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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroaster's_revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroaster's_revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zoroaster's revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroaster's_revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plutarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Achaemenid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Parthian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasanian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sasanian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Present-day Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day_Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-101_Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#101_Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>101 Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-101_Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أهورامزدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أهورامزدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rm%C3%BCzd" title="Hörmüzd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hörmüzd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="অহুর মাজদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অহুর মাজদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахура Мазда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахурамазда – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахурамазда" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αχουραμάσδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχουραμάσδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اهورامزدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اهورامزدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9B%84%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A7%88%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%A4" title="아후라 마즈다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아후라 마즈다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ահուրա Մազդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահուրա Մազդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="अहुरा मज़्दा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहुरा मज़्दा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazd%C4%81" title="Ahura Mazdā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahura Mazdā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%93%D7%90" title="אהורא מזדא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אהורא מזדא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="აჰურა მაზდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰურა მაზდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C3%BBra_Mezda" title="Ahûra Mezda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ahûra Mezda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horomazes" title="Horomazes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Horomazes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C5%ABra_Mazda" title="Ahūra Mazda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ahūra Mazda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazd%C3%A1" title="Ahura Mazdá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ahura Mazdá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахура Мазда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ахура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahora_Mazda" title="Ahora Mazda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ahora Mazda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اهورا مازدا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اهورا مازدا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахура Мазда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ахура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BA%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="アフラ・マズダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフラ・マズダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахура Мазда – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ахура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axura_Mazda" title="Axura Mazda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Axura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਹੁਰ ਮਜ਼ਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਹੁਰ ਮਜ਼ਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF" title="اہرمزد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اہرمزد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87" title="اورمازده – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورمازده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormuzd" title="Ormuzd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ormuzd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%BAra-Masda" title="Aúra-Masda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aúra-Masda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахурамазда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахурамазда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazd%C3%A1" title="Ahura Mazdá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ahura Mazdá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2" title="وەرمەز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرمەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахура Мазда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="அகுரா மஸ்தா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகுரா மஸ்தா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ахурамазда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ахурамазда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0" title="พระอหุระมาซดะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระอหุระมาซดะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Аҳуромаздо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳуромаздо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Агура Мазда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агура Мазда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اہورا مزدا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہورا مزدا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%83%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE" title="阿胡拉·玛兹达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿胡拉·玛兹达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ahura Mazda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%83%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%8C%B2%E9%81%94" title="阿胡拉·馬茲達 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest deity of Zoroastrianism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ormuzd" redirects here. For the kingdom of Ohrmuzd, see <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hormazd", "Hormozd", and "Hurmuzd" redirect here. For persons with these names, such as several Sassanid kings, see <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hormizd (disambiguation)">Hormizd</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Ahura Mazda</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Lord of Wisdom<br />God of the Sky</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a>-era relief at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a> depicting Ahura Mazda presenting the <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> of sovereignty to <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃</span><br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اهورا مزدا</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Texts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adversary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Ahura