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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva,_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Geneva, 2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva,_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris,_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris,_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Paris, 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris,_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong,_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong,_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Hong Kong, 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong,_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva,_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva,_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Geneva, 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva,_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potsdam,_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potsdam,_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Potsdam, 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potsdam,_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Geneva, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bali,_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bali,_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Bali, 2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bali,_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nairobi,_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nairobi,_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Nairobi, 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nairobi,_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buenos_Aires,_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buenos_Aires,_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Buenos Aires, 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buenos_Aires,_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva,_2022_(MC12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva,_2022_(MC12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Geneva, 2022 (MC12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva,_2022_(MC12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_restore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_restore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attempts to restore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_restore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_patented_medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_patented_medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Access to patented medicines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_patented_medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_and_differential_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_and_differential_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Special and differential treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_and_differential_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Implementation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Doha Development Round</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جولة الدوحة للتنمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جولة الدوحة للتنمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Кръг преговори Доха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръг преговори Доха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_de_Doha" title="Ronda de Doha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ronda de Doha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsk%C3%A9_kolo" title="Katarské kolo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katarské kolo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha-Runde" title="Doha-Runde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Doha-Runde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_arenguvoor" title="Doha arenguvoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Doha arenguvoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_de_Doha" title="Ronda de Doha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ronda de Doha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_de_Doha" title="Cycle de Doha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle de Doha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%ED%95%98_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C" title="도하 개발 라운드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도하 개발 라운드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putaran_Pembangunan_Doha" title="Putaran Pembangunan Doha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Putaran Pembangunan Doha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha-fordul%C3%B3" title="Doha-forduló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Doha-forduló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ദോഹ ഉച്ചകോടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദോഹ ഉച്ചകോടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha-ronde" title="Doha-ronde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doha-ronde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ドーハラウンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドーハラウンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_rivojlanish_raundi" title="Doha rivojlanish raundi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Doha rivojlanish raundi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runda_z_Dohy" title="Runda z Dohy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runda z Dohy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodada_Doha" title="Rodada Doha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rodada Doha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%A7" title="دوها ترقياتي ايجنڊا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوها ترقياتي ايجنڊا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Доський раунд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доський раунд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%88%E5%9B%9E%E5%90%88%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E8%AB%87%E5%88%A4" title="多哈回合貿易談判 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多哈回合貿易談判" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Doha Development Round</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doha_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Doha_logo.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="149" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Doha Development Round logo.