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<li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2023">July 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2023">June 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2023">May 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2023">April 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2023">March 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2023">February 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2023" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2023">January 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2022">December 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2022">November 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2022">October 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2022">September 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2022">August 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2022">July 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2022">June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2022">May 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2022">April 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2022">March 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2022">February 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2022">January 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2021">December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2021">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2021">October 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2021">September 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2021">August 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2019">December 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2019">November 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2019">October 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2019">September 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Carter_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Carter related to the administrative state">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Reagan_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Reagan related to the administrative state">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Clinton_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Clinton related to the administrative state">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_George_W._Bush_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President George W. Bush related to the administrative state">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Obama_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Obama related to the administrative state">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Trump_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Trump related to the administrative state">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Biden_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Biden related to the administrative state">Joseph Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13990_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13992_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14003_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14018_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14025_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width:250px; border:2px solid;font-size:90%; float:right; padding:4px;"> <tbody><tr><td width="120"></td><td width="130"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"><img alt="Supreme Court of the United States" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/150px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/225px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/300px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"><big><i><b>Carr v. Saul</b></i></big></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <b>Term:</b> 2020</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Important Dates</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Argument: March 3, 2021<br />Decided: April 22, 2021</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Outcome</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">Tenth Circuit</a> judgment reversed and remanded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Vote</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">9-0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Majority</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> • <a href="/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">Chief Justice John G. Roberts</a> • <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> • <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> • <a href="/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> • <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> • <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> • <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> • <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Concurring</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> • <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> • <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> • <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Initial_dispute_and_ruling_of_the_district_court"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Initial dispute and ruling of the district court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Appeal_to_the_Tenth_Circuit"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Appeal to the Tenth Circuit</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Appeal_to_the_U.S._Supreme_Court"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Appointments_Clause"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Appointments Clause</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Question_presented"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Question presented</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Outcome"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Outcome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Opinions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Opinions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Opinion_of_the_court"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Opinion of the court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Concurring_opinions"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Concurring opinions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Text_of_the_opinion"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Text of the opinion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Oral_argument"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Oral argument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Audio"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Audio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transcript"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transcript</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Commentary_about_the_case"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Commentary about the case</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Post-decision_commentary"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Post-decision commentary</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Additional_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Additional reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> <i><b>Carr v. Saul</b></i> is a U.S. Supreme Court case that concerned whether people who were denied Social Security disability benefits by the <a href="/Social_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> (SSA) lose the chance to challenge the appointment of SSA <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judges</a> (ALJs) in court if they do not first present Appointments Clause challenges during agency proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1">[1]</a></sup> A unanimous U.S. Supreme