Mazda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Ahura Mazdā</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اهورا مزدا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ahurâ Mazdâ</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Horomazes</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">god of the sky</a><sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the ancient Iranian religion <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i>. The literal meaning of the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ahura" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ahura">Ahura</a></i> is "lord", and that of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mazda" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mazda">Mazda</a></i> is "wisdom". </p><p>The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550–330 BC</span>) with the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>. Until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 405/404–358 BC</span>), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Achaemenid_Era" title="Military history of Iran">Persian army</a> on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BC but were stopped and replaced with stone-carved figures in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid period</a> and later removed altogether through an <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> movement supported by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sassanid dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most likely etymology is from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*h₂ḿ̥suros</i>, from <i>*h₂ems-</i> ("to engender, beget"), and therefore it is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*ansuz</i>. Finnish Indologist <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> locates a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a> <i>*asera-</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, with the meaning 'lord, prince'.<sup id="cite_ref-asko_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form <i>Mazdā-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> <i>Mazdå</i>, reflects <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <i>*mazdáH</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a> noun). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit and, like its <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> cognate <i>medhā́</i>, means "<a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>". Both the Avestan and the Sanskrit words reflect <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mazd%CA%B0%C3%A1H" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mazdʰáH"><i>*mazdʰáH</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*mn̥sdʰh₁éh₂</span></span></i>, literally meaning "placing (<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*dʰeh₁</span></span>) one's mind (<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*mn̥-s</span></span>)", hence "wise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid era</a>, the name was either depicted using the <a href="/wiki/Persian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian cuneiform">cuneiform</a> logograms <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏈">𐏈</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏉">𐏉</a> (genitive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏊">𐏊</a>), or spelled out as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%B6%F0%90%8F%80%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠">𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠</a> (<i>a-u-r-m-z-d-a</i>, <i>Auramazdā</i>). In Parthian, the name was written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%80%F0%90%AD%87%F0%90%AD%85%F0%90%AD%93%F0%90%AD%8C%F0%90%AD%86%F0%90%AD%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃">𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃</a> (<i>ʾḥwrmzd</i>, <i>Ahurmazd</i>), while <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%A0%F0%90%AD%A5%F0%90%AD%A7%F0%90%AD%A5%F0%90%AD%AC%F0%90%AD%A6%F0%90%AD%A3%F0%90%AD%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭩">𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭩</a> (<i>ʾwhrmzdy</i>, <i>Ōhramazdē</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> term used during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid era">Sassanid era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name may be attested on <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a>, in the form <i>Assara Mazaš</i>, but that interpretation is very controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce197514_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce197514-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The source is almost 50 years old. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ahura_Mazda" title="Special:EditPage/Ahura Mazda">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even though it is speculated that Ahura Mazda was a spirit in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> religion, he had not yet been given the title of "uncreated spirit". This title was given by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, who proclaimed Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, wholly wise, benevolent, and sound, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator</a> and upholder of <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoroaster's_revelation"><span id="Zoroaster.27s_revelation"></span>Zoroaster's revelation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zoroaster's revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a>, who led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda, where he was taught the cardinal principles of the "Good Religion" later known as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. As a result of this vision, Zoroaster felt that he was chosen to spread and preach the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian199312_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian199312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that this source of all goodness was the Ahura, worthy of the highest worship. He further stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits known as <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata"><i>yazata</i>s</a> to aid him. Zoroaster proclaimed that some Iranian gods were <i><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daevas</a></i> who deserved no worship. These "bad" deities were created by <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Angra Mainyu</a>, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster claimed that Ahura Mazda used the aid of humans in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his <i>daevas</i>, which attempt to attract humans away from the Path of <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a>, would eventually be defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreaOverfield200086_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreaOverfield200086-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plutarch">Plutarch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plutarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> named "<a href="/wiki/Arimanius" title="Arimanius">Arimanius</a>" as one of the two rivals who were the artificers of good and evil. In terms of sense perception, Oromazes was to be compared to light, and Arimanius to darkness and ignorance; between these was <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithras</a> the Mediator. Arimanius received offerings that pertained to <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">warding off evil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a>. </p><p>In describing a ritual to Arimanius, Plutarch says the god was invoked as <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  68">:  68 </span></sup> gives the identification as <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, the name of the Greek ruler of the underworld used most commonly in texts and inscriptions pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religions</a>, and in Greek dramatists and philosophers of Athens in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a>. Turcan<sup id="cite_ref-Turcan1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turcan1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  232">:  232 </span></sup> notes that Plutarch makes of Arimanius "a sort of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenebrous" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenebrous">tenebrous</a> Pluto". Plutarch, however, names the Greek god as <i><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></i>, not the name <i><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Plouton</a></i> used in the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian tradition</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The Hidden One") and darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arimanius ritual required an otherwise-unknown plant that Plutarch calls "<i><a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">omomi</a></i>" (<a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">Haoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>), which was to be pounded in a mortar and mixed with the blood of a sacrificed wolf. The substance was then carried to a place "<i>where the sun never shines</i>" and cast therein. He adds that "water-rats" belong to this god, and therefore proficient rat-killers are fortunate men. </p><p>Plutarch then gives a <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogonical</a> myth: </p> <blockquote> <p>Oromazes, born from the purest light, and Areimanius, born from darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what is Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal to these in number. Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Dog-star</a>. Twenty-four other gods he created and placed in <a href="/wiki/World_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="World egg">an egg</a>. But those created by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way inside; hence evils are now combined with good. But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall disappear; and then shall the earth become a level plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one form of government for a blessed people who shall all speak one tongue. — Plutarch<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchIsis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchIsis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location:  47">:  47 </span></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a> asserted that the passage shows a "fairly accurate" knowledge of basic Zoroastrianism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Life of Themistocles</i>, Plutarch has the Persian king invoke Arimanius by name, asking the god to cause the king's enemies to behave in such a way as to drive away their own best men; de Jong (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-deJong1997_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deJong1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  313">:  313 </span></sup> doubted that a Persian king would pray to his own national religion's god of evil, particularly in public. </p><p>According to Plutarch, the king then made a sacrifice and got drunk – essentially a <a href="/wiki/Running_gag" title="Running gag">running gag</a> on Persian kings in Plutarch's writing, and thus dubious evidence for actual behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-deJong1997_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deJong1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  314">:  314 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg/150px-Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Leontocephaline_at_Ostia_Antica_by_Franz_Cumont.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Mithraism#Lion_headed_figure" title="Mithraism">"leontocephaline figure"</a> of Ahriman, Ahura Mazda's opposing deity found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a>, Italy (CIMRM 312)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_Empire">Achaemenid Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Achaemenid Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> contains many references to Ahura Mazda</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CILICIA,_Soloi._Tiribazos,_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign,_388-380_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg/220px-CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg/330px-CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg/440px-CILICIA%2C_Soloi._Tiribazos%2C_Satrap_of_Lydia._Second_reign%2C_388-380_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">Stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiribazus" title="Tiribazus">Tiribazos</a>, Satrap of Lydia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 380 BC</span> showing Ahura Mazda</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> were Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995126_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995126-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable of all the inscriptions is the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other deities, <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> makes this invocation Ahuramazda again during his reign. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a> Persepolis Fortification Tablets dated between 509–494 BC, offerings to Ahura Mazda are recorded in tablets #377, #338 (notably alongside Mitra), #339, and #771.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to represent the royal <i><a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a></i>, the personification of divine power and regal glory. However, it was customary for every emperor from <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> until <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses as a place for Ahura Mazda to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Achaemenid_Empire_(550–330_BCE)" title="Military history of Iran">Persian army</a> on battles. The use of images of Ahura Mazda began in the western <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, the first literary reference, as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda, was built by a Persian governor of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in 365 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_Empire">Parthian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parthian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as Anahita and Mithra, continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with symbolic images is noticed, but it stopped within the Sassanid period. Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, which can be traced to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda remained symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_Empire">Sasanian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sasanian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/220px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/330px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/440px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (left) with the ring of kingship. (<a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>, 3rd century AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taghe_bostan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taghe_bostan.JPG/220px-Taghe_bostan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taghe_bostan.JPG/330px-Taghe_bostan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taghe_bostan.JPG/440px-Taghe_bostan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a> scene: <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> on the left as the patron <i><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazata</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sasanian dynasty</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Emperor Khosrow II</a>, with Ahura Mazda presenting the <a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a> of sovereignty on the right. <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorduan1998123_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorduan1998123-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2005314_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2005314-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitrow20038_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitrow20038-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> form of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, termed <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a>, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, most notably the royal lineage of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperors</a>. Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult. </p><p>Zurvanism revokes Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit and the "uncreated creator" of all and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and only contrasting spirits. </p><p>Besides Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in different fashions. Five kings took the name <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hormizd (disambiguation)">Hormizd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> created the title of "Ohrmazd-mowbad", which was continued after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> and through Islamic times. </p><p>All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahura Mazda. The five <i><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81h" title="Gāh">Gāhs</a></i> start with the declaration in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> that "Ohrmazd is Lord" and incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gathic</a> verse "Whom, Mazda hast thou appointed my protector". Zoroastrian prayers are to be said in the presence of light, either in the form of fire or the sun. In the Iranian languages <a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a>, the sun is still called <i>ormozd</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day_Zoroastrianism">Present-day Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Present-day Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">Martin Haug</a> proposed a new interpretation of <i>Yasna</i> 30.3 that subsequently influenced Zoroastrian doctrine significantly. According to Haug's interpretation, the "twin spirits" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the "Destructive Spirit"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the latter being the "Bounteous Spirit" (of Ahura Mazda). Further, in Haug's scheme, Angra Mainyu was now not Ahura Mazda's binary opposite, but—like Spenta Mainyu—an <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation</a> of Him. Haug also interpreted the concept of a free will of <i>Yasna</i> 45.9 as an accommodation to explain where Angra Mainyu came from since Ahura Mazda created only good. The free will made it possible for Angra Mainyu to <i>choose</i> to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983685-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time, Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> of Bombay since it provided a defense against Christian missionary rhetoric,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated Evil that was as uncreated as God was. Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English-language press. The argument was that Angra Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite but his subordinate, who—as in Zurvanism also—<i>chose</i> to be evil. Consequently, Haug's theories were disseminated as a Parsi interpretation in the West, where they appeared to be corroborating Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManeck1997182ff_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManeck1997182ff-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from *vouruna-miθra, or <a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to William W. Malandra both Varuna (in Vedic period) and Ahura Mazda (in old Iranian religion) represented same Indo-Iranian concept of a supreme "wise, all-knowing lord".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/220px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/330px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/440px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> coinage of <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ, <i>Orom[zdo]</i>). 150–180 AD<sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, the name <i>Ohrmazd Bay</i> ("god Ahura Mazda") was used for the primal figure Nāšā Qaḏmāyā, the "original man" and emanation of the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a> (in Manicheism called <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvan</a>) through whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his "sons", often called his garments or weapons, remain. After a series of events, his sons, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">World Soul</a>, will, for the most part, escape from matter and return to the world of light where they came from. Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones. This may partly be because Mani was born in the greatly Zoroastrian Parthian Empire. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i>Xwrmztʼ</i> (Sogdian was written without a consistent representation of vowels) was the name used in place of Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown1999429_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown1999429-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1996247_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1996247-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Via contacts with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> peoples like the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, this Sogdian name came to the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, who still name this deity <i><a href="/wiki/Qormusta_Tengri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qormusta Tengri">Qormusta Tengri</a></i> (also <i>Qormusta</i> or <i>Qormusda</i>) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199244_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199244-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> held <a href="/wiki/Aramazd" title="Aramazd">Aramazd</a> as an important deity in their pantheon of gods. He is thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> deity, a combination of the autochthonous Armenian figures <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Aram</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ara_the_Handsome" title="Ara the Handsome">Ara</a> and the Iranian Ahura Mazda. In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Aramazd is a male first name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="101_Names">101 Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 101 Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of God</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li>yazat ("Worthy of worship.")