Color balance - Wikipedia

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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromatic_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chromatic colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromatic_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_of_color_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_of_color_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mathematics of color balance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematics_of_color_balance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mathematics of color balance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_of_color_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scaling_monitor_R,_G,_and_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scaling_monitor_R,_G,_and_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scaling monitor R, G, and B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scaling_monitor_R,_G,_and_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scaling_X,_Y,_Z" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scaling_X,_Y,_Z"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scaling X, Y, Z</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scaling_X,_Y,_Z-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Von_Kries's_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Von_Kries's_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Von Kries's method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Von_Kries's_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scaling_camera_RGB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scaling_camera_RGB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scaling camera RGB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scaling_camera_RGB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preferred_chromatic_adaptation_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preferred_chromatic_adaptation_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Preferred chromatic adaptation spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preferred_chromatic_adaptation_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_illuminant_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_illuminant_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>General illuminant adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_illuminant_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রঙের ভারসাম্য বিধান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রঙের ভারসাম্য বিধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan%C3%A7_de_blancs" title="Balanç de blancs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balanç de blancs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyv%C3%A1%C5%BEen%C3%AD_b%C3%ADl%C3%A9" title="Vyvážení bílé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyvážení bílé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidbalance" title="Hvidbalance – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvidbalance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fabgleich" title="Weißabgleich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weißabgleich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ισορροπία χρώματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισορροπία χρώματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_de_blancos" title="Balance de blancos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balance de blancos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تعادل رنگ سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعادل رنگ سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_des_blancs" title="Balance des blancs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balance des blancs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94" title="색조화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색조화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Balance" title="White Balance – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="White Balance" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtj%C3%B6fnun" title="Hvítjöfnun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítjöfnun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanciamento_del_colore" title="Bilanciamento del colore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bilanciamento del colore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9regyens%C3%BAly" title="Fehéregyensúly – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehéregyensúly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ホワイトバランス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホワイトバランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitbalanse" title="Hvitbalanse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvitbalanse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balans_bieli" title="Balans bieli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Balans bieli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan%C3%A7o_de_cores" title="Balanço de cores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balanço de cores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Баланс белого цвета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баланс белого цвета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ණ සංතුලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ණ සංතුලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkotasapaino" title="Valkotasapaino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkotasapaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitbalans" title="Vitbalans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitbalans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వర్ణ సమతౌల్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్ణ సమతౌల్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="สมดุลสีขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมดุลสีขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk_dengesi" title="Renk dengesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renk dengesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Баланс білого кольору – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баланс білого кольору" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="色彩平衡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色彩平衡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adjustment of color intensities in photography</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the process applied to still images. For the equivalent process applied to video, see <a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Color grading</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg/300px-Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg/450px-Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg/600px-Lily-M7292-As-shot-and-manual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The left half shows the photo as it came from the digital camera. The right half shows the photo adjusted to make a gray surface neutral in the same light.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, <b>color balance</b> is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue <a href="/wiki/Primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colors">primary colors</a>). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly. Hence, the general method is sometimes called <b>gray balance</b>, <b>neutral balance</b>, or <b>white balance</b>. Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for <a href="/wiki/Color_correction" title="Color correction">color correction</a>. Generalized versions of color balance are used to correct colors other than neutrals or to deliberately change them for effect. <b> White balance</b> is one of the most common kinds of balancing, and is when colors are adjusted to make a white object (such as a piece of paper or a wall) appear white and not a shade of any other colour. </p><p>Image data acquired by sensors – either <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or electronic <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> – must be transformed from the acquired values to new values that are appropriate for color reproduction or display. Several aspects of the acquisition and display process make such color correction essential – including that the acquisition sensors do not match the sensors in the human eye, that the properties of the display medium must be accounted for, and that the ambient viewing conditions of the acquisition differ from the display viewing conditions. </p><p>The color balance operations in popular <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a> applications usually operate directly on the red, green, and blue channel <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> values,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without respect to any color sensing or reproduction model. In film photography, color balance is typically achieved by using <a href="/wiki/Color_correction_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Color correction filter">color correction filters</a> over the lights or on the camera lens.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalized_color_balance">Generalized color balance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Generalized color balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_balancing_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Color_balancing_girl.jpg/300px-Color_balancing_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Color_balancing_girl.jpg/450px-Color_balancing_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Color_balancing_girl.jpg/600px-Color_balancing_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Example of color balancing</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes the adjustment to keep neutrals neutral is called <i>white balance</i>, and the phrase <i>color balance</i> refers to the adjustment that in addition makes other colors in a displayed image appear to have the same general appearance as the colors in an original scene.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly important that neutral (gray, neutral, white) colors in a scene appear neutral in the reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_color_balance">Psychological color balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychological color balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans relate to <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">flesh tones</a> more critically than other colors. Trees, grass and sky can all be off without concern, but if human flesh tones are 'off' then the human subject can look sick or dead. To address this critical color balance issue, the tri-color primaries themselves are formulated to <i>not</i> balance as a true neutral color. The purpose of this color primary imbalance is to more faithfully reproduce the flesh tones through the entire brightness range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illuminant_estimation_and_adaptation">Illuminant estimation and adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illuminant estimation and adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifton_Beach_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clifton_Beach_5.jpg/300px-Clifton_Beach_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clifton_Beach_5.jpg/450px-Clifton_Beach_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clifton_Beach_5.jpg/600px-Clifton_Beach_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>A seascape photograph at <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Beach,_Tasmania" title="Clifton Beach, Tasmania">Clifton Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Arm,_Tasmania" title="South Arm, Tasmania">South Arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Australia. The white balance has been adjusted towards the warm side for creative effect.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColorChecker100423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ColorChecker100423.jpg/300px-ColorChecker100423.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ColorChecker100423.jpg/450px-ColorChecker100423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ColorChecker100423.jpg/600px-ColorChecker100423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a <a href="/wiki/ColorChecker" title="ColorChecker">ColorChecker</a> as a reference shot for color balance adjustments.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg/300px-Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg/450px-Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg/600px-Government_Center_Miami_color_balance_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Two photos of a high-rise building shot within a minute of each other with an entry-level point-and-shoot camera. Left photo shows a "normal", more accurate color balance, while the right side shows a "vivid" color balance, in-camera effects and no post-production besides black background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/300px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/450px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/600px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons)</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg/300px-PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg/450px-PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg/600px-PIA16068_-_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_-_Aeolis_Mons_-_20120817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>A white-balanced image of Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) on Mars</figcaption></figure> <p>Most digital cameras have means to select color correction based on the type of scene lighting, using either manual lighting selection, automatic white balance, or custom white balance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The algorithms for these processes perform generalized <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_adaptation" title="Chromatic adaptation">chromatic adaptation</a>. </p><p>Many methods exist for color balancing. Setting a button on a camera is a way for the user to indicate to the processor the nature of the scene lighting. Another option on some cameras is a button which one may press when the camera is pointed at a <a href="/wiki/Gray_card" title="Gray card">gray card</a> or other neutral colored object. This captures an image of the ambient light, which enables a digital camera to set the correct color balance for that light. </p><p>There is a large literature on how one might estimate the ambient lighting from the camera data and then use this information to transform the image data. A variety of algorithms have been proposed, and the quality of these has been debated. A few examples and examination of the references therein will lead the reader to many others. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Retinex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinex">Retinex</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a><sup id="cite_ref-Funt1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funt1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian method">Bayesian method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Finlayson2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finlayson2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chromatic_colors">Chromatic colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chromatic colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color balancing an image affects not only the neutrals, but other colors as well. An image that is not color balanced is said to have a <a href="/wiki/Color_cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Color cast">color cast</a>, as everything in the image appears to have been shifted towards one color.