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id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_philosophical_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_philosophical_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary and philosophical achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_philosophical_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">18th century</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="18de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Jahrhundert" title="18. Jahrhundert – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="18. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_18" title="القرن 18 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 18" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XVIII" title="Sieglo XVIII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XVIII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII%C3%A9mo_si%C3%A8cllo" title="XVIIIémo siècllo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="XVIIIémo siècllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XVIII" title="Sieglu XVIII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XVIII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XVIII гӀасру – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XVIII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%C9%99sr" title="XVIII əsr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XVIII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۸. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-18" title="Abad ka-18 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-18" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="18 sè-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="18 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-18" title="Abad kaping-18 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-18" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XVIII быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XVIII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVIII стагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XVIII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVIII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XVIII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="18 век – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="18 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._vijek" title="18. vijek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="18. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIIvet_kantved" title="XVIIIvet kantved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XVIIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XVIII" title="Segle XVIII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XVIII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XVIII ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XVIII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._stolet%C3%AD" title="18. století – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="18. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/18fed_ganrif" title="18fed ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="18fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="18. århundrede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="18. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700-lohku_(jahke%C4%8Duohti)" title="1700-lohku (jahkečuohti) – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1700-lohku (jahkečuohti)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Jahrhundert" title="18. Jahrhundert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="18. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._sajand" title="18. sajand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="18. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="18ος αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="18ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_s%C3%A9col" title="XVIII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XVIII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XVIII пинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XVIII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIII" title="Siglo XVIII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XVIII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-a_jarcento" title="18-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="18-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XVIII" title="Sigru XVIII – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XVIII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XVIII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده هجدهم میلادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده هجدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="18th century" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%C3%B8ld" title="18. øld – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="18. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XVIIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/18e_iuw" title="18e iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="18e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%BA_haois" title="18ú haois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="18ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18oo_eash" title="18oo eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="18oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="18. yüzyıl – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="18. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/18mh_Linn" title="18mh Linn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="18mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII" title="Século XVIII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XVIII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="18世紀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="18世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="18세기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="18세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="18-րդ դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="18-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="18 शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="18 शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._stolje%C4%87e" title="18. stoljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="18. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/18ma_yarcento" title="18ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="18ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-18" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_18" title="Seculo 18 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 18" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XVIII æнус – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XVIII æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%C3%B6ldin" title="18. öldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="18. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_secolo" title="XVIII secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XVIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-18" title="המאה ה-18 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-18" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_18" title="Abad ping 18 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 18" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XVIII საუკუნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XVIII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XVIII ғасыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XVIII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/18ves_kansbledhen" title="18ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="18ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_18" title="Karne ya 18 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 18" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="XVIII нэм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="XVIII нэм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-eafa_decemda" title="18-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="18-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_18an" title="Sedsala 18an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 18an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88_18" title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 18 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 18" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_godu_symts" title="18 godu symts – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="18 godu symts" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_18" title="Saeculum 18 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 18" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._gadsimts" title="18. gadsimts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="18. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Joerhonnert" title="18. Joerhonnert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="18. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XVIII виш йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XVIII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_am%C5%BEius" title="XVIII amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XVIII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_secolo" title="XVIII secolo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XVIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achtiende_iew" title="Achtiende iew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Achtiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_18" title="Sentenio 18 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 18" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/17xyxymoi" title="17xyxymoi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="17xyxymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XVIII" title="Sécul XVIII – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XVIII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._sz%C3%A1zad" title="18. század – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="18. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="18 век – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="18 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പതിനെട്ടാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പതിനെട്ടാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_18" title="Rautau 18 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 18" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XVIII ოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XVIII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن التمانتاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن التمانتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-18" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="18 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="18 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="18-р зуун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="18-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၈ ရာစုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XVIII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XVIII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XVIII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18e_eeuw" title="18e eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="18e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18e_eeuw" title="18e eeuw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="18e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="18世紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="18世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_seculo" title="XVIII seculo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XVIII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XVIII бӀешо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XVIII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._juarhunert" title="18. juarhunert – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="18. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%C3%A5rhundre" title="18. århundre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="18. