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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kriteria_yang_digunakan_oleh_para_pakar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriteria_yang_digunakan_oleh_para_pakar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kriteria yang digunakan oleh para pakar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kriteria_yang_digunakan_oleh_para_pakar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kriteria yang digunakan oleh para pakar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kriteria_yang_digunakan_oleh_para_pakar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bukti_internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukti_internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bukti internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukti_internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukti_eksternal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukti_eksternal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bukti eksternal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukti_eksternal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempat_dalam_sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempat_dalam_sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tempat dalam sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempat_dalam_sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_dan_gaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_dan_gaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Bahasa dan gaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_dan_gaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isi_dan_teologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isi_dan_teologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Isi dan teologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isi_dan_teologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surat-surat_yang_tidak_terbantahkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat-surat_yang_tidak_terbantahkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Surat-surat yang tidak terbantahkan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surat-surat_yang_tidak_terbantahkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surat-surat_yang_diperdebatkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat-surat_yang_diperdebatkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surat-surat yang diperdebatkan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surat-surat_yang_diperdebatkan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Surat-surat yang diperdebatkan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surat-surat_yang_diperdebatkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surat_Kolose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat_Kolose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Surat Kolose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surat_Kolose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surat_Efesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat_Efesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surat Efesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surat_Efesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surat_2_Tesalonika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surat_2_Tesalonika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Surat 2 Tesalonika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surat_2_Tesalonika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_kanon_surat-surat_Paulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_kanon_surat-surat_Paulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sejarah kanon surat-surat Paulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_kanon_surat-surat_Paulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepengarangan Surat-surat Paulus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 6 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="مؤلف رسائل بولس – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤلف رسائل بولس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor%C3%ADa_de_las_ep%C3%ADstolas_paulinas" title="Autoría de las epístolas paulinas – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoría de las epístolas paulinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E4%BC%BC%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%B0%A1" title="擬似パウロ書簡 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="擬似パウロ書簡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteurschap_van_de_brieven_van_Paulus" title="Auteurschap van de brieven van Paulus – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auteurschap van de brieven van Paulus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Авторство посланий Павла – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авторство посланий Павла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4825988#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" 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id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&oldid=24504026" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pengikut_Yesus" title="Kategori:Pengikut Yesus">serial</a> dari artikel-artikel tentang</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Paulus dalam Alkitab</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_(c.1600-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/180px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/270px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/360px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="8817" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0em; padding-bottom:0em; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25414984">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Surat-surat Paulus">Kesusastraan Paulus</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Roma" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Roma">Roma</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Jemaat_di_Korintus" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Jemaat di Korintus">1 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Jemaat_di_Korintus" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Jemaat di Korintus">2 Korintus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Galatia" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Efesus" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Efesus">Efesus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Filipi" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Filipi">Filipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Kolose" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Kolose">Kolose</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Jemaat_di_Tesalonika" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Jemaat