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">On-going</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Round">Trade Round</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancun">Cancun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous event</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data">164 <sup id="cite_ref-International_Economics,_8e_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Economics,_8e-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Doha Development Round</b> or <b>Doha Development Agenda</b> (<b>DDA</b>) is the trade-negotiation round of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) which commenced in <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">November 2001</a> under then director-general <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a>. Its objective was to lower <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> around the world, and thus increase global trade. </p><p>The Doha Agenda began with a ministerial-level meeting in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar in 2001. The aim was to put less developed countries' priorities at heart. The needs of the developing countries were the core reasons for the meeting. The major factors discussed include trade facilitation, services, rules of origin and dispute settlement. Special and differential treatment for the developing countries were also discussed as a major concern. Subsequent ministerial meetings took place in <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, Mexico (2003), and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (2005). Related negotiations took place in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (2005), <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany (2007), and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland (2004, 2006, 2008). Progress in negotiations stalled after the breakdown of the <a href="#Geneva,_2008">July 2008 negotiations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_29_July_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_29_July_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant differences are between <a href="/wiki/Developed_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nations">developed nations</a> led by the European Union (EU), the United States (US), Canada, and Japan and the major <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> led and represented mainly by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, China, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. There is also considerable contention against and between the EU and the US over their maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">agricultural subsidies</a>—seen to operate effectively as trade barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the breakdown of negotiations in 2008, there have been repeated attempts to revive the talks, so far without success. Intense negotiations, mostly between the US, China, and India, were held at the end of 2008 seeking agreement on negotiation <a href="/wiki/Modalities_(trade_negotiations)" title="Modalities (trade negotiations)">modalities</a>, an impasse which was not resolved. In April 2011, then director-general <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a> "asked members to think hard about 'the consequences of throwing away ten years of solid multilateral work'."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report to the WTO General Council by Lamy in May 2012 advocated "small steps, gradually moving forward the parts of the Doha Round which were mature, and re-thinking those where greater differences remained."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Ministerial Declaration</a> on 7 December 2013<sup id="cite_ref-wtoBali_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtoBali-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the first time successfully addressed bureaucratic barriers to commerce—a small part of the Doha Round agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcBali_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcBali-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the United States government called for an end to the Doha round, and by 2017 it was declared "dead" by numerous commentators, including the <i>Financial Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the World Trade Organization states that the 2015 Ministerial Meeting in Nairobi "agreed [that] a strong commitment remained among all members to advance negotiations on the remaining Doha issues", and many issues "remain open".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doha Round talks are overseen by the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC), whose chair is the WTO’s director-general, currently <a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a>. The negotiations are being held in five working groups and in other existing bodies of the WTO. Selected topics under negotiation are discussed below in five groups: <a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">market access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">development</a> issues, WTO rules, <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a> and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_Doha">Before Doha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before Doha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Doha ministerial, negotiations had already been under way on trade in agriculture and trade in services. These ongoing negotiations had been required under the last round of <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_trade_negotiations" title="Multilateral trade negotiations">multilateral trade negotiations</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a>, 1986–1994). However, some countries, including the United States, wanted to expand the agriculture and services talks to allow trade-offs and thus achieve greater trade liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1996">WTO ministerial conference</a>, which was held in Singapore in 1996, established permanent working groups on four issues: <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (social)">transparency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">government procurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a> (customs issues), <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">trade and investment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">trade and competition</a>. These became known as the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a>. These issues were pushed at successive ministerials by the European Union, Japan and Korea, and opposed by most developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since no agreement was reached, the developed nations pushed that any new trade negotiations must include the mentioned issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_17_September_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_17_September_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations were intended to start at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">ministerial conference of 1999</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and be called the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">Millennium Round</a> but, due to several different events including <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">protest activity</a> outside the conference (the so-called "Battle of Seattle"), the negotiations were never started.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the failure of the Millennium Round, it was decided that negotiations would not start again until the next <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial conference">ministerial conference</a> in 2001 in Doha, Qatar. </p><p>Just months before the Doha ministerial, the United States had been attacked by terrorists on <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September 2001</a>. Some government officials called for greater political cohesion and saw the trade negotiations as a means toward that end. Some officials thought that a new round of multilateral trade negotiations could help a world economy weakened by recession and terrorism-related uncertainty. According to the WTO, the year 2001 showed "...the lowest growth in output in more than two decades,"<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_annual_report_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO_annual_report_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and world trade contracted that year.