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700-talet" title="1700-talet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1700-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIIe_s." title="XVIIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XVIIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/18esmi_sekle" title="18esmi sekle – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="18esmi sekle" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVIII" title="Sègle XVIII – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XVIII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XVIII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XVIII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_asr" title="XVIII asr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XVIII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="18ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="18ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اٹھارويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹھارويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_18" title="Siglo 18 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 18" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Johrhunnert" title="18. Johrhunnert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="18. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_wiek" title="XVIII wiek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XVIII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII" title="Século XVIII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XVIII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XVIII-lea" title="Secolul al XVIII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XVIII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="18 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="18 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XVIII. стороча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XVIII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XVIII век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XVIII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XVIII үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XVIII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/18t_century" title="18t century – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="18t century" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Jierhunnert" title="18. Jierhunnert – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="18. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_18" title="Ngwagakgolo 18 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 18" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XVIII" title="Shekulli XVIII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XVIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XVIII" title="Sèculu XVIII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XVIII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="18 වන සියවස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="18 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="18th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._storo%C4%8Die" title="18. storočie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="18. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._stoletje" title="18. stoletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="18. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A8%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="سەدەی ١٨یەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٨یەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="18. век – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="18. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._vijek" title="18. vijek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="18. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-18" title="Abad ka-18 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-18" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700-luku" title="1700-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1700-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700-talet" title="1700-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1700-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-18_dantaon" title="Ika-18 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-18 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="18-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="18-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XVIII гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XVIII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_18" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 18 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 18" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="18 వ శతాబ్దం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="18 వ శతాబ్దం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_18" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XVIII" title="Садаи XVIII – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XVIII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="18. yüzyıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="18. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-nji_asyr" title="18-nji asyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="18-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XVIII століття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XVIII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اٹھارہویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اٹھارہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_seco%C5%82o" title="XVIII secoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XVIII secoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_18" title="Thế kỷ 18 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 18" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._aastagasada" title="18. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="18. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/18inme_sieke" title="18inme sieke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="18inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-18_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-18 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-18 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="18世纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="18世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="18טער י"ה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="18טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="18世紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="18世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_18%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 18ıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 18ıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One hundred years, from 1701 to 1800</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_17th_century" title="Timeline of the 17th century">17th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_18th_century" title="Timeline of the 18th century">18th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of the 19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> State leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_17th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 17th century">17th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_18th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 18th century">18th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_19th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1700s_(decade)" title="1700s (decade)">1700s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710s" title="1710s">1710s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720s" title="1720s">1720s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730s" title="1730s">1730s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740s" title="1740s">1740s</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1750s" title="1750s">1750s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1760s" title="1760s">1760s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770s" title="1770s">1770s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780s" title="1780s">1780s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790s" title="1790s">1790s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_births" title="Category:18th-century births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_deaths" title="Category:18th-century deaths">Deaths</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_establishments" title="Category:18th-century establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:18th-century disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centurybox" title="Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centurybox" title="Template talk:Centurybox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1700_CE_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1700_CE_world_map.PNG/220px-1700_CE_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1700_CE_world_map.PNG/330px-1700_CE_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1700_CE_world_map.PNG/440px-1700_CE_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a>, 14 July 1789, an iconic event of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/330px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/440px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Development of the <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a> in the late 18th century was an important element in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> took place in the late 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>18th century</b> lasted from 1 January <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> MDCCI) to 31 December <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a> (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinking culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a>. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">human society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>. During the century, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trading</a> expanded across the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, while declining in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV of France</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-Baines_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baines-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may run from the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even later.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, philosophers ushered in the Age of Enlightenment. This period coincided with the French Revolution of 1789, and was later compromised by the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. Various conflicts throughout the century, including the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, saw <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> triumph over its rivals to become the preeminent power in Europe. However, Britain's attempts to exert its authority over the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> became a catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The 18th century also marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to prevent <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition</a> by the neighboring states of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and Russia. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> led <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Persia</a> in successful <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_Nader_Shah" title="Campaigns of Nader Shah">military campaigns</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking no part in European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the death of Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> was followed by the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> and an increasing level of European influence and control in the region. In 1739, Persian emperor Nader Shah invaded and plundered Delhi, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Later, his general <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> scored another victory against the Marathas, the then dominant power in India, in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the century, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> began to conquer eastern India,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the end of the century, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, led to <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule</a> over the south.