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In this, the third of a six-part preview series, we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies.\nOn a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited.\nAt bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”.\n“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media.\nIt marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022.\nAnd even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities.\nThe government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened\nZhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics\nOther signs include lower wages, or even missed salary payments, among public servants and public institution workers; a sharp rise in local borrowing; and large fines for corporations.\n“The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened,” said Zhou Tianyong, a professor with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and a former senior researcher with the Central Party School in Beijing.\n“The decline in taxes and fees, either in relative or absolute terms, is the result of an economic slowdown, straining public revenues and expenditures and subsequently resulting in a weakening of economic governance capability,” he wrote on his social media account on Monday.\nThere are some glaring causes for these local-level fiscal dilemmas, including the pandemic-induced slowdown, as well as falling property taxes and land sales.\nHowever, economists also point to China’s 30-year-old fiscal and taxation system, saying it allocates most of the fiscal revenue to central government coffers, and has led to a massive amount of unregulated borrowing and frenzied land sales at local levels to fund their operations and grow their economies.\n\n\n\n\n“The fiscal and taxation reform 30 years ago has not been thoroughly implemented. Problems have built up to make the situation more complex, and they have reached a point that changes must be made,” said Tang Dajie, a senior researcher with the China Enterprise Institute, a Beijing-based private think tank.\n“A core task is the need to redefine the [economic] relationship between the central and local governments, and to boost the local taxation system.”\nBeijing had launched reforms three decades ago to recentralise fiscal revenues, and in the first year of its implementation in 1994, the central government’s fiscal revenue nearly tripled to 290.7 billion yuan, while local revenue fell by nearly a third to 231.2 billion yuan, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.\nToday, a vast majority of provinces or cities have to shoulder a wide range of expenditures – including payroll for public servants, public transport operations, the construction of hospitals and schools and basic urban developments.\nAnd many are resorting to off-budget revenue – such as from land sales and local government financing vehicles – to meet the funding gap despite having been allowed to issue municipal bonds since 2015.\nThe local debt piles and deteriorating credit profiles have grown so problematic that some regions have reached out to Beijing for help.\nA major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nAuthorities in one debt-ridden province, Guizhou, did this in an online post last year, and it was cited by several news sources before being deleted.\nLate last year, China’s leaders were expected to gather for their third plenum – a critically important meeting of the Central Committee of China’s Communist Party that addresses economic challenges and serves to help chart a sustainable growth path, but the meeting was delayed.\nAnd since Beijing announced in late April that the gathering would take place in July, expectations have been running high for leadership to offer some impactful remedies to what ails the nation’s economy.\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute, said that the 1994 fiscal and taxation system contributed greatly to establishing a framework of “division of economic power”, but such tax-sharing happens only between central and provincial governments.\n“A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level,” said an excerpt from one of his speeches, posted to his WeChat account in late May.\n“This is a very important reason behind the current mess – the difficulties of grass-root operations, hidden liabilities, and short-sighted behaviour such as the reliance on land-sale revenue.”\n\n\nLocal government debt stood at 41.7 trillion yuan (US$5.75 trillion) as of April, according to the Ministry of Finance, but market institutions are nervously watching what could be a ticking debt bomb – the local implicit debt accumulated among financing vehicles, state-owned enterprises or other entities, which could be larger and more dangerous.\nWhile tax revenues and land incomes have fallen, many municipal- and county-level governments are increasingly relying on the central government.\nTransfer payments from Beijing reached a record high of 10.3 trillion yuan last year, which was only slightly less than the local fiscal revenue of 11.7 trillion yuan.\nMeanwhile, non-tax income – including administrative fees, government funds, land income, fines, and confiscated assets – has continued to rise. In 2023, 16.4 per cent of China’s fiscal revenue came from non-tax items, the Ministry of Finance figures showed.\n“The vertical structural imbalance between the central and local governments within the fiscal system is the root cause of constraints on the healthy and sustainable development of the fiscal system,” a government-linked think tank, the National Institution for Finance and Development (NIFD), said in a report last month.\nChina has yet to develop a legal framework to specify the powers of tax legislation between the state and local governments.\nThe new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments\nNational Institution for Finance and Development\nThe State Council, China’s cabinet, has relied on written rules to regulate tax and debt collections, and local governments have been warned not to run afoul of such guidelines.\nThe central government takes care of expenses related to defence and diplomacy, but local governments have a growing responsibility in spending related to science and technology, as well as financial regulatory matters.\nLocalities also shoulder costs associated with education; culture and media; social security and employment; medical and healthcare; infrastructure; and environmental protection.\nIn 2023, 99.8 per cent of spending in urban and rural community affairs came from local government coffers, the NIFD said.\n“Therefore, the new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments, especially the powers and expenditure responsibilities,” it suggested.\nIn an article published last year, former finance minister Lou Jiwei, who helped design the 1994 fiscal and tax system, listed three key tasks to tackle, including the establishment of a local tax system, resolving implicit local debt and setting up a system aligning administrative power with expenditure responsibilities.\nIt is a complex, systematic project\nLou Jiwei, former finance minister\n“Property tax is the most suitable type for the local tax system,” he said, adding that pilot programmes “should be expanded as soon as the economy recovers”.\nA US-style property tax had been billed as a new source of tax revenue for indebted local governments, however, it was shelved by China’s top legislature last year in the midst of a property market crisis that has sent housing prices plunging.\nLou also suggested revamping the consumption tax, by turning it into a source of revenue shared by central and local governments, however, he acknowledged the difficulty of administrative power reform.\n“It involves relations between the government and the market, the government and society, as well as central and local governments, and it covers a wide field such as politics, economy, society, culture and ecological civilisation,” Lou said.\n“It is a complex, systematic project.”\nXu Shanda, former deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, has advocated for the central government to take over the costs of social security, though he said the state should be responsible for only minimum pension provisions.\n\n\n“The obstacles to tax reform are similar to the obstacles to rebalancing the economy away from investment and toward consumption,” said Logan Wright, director of China markets research at the US-based Rhodium Group.\n“The intent to shift the tax system will coincide with a more concerted effort to rebalance the economy – but it is not evident at present.”\nIn its 2021-25 development plan, Beijing outlined intentions to “gradually” raise the proportion of the so-called direct tax in its overall revenue, to improve the local tax system, to cultivate local tax sources, and to enhance the personal income tax structure.