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doha,_2001"><span id="Doha.2C_2001"></span>Doha, 2001</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Doha, 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001">WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001</a></div> <p>The Doha round officially began in November 2001, committing all countries to negotiations opening agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> markets, as well as trade-in-services (<a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">GATS</a>) negotiations and expanded intellectual property regulation (<a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</a>). John Tsang, then <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Commerce,_Industry_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology">Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology</a> and chair of the 2005 <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization</a>, MC6, noted that the conference took place "in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 incident</a> in the US", and set the conference's "ambitious" agenda within this context.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intent of the round, according to its proponents, was to make trade rules fairer for developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2008, critics were charging that the round would expand a system of trade rules which were bad for development and interfered excessively with countries' domestic "policy space".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2001 ministerial declaration established an official deadline for concluding negotiations for the Doha round on 1 January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancún,_2003"><span id="Canc.C3.BAn.2C_2003"></span>Cancún, 2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cancún, 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2003">WTO Ministerial Conference of 2003</a></div> <p>The 2003 Cancún talks—intended to forge concrete agreement on the Doha round objectives—collapsed after four days during which the members could not agree on a framework to continue negotiations. Low key talks continued since the ministerial meeting in Doha but progress was almost non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_4_September_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_4_September_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meeting was intended to create a framework for further negotiations. </p><p>The Cancún ministerial collapsed for several reasons. First, differences over the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a> seemed incapable of resolution. The EU had retreated on few of its demands, but several developing countries refused any consideration of these issues at all. Second, it was questioned whether some countries had come to Cancún with a serious intention to negotiate. In the view of some observers, a few countries showed no flexibility in their positions and only repeated their demands rather than talk about trade-offs. Third, the wide difference between developing and developed countries across virtually all topics was a major obstacle. The US–EU agricultural proposal and that of the <a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20 developing nations</a>, for example, show strikingly different approaches to special and differential treatment. Fourth, there was some criticism of procedure. Some claimed the agenda was too complicated. Also, Cancún ministerial chairman, Mexico’s Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ernesto_Derbez" title="Luis Ernesto Derbez">Luis Ernesto Derbez</a>, was faulted for ending the meeting when he did, instead of trying to move the talks into areas where some progress could have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse seemed like a victory for the developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_18_September_2003_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_18_September_2003-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure to advance the round resulted in a serious loss of momentum and brought into question whether 1 January 2005 deadline would be met.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North-South divide</a> was most prominent on issues of agriculture. Developed countries' farm subsidies (both the EU’s <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> and the US government agro-subsidies) became a major sticking point. The developing countries were seen as finally having the confidence to reject a deal that they viewed as unfavorable. This is reflected by the new <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> of developing and industrialized nations: the <a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20</a>. Since its creation, the G20 has had fluctuating membership, but is spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/G4_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="G4 bloc">G4</a> (the People's Republic of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa). While the G20 presumes to negotiate on behalf of all of the developing world, many of the poorest nations continue to have little influence over the emerging WTO proposals. In dispute resolution mechanism of the WTO regime, the collapse of the Doha Round talks at Cancun in September 2003 has been attributed to Subsidies in agriculture and agricultural domestic support policies of developed nations </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva,_2004"><span id="Geneva.2C_2004"></span>Geneva, 2004</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geneva, 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of Cancún was one of standstill and stocktaking. Negotiations were suspended for the remainder of 2003. Starting in early 2004, US Trade Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> pushed for the resumption of negotiations by offering a proposal that would focus on market access, including an elimination of agricultural export subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that the Singapore issues could progress by negotiating on trade facilitation, considering further action on government procurement, and possibly dropping investment and competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_30_April_2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_30_April_2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intervention was credited at the time with reviving interest in the negotiations, and negotiations resumed in March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months leading up to the talks in Geneva, the EU accepted the elimination of agricultural export subsidies "by date certain". The Singapore issues were moved off the Doha agenda. Compromise was also achieved over the negotiation of the Singapore issues as the EU and others decided. Developing countries too played an active part in negotiations this year, first by India and Brazil negotiating directly with the developed countries (as the so-called "non-party of five") on agriculture, and second by working toward acceptance of trade facilitation as a subject for negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With these issues pushed aside, the negotiators in Geneva were able to concentrate on moving forward with the Doha Round. After intense negotiations in late July 2004, WTO members reached what has become known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/ddadraft_31jul04_e.pdf">Framework Agreement</a>(sometimes called the July Package), which provides broad guidelines for completing the Doha round negotiations. The agreement contains a 4-page declaration, with four annexes (A–D) covering agriculture, non-agricultural market access, services, and trade facilitation, respectively. In