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the century marked the <a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing era</a> and the continual <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">seclusion policy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_wars#Konbaung_(Burma)–Ayutthaya_(Siam)" title="Burmese–Siamese wars">Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn Wars</a> broke out while the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> established <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">increasing levels of control</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> underwent the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a>, a period when the country was ruled by a class of regional noblemen and the emperor was merely a figurehead. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> also saw the continued involvement of states such as the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, the European colonization of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> began during the late half of the century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> declared its independence from Great Britain. In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. In 1789, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was inaugurated as the first president. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> traveled to Europe where he was hailed as an inventor. Examples of his inventions include the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bifocal_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifocal glasses">bifocal glasses</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">uprising</a> that sought to end <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Spanish colonial rule in Peru</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_18th_century" title="Timeline of the 18th century">Timeline of the 18th century</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1701–1750"><span id="1701.E2.80.931750"></span>1701–1750</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1701–1750"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe,_1700%E2%80%941714.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/170px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/255px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/340px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Europe at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, 1700</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/170px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/255px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/340px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709 turned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> into a European power.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlborough-duke-first.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/170px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/255px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/340px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1700" title="1700">1700</a>–<a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empires</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> declared under King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Feyiase" title="Battle of Feyiase">Battle of Feyiase</a> marks the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>–<a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>: The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> is fought, involving most of continental <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France#War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1702" title="1702">1702</a>–<a href="/wiki/1715" title="1715">1715</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camisards" title="Camisards">Camisard rebellion</a> in France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>; it is the Russian <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> until <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>–<a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>: The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>: End of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Genroku" title="Genroku">Genroku</a> period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="First Javanese War of Succession">First Javanese War of Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp82_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1706" title="1706">1706</a>–<a href="/wiki/1713" title="1713">1713</a>: The War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Battle of Ramillies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Turin" title="Siege of Turin">Siege of Turin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707" title="1707">1707</a>: Death of Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> leads to the fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707" title="1707">1707</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union</a> is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708" title="1708">1708</a>: The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies</a> and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708" title="1708">1708</a>–<a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>: Famine kills one-third of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>'s population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>: Foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">Great Frost of 1709</a> marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Poltava</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>: The world's first <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright legislation</a>, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Statute of Anne</a>, takes effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>–<a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> fights Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War</a> and regains <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Bukhara Khanate</a> dissolves as local begs seize power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>–<a href="/wiki/1715" title="1715">1715</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora people</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713" title="1713">1713</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>: In Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-in-glass_thermometer" title="Mercury-in-glass thermometer">mercury-in-glass thermometer</a>, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715" title="1715">1715</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">first Jacobite rising</a> breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1716" title="1716">1716</a>: Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a> along the present-day India-<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> border.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1716</a>–<a href="/wiki/1718" title="1718">1718</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Venetian-Turkish War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718" title="1718">1718</a>: The city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> is founded by the French in North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718" title="1718">1718</a>–<a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a> with Spain versus France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718" title="1718">1718</a>–<a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip period</a> of the Ottoman Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>: <a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Second Javanese War of Succession">Second Javanese War of Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp84_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp84-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720</a>: The <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Bubble">South Sea Bubble</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720</a>–<a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720</a>: Qing forces oust <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a> invaders from <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Tibet</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> is signed, ending the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Shamakhi" title="Sack of Shamakhi">Sack of Shamakhi</a>, massacre of its Shia population by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722" title="1722">1722</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan" title="Siege of Isfahan">Siege of Isfahan</a> results in the handover of Iran to the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotaki Afghans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722" title="1722">1722</a>–<a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722" title="1722">1722</a>–<a href="/wiki/1725" title="1725">1725</a>: Controversy over <a href="/wiki/William_Wood_(Mintmaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wood (Mintmaster)">William Wood</a>'s halfpence leads to the <i><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a></i> and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740,_Musee_Guimet,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/170px-7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/255px-7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/340px-7_Muhammad_Shah_and_Nadir_Shah._1740%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> with the Persian invader <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>: <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> is abolished in Russia; <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> converts household <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe#Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">slaves</a> into house <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>–<a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> territories by the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>–<a href="/wiki/1732" title="1732">1732</a>: The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, with inconclusive results.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> proposes the <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> temperature scale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725" title="1725">1725</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vienna_(1725)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Vienna (1725)">Austro-Spanish alliance</a> revived. Russia joins in 1726.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>–<a href="/wiki/1729" title="1729">1729</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> ends inconclusively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a> takes over Ottoman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">Patrona Halil</a> revolt, ending the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip period</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>–<a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a>: The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> takes place in Great Britain and North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1732" title="1732">1732</a>–<a href="/wiki/1734" title="1734">1734</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Tatar</a> raids into Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733" title="1733">1733</a>–<a href="/wiki/1738" title="1738">1738</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_the_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1735" title="1735">1735</a>–<a href="/wiki/1739" title="1739">1739</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1735" title="1735">1735</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1738" title="1738">1738</a>–<a href="/wiki/1756" title="1756">1756</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">Famine</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>; half the population of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> dies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1737" title="1737">1737</a>–<a href="/wiki/1738" title="1738">1738</a>: Hotak Empire ends after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">siege of Kandahar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739" title="1739">1739</a>: Great Britain and Spain fight the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> in the Caribbean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739" title="1739">1739</a>: Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a>. Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739" title="1739">1739</a>–<a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Sindh_expedition" title="Nader Shah's Sindh expedition">Nader Shah's Sindh expedition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a> brings the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> to New England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>–<a href="/wiki/1741" title="1741">1741</a>: <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine (1740–1741)">Famine in Ireland</a> kills 20 percent of the population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741" title="1741">1741</a>–<a href="/wiki/1743" title="1743">1743</a>: Iran invades <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Oman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741" title="1741">1741</a>–<a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Maratha invasions of Bengal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>–<a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marvel%27s_Mill" title="Marvel's Mill">Marvel's Mill</a>, the first water-powered <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a>, begins operation in England.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> in his honor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>: Premiere of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)"><i>Messiah</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1743" title="1743">1743</a>–<a href="/wiki/1746" title="1746">1746</a>: Another <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">Ottoman-Persian War</a> involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/170px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/255px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/340px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>The extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a> system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> in 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1744" title="1744">1744</a>: The <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ibn_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ibn Saud">Mohammed Ibn Saud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744" title="1744">1744</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Battle of Toulon</a> is fought off the coast of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744" title="1744">1744</a>–<a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">First Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Second Jacobite rising</a> is begun by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> in Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747" title="1747">1747</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle</a> ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>–<a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Second Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750" title="1750">1750</a>: Peak of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1751–1800"><span id="1751.E2.80.931800"></span>1751–1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1751–1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1752" title="1752">1752</a>: The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>, skipping 11 days from 3 September to 13 September. On the calendar, 2 September is followed directly by 14 September.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Khan_Wallajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah">Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Nawab of the Carnatic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">King's College</a> is founded by a royal charter of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the North American chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>: The <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">great Lisbon earthquake</a> destroys most of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s capital and kills up to 100,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a> depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Great Upheaval</a> forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756" title="1756">1756</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756" title="1756">1756</a>–<a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">Third Carnatic War</a> is fought between the British, the French, and Mysore in India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757" title="1757">1757</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">British conquest of Bengal</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/170px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/255px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/340px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, Empress of Russia.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> becomes King of Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761" title="1761">1761</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">Battle of Panipat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762" title="1762">1762</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: Reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine the Great</a> of Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764" title="1764">1764</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Ashanti Empire">Ashanti army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atakpam%C3%A9" title="Battle of Atakpamé">Battle of Atakpamé</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764" title="1764">1764</a>: The Mughals are defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765" title="1765">1765</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> is introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> by the British Parliament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767" title="1767">1765–1767</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)">Burmese invade Thailand</a> and utterly destroy <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)">Attuthaya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765" title="1765">1765</a>–<a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>: <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hsinbyushin" title="Hsinbyushin">Hsinbyushin</a> repels <a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">four invasions</a> from Qing China, securing hegemony over the <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan states</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766" title="1766">1766</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII</a> becomes king of Denmark. He was <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">king of Denmark</a> to <a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766" title="1766">1766</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767" title="1767">1767</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768" title="1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1772" title="1772">1772</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768" title="1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>: Spanish <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> establish the first of 21 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Missions_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Missions of California">missions</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>–<a href="/wiki/1770" title="1770">1770</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>–<a href="/wiki/1773" title="1773">1773</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a> kills one-third of the Bengal population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> dissolves, only to be revived in 1785.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769" title="1769">1769</a>: French expeditions capture <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> plants in <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s (VOC) monopoly of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp102_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp102-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770" title="1770">1770</a>–<a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771</a>: <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_the_Czech_lands" title="Famines in the Czech lands">Famine in Czech lands</a> kills hundreds of thousands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_plague_riot_of_1771" title="Moscow plague riot of 1771">Plague Riot</a> in Moscow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a> dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> migrate back to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing Dzungaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772" title="1772">1772</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III of Sweden</a> stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/170px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/255px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/340px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die,_ou_dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_des_sciences,_des_arts_et_des_m%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers">Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1772" title="1772">1772</a>–<a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>: Maratha Empire fights Britain and <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a>'s forces during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772" title="1772">1772</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> end the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773" title="1773">1773</a>–<a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a>, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773" title="1773">1773</a>: East India Company starts operations in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to smuggle <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">opium into China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporizhian Cossacks</a> of Ukraine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>–<a href="/wiki/1782" title="1782">1782</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>–<a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: Several <a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">kongsi republics</a> are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>–<a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">A Spanish-Portuguese War</a> occurs over land in the South American frontiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> is adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> becomes the first European to land on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> signed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a>: Spain acquires its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">first permanent holding in Africa</a> from the Portuguese, which is administered by the newly-established <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">La Plata Viceroyalty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnam</a> is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Son brothers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a> has been established, terminating the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> between British and <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world</a> to the combined Franco-Spanish navy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand" title="Karim Khan Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>: Outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">indigenous rebellion</a> against Spanish colonization led by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png/170px-Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png/255px-Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png/340px-Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>–<a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> is abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian monarchy</a> (first step; second step in <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782" title="1782">1782</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a> of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> formally ends the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>: Russian annexation of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>: Imam <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur" title="Sheikh Mansur">Sheikh Mansur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a> warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian tribes</a> from throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">holy war</a> against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> is fought between the United States and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>–<a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_wars" title="Maratha–Mysore wars">Maratha–Mysore Wars</a> concludes with an exchange of territories in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>–<a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> premieres <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> occupy Timbuktu until the 19th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>–<a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> arrives in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>–<a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>: Dutch <a href="/wiki/Geert_Adriaans_Boomgaard" title="Geert Adriaans Boomgaard">Geert Adriaans Boomgaard</a> (1788–1899) would become the first generally accepted validated case of a <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a> on record.