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Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaartekragversnelling" title="Swaartekragversnelling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swaartekragversnelling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerkraft" title="Schwerkraft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwerkraft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تسارع الجاذبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسارع الجاذبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensid%C3%A1_del_campu_gravitatoriu" title="Intensidá del campu gravitatoriu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Intensidá del campu gravitatoriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rb%C9%99std%C3%BC%C5%9Fm%C9%99_t%C9%99cili" title="Sərbəstdüşmə təcili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərbəstdüşmə təcili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="অভিকর্ষজ ত্বরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিকর্ষজ ত্বরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Dng-le%CC%8Dk_ka-sok-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Tiōng-le̍k ka-sok-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiōng-le̍k ka-sok-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Паскарэнне свабоднага падзення – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паскарэнне свабоднага падзення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Сіла цяжару – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сіла цяжару" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Гравитационно ускорение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гравитационно ускорение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཐེན་ཤུགས་ལ་བརྟེན་པའི་མྱུར་སྣོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཐེན་ཤུགས་ལ་བརྟེན་པའི་མྱུར་སྣོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacijsko_ubrzanje" title="Gravitacijsko ubrzanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gravitacijsko ubrzanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensitat_del_camp_gravitatori" title="Intensitat del camp gravitatori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intensitat del camp gravitatori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BD_%D3%B3%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Ирĕклĕн ӳкнин хăвăртланăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕклĕн ӳкнин хăвăртланăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_zrychlen%C3%AD" title="Gravitační zrychlení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gravitační zrychlení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyngdeacceleration" title="Tyngdeacceleration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyngdeacceleration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerefeld" title="Schwerefeld – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwerefeld" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskuskiirendus" title="Raskuskiirendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raskuskiirendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%87%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Επιτάχυνση της βαρύτητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιτάχυνση της βαρύτητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensidad_del_campo_gravitatorio" title="Intensidad del campo gravitatorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intensidad del campo gravitatorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita_akcelo" title="Gravita akcelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gravita akcelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="شتاب گرانشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شتاب گرانشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesanteur" title="Pesanteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pesanteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luasgh%C3%A9ar%C3%BA_de_bharr_domhantarraingthe" title="Luasghéarú de bharr domhantarraingthe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luasghéarú de bharr domhantarraingthe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%EA%B0%80%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="중력 가속도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중력 가속도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ազատ անկման արագացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ անկման արագացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्वजनित त्वरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरुत्वजनित त्वरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_te%C5%BEa" title="Sila teža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sila teža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepatan_gravitasi" title="Percepatan gravitasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percepatan gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerazione_di_gravit%C3%A0" title="Accelerazione di gravità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accelerazione di gravità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93" title="תאוצת הכובד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוצת הכובד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თავისუფალი ვარდნის აჩქარება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავისუფალი ვარდნის აჩქარება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%83_%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Еркін түсу үдеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еркін түсу үдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BBkahiya_erdk%C3%AA%C5%9F%C3%AE" title="Zûkahiya erdkêşî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zûkahiya erdkêşî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%87" title="Оордук күч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оордук күч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABv%C4%81s_kri%C5%A1anas_pa%C4%81trin%C4%81jums" title="Brīvās krišanas paātrinājums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brīvās krišanas paātrinājums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valversnelling" title="Valversnelling – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Valversnelling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Гравитациско забрзување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гравитациско забрзување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुत्व त्वरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरुत्व त्वरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чөлөөт уналтын хурдатгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чөлөөт уналтын хурдатгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valversnelling" title="Valversnelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valversnelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="गुरुत्व प्रवेग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरुत्व प्रवेग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重力加速度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faardferanrang_%C3%BC%C3%BCb_a_eerd" title="Faardferanrang üüb a eerd – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Faardferanrang üüb a eerd" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyngdeakselerasjon" title="Tyngdeakselerasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyngdeakselerasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyngdeakselerasjon" title="Tyngdeakselerasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyngdeakselerasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkin_tushish_tezlanishi" title="Erkin tushish tezlanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erkin tushish tezlanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="សំទុះទំនាញដី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សំទុះទំនាញដី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyspieszenie_grawitacyjne" title="Przyspieszenie grawitacyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyspieszenie grawitacyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acelera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_gravidade" title="Aceleração da gravidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aceleração da gravidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelera%C8%9Bie_gravita%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Accelerație gravitațională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Accelerație gravitațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ускорение свободного падения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ускорение свободного падения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration_due_to_gravity" title="Acceleration due to gravity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acceleration due to