<sup id="cite_ref-Yule1967_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yule1967-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Color balancing may be thought in terms of removing this color cast. </p><p>Color balance is also related to <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a>. Algorithms and techniques used to attain color constancy are frequently used for color balancing, as well. Color constancy is, in turn, related to <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_adaptation" title="Chromatic adaptation">chromatic adaptation</a>. Conceptually, color balancing consists of two steps: first, determining the <a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant" title="Standard illuminant">illuminant</a> under which an image was captured; and second, scaling the components (e.g., R, G, and B) of the image or otherwise transforming the components so they conform to the viewing illuminant. </p><p>Viggiano found that white balancing in the camera's native <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> tended to produce less color inconstancy (i.e., less distortion of the colors) than in monitor RGB for over 4000 hypothetical sets of camera sensitivities.<sup id="cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viggiano2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference typically amounted to a factor of more than two in favor of camera RGB. This means that it is advantageous to get color balance right at the time an image is captured, rather than edit later on a monitor. If one must color balance later, balancing the <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image data</a> will tend to produce less distortion of chromatic colors than balancing in monitor RGB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics_of_color_balance">Mathematics of color balance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mathematics of color balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color balancing is sometimes performed on a three-component image (e.g., <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a>) using a 3x3 <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrix</a>. This type of transformation is appropriate if the image was captured using the wrong white balance setting on a digital camera, or through a color filter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scaling_monitor_R,_G,_and_B"><span id="Scaling_monitor_R.2C_G.2C_and_B"></span>Scaling monitor R, G, and B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scaling monitor R, G, and B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In principle, one wants to scale all relative luminances in an image so that objects which are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">neutral</a> appear so. If, say, a surface with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=240}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>240</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=240}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0ec9e0bff2c51ddf790ab09e48cb0ce6d08febc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.35ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=240}"></span> was believed to be a white object, and if 255 is the count which corresponds to white, one could multiply all <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> values by 255/240. Doing analogously for <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> would result, at least in theory, in a color balanced image. In this type of transformation the 3x3 matrix is a <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_matrix" title="Diagonal matrix">diagonal matrix</a>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>R</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>G</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>B</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca82067c07a9a41fede7da69d5ca13be6be5233a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:47.556ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> are the color balanced red, green, and blue components of a <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> in the image; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43cc152440f75fd8f842f4225a7484bb431b3343" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R'}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/76634fad5818a777669a77cd8c86d1d816e4c402" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.511ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b144e466a3757b4706daf24a45d4f1266700016" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B'}"></span> are the red, green, and blue components of the image before color balancing, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e057702f9d5f7055f6bc98391a472b731ef08ff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.173ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R'_{w}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6eaecbfb6f1eaadd737da238a82fdf5c5232510d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.236ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'_{w}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eef138c29972f8375f7784ee36b093d21b63383" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.173ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B'_{w}}"></span> are the red, green, and blue components of a pixel which is believed to be a white surface in the image before color balancing. This is a simple scaling of the red, green, and blue channels, and is why color balance tools in <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a> have a white eyedropper tool. It has been demonstrated that performing the white balancing in the phosphor set assumed by <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> tends to produce large errors in chromatic colors, even though it can render the neutral surfaces perfectly neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viggiano2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scaling_X,_Y,_Z"><span id="Scaling_X.2C_Y.2C_Z"></span>Scaling X, Y, Z</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scaling X, Y, Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the image may be transformed into <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE XYZ tristimulus values</a>, the color balancing may be performed there. This has been termed a "wrong von Kries" transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Terstiege1972_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terstiege1972-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fairchild1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairchild1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has been demonstrated to offer usually poorer results than balancing in monitor RGB, it is mentioned here as a bridge to other things. Mathematically, one computes: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}X'\\Y'\\Z'\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>X</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Z</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}X'\\Y'\\Z'\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12f262348405158c4dcfdfef21af3bb33e032d96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:46.015ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}X'\\Y'\\Z'\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"></span> are the color-balanced tristimulus values; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f414fdeed925484ee810a9a85e54a5dfada74a9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.333ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{w}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3100707df329aaf1f064e40754ecc9e10bac3123" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.76ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{w}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/667880067bfbcde2d3dfd8e7c607816e7ba1eb00" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.996ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{w}}"></span> are the tristimulus values of the viewing illuminant (the white point to which the image is being transformed to conform to); <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c3122943811e0e3c6a63dab0a92726b731bbe53" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.333ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'_{w}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50504de7cb161a114130d11879b080c036d168f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.76ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'_{w}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/111d456f78815085423aa598e871be9832c569ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.996ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z'_{w}}"></span> are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bacdb2a4ddcc06c2dfbb7af3d92aec37bbaaf0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/774e44aa8ddffe08500952c52374ba6ae8c7bb6c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z'}"></span> are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image. If