Court ruled that issue exhaustion requirements, which say that people must bring up all legal objections in front of an agency before they can use those objections in federal court, did not apply to these Appointments Clause challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> delivered the opinion of the court, which gave the following three reasons people should be allowed to make Appointments Clause challenges even if they did not raise the issue during SSA proceedings:<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The SSA process at issue was not adversarial enough to require issue exhaustion in the absence of an explicit statutory or regulatory requirement</li> <li>Agency adjudicators usually lack the technical expertise to address structural constitutional challenges</li> <li>Court precedent says exhaustion requirements do not apply to challenges agency officials lack the power to resolve</li></ul> <p>Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> wrote a concurring opinion, joined by Justices <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> and <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, agreeing with the outcome of the case but saying he would have ended his analysis with the first point, that nonadversarial agency processes do not require issue exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote a concurring opinion agreeing with the outcome but arguing that the nonadversarial nature of an agency proceeding "is generally irrelevant to whether the ordinary rule requiring issue exhaustion ought to apply."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The case was argued before the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> on March 3, 2021, during the court's <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">October 2020-2021 term</a>. The case came on a <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A court's written order commanding the recipient to either do or refrain from doing a specified act. </p>">writ</span></i> of <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Latin for 'to be more fully informed.' It is an 'order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case it will hear on appeal.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf'><i>Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</i>, 'Understanding the Federal Courts,' accessed May 23, 2019</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">certiorari</span></i> to the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a>. It is consolidated with <i>Davis v. Saul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The case:</b> Willie Carr was denied Social Security disability benefits and lost his appeals before the Social Security Administration (SSA). While his appeal in federal court was pending, the U.S. Supreme Court decided <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i>, in which the court held that SEC ALJs were improperly appointed. Carr added the argument to his appeal in federal court that the SSA ALJ who decided his benefits case was improperly appointed. A district court ruled in Carr's favor, but the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th Circuit</a> reversed the district court, arguing that Carr had to have made his Appointments Clause challenge during proceedings at the SSA and could not raise the issue for the first time in federal court. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The issue:</b><br /> <dl><dd>"Whether claimants seeking disability benefits under the Social Security Act must exhaust Appointments Clause challenges before the Administrative Law Judge as a prerequisite to obtaining judicial review."<sup id="cite_ref-questions_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions-4">[4]</a></sup></dd></dl> </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The outcome:</b> The U.S. Supreme Court reversed and remanded the circuit courts' decisions in the consolidated cases. The court held that people do not have to make an Appointments Clause challenge in front of the Social Security Administration before they can make that challenge in federal court.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </li></div></div> <p><br /> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/carr-v-commr-ssa">Click here</a> to review the 10th Circuit's opinion in <i>Carr v. Commissioner, SSA</i>. </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/davis-v-saul-40">Click here</a> to review the 8th Circuit's opinion in <i>Davis v. Saul</i>. <br /> </p><p><b>Why it matters:</b> The decision allows Carr to raise an Appointments Clause challenge in federal court that he did not mention during agency proceedings, which might expand the scope of <a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> and let federal courts examine issues that did not come up during agency adjudication.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span></h2> <p>The following timeline details key events in this case: </p> <ul><li>April 22, 2021: The U.S. Supreme Court reversed and remanded the circuit courts' decisions<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li>March 3, 2021: The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument</li> <li>November 9, 2020: The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case<sup id="cite_ref-orderlist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orderlist-5">[5]</a></sup></li> <li>June 29, 2020: Willie Carr filed a petition for a writ of certiorari</li> <li>June 15, 2020: The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled <sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li>June 26, 2019: The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma ruled that the ALJ who issued the social security decision at issue was not appropriately appointed under the U.S. Constitution<sup id="cite_ref-okla_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okla-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_dispute_and_ruling_of_the_district_court">Initial dispute and ruling of the district court</span></h3> <p>Willie Earl Carr went to court seeking <a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of a decision from the Commissioner of the <a href="/Social_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> (SSA) to deny his application for Social Security disability benefits. One of Carr's complaints was that he believed the <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judge</a> (ALJ) who decided his case was not appointed in compliance with the Appointments Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The SSA did not dispute Carr's argument against the appointment of the ALJ, but said the court should not consider his claim because he did not raise that objection during his administrative proceedings before the agency. Carr had added the appointments clause argument to his court challenge after the U.S. Supreme Court decided <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i>, in which the court held that SEC ALJs had been improperly appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-okla_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okla-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Judge <a href="/Frank_McCarthy" title="Frank McCarthy">Frank McCarthy</a>, a judge on the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Oklahoma" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma</a>, ruled in June 2019 that the ALJ who decided Carr's case was not appropriately appointed under the Appointments Clause of the U.S. Constitution and that Carr was still allowed to make that argument.