</li> <li>harvasp-tavãn ("Omnipotent.")</li> <li>harvasp-âgâh ("Omniscient.")</li> <li>harvasp-h'udhâ ("The Lord of all.")</li> <li>abadah ("Without beginning.")</li> <li>awî-añjâm ("Without end.")</li> <li>bûnastah ("The origin of the formation of the world.")</li> <li>frâxtañtah ("Broad end of all.")</li> <li>jamakh ("Greatest cause.")</li> <li>parjahtarah ("More exalted.")</li> <li>tum-afayah ("Most innocent.")</li> <li>abravañt ("Apart from everyone.")</li> <li>parvañdah ("Relation with all.")</li> <li>an-ayâfah ("Incomprehensible by anyone.")</li> <li>ham-ayâfah ("Comprehensible of all.")</li> <li>âdharô ("Most straight, most just.")</li> <li>gîrâ ("Holding fast all.")</li> <li>acim ("Without reason.")</li> <li>cimnâ ("Reason of reasons.")</li> <li>safinâ ("Increaser.")</li> <li>âwzâ ("Causer of increase. The Lord of purity")</li> <li>nâshâ ("Reaching all equally.")</li> <li>parvarâ ("Nourisher.")</li> <li>âyânah ("Protector of the world.")</li> <li>âyaîn-âyânah ("Not of various kinds.")</li> <li>an-âyanah ("Without form.")</li> <li>xraoshît-tum ("Firmest.")</li> <li>mînôtum ("Most invisible.")</li> <li>vâsnâ ("Omnipresent.")</li> <li>harvastum ("All in all.")</li> <li>husipâs ("Worthy of thanks.")</li> <li>har-hemît ("All good-natured.")</li> <li>harnekfareh ("All good auspicious-glory.")</li> <li>beshtarnâ ("Remover of affliction.")</li> <li>tarônîs ("The triumphant.")</li> <li>anaoshak ("Immortal.")</li> <li>farashak ("Fulfiller of wishes.")</li> <li>pazohadhad ("Creator of good nature.")</li> <li>xavâpar ("Beneficient.")</li> <li>awaxshâyâ ("Bestower of Love.")</li> <li>awarzâ ("Excessive bringer.")</li> <li>â-sitôh ("Undefeated, undistressed.")</li> <li>raxôh ("Independent, carefree.")</li> <li>varûn ("Protector from evil.")</li> <li>a-frîpah ("Undeceivable.")</li> <li>awe-frîftah ("Undeceived.")</li> <li>adhvaî ("Unparalleled.")</li> <li>kãme-rat ("Lord of wishes.")</li> <li>framãn-kãm ("Only wish is His command.")</li> <li>âyextan ("Without body.")</li> <li>â-framôsh ("Unforgetful.")</li> <li>hamârnâ ("Taker of accounts.")</li> <li>snâyâ ("Recognizable, worth recognition.")</li> <li>a-tars ("Fearless.")</li> <li>a-bîsh ("Without affliction or torment.")</li> <li>a-frâzdum ("Most exalted.")</li> <li>hamcûn ("Always uniform.")</li> <li>mînô-stîgar ("Creator of the Universe spiritually.")</li> <li>a-mînôgar ("Creator of much spirituality.")</li> <li>mînô-nahab ("Hidden in Spirits.")</li> <li>âdhar-bâtgar ("Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.")</li> <li>âdhar-namgar ("Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.")</li> <li>bât-âdhargar ("Transformer of air into fire.")</li> <li>bât-namgar ("Transformer of air into water.")</li> <li>bât-gelgar ("Transformer of air into earth.")</li> <li>bât-girdtum ("Transformer of air into girad, i.e. gathered.")</li> <li>âdhar-kîbarît-tum ("Transformer of fire into jewels.")</li> <li>bâtgarjâi ("Who creates air in all places.")</li> <li>âwtum ("Creator of most excessive water.")</li> <li>gel-âdhargar ("Transformer of the earth into fire.")</li> <li>gel-vâdhgar ("Transformer of the earth into air.")</li> <li>gel-namgar ("Transformer of the earth into water.")</li> <li>gargar ("Artisan of artisans.")</li> <li>garôgar ("Bestower of wishes.")</li> <li>garâgar ("Creator of man")</li> <li>garâgargar ("Creator of the entire creation")</li> <li>a-garâgar ("Creator of four elements")</li> <li>a-garâgargar ("Creator of clusters of the stars")</li> <li>a-gûmãn ("Without doubt.")</li> <li>a-jamãn ("Without time.")</li> <li>a-h'uãn ("Without sleep.")</li> <li>âmushthushyâr ("Intelligent.")</li> <li>frashûtanâ ("Eternal protector-increaser.")</li> <li>padhamãnî ("Maintainer of padman, i.e. the golden mean.")</li> <li>pîrôzgar ("Victorious.")</li> <li>h'udhâvañd ("Lord-Master of the Universe.")</li> <li>ahuramazda ("Lord Omniscient.")</li> <li>abarînkuhantavãn ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.")</li> <li>abarîn-nô-tavã ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.")</li> <li>vaspãn ("Attainer to all the creations.")</li> <li>vaspâr ("Bringer of and attainer to all.")</li> <li>h'âwar ("Merciful.")</li> <li>ahû ("Lord of the world.")</li> <li>âwaxsîdâr ("Forgiver.")</li> <li>dâdhâr ("The just creator.")</li> <li>rayomañd ("Full of rae-lustre-splendour.")</li> <li>h'arehmand ("Full of khoreh, i.e. glory.")</li> <li>dâwar ("The just judge.")</li> <li>kerfagar ("Lord of meritorious deeds.")</li> <li>buxtâr ("Redeemer, saviour.")</li> <li>frashôgar ("Restorer through increase of the soul.")</li></ol> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg/220px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg/330px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg/440px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_Merv_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I Kushanshah</a> (277-286 AD). <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> inscription: "The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> holding investiture wreath and sceptre. <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> mint</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Persian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[æhuːɾɒː<span class="wrap"> </span>mæzdɒː]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὡρομάζης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hōromázēs</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[hɔː.ro.máz.dɛːs]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an explanation of the approximation of <i>mainyu</i> as "spirit", see <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most prominent of these voices was that of the Scottish Presbyterian minister <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (scholar)">John Wilson</a>, whose church was next door to the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute, the premier school for Zoroastrian priests. That the opinions of the Zoroastrian priesthood were barely represented in the debates that ensued was to some extent since the priesthood spoke Gujarati and not English, but also because they were (at the time) poorly equipped to debate with a classically trained theologian on his footing. Wilson had even taught himself Avestan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a scholastic review of the theological developments in Indian Zoroastrianism, particularly concerning the devaluation of Angra Mainyu to a position where the (epitome of) pure evil became viewed as a creation of Mazda (and so compromised their figure of pure good), see <a href="#CITEREFManeck1997">Maneck 1997</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ahura%20mazda">"Ahura Mazda | Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahura+Mazda+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+Ahura+Mazda+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fahura%2520mazda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristian" class="citation web cs1">Cristian, Radu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ahura_Mazda/">"Ahura Mazda"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ahura+Mazda&rft.aulast=Cristian&rft.aufirst=Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAhura_Mazda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wilkinson_(author)" title="Philip Wilkinson (author)">Wilkinson, Philip</a> (1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.). <i>Illustrated Dictionary of Religions</i> (First American ed.). 