the tristimulus values of the monitor primaries are in a matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0c250ef2a112c86b93c637dfa288c6d7f34ac3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }"></span> so that: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>X</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Z</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3efa2f5c68529d99adcee38fc435ded40b7b8005" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:18.103ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}X\\Y\\Z\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{R}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{R}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6b6f840fe97e3fe73c8e6d9c0a51f01f9054310" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{R}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{G}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{G}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c45daf3accb38182fb1cf571c29f19e4b8c4197" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.107ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{G}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25f008d1c1bd5ad0b11a4f6ad089dd5126194c5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{B}}"></span> are the un-<a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma corrected</a> monitor RGB, one may use: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P^{-1}} \left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R'}\\L_{G'}\\L_{B'}\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo mathvariant="bold">−</mo> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P^{-1}} \left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R'}\\L_{G'}\\L_{B'}\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0afe9b8ef09a87af7817ecb16f6f66bb55efd149" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:55.172ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R}\\L_{G}\\L_{B}\end{array}}\right]=\mathbf {P^{-1}} \left[{\begin{array}{ccc}X_{w}/X'_{w}&0&0\\0&Y_{w}/Y'_{w}&0\\0&0&Z_{w}/Z'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\mathbf {P} \left[{\begin{array}{c}L_{R'}\\L_{G'}\\L_{B'}\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Von_Kries's_method"><span id="Von_Kries.27s_method"></span>Von Kries's method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Von Kries's method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Kries" title="Johannes von Kries">Johannes von Kries</a>, whose theory of <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and three color-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> types in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> has survived as the dominant explanation of color sensation for over 100 years, motivated the method of converting color to the <a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS color space</a>, representing the effective stimuli for the Long-, Medium-, and Short-wavelength cone types that are modeled as adapting independently. A 3x3 matrix converts RGB or XYZ to LMS, and then the three LMS primary values are scaled to balance the neutral; the color can then be converted back to the desired final <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L\\M\\S\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}1/L'_{w}&0&0\\0&1/M'_{w}&0\\0&0&1/S'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}L'\\M'\\S'\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>L</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>S</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L\\M\\S\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}1/L'_{w}&0&0\\0&1/M'_{w}&0\\0&0&1/S'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}L'\\M'\\S'\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef608a84dc0daee8af08aac212ef950a6f21b99a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:41.776ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}L\\M\\S\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}1/L'_{w}&0&0\\0&1/M'_{w}&0\\0&0&1/S'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}L'\\M'\\S'\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> are the color-balanced LMS cone tristimulus values; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99053ca0e2b7274877f72130e1c8afb3aa388d11" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.992ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L'_{w}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66fdbad698e78734f6dcdaec74d50564307a330e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.663ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M'_{w}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S'_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S'_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10aaec3f3cfddf9765cd10735d12402815276622" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.834ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S'_{w}}"></span> are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a5bf7164faabe6b737c3d5269366b5e17f2ac7c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.268ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L'}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a3b2ef3304c46b5e7859eec0b1bc057c8eb3f75" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.183ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M'}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf9961844d1f539adee019e432dc18aa2a7ede59" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.206ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S'}"></span> are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image. </p><p>Matrices to convert to LMS space were not specified by von Kries, but can be derived from CIE color matching functions and LMS color matching functions when the latter are specified; matrices can also be found in reference books.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scaling_camera_RGB">Scaling camera RGB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scaling camera RGB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Viggiano's measure, and using his model of gaussian camera spectral sensitivities, most camera RGB spaces performed better than either monitor RGB or XYZ.<sup id="cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viggiano2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the camera's raw RGB values are known, one may use the 3x3 diagonal matrix: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>R</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>G</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>B</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>255</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca82067c07a9a41fede7da69d5ca13be6be5233a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:47.556ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{c}R\\G\\B\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}255/R'_{w}&0&0\\0&255/G'_{w}&0\\0&0&255/B'_{w}\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}R'\\G'\\B'\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and then convert to a working RGB space such as <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe RGB">Adobe RGB</a> after balancing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preferred_chromatic_adaptation_spaces">Preferred chromatic adaptation spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preferred chromatic adaptation spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparisons of images balanced by diagonal transforms in a number of different RGB spaces have identified several such spaces that work better than others, and better than camera or monitor spaces, for chromatic adaptation, as measured by several <a href="/wiki/Color_appearance_model" title="Color appearance model">color appearance models</a>; the systems that performed statistically as well as the best on the majority of the image test sets used were the "Sharp", "Bradford", "CMCCAT", and "ROMM" spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_illuminant_adaptation">General illuminant adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General illuminant adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best color matrix for adapting to a change in illuminant is not necessarily a diagonal matrix in a fixed color space. It has long been known that if the space of illuminants can be described as a linear model with <i>N</i> basis terms, the proper color transformation will be the weighted sum of <i>N</i> fixed linear transformations, not necessarily consistently diagonalizable.