" title="Freedom in Hong Kong: The Sweet and the Sour">Freedom in Hong Kong: The Sweet and the Sour</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Alvin Rabushka</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Book Review</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/carsoncostchoice.html" title="<em>Cost and Choice</em>: Insights for Choosers"><em>Cost and Choice</em>: Insights for Choosers</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Byron Carson</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Book Review</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/klingtruthvesteem.html" title="Seeking Truth versus Seeking Esteem">Seeking Truth versus Seeking Esteem</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Arnold Kling</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Book Review</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2024/buftondemocracy.html" title="Democracy’s Opportunity Cost">Democracy’s Opportunity Cost</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Janet Bufton</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Biography, Intellectual History</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/translating-life-and-fate-with-robert-chandler/" title="Translating Life and Fate (with Robert Chandler)">Translating Life and Fate (with Robert Chandler)</a></h4> <p class="mr_author"></p> </div> </div> <div class="col econ_cr"> <div style="display:flex;"> <h2>EconTalk</h2> <a class="econ_all_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-archives-by-date/#content">All ></a> </div> <div class="home_et_items"> <p class="et_category">econtalk-podcast</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/translating-life-and-fate-with-robert-chandler/" title="Translating Life and Fate (with Robert Chandler)">Translating Life and Fate (with Robert Chandler)</a></h4> <p>What does it take to translate a 900-page Russian novel written before the fall of the Soviet Union? For Robert Chandler it meant living in a seaside cottage for four months to immerse himself completely in the characters’ lives and to meet his publisher’s deadline. Listen as Chandler, the translator of Vasily Grossman’s masterpiece Life .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econtalk.org/translating-life-and-fate-with-robert-chandler/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="home_et_items"> <p class="et_category">econtalk-extra</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/extra/difference-discrimination/" title="Difference = Discrimination?">Difference = Discrimination?</a></h4> <p>The recent Supreme Court ruling condemning Harvard and UNC’s race-based admissions policies has re-ignited the conversation about how to improve opportunities for bright minority students. In this week’s episode, economist Roland Fryer has a proposal to improve the pipeline of minority applicants, but he doesn’t think the Ivy League universities will go for it. He also .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econtalk.org/extra/difference-discrimination/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div style="display:flex;"> <h2>EconLog</h2> <a class="econ_all_link" href="/econlog/">All ></a> </div> <div class="home_el_items"> <p class="el_category">Business Economics</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/pumpkin-is-a-feeling/" title="Pumpkin is a Feeling">Pumpkin is a Feeling</a></h4> <p>A chain of coffee shops near me has had a sign outside their establishments this fall that simply reads, “Pumpkin is a Feeling.” Some might read this and simply conclude that it’s false. Pumpkin isn’t a feeling. It’s a plant! But when it comes to the pumpkin flavored treats that are popular each autumn, the .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/pumpkin-is-a-feeling/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="home_el_items"> <p class="el_category">Political Economy</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/notre-dame-private-financing-of-a-public-good/" title="Notre-Dame: Private Financing of a “Public Good”">Notre-Dame: Private Financing of a “Public Good”</a></h4> <p>Visiting a 13th-century cathedral, climbing a bell tower stairway with stone steps bowed by centuries of human footsteps, and meeting the chimeras and gargoyles that look over Paris roofs provide a unique esthetic if not religious experience. But in the restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris ravaged by fire five years ago, an economist may see .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/notre-dame-private-financing-of-a-public-good/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div id="homeBrowseArticle"> <img src="https://staging.econlib.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EcoLib-Logo-White.png" style="width:200px;"> <h4>LIBERTY CLASSICS SERIES</h4> <p>Explore the lasting legacies and <br>continued relevance of our classic titles.</p> <a class="btn" href="/liberty-classics/">Browse Articles</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_bt_row"> <div style="display:flex;width:100%"> <h2>Book Titles</h2> <a class="bt_all_link" href="/books/">All Books ></a> </div> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/BohmBawerk/bbPTC.html" title="The Positive Theory of Capital" class='bt_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/nonPubbooks-300x200.jpg);"></a> <div class='bt_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/BohmBawerk/bbPTC.html" title="The Positive Theory of Capital">The Positive Theory of Capital</a></h4> <p class="bt_author">By Eugen v. Böhm-Bawerk</p> <p>In his Geschichte und Kritik der Kapitalzins-Theorieen (1884), which I translated in 1890 under the title of Capital and Interest, Professor Bohm-Bawerk, after passing in critical review the various opinions, practical and theoretical, held from the earliest times on the subject of interest, ended with the words: “On the foundation thus laid, I shall try .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/BohmBawerk/bbPTC.