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Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 151, 771.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persepolis+Fortification+Tablets&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=151%2C+771&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hallock&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Foip92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1983686_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1983">Boyce 1983</a>, p. 686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorduan1998123-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorduan1998123_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorduan1998">Corduan 1998</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2005314-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2005314_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2005">King 2005</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitrow20038-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitrow20038_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitrow2003">Whitrow 2003</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManeck1997182ff-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManeck1997182ff_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManeck1997">Maneck 1997</a>, pp. 182ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Malandra. An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion. 1983. p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHH327-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniHarmatta1999" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA327"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 327–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1408-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=327-328&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1408-0&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Harmatta%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDguGWP0vGY8C%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown1999429-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown1999429_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1999">Unknown 1999</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1996247-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1996247_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1996">Frye 1996</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199244-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199244_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSims-Williams1992">Sims-Williams 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For distinctions in usage between the two names, see <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)#Mysteries_and_cult" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto in the mysteries and cult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)#In_Greek_literature_and_philosophy" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto in Greek literature and philosophy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Greek religion, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> was the ruler of the dead or shades, but not an evil god <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_se" class="extiw" title="wikt:per se"><i>per se</i></a>, except in the sense that death might be considered a bad thing – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:κακόν"><span class="texhtml">κακόν</span></a>, <i>kakon</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaOverfield2000" class="citation cs2">Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiz6jbjgSjEC&q=ahura+mazda&pg=PA87"><i>The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700</i></a>, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6"><bdi>978-0-618-04245-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Record%3A+Sources+of+Global+History+%3A+To+1700&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-04245-6&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Overfield%2C+James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtiz6jbjgSjEC%26q%3Dahura%2Bmazda%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1975), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Vol.+I%2C+The+early+period&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1983" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahura+Mazd%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=684-687&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManeck1997" class="citation cs2">Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/186760"><i>The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India</i></a>, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Ahriman%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Theological+Change+Among+the+Parsis+of+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Maneck&rft.aufirst=Susan+Stiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.arizona.edu%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F186760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams1992" class="citation cs2">Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2dmAAAAMAAJ&q=Xwrmzt"><i>Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus</i></a>, University of Michigan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0194-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0194-9"><bdi>978-0-7286-0194-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+and+other+Iranian+inscriptions+of+the+Upper+Indus&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7286-0194-9&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2dmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DXwrmzt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorduan1998" class="citation cs2">Corduan, Winfried (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZW6nwbyW5kC&q=zurvanism+heretic"><i>Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions</i></a>, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1524-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-1524-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighboring+faiths%3A+a+Christian+introduction+to+world+religions&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1524-1&rft.aulast=Corduan&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZW6nwbyW5kC%26q%3Dzurvanism%2Bheretic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1996" class="citation cs2">Frye, Richard Nelson (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zl5smQtGeLwC&q=Xwrmzt"><i>The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion</i></a>, Markus Wiener Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-111-7"><bdi>978-1-55876-111-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Central+Asia+from+antiquity+to+the+Turkish+expansion&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-111-7&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzl5smQtGeLwC%26q%3DXwrmzt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1999" class="citation cs2">Unknown (1999), <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation cs2">King, Karen L. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=df1Tz5Cn8BQC"><i>What is Gnosticism?</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01762-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01762-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Gnosticism%3F&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01762-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddf1Tz5Cn8BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitrow2003" class="citation cs2">Whitrow, G. J. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuLaoG7jK_YC"><i>What is time?</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6"><bdi>978-0-19-860781-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+time%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860781-6&rft.aulast=Whitrow&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuLaoG7jK_YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation cs2">Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-3784-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+Q-Z&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OJvO2jMCr8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigosian1993" class="citation cs2">Nigosian, Solomon (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uspf6eDDvjAC"><i>The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research</i></a>, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1144-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-1144-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+faith%3A+tradition+and+modern+research&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1144-6&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUspf6eDDvjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahura_Mazda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1982), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Under+the+Achamenians&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2001" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master", <i>Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80.</i>, Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mithra+the+King+and+Varuna+the+Master&rft.btitle=Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Helmut+Humbach+zum+80.&rft.place=Trier&rft.pages=239-257&rft.pub=WWT&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhalla1938" class="citation cs2">Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i>, New York: OUP, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-12806-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-12806-8"><bdi>0-404-12806-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=0-404-12806-8&rft.aulast=Dhalla&rft.aufirst=Maneckji+Nusservanji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumbach1991" class="citation cs2">Humbach, Helmut (1991), <i>The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts</i>, Heidelberg: Winter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-04473-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-533-04473-4"><bdi>3-533-04473-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gathas+of+Zarathushtra+and+the+other+Old+Avestan+texts&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Winter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-533-04473-4&rft.aulast=Humbach&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1945" class="citation cs2">Kent, Roland G. (1945), "Old Persian Texts", <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, <b>4</b> (4): 228–233, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370756">10.1086/370756</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222444341">222444341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Old+Persian+Texts&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=228-233&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222444341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1983" class="citation cs2">Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), "Ahura", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahura&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=682-683&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Bernardus+Franciscus+Jacobus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1976" class="citation cs2">Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), "Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?", <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>, <b>18</b> (1–2): 25–42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000076790079465">10.1163/000000076790079465</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Ahura+Mazd%C4%81+%27Lord+Wisdom%27%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-42&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000076790079465&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Bernardus+Franciscus+Jacobus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1997" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, F. B. J. (1997). "Avestan Mazdā-". <i>F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004653764_012">10.1163/9789004653764_012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-65376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-65376-4"><bdi>978-90-04-65376-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avestan+Mazd%C4%81-&rft.btitle=F.B.J.+Kuiper+Selected+Writings+on+Indian+Linguistics+and+Philology&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=321-330&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004653764_012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-65376-4&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=F.+B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWareKent1924" class="citation cs2">Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III", <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, <b>55</b>, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283007">10.2307/283007</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283007">283007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Old+Persian+Cuneiform+Inscriptions+of+Artaxerxes+II+and+Artaxerxes+III&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=52-61&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Kent%2C+Roland+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1950" class="citation cs2">Kent, Roland G. (1950), <i>Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon</i>, New Haven: American Oriental Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1"><bdi>0-940490-33-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Grammar%2C+texts%2C+lexicon&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=0-940490-33-1&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaJames_H._Overfield2000" class="citation cs2">Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiz6jbjgSjEC&q=ahura+mazda&pg=PA87"><i>The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700</i></a>, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-04245-6"><bdi>978-0-618-04245-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Record%3A+Sources+of+Global+History+%3A+To+1700&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-04245-6&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=James+H.+Overfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtiz6jbjgSjEC%26q%3Dahura%2Bmazda%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlerath1983" class="citation cs2">Schlerath, Bernfried (1983), "Ahurānī", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahur%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=683-684&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Schlerath&rft.aufirst=Bernfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhura+Mazda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahasranama" title="Sahasranama">In Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">In Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li>Abrahamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions">In Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a 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