gravity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_zr%C3%BDchlenie" title="Gravitačné zrýchlenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gravitačné zrýchlenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%BEni_pospe%C5%A1ek" title="Težni pospešek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Težni pospešek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawitacyjny_szw%C5%AFng" title="Grawitacyjny szwůng – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grawitacyjny szwůng" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Гравитационо поље Земље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гравитационо поље Земље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitaciono_ubrzanje" title="Gravitaciono ubrzanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gravitaciono ubrzanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putoamiskiihtyvyys" title="Putoamiskiihtyvyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Putoamiskiihtyvyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyngdacceleration" title="Tyngdacceleration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyngdacceleration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புவியீர்ப்பு முடுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவியீர்ப்பு முடுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%88%D2%AF_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Ирекле төшү тизләнеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирекле төшү тизләнеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="గురుత్వత్వరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురుత్వత్వరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtle%C3%A7ekim_ivmesi" title="Kütleçekim ivmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kütleçekim ivmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Прискорення вільного падіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прискорення вільного падіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_t%E1%BB%91c_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Gia tốc trọng trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia tốc trọng trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="重力加速度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="重力加速度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="重力加速度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Change in speed due only to gravity</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Special:EditPage/Gravitational acceleration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22">"Gravitational acceleration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gravitational+acceleration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <b>gravitational acceleration</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> of an object in <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> (and thus without experiencing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>). This is the steady gain in <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> caused exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational attraction">gravitational attraction</a>. All bodies accelerate in vacuum at the same rate, regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> or compositions of the bodies;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the measurement and analysis of these rates is known as <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a>. </p><p>At a fixed point on the surface, the magnitude of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Earth's gravity</a> results from combined effect of gravitation and the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> from <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boynton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boynton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At different points on Earth's surface, the free fall acceleration ranges from 9.764 to 9.834 m/s<sup>2</sup> (32.03 to 32.26 ft/s<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>. A conventional <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard value</a> is defined exactly as 9.80665 m/s² (about 32.1740 ft/s²). Locations of significant variation from this value are known as <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">gravity anomalies</a>. This does not take into account other effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> or drag. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_the_Universal_Law">Relation to the Universal Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relation to the Universal Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> states that there is a gravitational force between any two masses that is equal in magnitude for each mass, and is aligned to draw the two masses toward each other. The formula is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c6ee5510ba3c7d6664775c0e76b53e72468303a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.272ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"></span> are any two masses, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> is the distance between the two point-like masses. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orbit3.gif/180px-Orbit3.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Orbit3.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Two bodies orbiting their <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> (red cross)</figcaption></figure> <p>Using the integral form of <a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauss's Law">Gauss's Law</a>, this formula can be extended to any pair of objects of which one is far more massive than the other — like a planet relative to any man-scale artifact. The distances between planets and between the planets and the Sun are (by many orders of magnitude) larger than the sizes of the sun and the planets. In consequence both the sun and the planets can be considered as <a href="/wiki/Point_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Point mass">point masses</a> and the same formula applied to planetary motions. (As planets and <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> form pairs of comparable mass, the distance 'r' is measured from the common <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">centers of mass</a> of each pair rather than the direct total distance between planet centers.) </p><p>If one mass is much larger than the other, it is convenient to take it as observational reference and define it as source of a gravitational field of magnitude and orientation given by:<sup id="cite_ref-Bueche_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueche-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-{GM \over r^{2}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">g</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-{GM \over r^{2}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/730c340053be238bcc55fbb54827149606377c6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.685ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-{GM \over r^{2}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> is the mass of the field source (larger), and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fe52dfe80c9a6604b3a46b24d65eb02c92c59e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} }"></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_vector" title="Unit vector">unit vector</a> directed from the field source to the sample (smaller) mass. The negative sign indicates that the force is attractive (points backward, toward the source). </p><p>Then the attraction force <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"></span> vector onto a sample mass <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> can be expressed as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {g} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">g</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {g} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e22142cef2e6bd8e2d46d86c89d232027687734" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {g} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Here <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">g</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cdf843789e9564a867aee3ff184453b72ecbafe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictionless</a>, free-fall acceleration sustained by the sampling mass <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> under the attraction of the gravitational source. It is a vector oriented toward the field source, of magnitude measured in acceleration units. The gravitational acceleration vector depends <i>only</i> on how massive the field source <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> is and on the distance 'r' to the