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Marcet/mrcEss.html" title="Essays: Glamorgan Pamphlets, vols. 8-11" class='bt_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/non-LF-books-200x300.jpg);"></a> <div class='bt_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Marcet/mrcEss.html" title="Essays: Glamorgan Pamphlets, vols. 8-11">Essays: Glamorgan Pamphlets, vols. 8-11</a></h4> <p class="bt_author">By Jane Haldimand Marcet</p> <p>Published Under the Superintendence of the Society for the Improvement of the Working Population in the County of Glamorgan</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_brsr_row"> <h2>Book Reviews and Suggested Readings</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html" title="The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”" class='brsr_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/longtermism-300x168.jpg);"></a> <div class='brsr_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html" title="The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”">The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”</a></h4> <p class="brsr_author">By James Broughel</p> <p>Book Review of What We Owe the Future, by William MacAskill.1 An issue that has long divided scholars is the question of how much weight to give to the interests of future generations, especially when making decisions of significant public importance. On one side of this issue there have been those like the University of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html" title="Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em>" class='brsr_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/narrative-300x180.jpg);"></a> <div class='brsr_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html" title="Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em>">Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em></a></h4> <p class="brsr_author">By Sarah Skwire</p> <p>Book Review of Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events.1 by Robert J. Shiller. And if you wish to adorn, borrow the metaphor from something better in the same genus, if to denigrate, from something worse. —Aristotle, Rhetoric III, 1404b It is an odd experience to be reading Robert J. Shiller’s .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_convo_row"> <h2>Conversations</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">VIDEO</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-steve-pejovich/" title="A Conversation with Steve Pejovich" class='convo_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cowboy-hat-300x212.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-steve-pejovich/" title="A Conversation with Steve Pejovich">A Conversation with Steve Pejovich</a></h4> <p>Svetozar “Steve” Pejovich, one of the most dynamic and insightful theorists writing on property rights, reflects on his experience in economics. With characteristic sagacity and humor, he demonstrates the power that empirical cases can bring to bear on theoretical problems. Born in Belgrade, Pejovich is Professor Emeritus at Texas A&M University, where he taught for .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-steve-pejovich/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">VIDEO</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-harold-demsetz/" title="A Conversation with Harold Demsetz" class='convo_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/interstate-at-night-300x166.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-harold-demsetz/" title="A Conversation with Harold Demsetz">A Conversation with Harold Demsetz</a></h4> <p>A professor at the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago in the 1960s and a primary figure in Chicago School Economics and in the field of Law and Economics, Harold Demsetz has contributed original research on the theory of the firm, regulation in markets, industrial organization, antitrust policy, transaction costs, externalities, and .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/a-conversation-with-harold-demsetz/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Econlib Videos</p> <div class='convo_feat_img convo_series_img'> <a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/'> <img src='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/play-button.jpg'> </a> </div> <h4><a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/'>Intellectual Portrait Series</a></h4> <p>Conversations with some of the most original thinkers of our time</p> <p><a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/' class='btn'>Browse Videos</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_guides_row"> <h2>Guides</h2> <div class="wrap-resources-dropdownlist"> <div class="resources-dropdownlist rdl-box1"> <a class="rdl-img-link " href="https://www.econlib.org/library/ReadingLists.html" alt=""> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/reading-list.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image"> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/ReadingLists.html">Reading Lists by Topic</a></h4> <p>The Reading Lists by Topic pages contain some suggested readings organized by topic, including materials available on Econlib. Brief reviews or descriptions are included for many items.</p> <div class="dropdown show"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="eco-reading" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Select a Topic </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="er-guides-ddm" aria-labelledby="eco-reading"> <input class="form-control guides-topic-search-input" id="er-guides-si" type="text" placeholder="Search.." onkeyup="filterFunction('er-guides-si', 'er-guides-ddm')"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/nineteenth.html">1800-1900: Economics Classics, including Neoclassical Thought</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/austrian.html">Austrian Economics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/businesscycles.html">Business Cycles</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/capital.html">Capital and Investment</a> <a 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They are also appropriate for interested students, home schoolers, and newcomers to the topic of economics.