\nBut local fiscal conditions have been deteriorating at an accelerated pace.\nIn recent weeks, tax investigations by municipal governments into listed companies, including the Shanghai-listed VV Food and Beverage, resulting in some having to repay tax bills dating back 30 years, sent shock waves through business communities and illustrated how urgently the fiscal system needs to be reformed.\nAnd while Beijing could opt to ramp up support and offer greater lifelines at the third plenum, some analysts are curbing their expectations.\n\n\n\n\n“The new round of tax reform is not a major overhaul of the current tax system, but is based on the established main framework of the modern tax system,” Yue Shumin, a finance professor at Renmin University, said during a webinar in April.\n“[The goal] is to ensure smooth operations and enhanced functionality, and to steadily advance the maturity and standardisation of the modern tax system.”\nOther pundits are expecting low-hanging fruit, such as an expansion of the scope of personal income tax to address income inequality, or the simplification of the rates of value-added tax (VAT) – the top source of income for the Chinese government.\nVAT revenue saw a year-on-year drop of 7.6 per cent to 2.58 trillion yuan (US$355 billion) in the first four months of 2024, according to government data.\nChina employs a three-tier system for VAT rates, and has said it would simplify to two-tiers, although the changes may reduce VAT revenue. However, such changes have yet to materialise.\nI don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nVAT forms a substantial part of China’s revenue, accounting more than a third of China’s overall tax revenue, and is shared between the state and local governments.\nStreamlining the collection of VAT could also help companies receive refunds quicker, and Chinese lawmakers are in the process of drafting a VAT law, with a third reading expected at the end of 2024.\nSome options that have been put forward by scholars that could boost China’s tax base is a digital services tax, which could capture the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry, as well as expanding the scope for environment protection taxes to cover more areas to help reduce waste and carbon emissions.\n“I don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step, but it will certainly break new ground,” said Jia, the former finance ministry researcher.\nJia added that China needs “round after round of reform” that would be difficult, but urged “patience and courage” to seize opportunities.\n","articleSection":"China Economy","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Frank Tang","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/frank-tang"},"dateCreated":"2024-06-21T17:15:16+08:00","dateModified":"2024-06-27T15:03:08+08:00","datePublished":"2024-06-23T06:00:11+08:00","description":" ","genre":"Economy","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".paywalled-content","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"Will China’s third plenum bring a solution to its local fiscal woes as debts 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data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">China’s third plenum</a></div><div class=" er6t7fe20 css-1xdhyk6 e1047c925" data-qa="ArticleSections-SectionContainer"><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/economy?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>Economy</span><span data-qa="ArticleSections-render-SectionTagsSpacer" class="css-176a798 e1047c920"></span></a><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/economy/china-economy?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>China Economy</span></a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Headline" class="css-hdf8vf ea45u6l21"><h1 class="er6t7fe5 css-1u8qly9 e298i0d3" data-qa="ContentHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><span data-qa="ContentHeadline-Headline" class="css-0 e298i0d2">Will China’s third plenum bring a solution to its local fiscal woes as debts snowball?</span></h1></div><div 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css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-06-22T22:00:11.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: 6:00am, 23 Jun 2024</time><time dateTime="2024-06-27T07:03:08.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-UpdatedDate" class="css-m6ip7c efakuk40">Updated: 3:03pm, 27 Jun 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0"><em data-qa="ContentSchemaRender-defaultRenderMapFunctions-Component-0" class="css-1mniedq ex3nmsa15">The Communist Party of China is about to hold its much-delayed third plenum, traditionally a time for unveiling major economic strategies for the next five to 10 years. In this, the third of a</em> <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/series/3267461/what-will-chinas-third-plenum-bring?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00"><em data-qa="ContentSchemaRender-defaultRenderMapFunctions-Component-0" class="css-1mniedq ex3nmsa15">six-part preview series</em></span></a><em data-qa="ContentSchemaRender-defaultRenderMapFunctions-Component-3" class="css-1mniedq ex3nmsa15">, we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies.</em></div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">On a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">At bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">It marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">And even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities.</p><figure data-qa="Component-StyledFigure" class="css-37tcs e1t6i3s46"><svg width="42" height="29" viewBox="0 0 42 29" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-qa="Component-StyledQuoteIcon" class="css-0 e1t6i3s47"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M-0.000289917 9.38348L4.75373 4.78444L9.42532 0.104248V9.38348H18.9334L18.9334 28.1042H-0.000289917V9.38348ZM22.457 9.38332L27.1301 4.78428L31.8826 0.104086L31.8826 9.38332H41.3906V28.1041L22.457 28.1041L22.457 9.38332Z" fill="black"></path></svg><blockquote data-qa="Component-StyledBlockquote" class="css-39snvg e1t6i3s45">The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened</blockquote><div data-qa="Component-StyledFigcaptionContainer" class="css-1yupmj4 e1t6i3s44"><div data-qa="Component-StyledFigcaptionIcon" class="css-xd3tjd e1t6i3s43"></div><figcaption data-qa="Component-StyledFigcaption" class="css-1q9qn8v e1t6i3s42">Zhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics</figcaption></div></figure></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div 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...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment 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\"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleArticle on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n flag\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n ...contentLiveArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n}\n\nfragment liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n liveArticle(filter: {entityUuid: $entityUuid}) {\n customTimezone\n liveContents {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n title\n body {\n text\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...entityLink\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...headerMorningStudioArticle\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleFooterContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityUuid\n topics {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment newsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...headerNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment notificationSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...photoGalleryDialogContent\n}\n\nfragment pianoIntegrationArticle on Article {\n __typename\n contentLock\n createdDate\n entityId\n entityUuid\n headline\n publishedDate\n sponsor\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n ...helpersIsArchiveWallArticle\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...useShareContentUnlockedArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n ...articleDateContent\n ...authorNamesArticle\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTitleArticle on Article {\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...plusArticleTypeTitleContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTypeTitleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n areaOfExpertise\n}\n\nfragment plusColumnsArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment plusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent\n ...plusArticleTitleArticle\n}\n\nfragment popupArticle20ShareMenuContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...seriesPrimaryContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...seriesBannerContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment seriesBannerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesPrimaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe\n}\n\nfragment shareArticle20Content on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...popupArticle20ShareMenuContent\n}\n\nfragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {\n name\n type\n images {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n sponsor {\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n authors {\n ...authorNameAuthor\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle\n}\n\nfragment styleAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorSocialLinksAuthor\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment 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}\n}\n\nfragment articleLinkingDataContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleListArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...articleDividerArticle\n ...articleFooterArticle\n ...articlePaginationCheckerArticle\n ...articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4\n ...articleRecommendationArticle\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n ...articleRenderArticle_3o8td4\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent\n ...contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n images {\n url\n style(filter: {style: \"237x147\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle on Article {\n styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleArticle on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n 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fiscal gulf exists between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A fiscal gulf exists between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"There is a fiscal gulf between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum\n","json":[{"type":"ul","children":[{"type":"li","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There is a fiscal gulf between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum"}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]}]},"body":{"text":"The Communist Party of China is about to hold its much-delayed third plenum, traditionally a time for unveiling major economic strategies for the next five to 10 years. In this, the third of a six-part preview series, we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies.\nOn a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited.\nAt bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”.\n“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media.\nIt marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022.\nAnd even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities.\nThe government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened\nZhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics\nOther signs include lower wages, or even missed salary payments, among public servants and public institution workers; a sharp rise in local borrowing; and large fines for corporations.\n“The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened,” said Zhou Tianyong, a professor with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and a former senior researcher with the Central Party School in Beijing.\n“The decline in taxes and fees, either in relative or absolute terms, is the result of an economic slowdown, straining public revenues and expenditures and subsequently resulting in a weakening of economic governance capability,” he wrote on his social media account on Monday.\nThere are some glaring causes for these local-level fiscal dilemmas, including the pandemic-induced slowdown, as well as falling property taxes and land sales.\nHowever, economists also point to China’s 30-year-old fiscal and taxation system, saying it allocates most of the fiscal revenue to central government coffers, and has led to a massive amount of unregulated borrowing and frenzied land sales at local levels to fund their operations and grow their economies.\n\n\n\n\n“The fiscal and taxation reform 30 years ago has not been thoroughly implemented. Problems have built up to make the situation more complex, and they have reached a point that changes must be made,” said Tang Dajie, a senior researcher with the China Enterprise Institute, a Beijing-based private think tank.\n“A core task is the need to redefine the [economic] relationship between the central and local governments, and to boost the local taxation system.”\nBeijing had launched reforms three decades ago to recentralise fiscal revenues, and in the first year of its implementation in 1994, the central government’s fiscal revenue nearly tripled to 290.7 billion yuan, while local revenue fell by nearly a third to 231.2 billion yuan, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.\nToday, a vast majority of provinces or cities have to shoulder a wide range of expenditures – including payroll for public servants, public transport operations, the construction of hospitals and schools and basic urban developments.\nAnd many are resorting to off-budget revenue – such as from land sales and local government financing vehicles – to meet the funding gap despite having been allowed to issue municipal bonds since 2015.\nThe local debt piles and deteriorating credit profiles have grown so problematic that some regions have reached out to Beijing for help.\nA major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nAuthorities in one debt-ridden province, Guizhou, did this in an online post last year, and it was cited by several news sources before being deleted.\nLate last year, China’s leaders were expected to gather for their third plenum – a critically important meeting of the Central Committee of China’s Communist Party that addresses economic challenges and serves to help chart a sustainable growth path, but the meeting was delayed.\nAnd since Beijing announced in late April that the gathering would take place in July, expectations have been running high for leadership to offer some impactful remedies to what ails the nation’s economy.\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute, said that the 1994 fiscal and taxation system contributed greatly to establishing a framework of “division of economic power”, but such tax-sharing happens only between central and provincial governments.\n“A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level,” said an excerpt from one of his speeches, posted to his WeChat account in late May.\n“This is a very important reason behind the current mess – the difficulties of grass-root operations, hidden liabilities, and short-sighted behaviour such as the reliance on land-sale revenue.”\n\n\nLocal government debt stood at 41.7 trillion yuan (US$5.75 trillion) as of April, according to the Ministry of Finance, but market institutions are nervously watching what could be a ticking debt bomb – the local implicit debt accumulated among financing vehicles, state-owned enterprises or other entities, which could be larger and more dangerous.\nWhile tax revenues and land incomes have fallen, many municipal- and county-level governments are increasingly relying on the central government.\nTransfer payments from Beijing reached a record high of 10.3 trillion yuan last year, which was only slightly less than the local fiscal revenue of 11.7 trillion yuan.\nMeanwhile, non-tax income – including administrative fees, government funds, land income, fines, and confiscated assets – has continued to rise. In 2023, 16.4 per cent of China’s fiscal revenue came from non-tax items, the Ministry of Finance figures showed.\n“The vertical structural imbalance between the central and local governments within the fiscal system is the root cause of constraints on the healthy and sustainable development of the fiscal system,” a government-linked think tank, the National Institution for Finance and Development (NIFD), said in a report last month.\nChina has yet to develop a legal framework to specify the powers of tax legislation between the state and local governments.\nThe new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments\nNational Institution for Finance and Development\nThe State Council, China’s cabinet, has relied on written rules to regulate tax and debt collections, and local governments have been warned not to run afoul of such guidelines.\nThe central government takes care of expenses related to defence and diplomacy, but local governments have a growing responsibility in spending related to science and technology, as well as financial regulatory matters.\nLocalities also shoulder costs associated with education; culture and media; social security and employment; medical and healthcare; infrastructure; and environmental protection.\nIn 2023, 99.8 per cent of spending in urban and rural community affairs came from local government coffers, the NIFD said.\n“Therefore, the new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments, especially the powers and expenditure responsibilities,” it suggested.