sample mass <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>. It does not depend on the magnitude of the small sample mass. </p><p>This model represents the "far-field" gravitational acceleration associated with a massive body. When the dimensions of a body are not trivial compared to the distances of interest, the <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">principle of superposition</a> can be used for differential masses for an assumed <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> distribution throughout the body in order to get a more detailed model of the "near-field" gravitational acceleration. For satellites in orbit, the far-field model is sufficient for rough calculations of altitude versus <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">period</a>, but not for precision estimation of future location after multiple orbits. </p><p>The more detailed models include (among other things) the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">bulging at the equator</a> for the Earth, and irregular mass concentrations (due to meteor impacts) for the Moon. The <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment</a> (GRACE) mission launched in 2002 consists of two probes, nicknamed "Tom" and "Jerry", in polar orbit around the Earth measuring differences in the distance between the two probes in order to more precisely determine the gravitational field around the Earth, and to track changes that occur over time. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory</a> mission from 2011 to 2012 consisted of two probes ("Ebb" and "Flow") in polar orbit around the Moon to more precisely determine the gravitational field for future navigational purposes, and to infer information about the Moon's physical makeup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_gravities_of_the_Earth,_Sun,_Moon,_and_planets"><span id="Comparative_gravities_of_the_Earth.2C_Sun.2C_Moon.2C_and_planets"></span>Comparative gravities of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparative gravities of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows comparative gravitational accelerations at the surface of the Sun, the Earth's moon, each of the planets in the Solar System and their major moons, Ceres, Pluto, and Eris. For gaseous bodies, the "surface" is taken to mean visible surface: the cloud tops of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal force effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the giant planets) and therefore, generally speaking, are similar to the actual gravity that would be experienced near the poles. For reference, the time it would take an object to fall 100 metres (330 ft), the height of a skyscraper, is shown, along with the maximum speed reached. Air resistance is neglected. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Body </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Multiple of<br />Earth gravity </th> <th data-sort-type="number">m/s<sup>2</sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">ft/s<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Notes </th> <th data-sort-type="number" colspan="2">Time to fall 100 m and<br />maximum speed reached </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td> <td>27.90 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">274.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">899 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.85 s</td> <td>843 km/h (524 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td> <td>0.3770 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.703 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.15 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.4 s</td> <td>98 km/h (61 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td> <td>0.9032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.872 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.11 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.8 s</td> <td>152 km/h (94 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.8067 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.174 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.5 s</td> <td>159 km/h (99 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td> <td>0.1655 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.625 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.33 </td> <td> </td> <td>11.1 s</td> <td>65 km/h (40 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td> <td>0.3895 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.728 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.23 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.3 s</td> <td>98 km/h (61 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> </td> <td>0.029 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.92 </td> <td> </td> <td>26.7 s</td> <td>27 km/h (17 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td>2.640 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.93 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">85.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.8 s</td> <td>259 km/h (161 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> </td> <td>0.182 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.789 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.87 </td> <td> </td> <td>10.6 s</td> <td>68 km/h (42 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> </td> <td>0.134 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.314 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.31 </td> <td> </td> <td>12.3 s</td> <td>58 km/h (36 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> </td> <td>0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.426 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.68 </td> <td> </td> <td>11.8 s</td> <td>61 km/h (38 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> </td> <td>0.126 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>12.7 s</td> <td>57 km/h (35 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td> <td>1.139 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.2 s</td> <td>170 km/h (110 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> </td> <td>0.138 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.3455 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.414 </td> <td> </td> <td>12.2 s</td> <td>59 km/h (37 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </td> <td>0.917 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.01 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.7 s</td> <td>153 km/h (95 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a> </td> <td>0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.379 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.24 </td> <td> </td> <td>23.0 s</td> <td>31 km/h (19 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a> </td> <td>0.035 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.347 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.14 </td> <td> </td> <td>24.0 s</td> <td>30 km/h (19 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </td> <td>1.148 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">37.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>4.2 s</td> <td>171 km/h (106 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> </td> <td>0.079 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.779 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.56 </td> <td> </td> <td>16.0 s</td> <td>45 km/h (28 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </td> <td>0.0621 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.610 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.00 </td> <td> </td> <td>18.1 s</td> <td>40 km/h (25 mph) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> </td> <td>0.0814 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.6 </td> <td>(approx.) </td> <td>15.8 s</td> <td>46 km/h (29 mph) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field#General_relativity" title="Gravitational field">Gravitational field § General relativity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential#General_relativity" title="Gravitational potential">Gravitational potential § General relativity</a></div> <p>In Einstein's theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, gravitation is an attribute of curved <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> instead of being due to a force propagated between bodies. In Einstein's theory, masses distort spacetime in their vicinity, and other particles move in trajectories determined by the geometry of spacetime. The gravitational force is a <a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force#Gravity_as_a_fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">fictitious force</a>. There is no gravitational acceleration, in that the <a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">proper