<sup id="cite_ref-okla_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okla-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Appeal_to_the_Tenth_Circuit">Appeal to the Tenth Circuit</span></h3> <p>The SSA Commissioner appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Judge <a href="/Scott_Matheson" title="Scott Matheson">Scott Matheson</a>, delivered an opinion for a three-judge panel of the court in favor of the agency that reversed the decision of the district court. Matheson argued that Carr waived his right to make an Appointments Clause challenge because he did not raise that objection during his appeals before the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>The SSA did not argue that the ALJ had been properly appointed in Carr's case, only that Carr was required to exhaust his Appointments Clause challenge during his initial appeals before the agency. </p><p>Matheson cited U.S. Supreme Court precedent and argued that Carr should have raised his Appointments Clause objections before the SSA and not for the first time in a district court. He wrote that the agency could have corrected its error if Carr raised the issue before taking the agency to court and that requiring people to exhaust issues before agencies promotes judicial and agency efficiency. Matheson argued that the "district court failed to provide adequate reasons to depart from the general principle that 'an issue must have been raised before an agency for a party to seek judicial review of agency action on that issue.'"<sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Appeal_to_the_U.S._Supreme_Court">Appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court</span></h3> <p>Carr filed a petition for a writ of <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Latin for 'to be more fully informed.' It is an 'order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case it will hear on appeal.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf'><i>Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</i>, 'Understanding the Federal Courts,' accessed May 23, 2019</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">certiorari</span></i> before the U.S. Supreme Court and the court agreed to hear the case on November 9, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-orderlist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orderlist-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Appointments_Clause">Appointments Clause</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution" title="Article II, United States Constitution">Article II, United States Constitution</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution#Section_2" title="Article II, United States Constitution">Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution</a>, known as the Appointments Clause, establishes federal appointment authority as follows: </p> <table style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">[The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Court of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.<sup id="cite_ref-justia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justia-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8">[8]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Question_presented">Question presented</span></h2> <p>The U.S. Supreme Court granted the petitions for <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A court's written order commanding the recipient to either do or refrain from doing a specified act. </p>">writ</span></i>s of <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Latin for 'to be more fully informed.' It is an 'order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case it will hear on appeal.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf'><i>Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</i>, 'Understanding the Federal Courts,' accessed May 23, 2019</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">certiorari</span></i>, consolidated the cases, and specified the following question:<sup id="cite_ref-questions_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-left:solid 0px; border-right:solid 0px; border-top:solid 3px #00008B; border-bottom:solid 3px #00008B; background-color:#E5E5E5; width:auto; font-size:100%; margin:auto;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Question presented:<br /></b> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Whether claimants seeking disability benefits under the Social Security Act must exhaust Appointments Clause challenges before the Administrative Law Judge as a prerequisite to obtaining judicial review.<sup id="cite_ref-questions_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8">[8]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Outcome">Outcome</span></h2> <p>The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court to reverse the 10th Circuit's ruling and send the case back for further proceedings was unanimous. </p><p>Justice <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> delivered the opinion of the court and Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> and <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote concurring opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Opinions">Opinions</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opinion_of_the_court">Opinion of the court</span></h3> <p>Justice <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> delivered the opinion of the court, which reversed the 10th Circuit's ruling in <i>Carr v. Saul</i> and the 8th Circuit's ruling in <i>Davis v. Saul</i>. The justices held that people who dispute Social Security Administration (SSA) decisions to deny them benefits may challenge whether the agency <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judges</a> (ALJs) were properly appointed in federal court even when they did not challenge those appointments during agency proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Sotomayor described U.S. Supreme Court precedent about when courts will require people to bring up all issues during agency proceedings if they want to be able to raise them in federal court. According to Sotomayor, that requirement, known as issue exhaustion, only applies when mandated by law, regulation, or when the agency process resembles normal adversarial proceedings one sees in a courtroom. She held that the SSA process at issue was not adversarial enough to require issue exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Sotomayor also held that the following two other factors made it improper to require issue exhaustion:<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Agency adjudications are generally ill-suited to address structural constitutional challenges, which usually fall outside the adjudicators' areas of technical expertise"</li> <li>The U.S. Supreme court "has consistently recognized a futility exception to exhaustion requirements."</li></ul> <p>She wrote, "Both considerations apply fully here: Petitioners assert purely constitutional claims about which SSA ALJs have no special expertise and for which they can provide no relief."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Concurring_opinions">Concurring opinions</span></h3> <p>Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> wrote a concurring opinion, joined by Justices <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> and <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, agreeing with the majority that "the nonadversarial nature of an agency proceeding generally gives good reason to refrain from creating an issue-exhaustion requirement." Thomas would have ended the majority's analysis at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote a concurring opinion agreeing with the outcome of the case but arguing that the nonadversarial nature of an agency proceeding "is generally irrelevant to whether the ordinary rule requiring issue exhaustion ought to apply."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Text_of_the_opinion">Text of the opinion</span></h3> <p>Read the full opinion <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1442_971e.pdf">here</a>. </p><p><iframe class="pdf-embed" width="500" height="500" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/88/19-1442_971e.pdf#page=1" style="max-width: 100%;"></iframe> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Oral_argument">Oral argument</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio">Audio</span></h3> <p>Audio of oral argument:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><br /> </p><p><audio controls=""><source src="https://www.supremecourt.gov/media/audio/mp3files/19-1442.