</p> <div class="dropdown show"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="hs-guides" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Select a Topic </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="hs-guides-ddm" aria-labelledby="hs-guides"> <input class="form-control guides-topic-search-input" id="hs-guides-si" type="text" placeholder="Search.." onkeyup="filterFunction('hs-guides-si', 'hs-guides-ddm')"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="http://ve.councilforeconed.org/features/concepts.php">51 key economics concepts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/AggregateDemand.html">Aggregate Demand</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/AggregateSupply.html">Aggregate Supply</a> <a class="dropdown-item" 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href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Scarcity.html">Scarcity</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Supply.html">Supply</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Technology.html">Technology</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/TradeExchangeandInterdependence.html">Trade, Exchange and Interdependence</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_bio_row"> <h2>Economist Biographies</h2> <div id="bln_wrap"> <div class="bio_lname_link"> <div class="alphabet-list"> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#A">A</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#B">B</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#C">C</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#D">D</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#E">E</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#F">F</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#G">G</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#H">H</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#J">J</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#K">K</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#L">L</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#M">M</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#N">N</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#O">O</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#P">P</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#Q">Q</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#R">R</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#S">S</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#T">T</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#V">V</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#W">W</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_cee_row"> <h2>From the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Cartels.html" title="Cartels" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/encyclopedia-300x200.jpg);"> <div>Corporations and Financial Markets , Economic Regulation, Economic Systems, Government Policy</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Cartels.html" title="Cartels">Cartels</a></h4> <p>People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Cartels.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeMarket.html" title="Free Market" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/photo-1561648386-1713cd350e69-300x214.jpg);"> <div>Basic Concepts, Economic Systems, The Marketplace</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeMarket.html" title="Free Market">Free Market</a></h4> <p>“ Free market” is a summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society. Each exchange is undertaken as a voluntary agreement between two people or between groups of people represented by agents. These two individuals (or agents) exchange two economic goods, either tangible commodities or nontangible services. Thus, when I buy .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeMarket.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PovertyinAmerica.html" title="Poverty in America" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/photo-1558566427-126893f61de4-300x214.jpg);"> <div>Government Policy, Labor</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PovertyinAmerica.html" title="Poverty in America">Poverty in America</a></h4> <p>The United States produces more per capita than any other industrialized country, and in recent years governments at various levels have spent about $350 billion per year, or about 3.5 percent of gross domestic product, on programs serving low-income families.1 Despite this, measured poverty is more prevalent in the United States than in most of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PovertyinAmerica.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row home_quote_row"> <h2>Quotes</h2> <div> <div class="flexbox-item text-center"> <h4>Entrepreneurial knowledge may be described as the “highest order of knowledge,” the ultimate knowledge needed to harness available information already possessed (or capable of being discovered).</h4> <p> -Israel Kirzner </p> </div> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <h4>The market may be viewed, not as an institution facilitating the indirect fulfillment of individual desires…but on the contrary, as an institution through which individuals may cooperate to satisfy their wants at higher general levels of satisfaction.</h4> <p> -Israel Kirzner <a class="fullquote text-left" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/NPDBooks/Kirzner/krzPV.html">Full Quote >></a> </p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <h4>Today it is almost heresy to suggest that scientific knowledge is not the sum of all knowledge. But a little reflection will show that there is beyond question a body of very important but unorganized knowledge which cannot possibly be called scientific in the sense of knowledge of general rules: the knowledge of the particular ...</h4> <p> -F. A. Hayek <a class="fullquote text-left" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw.html">Full Quote >></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer> <div class="site-container"> <div class="row footer-row-1"> <div class="col-1 footer-logo-wrap"> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/icons/torch-icon.svg" width="80" height="120"> <h4>Econlib</h4> </div> <div class="col-2 footer-description"> <h4>The Library of Economics and Liberty</h4> <h3>Liberty Fund, Inc.</h3> <p>11301 N. 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