di Tesalonika">1 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Jemaat_di_Tesalonika" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Jemaat di Tesalonika">2 Tesalonika</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastoral_epistles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastoral epistles (halaman belum tersedia)">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Timotius" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Timotius">1 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Timotius" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Timotius">2 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Titus" title="Surat Paulus kepada Titus">Titus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Filemon" title="Surat Paulus kepada Filemon">Filemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_kepada_Orang_Ibrani" title="Surat kepada Orang Ibrani">Ibrani</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0em; padding-bottom:0em; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25414984"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kepengarangan</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasul Paulus">Rasul Paulus</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0em; padding-bottom:0em; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25414984"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff">Kesusastraan terkait</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Paulus#Surat-surat_Paulus_yang_hilang" title="Surat-surat Paulus">Surat-surat yang hilang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apokalips_Paulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apokalips Paulus (halaman belum tersedia)">Apokalips Paulus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apokalips_Koptik_Paulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apokalips Koptik Paulus (halaman belum tersedia)">Apokalips Koptik Paulus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat-surat_Jemaat_di_Korintus_kepada_Paulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat-surat Jemaat di Korintus kepada Paulus (halaman belum tersedia)">Jemaat di Korintus kepada Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acts of Paul (halaman belum tersedia)">Acts of Paul</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisah_Paulus_dan_Thecla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisah Paulus dan Thecla (halaman belum tersedia)">Paulus dan Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisah_Petrus_dan_Paulus" title="Kisah Petrus dan Paulus">Petrus dan Paulus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doa_Rasulus_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doa Rasulus Paul (halaman belum tersedia)">Doa Paulus</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0em; padding-bottom:0em; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25414984"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff">See also</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_(Kristen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasul (Kristen)">Rasul (Kristen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekristenan_Paulus" title="Kekristenan Paulus">Kekristenan Paulus</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Paulus" title="Templat:Paulus"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Paulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Paulus (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Paulus&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding:0;line-height:0.4em;"> </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alkitab" title="Kategori:Alkitab">seri</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2;"><a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkitab Malmesbury"><img alt="Alkitab Malmesbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/240px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab" title="Kanon Alkitab">Kanon Alkitab</a><br />dan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_dalam_Alkitab" title="Kitab dalam Alkitab">kitab-kitabnya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat">Taurat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab_Kristen" title="Kanon Alkitab Kristen">Kanon Alkitab Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama (PL)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru (PB)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika">Deuterokanonika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bab_dan_ayat_dalam_Alkitab" title="Bab dan ayat dalam Alkitab">Bab dan ayat dalam Alkitab</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Alkitab" title="Apokrifa Alkitab">Apokrifa:</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Yahudi" title="Apokrifa Yahudi">Yahudi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Lama">PL</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru">PB</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Perkembangan dan Penulisan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_Alkitab" title="Penanggalan Alkitab">Penanggalan</a></li> <li>Kanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Perkembangan kanon Alkitab Ibrani">Yahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Baru">Kanon Perjanjian Baru</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surat-surat Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_karya-karya_Yohanes" title="Kepengarangan karya-karya Yohanes">Karya-karya Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Petrus" title="Kepengarangan Surat-surat Petrus">Surat-surat Petrus</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Penerjemahan_Alkitab" title="Penerjemahan Alkitab">Terjemahan</a><br />dan <a href="/wiki/Naskah_Alkitab" title="Naskah Alkitab">Naskah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Taurat_Samaria" title="Taurat Samaria">Taurat Samaria</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati">Gulungan Laut Mati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Teks_Masoret" class="mw-redirect" title="Teks Masoret">Teks Masorah</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata">Vulgata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_bahasa_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkitab bahasa Goth">Alkitab Goth</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Luther" title="Alkitab