acceleration</a> and hence <a href="/wiki/Four-acceleration" title="Four-acceleration">four-acceleration</a> of objects in <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> are zero. Rather than undergoing an acceleration, objects in free fall travel along straight lines (<a href="/wiki/Geodesic_(general_relativity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodesic (general relativity)">geodesics</a>) on the curved spacetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gravitational_field">Gravitational field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gravitational field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">Gravitational field</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_field&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-moon-field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Earth-moon-field.svg/330px-Earth-moon-field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Earth-moon-field.svg/495px-Earth-moon-field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Earth-moon-field.svg/660px-Earth-moon-field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of equilibrium">point of equilibrium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> or gravitational acceleration field is a <a href="/wiki/Vector_field" title="Vector field">vector</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">field</a> used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gravitational field is used to explain <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> phenomena, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational force">gravitational force</a> field</i> exerted on another massive body. It has <a href="/wiki/Dimension_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension (physics)">dimension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> (L/T<sup>2</sup>) and it is measured in <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newtons</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (N/kg) or, equivalently, in <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a> per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> squared (m/s<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>In its original concept, <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> between point <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> attempted to model gravity as some kind of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> field or <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and since the 19th century, explanations for gravity in <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> have usually been taught in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. It results from the <a href="/wiki/Spatial_gradient" title="Spatial gradient">spatial gradient</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational potential field">gravitational potential field</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, rather than two particles attracting each other, the particles distort <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> via their mass, and this distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In such a model one states that matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that there is either <i>no gravitational force</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that gravity is a <a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">fictitious force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Gravity is distinguished from other forces by its obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_track" title="Air track">Air track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">Gravimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravitation of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">Standard gravity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This value excludes the adjustment for centrifugal force due to Earth's rotation and is therefore greater than the 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup> value of <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerald_James_Holton_and_Stephen_G._Brush2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerald James Holton and Stephen G. Brush (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czaGZzR0XOUC&q=%22gravitational+acceleration%22+%22all+objects%22+neglecting+air&pg=PA113"><i>Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2908-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-2908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics%2C+the+human+adventure%3A+from+Copernicus+to+Einstein+and+beyond&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2908-0&rft.au=Gerald+James+Holton+and+Stephen+G.+Brush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczaGZzR0XOUC%26q%3D%2522gravitational%2Bacceleration%2522%2B%2522all%2Bobjects%2522%2Bneglecting%2Bair%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boynton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boynton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton2001" class="citation conference cs1">Boynton, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227132140/http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">"<i>Precise Measurement of Mass</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sawe Paper No. 3147</i>. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Precise+Measurement+of+Mass&rft.btitle=Sawe+Paper+No.+3147&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Texas&rft.pub=S.A.W.E.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-electronics.com%2FLiterature%2FPrecise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann-WellenhofMoritz2006" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006). <i>Physical Geodesy</i> (2nd ed.). 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USA: Von Hoffmann Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-008836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-008836-8"><bdi>978-0-07-008836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers%2C+2nd+Ed.&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Von+Hoffmann+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-07-008836-8&rft.au=Fredrick+J.+Bueche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_07.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i></a>. Vol. I. Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02115-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02115-8"><bdi>978-0-201-02115-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-201-02115-8&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeroch1981" class="citation book cs1">Geroch, Robert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkxPpqHs0RkC&pg=PA181"><i>General Relativity from A to B</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28864-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28864-2"><bdi>978-0-226-28864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Relativity+from+A+to+B&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28864-2&rft.aulast=Geroch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkxPpqHs0RkC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrønHervik2007" class="citation book cs1">Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyJhCHAryuUC&pg=PA256"><i>Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: with Modern Applications in Cosmology</i></a>. Springer Japan. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69199-2"><bdi>978-0-387-69199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+General+Theory+of+Relativity%3A+with+Modern+Applications+in+Cosmology&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Springer+Japan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-69199-2&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=%C3%98yvind&rft.au=Hervik%2C+Sigbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyJhCHAryuUC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterNightingale2006" class="citation book cs1">Foster, J.; Nightingale, J. D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtoKZODmoVsC&pg=PA55"><i>A Short Course in General Relativity</i></a> (3 ed.). Springer Science & Business. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-26078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-26078-5"><bdi>978-0-387-26078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Course+in+General+Relativity&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-26078-5&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Nightingale%2C+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtoKZODmoVsC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational+acceleration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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