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" />Your browser doesn't support the audio tag.</audio><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transcript">Transcript</span></h3> <p><iframe class="pdf-embed" width="500" height="500" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/8a/Carr_v_Saul_transcript.pdf#page=1" style="max-width: 100%;"></iframe> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commentary_about_the_case">Commentary about the case</span></h2> <p>This section contains a selection of opinions from scholars, journalists, and others about the potential implications of this court case. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-decision_commentary">Post-decision commentary</span></h3> <p><b>Court decision in <i>Carr</i> was the only avenue to resolve this dispute</b> </p><p>Law professor Ronald Mann argued that the decision in <i>Carr v. Saul</i> "is notable because the particular issue the claimants failed to raise before the agency was the argument that the agency’s judges were appointed in violation of the appointments clause of the Constitution – an argument that all agree is correct. So a refusal to allow this argument would have left the claimants with no remedy for the admittedly unconstitutional appointment of the administrative law judges that rejected their Social Security claims."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p><b><i>Carr</i> decision will allow Article III courts to enforce the Constitution</b> </p><p>"<i>Carr</i> is one of several cases that arose in the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> [...] The Court’s decision in <i>Carr</i> makes certain that Article III courts will serve as a constitutional backstop and step in to enforce the Constitution when agencies can’t or won’t.," according to a press release from the <a href="/New_Civil_Liberties_Alliance" title="New Civil Liberties Alliance">New Civil Liberties Alliance</a>, a public-interest law litigation center that aims, according to its website, "to defend constitutional freedoms—primarily against the Administrative State."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_reading">Additional reading</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"><div style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021"><img alt="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG/500px-USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG/960px-USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1331" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 262px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256.66666666667px"><div style="width: 256.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"><img alt="Supreme Court of the United States" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/382px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/573px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/763px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1179" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 235px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"><div style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/History_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="History of the Supreme Court"><img alt="History of the Supreme Court" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg/378px-Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg/567px-Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="508" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 232px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/History_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="History of the Supreme Court">History of the Supreme Court</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <div style="float:right; border:1px solid #00008B; margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:145px; background:#transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#transparent; text-align:center; font-size:13pt; color:black;"><b> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Submit_a_link" title="Ballotpedia:Submit a link"><img alt="BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/50px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/75px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/100px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="675" /></a></div></div> </b> </td> <td style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:black;"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:Submit_a_link" title="Ballotpedia:Submit a link">Suggest a link</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=Carr+v.+Saul">Search Google News for this topic</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1442.html">U.S. Supreme Court docket file - <i>Carr v. Saul</i></a> (petitions, motions, briefs, opinions, and attorneys)</li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/carr-v-saul/">SCOTUSblog case file for <i>Carr v. Saul</i></a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tenth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-4">1.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/carr-v-commr-ssa"><i>Casetext</i>, "<i>Carr v. Comm'r, SSA</i>," June 15, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-0">2.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-1">2.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-2">2.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-3">2.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-4">2.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-5">2.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-6">2.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-7">2.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-8">2.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-9">2.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-10">2.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-11">2.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-12">2.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_2-13">2.13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1442_971e.pdf">U.S. Supreme Court, "<i>Carr v. Saul</i>, Opinion," April 22, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis v. Saul <i>came on a </i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A court's written order commanding the recipient to either do or refrain from doing a specified act. </p>">writ</span><i> of </i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Latin for 'to be more fully informed.' It is an 'order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case it will hear on appeal.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf'><i>Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</i>, 'Understanding the Federal Courts,' accessed May 23, 2019</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">certiorari</span><i> to the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_8th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit</a>. The docket number was 20-105.