addition, the agreement acknowledges the activities of other negotiating groups (such as those on rules, dispute settlement, and intellectual property) and exhorts them to fulfill their Doha round negotiating objectives. The agreement also abandoned the 1 January 2005 deadline for the negotiations and set December 2005 as the date for the 6th ministerial to be held in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-2005_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris,_2005"><span id="Paris.2C_2005"></span>Paris, 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paris, 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade negotiators wanted to make tangible progress before the December 2005 WTO meeting in Hong Kong, and held a session of negotiations in Paris in May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news_4_April_2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news_4_April_2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paris talks were hanging over a few issues: France protested moves to cut subsidies to farmers, while the US, Australia, the EU, Brazil and India failed to agree on issues relating to chicken, beef and rice.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news_4_April_2005_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news_4_April_2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the sticking points were small technical issues, making trade negotiators fear that agreement on large politically risky issues will be substantially harder.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news_4_April_2005_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news_4_April_2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong,_2005"><span id="Hong_Kong.2C_2005"></span>Hong Kong, 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hong Kong, 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_convention_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_convention_center.jpg/220px-HK_convention_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_convention_center.jpg/330px-HK_convention_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_convention_center.jpg/440px-HK_convention_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Hong Kong Convention Center, which was the site of the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005">Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005">WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005">Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, 13 to 18 December 2005. Although a flurry of negotiations took place in the fall of 2005, WTO director-general <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a> announced in November 2005 that a comprehensive agreement on modalities would not be forthcoming in Hong Kong, and that the talks would "take stock" of the negotiations and would try to reach agreements in negotiating sectors where convergence was reported.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade ministers representing most of the world's governments reached a deal that sets a deadline for eliminating subsidies of agricultural exports by 2013. The final declaration from the talks, which resolved several issues that have stood in the way of a global trade agreement, also requires industrialized countries to open their markets to goods from the world's poorest nations, a goal of the United Nations for many years. The declaration gave fresh impetus for negotiators to try to finish a comprehensive set of global free trade rules by the end of 2006. Director-general Pascal Lamy said, "I now believe it is possible, which I did not a month ago."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference pushed back the expected completion of the round until the end of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The round had been planned for conclusion in December 2005—after two more ministerial conferences had produced a final draft declaration. The WTO pushed back its self-imposed deadline to slightly precede the expiration of the US President's <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_(trade)" title="Fast track (trade)">Congressional Fast Track Trade Promotion Authority</a>. Any declaration of the WTO must be ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> to take effect in the United States. Trade Promotion Authority prevents Congress from amending the draft. It expired on 30 June 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and congressional leaders decided not to renew this authority for President George W Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva,_2006"><span id="Geneva.2C_2006"></span>Geneva, 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geneva, 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The July 2006 talks in Geneva failed to reach an agreement about reducing farming subsidies and lowering import taxes, and negotiations took months to resume. A successful outcome of the Doha round became increasingly unlikely, because the broad trade authority granted under the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_2002" title="Trade Act of 2002">Trade Act of 2002</a> to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> was due to expire in 2007. Any <a href="/wiki/Trade_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade pact">trade pact</a> would then have to be approved by the Congress with the possibility of amendments, which would hinder the US negotiators and decrease the willingness of other countries to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong offered to mediate the collapsed trade liberalisation talks. Director-general of Trade and Industry, Raymond Young, says the territory, which hosted the last round of Doha negotiations, has a "moral high-ground" on free trade that allows it to play the role of "honest broker".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potsdam,_2007"><span id="Potsdam.2C_2007"></span>Potsdam, 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potsdam, 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2007, negotiations within the Doha round broke down at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, as a major impasse occurred between the US, the EU, India and Brazil. The main disagreement was over opening up agricultural and industrial markets in various countries and how to cut rich nation farm subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva,_2008"><span id="Geneva.2C_2008"></span>Geneva, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geneva, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 July 2008, negotiations started again at the WTO's HQ in Geneva on the Doha round but stalled after nine days of negotiations over the refusal to compromise over the <a href="/wiki/Safeguard" title="Safeguard">special safeguard mechanism</a>. "Developing country members receive special and differential treatment with respect to other members' safeguard measures, in the form of a <i>de minimis</i> import volume exemption. As users of safeguards, developing country members receive special and differential treatment with respect to applying their own such measures, with regard to permitted duration of extensions, and with respect to re-application of measures.