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grggl_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grggl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/170px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/255px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/340px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>–<a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Chi%C3%AAu_Th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Lê Chiêu Thống">Vietnamese king</a> in northern Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">ends in disaster</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> is elected the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>; he serves until <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Quang Trung</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><span lang="pt" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a></span></span>, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>: Suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Austrian</a> forces and re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> explores the world during the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition" title="Vancouver Expedition">Vancouver Expedition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>: Mozart premieres <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>–<a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>: The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> lead into the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, which last from <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>–<a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>: The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock & Exchange Board</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ann_Neve" title="Margaret Ann Neve">Margaret Ann Neve</a> (1792–1903) would become the first recorded female <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a> to reach the age of 110.<sup id="cite_ref-BIB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Priaulx_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priaulx-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Slavery" title="Act Against Slavery">bans slavery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>: The largest <a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">yellow fever epidemic</a> in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, roughly 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt in the Vendée">Revolt in the Vendée</a> against the French Republic at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>–<a href="/wiki/1816" title="1816">1816</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a>, which were a series of incidents between settlers and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> clans of the <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_River" title="Hawkesbury River">Hawkesbury river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Marseillaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseillaise">Marseillaise</a> is officially adopted as the French <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/170px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/255px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/340px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge_of_Arcole" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Bridge of Arcole">Bridge of the Arcole</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu" title="Battle of Nuʻuanu">Battle of Nuʻuanu</a> in the final days of King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a>'s wars to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">unify</a> the Hawaiian Islands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Iran invades and devastates Georgia</a>, prompting <a href="/wiki/Persian_expedition_of_1796" title="Persian expedition of 1796">Russia to intervene and march on Tehran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> administers the first <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox vaccination">smallpox vaccination</a>; <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montenotte" title="Battle of Montenotte">Battle of Montenotte</a> marks <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s first victory as an army commander.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>: The British eject the Dutch from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">South Africa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>–<a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>: The <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu dynasty">Manchu dynasty</a> in China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> fails to overthrow <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>–<a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> is fought between the United States and France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> is dissolved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian_Alliance_(1781)" title="Austro-Russian Alliance (1781)">Austro-Russian</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_and_Swiss_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian and Swiss expedition">liberates much of Italy and Switzerland</a> from French occupation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> brings the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after <a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">60 years of rule over China</a>. His favorite official, <a href="/wiki/Heshen" title="Heshen">Heshen</a>, is ordered to commit suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>: On 1 January, the bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved and the nationalized <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> are established.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp106_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp106-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions,_discoveries,_and_introductions"><span id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_and_introductions"></span>Inventions, discoveries, and introductions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inventions, discoveries, and introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#18th_century" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions § 18th century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries#18th_century" title="Timeline of scientific discoveries">Timeline of scientific discoveries § 18th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinning_jenny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/170px-Spinning_jenny.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/255px-Spinning_jenny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/340px-Spinning_jenny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">Tuning fork</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Shore_(trumpeter)" title="John Shore (trumpeter)">John Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_thermometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury thermometer">Mercury thermometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717" title="1717">1717</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> was successfully tested by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octant_(instrument)" title="Octant (instrument)">Octant</a> navigational tool was developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Hadley" title="John Hadley">John Hadley</a> in England, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Godfrey_(inventor)" title="Thomas Godfrey (inventor)">Thomas Godfrey</a> in America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733" title="1733">1733</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1736" title="1736">1736</a>: Europeans encountered <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> – the discovery was made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine" title="Charles Marie de La Condamine">Charles Marie de La Condamine</a> while on expedition in South America. It was named in <a href="/wiki/1770" title="1770">1770</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>: Modern <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman" title="Benjamin Huntsman">Benjamin Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741" title="1741">1741</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> discovers Alaska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a>: <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist" title="Ewald Georg von Kleist">Ewald Georg von Kleist</a> was the first electrical <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson" title="Jacques de Vaucanson">Jacques de Vaucanson</a> perfects the first precision <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1752" title="1752">1752</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1753" title="1753">1753</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a> to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker" title="Benjamin Banneker">Benjamin Banneker</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>: The tallest <i>wooden</i> <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> statue in the world is erected at <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>, China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764" title="1764">1764</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a> created by <a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a> brought on the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765" title="1765">1765</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> technologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761" title="1761">1761</a>: The problem of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> was finally resolved by the fourth <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometer</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes" title="Thomas Bayes">Thomas Bayes</a> publishes first version of <a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a>, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768" title="1768">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG/170px-Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG/255px-Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG/340px-Red_building_Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>, completed in 1771, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>: Joseph Priestley's first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, "laughing gas"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: First improved steam engines