\nIn an article published last year, former finance minister Lou Jiwei, who helped design the 1994 fiscal and tax system, listed three key tasks to tackle, including the establishment of a local tax system, resolving implicit local debt and setting up a system aligning administrative power with expenditure responsibilities.\nIt is a complex, systematic project\nLou Jiwei, former finance minister\n“Property tax is the most suitable type for the local tax system,” he said, adding that pilot programmes “should be expanded as soon as the economy recovers”.\nA US-style property tax had been billed as a new source of tax revenue for indebted local governments, however, it was shelved by China’s top legislature last year in the midst of a property market crisis that has sent housing prices plunging.\nLou also suggested revamping the consumption tax, by turning it into a source of revenue shared by central and local governments, however, he acknowledged the difficulty of administrative power reform.\n“It involves relations between the government and the market, the government and society, as well as central and local governments, and it covers a wide field such as politics, economy, society, culture and ecological civilisation,” Lou said.\n“It is a complex, systematic project.”\nXu Shanda, former deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, has advocated for the central government to take over the costs of social security, though he said the state should be responsible for only minimum pension provisions.\n\n\n“The obstacles to tax reform are similar to the obstacles to rebalancing the economy away from investment and toward consumption,” said Logan Wright, director of China markets research at the US-based Rhodium Group.\n“The intent to shift the tax system will coincide with a more concerted effort to rebalance the economy – but it is not evident at present.”\nIn its 2021-25 development plan, Beijing outlined intentions to “gradually” raise the proportion of the so-called direct tax in its overall revenue, to improve the local tax system, to cultivate local tax sources, and to enhance the personal income tax structure.\nBut local fiscal conditions have been deteriorating at an accelerated pace.\nIn recent weeks, tax investigations by municipal governments into listed companies, including the Shanghai-listed VV Food and Beverage, resulting in some having to repay tax bills dating back 30 years, sent shock waves through business communities and illustrated how urgently the fiscal system needs to be reformed.\nAnd while Beijing could opt to ramp up support and offer greater lifelines at the third plenum, some analysts are curbing their expectations.\n\n\n\n\n“The new round of tax reform is not a major overhaul of the current tax system, but is based on the established main framework of the modern tax system,” Yue Shumin, a finance professor at Renmin University, said during a webinar in April.\n“[The goal] is to ensure smooth operations and enhanced functionality, and to steadily advance the maturity and standardisation of the modern tax system.”\nOther pundits are expecting low-hanging fruit, such as an expansion of the scope of personal income tax to address income inequality, or the simplification of the rates of value-added tax (VAT) – the top source of income for the Chinese government.\nVAT revenue saw a year-on-year drop of 7.6 per cent to 2.58 trillion yuan (US$355 billion) in the first four months of 2024, according to government data.\nChina employs a three-tier system for VAT rates, and has said it would simplify to two-tiers, although the changes may reduce VAT revenue. However, such changes have yet to materialise.\nI don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nVAT forms a substantial part of China’s revenue, accounting more than a third of China’s overall tax revenue, and is shared between the state and local governments.\nStreamlining the collection of VAT could also help companies receive refunds quicker, and Chinese lawmakers are in the process of drafting a VAT law, with a third reading expected at the end of 2024.\nSome options that have been put forward by scholars that could boost China’s tax base is a digital services tax, which could capture the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry, as well as expanding the scope for environment protection taxes to cover more areas to help reduce waste and carbon emissions.\n“I don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step, but it will certainly break new ground,” said Jia, the former finance ministry researcher.\nJia added that China needs “round after round of reform” that would be difficult, but urged “patience and courage” to seize opportunities.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Communist Party of China is about to hold its much-delayed third plenum, traditionally a time for unveiling major economic strategies for the next five to 10 years. In this, the third of a"}]},{"type":"text","data":" "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/series/3267461/what-will-chinas-third-plenum-bring","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"2feb228d-307d-49b4-83b7-de055c7e9505","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"six-part preview series"}]}]},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":", we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies."}]}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"On a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened"},{"type":"text","data":"Zhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Other signs include lower wages, or even missed salary payments, among public servants and public institution workers; a sharp rise in local borrowing; and large fines for corporations."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened,” said Zhou Tianyong, a professor with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and a former senior researcher with the Central Party School in Beijing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The decline in taxes and fees, either in relative or absolute terms, is the result of an economic slowdown, straining public revenues and expenditures and subsequently resulting in a weakening of economic governance capability,” he wrote on his social media account on Monday."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There are some glaring causes for these local-level fiscal dilemmas, including the pandemic-induced slowdown, as well as falling property taxes and land sales."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, economists also point to China’s 30-year-old fiscal and taxation system, saying it allocates most of the fiscal revenue to central government coffers, and has led to a massive amount of unregulated borrowing and frenzied land sales at local levels to fund their operations and grow their economies."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"100%","height":"392px","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/2019/graphics/launchers/20231222.html","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The fiscal and taxation reform 30 years ago has not been thoroughly implemented. Problems have built up to make the situation more complex, and they have reached a point that changes must be made,” said Tang Dajie, a senior researcher with the China Enterprise Institute, a Beijing-based private think tank."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“A core task is the need to redefine the [economic] relationship between the central and local governments, and to boost the local taxation system.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Beijing had launched reforms three decades ago to recentralise fiscal revenues, and in the first year of its implementation in 1994, the central government’s fiscal revenue nearly tripled to 290.7 billion yuan, while local revenue fell by nearly a third to 231.2 billion yuan, according to the National Bureau of Statistics."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Today, a vast majority of provinces or cities have to shoulder a wide range of expenditures – including payroll for public servants, public transport operations, the construction of hospitals and schools and basic urban developments."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And many are resorting to off-budget revenue – such as from land sales and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/3247232/chinas-lgfvs-must-repay-record-us651-billion-bonds-2024","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"fc42e219-25fc-4654-a25c-18d2363db126","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"local government financing vehicles"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – to meet the funding gap despite having been allowed to issue municipal bonds since 2015."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The local debt piles and deteriorating credit profiles have grown so problematic that some regions have reached out to Beijing for help."