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations had continued since the last conference in June 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Director-general Pascal Lamy said before the start of the conference that the odds of success were over 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 40 ministers attended the negotiations, which were only expected to last five days but instead lasted nine days. <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nath" title="Kamal Nath">Kamal Nath</a>, India's Commerce Minister, was absent from the first few days of the conference due to a vote of confidence being conducted in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">India's Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the second day of the conference, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Trade_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Trade Representative">U.S. Trade Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> announced that the US would cap its <a href="/wiki/Farm_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm subsidies">farm subsidies</a> at $15 billion a year,<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from $18.2 billion in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was on the condition that countries such as Brazil and India drop their objections to various aspects of the round.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US and the EU also offered an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">temporary work visas</a> for professional workers.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-2008-8-27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-2008-8-27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one week of negotiations, many considered agreement to be 'within reach'. However, there were disagreements on issues including special protection for Chinese and Indian farmers and African and Caribbean banana imports to the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-2008-7-28_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-2008-7-28-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India and China's hard stance regarding tariffs and subsidies was severely criticized by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, India's Commerce Minister said "I'm not risking the livelihood of millions of farmers."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations collapsed on 29 July over issues of agricultural trade between the United States, India, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_29_July_2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_29_July_2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, there was insoluble disagreement between India and the United States over the special safeguard mechanism (SSM), a measure designed to protect poor farmers by allowing countries to impose a special tariff on certain agricultural goods in the event of an import surge or price fall.<sup id="cite_ref-APF_30_July_2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APF_30_July_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pascal Lamy said, "Members have simply not been able to bridge their differences."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_29_July_2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_29_July_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that out of a to-do list of 20 topics, 18 had seen positions converge but the gaps could not narrow on the 19th—the special safeguard mechanism for developing countries. However, the United States, China and India could not agree on the threshold that would allow the mechanism to be used, with the United States arguing that the threshold had been set too low. The European Union Trade Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a> characterized the collapse as a "collective failure".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a more optimistic note, India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, said "I would only urge the director-general to treat this [failure of talks] as a pause, not a breakdown, to keep on the table what is there."<sup id="cite_ref-APF_30_July_2008_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APF_30_July_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several countries blamed each other for the breakdown of the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and some European Union members blamed India for the failure of the talks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India claimed that its position (i.e. that the US was sacrificing the world's poor for US/European commercial interests) was supported by over 100 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil, one of the founding members of the G-20, broke away from the position held by India.<sup id="cite_ref-FT-2008-8-4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-2008-8-4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-<a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Trade" title="European Commissioner for Trade">European Commissioner for Trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a> said that India and China should not be blamed for the failure of the Doha round.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, the agriculture talks had been harmed by <a href="/wiki/Food,_Conservation,_and_Energy_Act_of_2008" title="Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008">the five-year program of agricultural subsidies</a> recently passed by the U.S. Congress, which he said was "one of the most reactionary farm bills in the history of the U.S.".<sup id="cite_ref-FT_29_July_2008_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_29_July_2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bali,_2013"><span id="Bali.2C_2013"></span>Bali, 2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bali, 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nairobi,_2015"><span id="Nairobi.2C_2015"></span>Nairobi, 2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nairobi, 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 December 2015, a WTO meeting in the Kenyan Capital led to an agreement for developed countries to end export subsidies immediately and developing countries to follow by the end of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buenos_Aires,_2017"><span id="Buenos_Aires.2C_2017"></span>Buenos Aires, 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buenos Aires, 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 11th Ministerial Conference held in Buenos Aires failed to reach agreement both on specific issues and on the continuance of the Doha Round. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.uneca.org/stories/wto-ministerial-conference-failure-accentuates-need-cfta-says-eca%E2%80%99s-karingi">[1]</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva,_2022_(MC12)"><span id="Geneva.2C_2022_.28MC12.29"></span>Geneva, 2022 (MC12)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geneva, 2022 (MC12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12th Ministerial Conference, deferred because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, took place in Geneva and was co-hosted by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, from 12 to 17 June 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals on special and differential treatment, "based on the Doha Ministerial Declaration" of 2001, were put forward at MC12. The Doha Round is still in place "on paper".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WTO recognised some continuity with <i>Doha</i>, referring to its Ministerial Declaration as "guiding the WTO's work on special and differential treatment since 2001".