Luther">Alkitab Luther</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_bahasa_Inggris" title="Alkitab bahasa Inggris">Alkitab Inggris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_teks_Alkitab_bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah teks Alkitab bahasa Indonesia">Alkitab Indonesia</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Studi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kode_Alkitab" title="Kode Alkitab">Kode Alkitab</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_dokumen" title="Hipotesis dokumen">Hipotesis dokumen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kategori_Naskah_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Kategori Naskah Perjanjian Baru">Kategori PB</a><br /> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Historisitas_Alkitab" title="Historisitas Alkitab">Historisitas</a><br /></div> <a href="/wiki/Konsistensi_internal_Alkitab" title="Konsistensi internal Alkitab">Konsistensi internal</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_Arkeologi_Alkitab" title="Sekolah Arkeologi Alkitab">Arkeologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi_Alkitab" title="Arkeologi Alkitab">Artefak</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Tafsir</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika_Alkitab" title="Hermeneutika Alkitab">Hermeneutika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesyer (halaman belum tersedia)">Pesyer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrash">Midras</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pardes_(eksegesis_Yahudi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pardes (eksegesis Yahudi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pardes</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Penafsiran_alegori_Alkitab" title="Penafsiran alegori Alkitab">Penafsiran alegori Alkitab</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Literalisme_biblis" title="Literalisme biblis">Literalisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nubuat_Alkitab" title="Nubuat Alkitab">Nubuat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Homoseksualitas_dalam_Alkitab_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoseksualitas dalam Alkitab Ibrani">Homoseksualitas</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_topik-topik_terkait_Alkitab" title="Garis besar topik-topik terkait Alkitab">Daftar dan Garis besar topik</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_artefak_terkait_Alkitab" title="Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab">Artefak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_nama_dalam_Alkitab" title="Daftar nama dalam Alkitab">Nama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_nama_tokoh_dalam_Alkitab" title="Daftar nama tokoh dalam Alkitab">Tokoh</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_Alkitab" title="Templat:Topik Alkitab"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_Alkitab" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik Alkitab"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_Alkitab&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Surat-surat Paulus">Surat-surat Paulus</a> adalah sebutan untuk kumpulan 14 kitab dalam <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru</a> di <a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> yang secara tradisional diyakini ditulis oleh <a href="/wiki/Rasul_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasul Paulus">Rasul Paulus</a>, meskipun ada keraguan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Surat_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Ibrani">Surat Ibrani</a>, yang tidak memuat nama penulis, termasuk kumpulan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Aune9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aune9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EerdDunn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EerdDunn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat konsensus yang hampir universal dalam studi Perjanjian Baru modern di mana kepengarangan Paulus tidak terbantahkan pada kitab-kitab berikut: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Roma">Surat Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Korintus">Surat 1 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Korintus">Surat 2 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Galatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Galatia">Surat Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filipi" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filipi">Surat Filipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Tesalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Tesalonika">Surat 1 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filemon">Surat Filemon</a></li></ul> <p>Sejumlah surat lain yang memuat nama Paulus sebagai penulisnya masih diperdebatkan pada zaman modern ini: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Efesus">Surat Efesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Kolose" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Kolose">Surat Kolose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Tesalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Tesalonika">Surat 2 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Timotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Timotius">Surat 1 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Timotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Timotius">Surat 2 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Titus">Surat Titus</a>.</li></ul> <p>Sejumlah sarjana bahkan memberi label <a href="/wiki/Surat_Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Efesus">Surat Efesus</a>, dan tiga surat penggembalaan (1 dan 2 Timotius, serta Titus)–- sebagai <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" class="extiw" title="en:Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrafa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada pula dua contoh surat <i>pseudonymous</i> (bukan ditulis oleh pengarang asli) yang memuat nama Paulus di luar Perjanjian Baru yaitu <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" class="extiw" title="en:Epistle to the Laodiceans">Surat Laodikea</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" class="extiw" title="en:Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Surat 3 Korintus</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surat_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Ibrani">Surat Ibrani</a> sebenarnya anonim, tidak memuat nama penulisnya, tetapi