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level"},{"type":"text","data":"Jia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Authorities in one debt-ridden province, Guizhou, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3216823/one-chinas-most-debt-ridden-provinces-asks-beijing-help-now-deleted-online-post","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"a7475bde-7318-44d6-b0a9-a6a72d8c7780","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"did this in an online post last year"}]},{"type":"text","data":", and it was cited by several news sources before being deleted."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Late last year, China’s leaders were expected to gather for their third plenum – a critically important meeting of the Central Committee of China’s Communist Party that addresses economic challenges and serves to help chart a sustainable growth path, but "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3242911/chinas-president-xi-jinping-visit-shanghai-tuesday-his-first-trip-nations-commercial-hub-2021?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e50a2a37-a38a-44df-a384-8a30a6a4c906","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"the meeting was delayed"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And since Beijing announced in late April that the gathering would take place in July, expectations have been running high for leadership to offer some impactful remedies to what ails the nation’s economy."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Jia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute, said that the 1994 fiscal and taxation system contributed greatly to establishing a framework of “division of economic power”, but such tax-sharing happens only between central and provincial governments."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level,” said an excerpt from one of his speeches, posted to his WeChat account in late May."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“This is a very important reason behind the current mess – the difficulties of grass-root operations, hidden liabilities, and short-sighted behaviour such as the reliance on land-sale revenue.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ug2Eeflo5ao?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Anger mounts as China's property debt crisis leaves flats unfinished","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg?itok=0XRoVSev","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg?itok=1MC1r9Ts","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg","data-duration":"04:49","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3234971","data-youtube-id":"Ug2Eeflo5ao"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Local government debt stood at 41.7 trillion yuan (US$5.75 trillion) as of April, according to the Ministry of Finance, but market institutions are nervously watching what could be a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3266653/chinas-hidden-debt-seen-shrinking-scaling-mountain-remains-daunting-challenge","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d0279605-6a1d-410d-b2cb-0790a0cbe930","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"ticking debt bomb"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – the local implicit debt accumulated among financing vehicles, state-owned enterprises or other entities, which could be larger and more dangerous."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While tax revenues and land incomes have fallen, many municipal- and county-level governments are increasingly relying on the central government."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Transfer payments from Beijing reached a record high of 10.3 trillion yuan last year, which was only slightly less than the local fiscal revenue of 11.7 trillion yuan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Meanwhile, non-tax income – including administrative fees, government funds, land income, fines, and confiscated assets – has continued to rise. In 2023, 16.4 per cent of China’s fiscal revenue came from non-tax items, the Ministry of Finance figures showed."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The vertical structural imbalance between the central and local governments within the fiscal system is the root cause of constraints on the healthy and sustainable development of the fiscal system,” a government-linked think tank, the National Institution for Finance and Development (NIFD), said in a report last month."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China has yet to develop a legal framework to specify the powers of tax legislation between the state and local governments."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments"},{"type":"text","data":"National Institution for Finance and Development"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The State Council, China’s cabinet, has relied on written rules to regulate tax and debt collections, and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3262942/chinas-murky-debt-collections-get-new-rules-dont-harass-no-late-night-operations-dont-enter-homes","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"18d0a219-fd02-4adb-ac5c-5ebe8604a217","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"local governments have been warned"}]},{"type":"text","data":" not to run afoul of such guidelines."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The central government takes care of expenses related to defence and diplomacy, but local governments have a growing responsibility in spending related to science and technology, as well as financial regulatory matters."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Localities also shoulder costs associated with education; culture and media; social security and employment; medical and healthcare; infrastructure; and environmental protection."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In 2023, 99.8 per cent of spending in urban and rural community affairs came from local government coffers, the NIFD said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Therefore, the new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments, especially the powers and expenditure responsibilities,” it suggested."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In an article published last year, former finance minister Lou Jiwei, who helped design the 1994 fiscal and tax system, listed three key tasks to tackle, including the establishment of a local tax system, resolving implicit local debt and setting up a system aligning administrative power with expenditure responsibilities."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"It is a complex, systematic project"},{"type":"text","data":"Lou Jiwei, former finance minister"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Property tax is the most suitable type for the local tax system,” he said, adding that pilot programmes “should be expanded as soon as the economy recovers”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A US-style property tax had been billed as a new source of tax revenue for indebted local governments, however, it was "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3233917/china-shelves-us-property-tax-focus-saving-likes-evergrande-and-rebuilding-growth-momentum","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"15aae210-ef78-4b0b-b3bc-773670631aea","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"shelved by China’s top legislature last year"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in the midst of a property market crisis that has sent housing prices plunging."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lou also suggested revamping the consumption tax, by turning it into a source of revenue shared by central and local governments, however, he acknowledged the difficulty of administrative power reform."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It involves relations between the government and the market, the government and society, as well as central and local governments, and it covers a wide field such as politics, economy, society, culture and ecological civilisation,” Lou said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It is a complex, systematic project.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Xu Shanda, former deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, has advocated for the central government to take over the costs of social security, though he said the state should be responsible for only minimum pension provisions."