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_to_restore">Attempts to restore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attempts to restore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, several countries called for negotiations to start again. <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, during his first term as president of Brazil, called several countries' leaders to urge them to renew negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-2008-8-3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-2008-8-3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director-general and chair of the Trade Negotiations Committee <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a> visited India to discuss possible solutions to the impasse.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mini-ministerial meeting held in India on 3 and 4 September 2008 pledged to complete the round by the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration at the end of the G20 summit of world leaders in London in 2009 included a pledge to complete the Doha round. Although a WTO ministerial conference scheduled in November 2009 would not be a negotiating session,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there would be several opportunities in 2009 to discuss the progress.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WTO is involved in several <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/events_e/events_e.htm#march">events</a> every year that provide opportunities to discuss and advance trade negotiations at a conceptual level. </p><p>In early 2010, Brazil and Lamy focused on the role of the United States in overcoming the deadlock. President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a> urged Barack Obama to end a trade dispute between Brazil and the US over cotton subsidies after the WTO gave Brazil the formal go-ahead in 2009 to impose sanctions on imports of over 100 US goods.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamy highlighted the difficulty of obtaining agreement from the US without the presidential fast-track authority and biennial elections.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the consequences of the economic crisis of 2008–2009 is the desire of political leaders to shelter their constituents from the increasingly competitive market experienced during market contractions. Lamy hoped that the drop in trade of 12% in 2009, quoted as the largest annual drop since the Second World War, could be countered by successful conclusion of the Doha round.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 2011 annual conference of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> called for the Doha talks to conclude by the end of the year, saying that "We've been at this Doha round for far too long. It's frankly ridiculous that it has taken 10 years to do this deal." Peter Sutherland, a former WTO director-general, called for the talks to be concluded in December that year.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That hope having failed to eventuate, Pascal Lamy "reported to the General Council on 1 May 2012 that on the Doha Round, 'my conversations over the past few weeks with ministers and delegations have provided me with a sense that members wish to continue to explore any opportunities to gain the necessary traction and make tangible progress soon'."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2013, under new director-general <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a>, negotiations of the Ninth Ministerial Conference held in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> produced agreement on a "<a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a>", addressing a small portion of the Doha programme,<sup id="cite_ref-wtoBali_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtoBali-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principally bureaucratic "<a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the controversial nature of reforming laws on intellectual property, trade in services and subsidising crops for <a href="/wiki/Food_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Security">Food Security</a>, the talks focused on <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a>, which means lowering cross-border tariffs and other regulations which impede international trade. However, there was still some controversy over this, with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> threatening to oppose any deal which did not affect the <a href="/wiki/US_embargo_on_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="US embargo on Cuba">US embargo on Cuba</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a> measures agreed in Bali could cut the cost of shipping goods around the world by more than 10%, by one estimate, raising global output by over $400 billion a year, with benefits flowing disproportionately to poorer countries.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was claimed that the Bali Package, if implemented in full, could boost the global economy by US$1 trillion and create 21 million new jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcBali_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcBali-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bali agreement included a 12-month deadline for the development of "a clearly defined work programme" on the remaining issues. The alternative to the WTO was seen as a proliferation of bilateral and regional agreements and, in the case of agriculture, the increased use of private standards.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture has become the lynchpin of the agenda for both developing and developed countries. Three other issues have been important. The first, now resolved, pertained to compulsory licensing of medicines and patent protection. A second deals with a review of provisions giving special and differential treatment to developing countries; a third addresses problems that developing countries are having in implementing current trade obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture has become the most important and controversial issue. Agriculture is particularly important for developing countries, because around 75% of the population in developing countries live in rural areas, and the vast majority are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first proposal in Qatar, in 2001, called for the end agreement to commit to "substantial improvements in market access; reductions of, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support."<sup id="cite_ref-doha_declaration_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doha_declaration-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States is being asked by the European Union (EU) and the developing countries, led by Brazil and India, to make a more generous offer for reducing trade-distorting domestic support for agriculture. The United States is insisting that the EU and the developing countries agree to make more substantial reductions in tariffs and to limit the number of import-sensitive and special products that would be exempt from cuts. <a href="/wiki/Import-sensitive_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Import-sensitive products">Import-sensitive products</a> are of most concern to developed countries like the European Union, while developing countries are concerned with special products – those exempt from both tariff cuts and subsidy reductions because of development, food security, or livelihood considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil has emphasized reductions in trade-distorting domestic subsidies, especially by the United States (some of which it successfully challenged in the WTO <a href="/wiki/United_States-Brazil_cotton_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Brazil cotton dispute">U.S.-Brazil cotton dispute</a>), while India has insisted on a large number of special products that would not be exposed to wider market opening.