secara tradisional dianggap bagian tulisan Paulus. <a href="/wiki/Bapa_gereja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bapa gereja">Bapa gereja</a> <a href="/wiki/Origenes" title="Origenes">Origenes</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a> menolak anggapan ini, melainkan menduga bahwa surat itu ditulis orang lain, meskipun isinya memuat ajaran asli Paulus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan sarjana modern menerima bahwa surat itu bukan ditulis oleh Paulus dan mengusulkan berbagai kemungkinan tokoh sebagai pengarangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kriteria_yang_digunakan_oleh_para_pakar">Kriteria yang digunakan oleh para pakar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kriteria yang digunakan oleh para pakar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kriteria yang digunakan oleh para pakar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para pakar menggunakan sejumlah metoda <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/historiography" class="extiw" title="en:historiography">historiografi</a> dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/higher_criticism" class="extiw" title="en:higher criticism">kritisisme tinggi</a> untuk menentukan apakah suatu teks benar-benar dikarang oleh penulis sebagaimana yang dipercayai. Metoda utama untuk meneliti surat-surat Paulus adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukti_internal">Bukti internal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Bukti internal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bukti internal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ini terdiri dari: apa yang ditulis sendiri oleh penulis mengenai dirinya dalam surat tersebut, baik secara eksplisit –  sang pengarang mengidentifikasi diri sendiri –  atau secara implisit –  memberikan detail otobiografi. Bukti ini penting meskipun ada permasalahannya. Misalnya, karena penulis <a href="/wiki/Surat_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Ibrani">Surat Ibrani</a> tidak pernah menyebutkan namanya, para pakar mulai dari yang paling awal, <a href="/wiki/Origenes" title="Origenes">Origenes</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a> pada abad ke-3 meragukan bahwa Paulus adalah penulisnya. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nama<br /> </th> <th>Pengirim<br /> </th></tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Roma">Surat Roma</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, hamba Kristus Yesus, yang dipanggil menjadi rasul dan dikuduskan untuk memberitakan Injil Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Korintus">Surat 1 Korintus</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, yang oleh kehendak Allah dipanggil menjadi rasul Kristus Yesus, dan dari Sostenes, saudara kita<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Korintus">Surat 2 Korintus</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, yang oleh kehendak Allah menjadi rasul Kristus Yesus, dan dari Timotius saudara kita<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Galatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Galatia">Surat Galatia</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, seorang rasul, bukan karena manusia, juga bukan oleh seorang manusia, melainkan oleh Yesus Kristus dan Allah, Bapa, yang telah membangkitkan Dia dari antara orang mati, dan dari semua saudara yang ada bersama-sama dengan aku<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Efesus">Surat Efesus</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, rasul Kristus Yesus oleh kehendak Allah<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filipi" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filipi">Surat Filipi</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus dan Timotius, hamba-hamba Kristus Yesus<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Kolose" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Kolose">Surat Kolose</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, rasul Kristus Yesus, oleh kehendak Allah, dan Timotius saudara kita<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Tesalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Tesalonika">Surat 1 Tesalonika</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, Silwanus dan Timotius<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Tesalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Tesalonika">Surat 2 Tesalonika</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, Silwanus dan Timotius<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Timotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Timotius">Surat 1 Timotius</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, rasul Kristus Yesus menurut perintah Allah, Juruselamat kita, dan Kristus Yesus, dasar pengharapan kita<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Timotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Timotius">Surat 2 Timotius</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, rasul Kristus Yesus oleh kehendak Allah untuk memberitakan janji tentang hidup dalam Kristus Yesus<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Titus">Surat Titus</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, hamba Allah dan rasul Yesus Kristus untuk memelihara iman orang-orang pilihan Allah dan pengetahuan akan kebenaran seperti yang tampak dalam ibadah kita, dan berdasarkan pengharapan akan hidup yang kekal yang sebelum permulaan zaman sudah dijanjikan oleh Allah yang tidak berdusta, dan yang pada waktu yang dikehendaki-Nya telah menyatakan firman-Nya dalam pemberitaan Injil yang telah dipercayakan kepadaku sesuai dengan perintah Allah, Juruselamat kita.