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; 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fiscal gulf exists between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A fiscal gulf exists between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"There is a fiscal gulf between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum\n","json":[{"type":"ul","children":[{"type":"li","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There is a fiscal gulf between China’s central and local governments, and it is seen as a hurdle to healthy and sustainable development ahead of the third plenum"}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]}]},"body":{"text":"The Communist Party of China is about to hold its much-delayed third plenum, traditionally a time for unveiling major economic strategies for the next five to 10 years. In this, the third of a six-part preview series, we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies.\nOn a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited.\nAt bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”.\n“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media.\nIt marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022.\nAnd even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities.\nThe government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened\nZhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics\nOther signs include lower wages, or even missed salary payments, among public servants and public institution workers; a sharp rise in local borrowing; and large fines for corporations.\n“The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened,” said Zhou Tianyong, a professor with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and a former senior researcher with the Central Party School in Beijing.\n“The decline in taxes and fees, either in relative or absolute terms, is the result of an economic slowdown, straining public revenues and expenditures and subsequently resulting in a weakening of economic governance capability,” he wrote on his social media account on Monday.\nThere are some glaring causes for these local-level fiscal dilemmas, including the pandemic-induced slowdown, as well as falling property taxes and land sales.\nHowever, economists also point to China’s 30-year-old fiscal and taxation system, saying it allocates most of the fiscal revenue to central government coffers, and has led to a massive amount of unregulated borrowing and frenzied land sales at local levels to fund their operations and grow their economies.\n\n\n\n\n“The fiscal and taxation reform 30 years ago has not been thoroughly implemented. Problems have built up to make the situation more complex, and they have reached a point that changes must be made,” said Tang Dajie, a senior researcher with the China Enterprise Institute, a Beijing-based private think tank.\n“A core task is the need to redefine the [economic] relationship between the central and local governments, and to boost the local taxation system.”\nBeijing had launched reforms three decades ago to recentralise fiscal revenues, and in the first year of its implementation in 1994, the central government’s fiscal revenue nearly tripled to 290.7 billion yuan, while local revenue fell by nearly a third to 231.2 billion yuan, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.\nToday, a vast majority of provinces or cities have to shoulder a wide range of expenditures – including payroll for public servants, public transport operations, the construction of hospitals and schools and basic urban developments.\nAnd many are resorting to off-budget revenue – such as from land sales and local government financing vehicles – to meet the funding gap despite having been allowed to issue municipal bonds since 2015.\nThe local debt piles and deteriorating credit profiles have grown so problematic that some regions have reached out to Beijing for help.\nA major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nAuthorities in one debt-ridden province, Guizhou, did this in an online post last year, and it was cited by several news sources before being deleted.\nLate last year, China’s leaders were expected to gather for their third plenum – a critically important meeting of the Central Committee of China’s Communist Party that addresses economic challenges and serves to help chart a sustainable growth path, but the meeting was delayed.\nAnd since Beijing announced in late April that the gathering would take place in July, expectations have been running high for leadership to offer some impactful remedies to what ails the nation’s economy.\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute, said that the 1994 fiscal and taxation system contributed greatly to establishing a framework of “division of economic power”, but such tax-sharing happens only between central and provincial governments.\n“A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level,” said an excerpt from one of his speeches, posted to his WeChat account in late May.\n“This is a very important reason behind the current mess – the difficulties of grass-root operations, hidden liabilities, and short-sighted behaviour such as the reliance on land-sale revenue.”\n\n\nLocal government debt stood at 41.7 trillion yuan (US$5.75 trillion) as of April, according to the Ministry of Finance, but market institutions are nervously watching what could be a ticking debt bomb – the local implicit debt accumulated among financing vehicles, state-owned enterprises or other entities, which could be larger and more dangerous.\nWhile tax revenues and land incomes have fallen, many municipal- and county-level governments are increasingly relying on the central government.\nTransfer payments from Beijing reached a record high of 10.3 trillion yuan last year, which was only slightly less than the local fiscal revenue of 11.7 trillion yuan.\nMeanwhile, non-tax income – including administrative fees, government funds, land income, fines, and confiscated assets – has continued to rise. In 2023, 16.4 per cent of China’s fiscal revenue came from non-tax items, the Ministry of Finance figures showed.\n“The vertical structural imbalance between the central and local governments within the fiscal system is the root cause of constraints on the healthy and sustainable development of the fiscal system,” a government-linked think tank, the National Institution for Finance and Development (NIFD), said in a report last month.\nChina has yet to develop a legal framework to specify the powers of tax legislation between the state and local governments.\nThe new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments\nNational Institution for Finance and Development\nThe State Council, China’s cabinet, has relied on written rules to regulate tax and debt collections, and local governments have been warned not to run afoul of such guidelines.\nThe central government takes care of expenses related to defence and diplomacy, but local governments have a growing responsibility in spending related to science and technology, as well as financial regulatory matters.\nLocalities also shoulder costs associated with education; culture and media; social security and employment; medical and healthcare; infrastructure; and environmental protection.\nIn 2023, 99.8 per cent of spending in urban and rural community affairs came from local government coffers, the NIFD said.\n“Therefore, the new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments, especially the powers and expenditure responsibilities,” it suggested.\nIn an article published last year, former finance minister Lou Jiwei, who helped design the 1994 fiscal and tax system, listed three key tasks to tackle, including the establishment of a local tax system, resolving implicit local debt and setting up a system aligning administrative power with expenditure responsibilities.\nIt is a complex, systematic project\nLou Jiwei, former finance minister\n“Property tax is the most suitable type for the local tax system,” he said, adding that pilot programmes “should be expanded as soon as the economy recovers”.\nA US-style property tax had been billed as a new source of tax revenue for indebted local governments, however, it was shelved by China’s top legislature last year in the midst of a property market crisis that has sent housing prices plunging.\nLou also suggested revamping the consumption tax, by turning it into a source of revenue shared by central and local governments, however, he acknowledged the difficulty of administrative power reform.\n“It involves relations between the government and the market, the government and society, as well as central and local governments, and it covers a wide field such as politics, economy, society, culture and ecological civilisation,” Lou said.\n“It is a complex, systematic project.”\nXu Shanda, former deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, has advocated for the central government to take over the costs of social security, though he said the state should be responsible for only minimum pension provisions.\n\n\n“The obstacles to tax reform are similar to the obstacles to rebalancing the economy away from investment and toward consumption,” said Logan Wright, director of China markets research at the US-based Rhodium Group.