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_patented_medicines">Access to patented medicines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Access to patented medicines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major topic at the Doha ministerial regarded the WTO Agreement on <a href="/wiki/Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS). The issue involves the balance of interests between the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical companies">pharmaceutical companies</a> in developed countries that held patents on medicines and the public health needs in developing countries. Another issue concerns the protection of traditional medicinal knowledge and practices. Before the Doha meeting, the United States claimed that the current language in TRIPS was flexible enough to address public health emergencies, but other countries insisted on new language.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 August 2003, WTO members reached agreement on the TRIPS and medicines issue. Voting in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization#General_Council" title="World Trade Organization">General Council</a>, member governments approved a decision that offered an interim waiver under the TRIPS Agreement allowing a member country to export pharmaceutical products made under compulsory licenses to least-developed and certain other members.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_and_differential_treatment">Special and differential treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Special and differential treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Doha Ministerial Declaration, the trade ministers reaffirmed special and differential (S&D) treatment for developing countries and agreed that all S&D treatment provisions "...be reviewed with a view to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational."<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doha_declaration_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doha_declaration-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations have been split along a developing-country/developed-country divide. Developing countries wanted to negotiate on changes to S&D provisions, keep proposals together in the Committee on Trade and Development, and set shorter deadlines. Developed countries wanted to study S&D provisions, send some proposals to negotiating groups, and leave deadlines open. Developing countries claimed that the developed countries were not negotiating in good faith, while developed countries argued that the developing countries were unreasonable in their proposals. At the December 2005 Hong Kong ministerial, members agreed to five S&D provisions for <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed countries</a> (LDCs), including the duty-free and quota-free access.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research by the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">ODI</a> sheds light on the priorities of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">LDCs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Doha_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha round">Doha round</a>. It is argued that subsidies to agriculture, especially to cotton, unite developing countries in opposition more than SDT provisions and therefore have a greater consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duty-free and quota-free access (DFQFA) currently discussed covers 97% of tariff lines and if the US alone were to implement the initiative, it would potentially increase Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) exports by 10% (or $1bn).<sup id="cite_ref-odi.org.uk_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odi.org.uk-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many major trading powers already provide preferential access to LDCs through initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Everything_but_Arms" title="Everything but Arms">Everything but Arms</a> (EBA) initiative and the <a href="/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act" title="African Growth and Opportunity Act">African Growth and Opportunity Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_issues">Implementation issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Implementation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developing countries claim that they have had problems with the implementation of the agreements reached in the earlier <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> because of limited capacity or lack of technical assistance. They also claim that they have not realized certain benefits that they expected from the Round, such as increased access for their textiles and apparel in developed-country markets. They seek a clarification of language relating to their interests in existing agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Doha ministerial, WTO members resolved a small number of these implementation issues. At the Doha meeting, the Ministerial Declaration directed a two-path approach for the large number of remaining issues: (a) where a specific negotiating mandate is provided, the relevant implementation issues will be addressed under that mandate; and (b) the other outstanding implementation issues will be addressed as a matter of priority by the relevant WTO bodies. Outstanding implementation issues are found in the area of <a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">market access</a>, investment measures, safeguards, <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a>, and subsidies and <a href="/wiki/Countervailing_duties" title="Countervailing duties">countervailing measures</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most countries participating in the negotiations believe that there is some economic benefit in adopting the agreement; however, there is considerable disagreement of how much benefit the agreement would actually produce. A study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> found that if all trade barriers in agriculture, services, and manufactures were reduced by 33% as a result of the Doha Development Agenda, there would be an increase in global welfare of $574.0 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-2002_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study by World Bank Lead Economist Kym Anderson<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that global income could increase by more than $3000 billion per year, $2500 billion of which would go to the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others had been predicting more modest outcomes, e.g. world net welfare gains ranging from $84 billion to $287 billion by the year 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-crs-2_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank-2005_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-2005-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pascal Lamy has conservatively estimated that the deal will bring an increase of $130 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several think tanks and public organizations assess that the conclusion of the trade round will result in a net gain. However, the restructuring and adjustment costs required to prevent the collapse of local industries, particularly in developing countries, is a global concern. For example, a late 2009 study by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the United Nations Development Programme and the Kenyan Institute for Research and Policy Analysis found that Kenya would see gains in its exports of flowers, tea, coffee and oil seeds. It would concurrently lose in the tobacco and grains markets, as well as manufacturing of textiles and footwear, machinery and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus" title="Copenhagen Consensus">Copenhagen Consensus</a>, which evaluates solutions for global problems regarding the <a href="/wiki/Benefit-cost_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefit-cost ratio">cost-benefit ratio</a>, in 2008 ranked the DDA as the second-best investment for global welfare, after the provision of vitamin supplements to the world's 140 million malnourished children.