installed by <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steamboat</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Jouffroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Jouffroy">Claude de Jouffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a>: <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular saw</a> invented by Samuel Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> was first discovered by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> announces discovery of Uranus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Argand" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimé Argand">Aimé Argand</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright" title="Edmund Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>: <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">Automatic flour mill</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>: <a href="/wiki/Threshing_machine" title="Threshing machine">Threshing machine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Meikle" title="Andrew Meikle">Andrew Meikle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Charles%27s_law" title="Charles's law">Charles's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> publishes a treatise about <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithographic printing process</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder" title="Alois Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s troops</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_philosophical_achievements">Literary and philosophical achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literary and philosophical achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th century in literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_philosophy" title="18th century in philosophy">18th century in philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Suicides_at_Sonezaki" title="The Love Suicides at Sonezaki">The Love Suicides at Sonezaki</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chikamatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikamatsu">Chikamatsu</a> first performed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>–<a href="/wiki/1717" title="1717">1717</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Galland" title="Antoine Galland">Antoine Galland</a>. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> first published</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (publication of first version)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725" title="1725">1725</a>: <i>The New Science</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1726" title="1726">1726</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1728" title="1728">1728</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (publication of first version)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744" title="1744">1744</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book" title="A Little Pretty Pocket-Book">A Little Pretty Pocket-Book</a></i> becomes one of the first <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature#History" title="Children's literature">books marketed for children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chushingura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chushingura">Chushingura</a></i> (<i>The Treasury of Loyal Retainers</i>), popular Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">puppet play</a>, composed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarissa (novel)">Clarissa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749" title="1749">1749</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling" title="The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling">The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard" title="Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard">Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a> published</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>–<a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>: The French <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758" title="1758">1758</a>: <i>Arithmetika Horvatzka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mihalj_%C5%A0ilobod_Bol%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić">Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>–<a href="/wiki/1767" title="1767">1767</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Shandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristram Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762" title="1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile: or, On Education">Emile: or, On Education</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762" title="1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Contract_(Rousseau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Contract (Rousseau)">The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">The Sorrows of Young Werther</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> first published</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ugetsu_Monogatari" title="Ugetsu Monogatari">Ugetsu Monogatari</a></i></span> (<i>Tales of Moonlight and Rain</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Ueda_Akinari" title="Ueda Akinari">Ueda Akinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>–<a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace" title="Amazing Grace">Amazing Grace</a></i> published by <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>–<a href="/wiki/1782" title="1782">1782</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_English_Poets" title="Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets">Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (publication of first edition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781" title="1781">1781</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> first published</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782" title="1782">1782</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses" title="Les Liaisons dangereuses">Les Liaisons dangereuses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Poems,_Chiefly_in_the_Scottish_Dialect" title="Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect">Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>–<a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Innocence">Songs of Innocence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_from_St._Petersburg_to_Moscow" title="Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow">Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Alexander Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Experience">Songs of Experience</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads" title="Lyrical Ballads">Lyrical Ballads</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> published by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a></li> <li>(mid–18th century): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dream of the Red Chamber">The Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i> (authorship attributed to <a href="/wiki/Cao_Xueqin" title="Cao Xueqin">Cao Xueqin</a>), one of the most famous Chinese novels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_works">Musical works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Musical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)" title="Rinaldo (opera)">Rinaldo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s first opera for the London stage, premiered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i>, violin concertos by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, composed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> composed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a></i> is composed by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>. It has been performed at every subsequent British coronation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733" title="1733">1733</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_et_Aricie" title="Hippolyte et Aricie">Hippolyte et Aricie</a></i>, first opera by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741" title="1741">1741</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i>, oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a> premiered in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749" title="1749">1749</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a> assembled in current form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue" title="The Art of Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762" title="1762">1762</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i>, first "reform opera" by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_von_Gluck" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Willibald von Gluck">Gluck</a>, performed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._41_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)">Jupiter Symphony</a> (Symphony No. 41)</i> composed by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>, opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>–<a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>: <a href="/wiki/London_symphonies" title="London symphonies">London symphonies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._8_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)">Pathétique</a>, piano sonata by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798" title="1798">1798</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i>, oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> first performed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVolkov" class="citation book cs1">Volkov, Sergey. <i>Concise History of Imperial Russia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Imperial+Russia&rft.aulast=Volkov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William T. <i>China's Last Empire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Last+Empire&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_M._S.1979" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M. S. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historianseighte0000ande"><i>Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822548-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822548-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185538307">185538307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+and+Eighteenth-Century+Europe%2C+1715%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185538307&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822548-5&rft.au=Anderson%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorianseighte0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro,_Aileen2002" class="citation book cs1">Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). <i>Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715–1789</i> (revised ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09151-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09151-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186413657">186413657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dress+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe+1715%E2%80%931789&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186413657&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09151-9&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Aileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baines-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baines_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2004" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Paul (2004). <i>The Long 18th Century</i>. London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-81372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-81372-0"><bdi>978-0-340-81372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+18th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-340-81372-0&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall,_P._J.2001" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P. J., ed. (2001). <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire)</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924677-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924677-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174866045">174866045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Eighteenth+Century+%28Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174866045&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924677-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span>, "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman,_Frank1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Gorman, Frank (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longeighteenthce0000ogor"><i>The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series)</i></a></span>. A Hodder Arnold Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-56751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-56751-7"><bdi>978-0-340-56751-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243883533">243883533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Eighteenth+Century%3A+British+Political+and+Social+History+1688%E2%80%931832+%28The+Arnold+History+of+Britain+Series%29&rft.pub=A+Hodder+Arnold+Publication&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243883533&rft.isbn=978-0-340-56751-7&rft.au=O%27Gorman%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongeighteenthce0000ogor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Bipin. <i>Mordern India</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+A+%E2%80%93+Verified+Supercentenarians+%28Listed+Chronologically+By+Birth+Date%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FA.