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:912px;max-width:912px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_neutral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Neutral light</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_warm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wb_girl_warm.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_warm.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wb_girl_warm.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_warm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wb_girl_warm.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_warm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Warm light</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_cold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wb_girl_cold.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_cold.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wb_girl_cold.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_cold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wb_girl_cold.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_cold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cold light</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Comparison of resulted colors as shot by the digital camera for different light qualities (color temperature): Neutral, Warm and Cold.<sup id="cite_ref-photoskop_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photoskop-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:912px;max-width:912px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_neutral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wb_girl_neutral.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_neutral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Setting: As shot</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_cloudy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Setting: Cloudy</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg/300px-Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg/450px-Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg/600px-Wb_girl_tungsten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Setting: Tungsten</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Example of different white balance settings on digital camera for Neutral light.<sup id="cite_ref-photoskop_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photoskop-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Color cast">Color cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">White point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhyllis_Davis2000" class="citation book cs1">Phyllis Davis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sEnoWrMw-gC&q=%22color+balance%22+channels&pg=PA135"><i>The Gimp for Linux and Unix</i></a>. Peachpit Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70253-8"><bdi>978-0-201-70253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gimp+for+Linux+and+Unix&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-201-70253-8&rft.au=Phyllis+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sEnoWrMw-gC%26q%3D%2522color%2Bbalance%2522%2Bchannels%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Creative_Team2000" class="citation book cs1">Adobe Creative Team (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRtx2-0GZc4C&q=%22color+balance%22+channels&pg=PA277"><i>Adobe Photoshop 6.0</i></a>. Adobe Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-71016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-71016-8"><bdi>978-0-201-71016-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adobe+Photoshop+6.0&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Adobe+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-201-71016-8&rft.au=Adobe+Creative+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRtx2-0GZc4C%26q%3D%2522color%2Bbalance%2522%2Bchannels%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain_Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Blain Brown (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JL2jFbNPNAC&q=%22color+balance%22&pg=PA170"><i>Cinematography: Theory and Practice : Imagemaking for Cinematographers, Directors, and Videographers</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80500-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematography%3A+Theory+and+Practice+%3A+Imagemaking+for+Cinematographers%2C+Directors%2C+and+Videographers&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80500-9&rft.au=Blain+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JL2jFbNPNAC%26q%3D%2522color%2Bbalance%2522%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsien-Che_Lee2005" class="citation book cs1">Hsien-Che Lee (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00leeh_034"><i>Introduction to Color Imaging Science</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00leeh_034/page/n471">450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84388-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Color+Imaging+Science&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84388-1&rft.au=Hsien-Che+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoco00leeh_034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikondigital.org/articles/white_balance.htm">White Balance</a>. <i>Nikon Digital</i>. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved October 12, 2016<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfifiPriceCohenBrown2019" class="citation book cs1">Afifi, Mahmoud; Price, Brian; Cohen, Scott; Brown, Michael S (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Afifi_When_Color_Constancy_Goes_Wrong_Correcting_Improperly_White-Balanced_Images_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf">"When Color Constancy Goes Wrong: Correcting Improperly White-Balanced Images"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)</i>. pp. 1535–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fcvpr.2019.00163">10.1109/cvpr.2019.00163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-3293-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-3293-8"><bdi>978-1-7281-3293-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196195956">196195956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Color+Constancy+Goes+Wrong%3A+Correcting+Improperly+White-Balanced+Images&rft.btitle=2019+IEEE%2FCVF+Conference+on+Computer+Vision+and+Pattern+Recognition+%28CVPR%29&rft.pages=1535-1544&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196195956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fcvpr.2019.00163&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-3293-8&rft.aulast=Afifi&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft.au=Price%2C+Brian&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Scott&rft.au=Brown%2C+Michael+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.thecvf.com%2Fcontent_CVPR_2019%2Fpapers%2FAfifi_When_Color_Constancy_Goes_Wrong_Correcting_Improperly_White-Balanced_Images_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funt1996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Funt1996_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Funt, Vlad Cardei, and Kobus Barnard, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~colour/publications/ARIZONA/arizona_abs.html">Learning color constancy</a>", in <i>Proceedings of the Fourth IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference</i>, pp. 58–60 (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finlayson2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finlayson2001_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_FinlaysonPaul_M._HubelSteven_Hordley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Graham Finlayson; Paul M. Hubel; Steven Hordley (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/Research/compvis/Papers/FinHorHub_PAMI01.pdf">"Color by correlation: a simple, unifying framework for color constancy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Pattern_Analysis_and_Machine_Intelligence" title="IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence">IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence</a></i>. <b>23</b> (11): 1209–21. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.133.2101">10.1.1.133.2101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F34.969113">10.1109/34.969113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Pattern+Analysis+and+Machine+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Color+by+correlation%3A+a+simple%2C+unifying+framework+for+color+constancy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1209-21&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.133.2101%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F34.969113&rft.au=Graham+Finlayson&rft.au=Paul+M.+Hubel&rft.au=Steven+Hordley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cmp.uea.ac.uk%2FResearch%2Fcompvis%2FPapers%2FFinHorHub_PAMI01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yule1967-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yule1967_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A C Yule, <i>Principles of Color Reproduction.</i> New York: Wiley, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viggiano2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viggiano2004_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViggiano2004" class="citation book cs1">Viggiano, J A Stephen (2004). "Comparison of the accuracy of different white-balancing options as quantified by their color constancy". In Blouke, Morley M; Sampat, Nitin; Motta, Ricardo J (eds.). <i>Sensors and Camera Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography Applications V</i>. Vol. 5301. pp. 323–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.524922">10.1117/12.524922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8971750">8971750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+accuracy+of+different+white-balancing+options+as+quantified+by+their+color+constancy&rft.btitle=Sensors+and+Camera+Systems+for+Scientific%2C+Industrial%2C+and+Digital+Photography+Applications+V&rft.pages=323-333&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.524922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8971750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Viggiano&rft.aufirst=J+A+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terstiege1972-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terstiege1972_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz_Terstiege1972" class="citation journal cs1">Heinz Terstiege (1972). "Chromatic adaptation: a state-of-the-art report". <i>Journal of Color Appearance</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 19–23 (cont. 40).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Color+Appearance&rft.atitle=Chromatic+adaptation%3A+a+state-of-the-art+report&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19-23+%28cont.+40%29&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Heinz+Terstiege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairchild1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fairchild1998_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark D Fairchild, <i>Color Appearance Models.</i> Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurav_Sharma2003" class="citation book cs1">Gaurav Sharma (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkByHKRGTsQC&q=%22von+Kries%22&pg=PA153"><i>Digital Color Imaging Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0900-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-0900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Color+Imaging+Handbook&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0900-7&rft.au=Gaurav+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkByHKRGTsQC%26q%3D%2522von%2BKries%2522%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_SüsstrunkJack_HolmGraham_D._Finlayson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sabine Süsstrunk; Jack Holm; Graham D. Finlayson (January 2001). Eschbach, Reiner; Marcu, Gabriel G. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018020916/http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?mode=best&recid=34049">"Chromatic Adaptation Performance of Different RGB Sensors"</a>. <i>IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging</i>. Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts VI. <b>4300</b>: 172–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.410788">10.1117/12.410788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8140548">8140548</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=34049&mode=best">the original</a> on 2006-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IS%26T%2FSPIE+Electronic+Imaging&rft.atitle=Chromatic+Adaptation+Performance+of+Different+RGB+Sensors&rft.volume=4300&rft.pages=172-183&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.410788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8140548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sabine+S%C3%BCsstrunk&rft.au=Jack+Holm&rft.au=Graham+D.+Finlayson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Fgetfile.py%3Frecid%3D34049%26mode%3Dbest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_T._MaloneyBrain_A._Wandell1987" class="citation book cs1">Laurence T. Maloney; Brain A. Wandell (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5hLHUI8U-kC&q=maloney+wandell&pg=PA293">"Color constancy: a method for recovering surface spectral reflectance"</a>. In Martin A. Fischler; Oscar Firschein (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsincomput00fisc"><i>Readings in Computer Vision</i></a>. Morgan-Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-33-0"><bdi>978-0-934613-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color+constancy%3A+a+method+for+recovering+surface+spectral+reflectance&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Computer+Vision&rft.pub=Morgan-Kaufmann&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-934613-33-0&rft.au=Laurence+T.+Maloney&rft.au=Brain+A.+Wandell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5hLHUI8U-kC%26q%3Dmaloney%2Bwandell%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photoskop-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-photoskop_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-photoskop_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoskop.com/player.html?l=wb&ch=0&sec=0">"photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons"</a>. April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=photoskop%3A+Interactive+Photography+Lessons&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photoskop.com%2Fplayer.html%3Fl%3Dwb%26ch%3D0%26sec%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_balance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikondigital.org/articles/white_balance.htm">White Balance</a> - Intro at nikondigital.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoskop.com/player.html?l=wb&ch=0&sec=0">photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons</a> - Interactive White Balance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203165737/http://www.photoxels.com/tutorial_white-balance.html">Understanding White Balance</a> - Tutorial</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipol.im/pub/algo/lmps_simplest_color_balance/">Affine color balance with saturation, with code and on-line demonstration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geofflawrence.com/white_balance.html">Getting the White Balance Right for Neutral Colors</a> - Photography Tutorial</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Color balance - Wikipedia