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard" title="Safeguard">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">Subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus" title="Copenhagen Consensus">Copenhagen Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Globalization">Anti-Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_administrative_law" title="Global administrative law">Global administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerber2020" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.pearson.com/courses/7760775/products/460XBXVEVSZ/pages/a5e1959a2deb4463de59a223749df8d1d889ee91a?locale=&key=13292186923144254142024&iesCode=Xf2E24A2zH"><i>International Economics, 8e</i></a> (Eighth ed.). 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136892410" 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The University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Computational+Analysis+of+Multilateral+Trade+Liberalization+in+the+Uruguay+Round+and+Doha+Development+Round&rft.date=2002-12-08&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Drusilla+K.&rft.au=Alan+V.+Deardorff&rft.au=Robert+M.+Stern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffordschool.umich.edu%2Frsie%2Fworkingpapers%2FPapers476-500%2Fr489.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoha+Development+Round" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091226140241/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2008/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21022911~menuPK%3A2795170~pagePK%3A64167689~piPK%3A64167673~theSitePK%3A2795143~isCURL%3AY%2C00.html">"WDR 2008 - Kym Anderson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2008/0,,contentMDK:21022911~menuPK:2795170~pagePK:64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:2795143~isCURL:Y,00.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WDR+2008+-+Kym+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTDEC%2FEXTRESEARCH%2FEXTWDRS%2FEXTWDR2008%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21022911~menuPK%3A2795170~pagePK%3A64167689~piPK%3A64167673~theSitePK%3A2795143~isCURL%3AY%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoha+Development+Round" class="Z3988"></span> Kym Anderson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kym Anderson and <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Bjørn Lomborg</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/anderson1/English"><i>Free Trade, Free Labor, Free Growth</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a> May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank-2005-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank-2005_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertelRoman_Keeney2005" class="citation web cs1">Hertel, Thomas W.; Roman Keeney (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRADERESEARCH/Resources/Ch2AgTradeBook_HertelKeeney.pdf">"What is at Stake: The Relative Importance of Import Barriers, Export Subsidies and Domestic Support"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+at+Stake%3A+The+Relative+Importance+of+Import+Barriers%2C+Export+Subsidies+and+Domestic+Support&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hertel&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft.au=Roman+Keeney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTTRADERESEARCH%2FResources%2FCh2AgTradeBook_HertelKeeney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoha+Development+Round" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2009" class="citation news cs1">Lynn, Jonathan (16 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE57F0KD20090816">"Doha deal could boost world GDP $300–700 billion: study"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Doha+deal+could+boost+world+GDP+%24300%E2%80%93700+billion%3A+study&rft.date=2009-08-16&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FbusinessNews%2FidUSTRE57F0KD20090816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoha+Development+Round" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in <a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">IPS</a> report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Company%20Industry/-/539550/691836/-/item/0/-/km21mv/-/index.html">Kenya faces grim prospects if Doha round succeeds</a> at Corporate News in Business Daily, Nairobi, Kenya. 20 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Home.aspx">Copenhagen Consensus 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530233502/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Home.aspx">Archived</a> 30 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625233835/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Admin/Public/DWSDownload.aspx?File=%2fFiles%2fFiler%2fCC08%2fPresse++result%2fCopenhagen_Consensus_2008_Results_Press_Release.pdf">Press release: Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Results</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Kym (ed.): <i>Agricultural Trade Reform and the DOHA Development Agenda</i>. World Bank, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6239-6">978-0-8213-6239-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224120304/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2034&title=wto-doha-round-impasse-implications-africa">Briefing paper: The WTO Doha Round Impasse</a> at Overseas Development Institute, London, UK, September 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/economic-justice/just-trade.html">Statement by the World Council of Churches Central Committee</a> 6 September 2006</li> <li>Schnepf, Randy and Hanrahan, Charles E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RS22927.pdf">WTO Doha Round: Implications for U.S. Agriculture</a> 4 January 2010 at nationalaglawcenter.org</li> <li>Ferguson,Ian F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32060.pdf">World Trade Organization Negotiations: The Doha Development Agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411005306/http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32060.pdf">Archived</a> 11 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Congressional Research Service report for Congress, 18 January 2008; at nationalaglawcenter.org</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doha_Development_Round&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm">World Trade Organization's official site on the Doha Round</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news_e.htm">WTO current news site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideas4development.org">Ideas for Development</a>- blog of heads of international development agencies including Pascal Lamy, director-general of the WTO, and Supachaï Panitchpakdi, former director-general, now secretary-general of UNCTAD.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2011/110210/LDM_BRI(2011)110210_REV1_EN.pdf">The future of the Doha Round</a> at European Parliament Library Briefing, 9 September 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <p><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" 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