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grggl-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grggl_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grg.org/Gallery/Pre1850sGallery.html">Photo Gallery for Supercentenarians born before 1850, as of May 17, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIB-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BIB_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour-Pau2005" class="citation book cs1">Balfour-Pau, Glen (20 December 2005). <i>Bagpipes in Babylon: A Lifetime in the Arab World and Beyond</i>. I.B.Tauris, 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111519" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111519"><bdi>9781845111519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bagpipes+in+Babylon%3A+A+Lifetime+in+the+Arab+World+and+Beyond&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris%2C+2006&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.isbn=9781845111519&rft.aulast=Balfour-Pau&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priaulx-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Priaulx_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022135751/http://www.priaulxlibrary.co.uk/priaulx-library-new-details2.asp?ItemID=95">"The Harvey Family"</a>. <i>Priaulx Library</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priaulxlibrary.co.uk/priaulx-library-new-details2.asp?ItemID=95">the original</a> on 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priaulx+Library&rft.atitle=The+Harvey+Family&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.priaulxlibrary.co.uk%2Fpriaulx-library-new-details2.asp%3FItemID%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm">"Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793"</a>. <i>EyeWitness to History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607233805/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EyeWitness+to+History&rft.atitle=Yellow+Fever+Attacks+Philadelphia%2C+1793&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Fyellowfever.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel_S2005" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel S (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination"</a>. <i>Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 21–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2005.11928028">10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696">1200696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16200144">16200144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+%28Bayl+Univ+Med+Cent%29&rft.atitle=Edward+Jenner+and+the+history+of+smallpox+and+vaccination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16200144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2005.11928028&rft.au=Riedel+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp106-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp106_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1991), page 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.britannica.com/press/inventions.html">Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163707/http://corporate.britannica.com/press/inventions.html">Archived</a> August 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29198-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29198-5">978-0-471-29198-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. <i>A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History</i> (1994) 890pp</li> <li>Klekar, Cynthia. "Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature." Innovative Course Design Winner. <i>American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>: Wake Forest University, 2004. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asecs.press.jhu.edu">Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)</a>>. Refereed.</li> <li>Langer, William. <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i> (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lang">online free</a></li> <li>Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. <i>Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr">online</a></li> <li>Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. <i>The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 </i> (1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicdevelopm0001milw">online</a>; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap. <ul><li>Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. <i>The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofeco0000milw">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">The Wallace Collection</a>, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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aria-labelledby="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Millennia</li><li>Centuries</li><li>Decades</li><li>Years</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decades_and_years" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decades_and_years" title="Template talk:Decades and years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decades_and_years" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>18th century</b><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> ← <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a> ← ↔ → <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> → <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></span></small> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/1690s" title="1690s"><b>1690s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1690" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1690">1690</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1691" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1691">1691</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1692" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1692">1692</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1693" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1693">1693</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1694" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1694">1694</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1695" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1695">1695</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1696" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1696">1696</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1697" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1697">1697</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1698" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1698">1698</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1699" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1699">1699</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1700s_(decade)" title="1700s (decade)"><b>1700s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1700" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1700">1700</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1701" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1701">1701</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1702" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1702">1702</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1703" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1703">1703</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1704" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1704">1704</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1705" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1705">1705</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1706" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1706">1706</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1707">1707</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1708" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1708">1708</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1709" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1709">1709</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1710s" title="1710s"><b>1710s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1710" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1710">1710</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1711" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1711">1711</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1712" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1712">1712</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1713" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1713">1713</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1714" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1714">1714</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1715" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1715">1715</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1716" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1716">1716</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1717">1717</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1718" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1718">1718</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1719" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1719">1719</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1720s" title="1720s"><b>1720s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1720" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1720">1720</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1721" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1721">1721</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1722">1722</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1723" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1723">1723</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1724" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1724">1724</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1725" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1725">1725</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1726" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1726">1726</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1727" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1727">1727</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1728" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1728">1728</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1729">1729</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1730s" title="1730s"><b>1730s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1730" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1730">1730</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1731" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1731">1731</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1732" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1732">1732</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1733">1733</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1734" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1734">1734</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1735" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