\n“The intent to shift the tax system will coincide with a more concerted effort to rebalance the economy – but it is not evident at present.”\nIn its 2021-25 development plan, Beijing outlined intentions to “gradually” raise the proportion of the so-called direct tax in its overall revenue, to improve the local tax system, to cultivate local tax sources, and to enhance the personal income tax structure.\nBut local fiscal conditions have been deteriorating at an accelerated pace.\nIn recent weeks, tax investigations by municipal governments into listed companies, including the Shanghai-listed VV Food and Beverage, resulting in some having to repay tax bills dating back 30 years, sent shock waves through business communities and illustrated how urgently the fiscal system needs to be reformed.\nAnd while Beijing could opt to ramp up support and offer greater lifelines at the third plenum, some analysts are curbing their expectations.\n\n\n\n\n“The new round of tax reform is not a major overhaul of the current tax system, but is based on the established main framework of the modern tax system,” Yue Shumin, a finance professor at Renmin University, said during a webinar in April.\n“[The goal] is to ensure smooth operations and enhanced functionality, and to steadily advance the maturity and standardisation of the modern tax system.”\nOther pundits are expecting low-hanging fruit, such as an expansion of the scope of personal income tax to address income inequality, or the simplification of the rates of value-added tax (VAT) – the top source of income for the Chinese government.\nVAT revenue saw a year-on-year drop of 7.6 per cent to 2.58 trillion yuan (US$355 billion) in the first four months of 2024, according to government data.\nChina employs a three-tier system for VAT rates, and has said it would simplify to two-tiers, although the changes may reduce VAT revenue. However, such changes have yet to materialise.\nI don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step\nJia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute\nVAT forms a substantial part of China’s revenue, accounting more than a third of China’s overall tax revenue, and is shared between the state and local governments.\nStreamlining the collection of VAT could also help companies receive refunds quicker, and Chinese lawmakers are in the process of drafting a VAT law, with a third reading expected at the end of 2024.\nSome options that have been put forward by scholars that could boost China’s tax base is a digital services tax, which could capture the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry, as well as expanding the scope for environment protection taxes to cover more areas to help reduce waste and carbon emissions.\n“I don’t think that the third plenum will be able to completely solve the problems that have emerged during China’s economic and social transition in one step, but it will certainly break new ground,” said Jia, the former finance ministry researcher.\nJia added that China needs “round after round of reform” that would be difficult, but urged “patience and courage” to seize opportunities.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Communist Party of China is about to hold its much-delayed third plenum, traditionally a time for unveiling major economic strategies for the next five to 10 years. In this, the third of a"}]},{"type":"text","data":" "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/series/3267461/what-will-chinas-third-plenum-bring","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"2feb228d-307d-49b4-83b7-de055c7e9505","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":"six-part preview series"}]}]},{"type":"em","children":[{"type":"text","data":", we look at the potential reforms to China’s fiscal policies."}]}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"On a morning in early April, when the onset of spring could feel like winter in China’s coldest region, commuters headed to work, unaware of the inconvenience that awaited."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At bus stops across Nenjiang, a northeastern rust belt city of 400,000 people in Heilongjiang province, notices proclaimed that “all urban bus routes are suspended”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Bus operators have suffered heavy losses due to an adjustment of the government’s bus subsidies, oil-price hikes, driver wage increases, and the falling population,” said the notice that went viral on Chinese social media."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It marked another example of a Chinese city having found itself in dire financial straits amid a post-pandemic economic slowdown, property crisis and crippling debt, with at least 20 having reported suspensions of bus services since 2022."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And even though such interruptions are quickly addressed, with local authorities vowing to step in with emergency funding, such instances are widely regarded as a sign of weakening local fiscal capabilities."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened"},{"type":"text","data":"Zhou Tianyong, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Other signs include lower wages, or even missed salary payments, among public servants and public institution workers; a sharp rise in local borrowing; and large fines for corporations."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The government’s economic capability to enforce social and administrative governance has been greatly weakened,” said Zhou Tianyong, a professor with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and a former senior researcher with the Central Party School in Beijing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The decline in taxes and fees, either in relative or absolute terms, is the result of an economic slowdown, straining public revenues and expenditures and subsequently resulting in a weakening of economic governance capability,” he wrote on his social media account on Monday."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"There are some glaring causes for these local-level fiscal dilemmas, including the pandemic-induced slowdown, as well as falling property taxes and land sales."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, economists also point to China’s 30-year-old fiscal and taxation system, saying it allocates most of the fiscal revenue to central government coffers, and has led to a massive amount of unregulated borrowing and frenzied land sales at local levels to fund their operations and grow their economies."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"100%","height":"392px","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/2019/graphics/launchers/20231222.html","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The fiscal and taxation reform 30 years ago has not been thoroughly implemented. Problems have built up to make the situation more complex, and they have reached a point that changes must be made,” said Tang Dajie, a senior researcher with the China Enterprise Institute, a Beijing-based private think tank."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“A core task is the need to redefine the [economic] relationship between the central and local governments, and to boost the local taxation system.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Beijing had launched reforms three decades ago to recentralise fiscal revenues, and in the first year of its implementation in 1994, the central government’s fiscal revenue nearly tripled to 290.7 billion yuan, while local revenue fell by nearly a third to 231.2 billion yuan, according to the National Bureau of Statistics."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Today, a vast majority of provinces or cities have to shoulder a wide range of expenditures – including payroll for public servants, public transport operations, the construction of hospitals and schools and basic urban developments."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And many are resorting to off-budget revenue – such as from land sales and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/3247232/chinas-lgfvs-must-repay-record-us651-billion-bonds-2024","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"fc42e219-25fc-4654-a25c-18d2363db126","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"local government financing vehicles"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – to meet the funding gap despite having been allowed to issue municipal bonds since 2015."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The local debt piles and deteriorating credit profiles have grown so problematic that some regions have reached out to Beijing for help."