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-questions-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-questions_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-questions_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-questions_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/qp/19-01442qp.pdf">U.S. Supreme Court, "<i>Carr v. Saul</i>, Question Presented," accessed November 9, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orderlist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-orderlist_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-orderlist_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/110920zor_1a72.pdf">U.S. Supreme Court, "Order List, Monday, November 9, 2020," accessed November 9, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okla-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okla_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okla_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okla_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/willie-c-v-saul#p5"><i>Casetext</i>, "<i>Willie C. v. Saul</i>," June 26, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-justia_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-2/28-the-removal-power.html"><i>Justia</i>, "The Removal Power," accessed October 4, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2020/19-1442"><i>U.S. Supreme Court</i>, "Oral Argument - Audio, <i>Carr v. Saul</i>," accessed March 3, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/04/justices-reject-issue-exhaustion-requirement-for-social-security-claimants/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Justices reject issue-exhaustion requirement for Social Security claimants," April 22, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://nclalegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/PRESS-RELEASE_Carr-v.-Saul_opinion_FINAL.pdf">New Civil Liberties Alliance, "In Victory for NCLA, Supreme Court Unanimously Rejects “Issue Exhaustion” Requirement before ALJ," April 22, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://nclalegal.org/about/">New Civil Liberties Alliance, "Mission," accessed June 1, 2021</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:85%;" class="collapsible collapsed" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff;" height="50px"><table width="95%" bgcolor="#ccccff" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="75px" bgcolor="white"> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" class="image"><img alt="Seal of SCOTUS.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/50px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/75px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/100px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></div></div> </td><td style="background:#ccccff;" align="center"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/Template:Justices_of_SCOTUS" title="Template:Justices of SCOTUS"><span title="View this template" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Justices_of_SCOTUS&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:150%; font-weight:bold;">Justices of the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; width:75px; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Federal_judge#Federal_judges,_Article_III" title="Federal judge">Active justices</a></td><td align="center"> <p><b><a href="/Chief_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice">Chief justice</a>:</b> <a href="/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">Roberts</a><b><br /> </b> <b>Associate justices:</b> <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> • <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> • <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> • <a href="/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a> • <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> • <a href="/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> • <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> • <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Thomas</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Federal_judge#Senior_judges" title="Federal judge">Senior justices</a></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#eee"> <p><a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> • <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> • <a href="/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> • <a href="/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Chief_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice">Former chief justices</a></td><td align="center"> <p><a href="/Warren_Burger" title="Warren Burger">Burger</a> • <a href="/Salmon_Portland_Chase" title="Salmon Portland Chase">Chase</a> • <a href="/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a> • <a href="/Melville_Weston_Fuller" title="Melville Weston Fuller">Fuller</a> • <a href="/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a> • <a href="/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a> • <a href="/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">Marshall</a> • <a href="/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a> • <a href="/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">Rutledge</a> • <a href="/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Stone</a> • <a href="/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> • <a href="/Roger_Brooke_Taney" title="Roger Brooke Taney">Taney</a> • <a href="/Frederick_Vinson" title="Frederick Vinson">Vinson</a> • <a href="/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Waite</a> • <a href="/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> • </p> <a href="/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">White</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Associate_Justice" title="Associate Justice">Former associate justices</a></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#eee"> <p><a href="/Henry_Baldwin" title="Henry Baldwin">Baldwin</a> • <a href="/Philip_Pendelton_Barbour" title="Philip Pendelton Barbour">Barbour</a> • <a href="/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> • <a href="/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> • <a href="/John_Blair" title="John Blair">Blair</a> • <a href="/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> • <a href="/Joseph_Bradley" title="Joseph Bradley">Bradley</a> • <a href="/Louis_Dembitz_Brandeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Dembitz Brandeis">Brandeis</a> • <a href="/William_Brennan_(U.S._Supreme_Court)" title="William Brennan (U.S. Supreme Court)">Brennan</a> • <a href="/David_Josiah_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Josiah Brewer">Brewer</a> • <a href="/Henry_Billings_Brown_(U.S._Supreme_Court)" title="Henry Billings Brown (U.S. Supreme Court)">Brown</a> • <a href="/Harold_Burton" title="Harold Burton">Burton</a> • <a href="/Pierce_Butler" title="Pierce Butler">Butler</a> • <a href="/James_Byrnes" title="James Byrnes">Byrnes</a> • <a href="/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> • <a href="/Benjamin_Nathan_Cardozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo">Cardozo</a> • <a href="/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> • <a href="/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Chase</a> • <a href="/Tom_Clark" title="Tom Clark">Clark</a> • <a href="/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> • <a href="/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> • <a href="/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> • <a href="/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> • <a href="/Peter_Vivian_Daniel" title="Peter Vivian Daniel">Daniel</a> • <a href="/David_Davis" title="David Davis">Davis</a> • <a href="/William_Rufus_Day" title="William Rufus Day">Day</a> • <a href="/William_Douglas" title="William Douglas">Douglas</a> • <a href="/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> • <a href="/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> • <a href="/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> • <a href="/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> • <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> • <a href="/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> • <a href="/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> • <a href="/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> • <a href="/John_Harlan_I" title="John Harlan I">Harlan I</a> • <a href="/John_Harlan_II" title="John Harlan II">Harlan II</a> • <a href="/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes">Holmes</a> • <a href="/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> • <a href="/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> • <a href="/Howell_Edmunds_Jackson" title="Howell Edmunds Jackson">H. 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