1735">1735</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1736" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1736">1736</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1737" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1737">1737</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1738" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1738">1738</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1739" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1739">1739</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1740s" title="1740s"><b>1740s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1740" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1740">1740</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1741" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1741">1741</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1742" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1742">1742</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1743" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1743">1743</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1744" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1744">1744</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1745">1745</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1746">1746</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1747" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1747">1747</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1748" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1748">1748</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1749" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1749">1749</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1750s" title="1750s"><b>1750s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1750" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1750">1750</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1751" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1751">1751</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1752" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1752">1752</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1753">1753</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1754" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1754">1754</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1755" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1755">1755</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1756">1756</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1757" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1757">1757</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1758" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1758">1758</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1759">1759</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1760s" title="1760s"><b>1760s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1760" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1760">1760</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1761">1761</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1762" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1762">1762</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1763">1763</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1764">1764</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1765" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1765">1765</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1766" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1766">1766</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1767" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1767">1767</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1768" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1768">1768</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1769" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1769">1769</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1770s" title="1770s"><b>1770s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1770">1770</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1771" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1771">1771</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1772" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1772">1772</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1773" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1773">1773</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1774" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1774">1774</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1775" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1775">1775</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1776" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1776">1776</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1777" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1777">1777</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1778" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1778">1778</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1779" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1779">1779</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1780s" title="1780s"><b>1780s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1780" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1780">1780</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1781" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1781">1781</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1782" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1782">1782</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1783" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1783">1783</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1784" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1784">1784</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1785" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1785">1785</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1786" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1786">1786</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1787" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1787">1787</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1788" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1788">1788</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1789">1789</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1790s" title="1790s"><b>1790s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1790" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1790">1790</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1791">1791</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1792">1792</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1793" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1793">1793</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1794" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1794">1794</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1795" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1795">1795</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1796">1796</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1797" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1797">1797</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1798" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1798">1798</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1799" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1799">1799</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1800s_(decade)" title="1800s (decade)"><b>1800s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1800">1800</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1801" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1801">1801</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1802" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1802">1802</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1803" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1803">1803</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1804" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1804">1804</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1805" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1805">1805</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1806" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1806">1806</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1807" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1807">1807</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1808" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1808">1808</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1809" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1809">1809</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centuries_and_millennia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centuries" title="Template:Centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centuries" title="Template talk:Centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Centuries_and_millennia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Centuries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef; width:10%;">Millennium</th> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#efefef; width:90%;">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">BC (BCE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:9%"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></b></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">30th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century_BC" title="29th century BC">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century_BC" title="28th century BC">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century_BC" title="27th century BC">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century_BC" title="24th century BC">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century_BC" title="23rd century BC">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century_BC" title="22nd century BC">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC">21st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century_BC" title="20th century BC">20th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century_BC" title="19th century BC">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_century_BC" title="18th century BC">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century_BC" title="17th century BC">17th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century_BC" title="16th century BC">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century_BC" title="15th century BC">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century_BC" title="13th century BC">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century_BC" title="12th century BC">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century_BC" title="11th century BC">11th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">10th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century_BC" title="9th century BC">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century_BC" title="4th century BC">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">AD (CE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd century">23rd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="24th century">24th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="25th century">25th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="26th century">26th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="27th century">27th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="28th century">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="29th century">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="30th century">30th</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7015#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="18th century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002012474">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eighteenth century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85041401">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976032c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976032c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460556&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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