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level"},{"type":"text","data":"Jia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Authorities in one debt-ridden province, Guizhou, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3216823/one-chinas-most-debt-ridden-provinces-asks-beijing-help-now-deleted-online-post","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"a7475bde-7318-44d6-b0a9-a6a72d8c7780","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"did this in an online post last year"}]},{"type":"text","data":", and it was cited by several news sources before being deleted."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Late last year, China’s leaders were expected to gather for their third plenum – a critically important meeting of the Central Committee of China’s Communist Party that addresses economic challenges and serves to help chart a sustainable growth path, but "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3242911/chinas-president-xi-jinping-visit-shanghai-tuesday-his-first-trip-nations-commercial-hub-2021?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e50a2a37-a38a-44df-a384-8a30a6a4c906","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"the meeting was delayed"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"And since Beijing announced in late April that the gathering would take place in July, expectations have been running high for leadership to offer some impactful remedies to what ails the nation’s economy."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Jia Kang, former head of the Ministry of Finance’s research institute, said that the 1994 fiscal and taxation system contributed greatly to establishing a framework of “division of economic power”, but such tax-sharing happens only between central and provincial governments."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“A major problem is that, in the past three decades, no real tax-sharing was institutionalised below the province level,” said an excerpt from one of his speeches, posted to his WeChat account in late May."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“This is a very important reason behind the current mess – the difficulties of grass-root operations, hidden liabilities, and short-sighted behaviour such as the reliance on land-sale revenue.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ug2Eeflo5ao?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Anger mounts as China's property debt crisis leaves flats unfinished","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg?itok=0XRoVSev","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg?itok=1MC1r9Ts","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/18/clean-thumb_0.jpg","data-duration":"04:49","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3234971","data-youtube-id":"Ug2Eeflo5ao"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Local government debt stood at 41.7 trillion yuan (US$5.75 trillion) as of April, according to the Ministry of Finance, but market institutions are nervously watching what could be a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3266653/chinas-hidden-debt-seen-shrinking-scaling-mountain-remains-daunting-challenge","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d0279605-6a1d-410d-b2cb-0790a0cbe930","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"ticking debt bomb"}]},{"type":"text","data":" – the local implicit debt accumulated among financing vehicles, state-owned enterprises or other entities, which could be larger and more dangerous."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While tax revenues and land incomes have fallen, many municipal- and county-level governments are increasingly relying on the central government."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Transfer payments from Beijing reached a record high of 10.3 trillion yuan last year, which was only slightly less than the local fiscal revenue of 11.7 trillion yuan."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Meanwhile, non-tax income – including administrative fees, government funds, land income, fines, and confiscated assets – has continued to rise. In 2023, 16.4 per cent of China’s fiscal revenue came from non-tax items, the Ministry of Finance figures showed."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The vertical structural imbalance between the central and local governments within the fiscal system is the root cause of constraints on the healthy and sustainable development of the fiscal system,” a government-linked think tank, the National Institution for Finance and Development (NIFD), said in a report last month."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"China has yet to develop a legal framework to specify the powers of tax legislation between the state and local governments."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"The new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments"},{"type":"text","data":"National Institution for Finance and Development"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The State Council, China’s cabinet, has relied on written rules to regulate tax and debt collections, and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/economic-indicators/article/3262942/chinas-murky-debt-collections-get-new-rules-dont-harass-no-late-night-operations-dont-enter-homes","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"18d0a219-fd02-4adb-ac5c-5ebe8604a217","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"local governments have been warned"}]},{"type":"text","data":" not to run afoul of such guidelines."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The central government takes care of expenses related to defence and diplomacy, but local governments have a growing responsibility in spending related to science and technology, as well as financial regulatory matters."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Localities also shoulder costs associated with education; culture and media; social security and employment; medical and healthcare; infrastructure; and environmental protection."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In 2023, 99.8 per cent of spending in urban and rural community affairs came from local government coffers, the NIFD said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Therefore, the new round of fiscal and taxation system reform should further reform the revenue and expenditure structure of central and local governments, especially the powers and expenditure responsibilities,” it suggested."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In an article published last year, former finance minister Lou Jiwei, who helped design the 1994 fiscal and tax system, listed three key tasks to tackle, including the establishment of a local tax system, resolving implicit local debt and setting up a system aligning administrative power with expenditure responsibilities."}]},{"type":"blockquote-quote","attribs":{"class":"blockquote"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"It is a complex, systematic project"},{"type":"text","data":"Lou Jiwei, former finance minister"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Property tax is the most suitable type for the local tax system,” he said, adding that pilot programmes “should be expanded as soon as the economy recovers”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A US-style property tax had been billed as a new source of tax revenue for indebted local governments, however, it was "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3233917/china-shelves-us-property-tax-focus-saving-likes-evergrande-and-rebuilding-growth-momentum","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"15aae210-ef78-4b0b-b3bc-773670631aea","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"shelved by China’s top legislature last year"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in the midst of a property market crisis that has sent housing prices plunging."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lou also suggested revamping the consumption tax, by turning it into a source of revenue shared by central and local governments, however, he acknowledged the difficulty of administrative power reform."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It involves relations between the government and the market, the government and society, as well as central and local governments, and it covers a wide field such as politics, economy, society, culture and ecological civilisation,” Lou said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“It is a complex, systematic project.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Xu Shanda, former deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, has advocated for the central government to take over the costs of social security, though he said the state should be responsible for only minimum pension provisions."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; 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