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filemon">Surat Filemon</a> </td><td>Dari Paulus, seorang hukuman karena Kristus Yesus dan dari Timotius saudara kita<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukti_eksternal">Bukti eksternal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Bukti eksternal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bukti eksternal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ini meliputi rujukan, baik eksplisit maupun implisit, pada teks tersebut, khususnya pada waktu-waktu awal dari mereka yang memiliki akses pada sumber tepercaya yang sekarang hilang. Rujukan eksplisit dapat berupa penyebutan nama teks atau surat, atau bentuk yang dapat dikenali dari teks tersebut. Contohnya adalah daftar kitab-kitab Alkitab yang diterima, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Fragmen_Muratori" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmen Muratori">Fragmen Muratori</a>, atau isi dari naskah kuno, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Papirus_46" title="Papirus 46">Papirus 46</a>. Sayangnya, saksi-saksi semacam ini sering kali rusak atau terlalu muda tarikhnya untuk membantu pemastian. </p><p>Rujukan implisit berupa kutipan surat-surat Paulus, khususnya secara tidak langsung atau tidak disebutkan sumbernya, maupun penyampaian ide atau frasa yang muncul pada tulisan-tulisan tersebut. Penggunaan rujukan semacam ini menandakan bahwa bahan yang dikutip sudah ada pada saat bukti eksternal itu dibuat. Contohnya, <i>Surat kedua kepada jemaat Tesalonika</i> disebutkan namanya oleh <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> pada pertengahan abad ke-2, juga oleh <a href="/wiki/Yustinus_Martir" title="Yustinus Martir">Yustinus Martir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_dari_Antiokhia" title="Ignatius dari Antiokhia">Ignatius dari Antiokhia</a>; sehingga tidak mungkin surat tersebut ditulis setelah zaman mereka. Di sisi lain, kurangnya saksi dari sumber kuno mengindikasikan tarikh pembuatan lebih muda, suatu <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/argument_from_silence" class="extiw" title="en:argument from silence">argumen bisu</a>. Namun, cara berpikir demikian juga berbahaya, karena ketidaklengkapan catatan sejarah: banyak teks kuno hilang, rusak atau sudah diubah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempat_dalam_sejarah">Tempat dalam sejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Tempat dalam sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tempat dalam sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suatu naratif mengenai kehidupan dan pelayanan Paulus yang ditulis independen pada <a href="/wiki/Kisah_Para_Rasul" title="Kisah Para Rasul">Kisah Para Rasul</a>, digunakan untuk menentukan tarikh dan kepengarangan surat-surat Paulus dengan memastikan lokasi pembuatan dalam konteks kehidupannya. Misalnya, Paulus menyebutkan bahwa ia berada dalam penjara dalam <a href="/wiki/Surat_Filemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filemon">Surat Filemon</a> 1:7; berdasarkan pernyataan ini, J. A. T. Robinson berpendapat bahwa surat itu ditulis ketika Paulus dipenjarakan di Kaisarea,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara <a href="/wiki/W._M._Ramsay" class="mw-redirect" title="W. M. Ramsay">W. M. Ramsay</a> berpendapat bahwa Paulus saat itu dipenjarakan di Roma,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedangkan yang lain menempatkannya di Efesus. Satu kesulitan dengan posisi ini adalah keterbatasan data yang tersedia mengenai latar belakang sejarah Paulus, dan ini terutama berkenaan dengan narasi Kisah Para Rasul sebelum kematian Paulus. Diyakini bahwa kitab Kisah Para Rasul ditulis oleh teman seperjalanan Paulus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa_dan_gaya">Bahasa dan gaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Bahasa dan gaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bahasa dan gaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kosakata, struktur kalimat, pemakaian kiasan dan frasa-frasa umum, dan lain-lain, dianalisis konsistensinya dengan karya-karya pengarang lainnya yang sudah dapat dipastikan. Gaya yang mirip menandakan kepengarangan yang sama, sedangkan kosakata yang sangat berbeda mengindikasikan pengarang yang berbeda. Contohnya, E. J. Goodspeed berargumen bahwa kosakata <a href="/wiki/Surat_Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Efesus">Surat Efesus</a> menunjukkan kaitan sastra dengan <i>Surat Klemens yang Pertama</i>, yang ditulis di akhir abad ke-1.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demikian pula E. Percy berargumen bahwa perkataan dan gaya bahasa dalam <a href="/wiki/Surat_Kolose" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Kolose">Surat Kolose</a> lebih kuat kemiripannya dengan kepengarangan Paulus.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tentunya gaya bahasa dapat bervariasi karena alasan-alasan lain selain kepengarangan, misalnya topik surat, penerima, keadaan penulisan, atau sekadar kedewasaan dari pihak penulis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isi_dan_teologi">Isi dan teologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Isi dan teologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isi dan teologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirip dengan bukti internal, konsistensi doktrin dan perkembangannya diteliti dibandingkan karya-karya pengarang yang sudah dapat dipastikan. Topik teologi seperti <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" class="extiw" title="en:Eschatology">eschaton</a></i> atau Hukum Musa dapat muncul pada karya-karya berbeda, tetapi dengan corak yang serupa. Suatu <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/point_of_view_(literature)" class="extiw" title="en:point of view (literature)">sudut pandang</a> yang konsisten menandakan pengarang yang sama; pengajaran yang bertolak belakang atau tidak berkaitan mengindikasikan pengarang yang berbeda. Contohnya, W. Michaelis melihat kemiripan <a href="/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi">Kristologi</a> antara surat-surat penggembalaan dan karya-karya Paulus yang tak terbantahkan, sehingga berargumen mendukung kepengarangan Paulus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surat-surat_yang_tidak_terbantahkan">Surat-surat yang tidak terbantahkan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Surat-surat yang tidak terbantahkan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surat-surat yang tidak terbantahkan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/220px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/330px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/440px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i> ("Santo Paulus menulis surat-suratnya"), lukisan abad ke-17. Banyak pakar berpikir bahwa Paulus sebenarnya mendiktekan surat-suratnya pada seorang jurutulis, contohnya <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Roma%2016%3A22&version=tb">Roma 16:22</a></span> menyebutkan jurutulis bernama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" class="extiw" title="en:Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg/200px-Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg/300px-Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Paul_of_Tarsus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran rasul Paulus dari abad ke-19</figcaption></figure> <p>Penamaan "<i>undisputed</i>" (tak terbantahkan) pada sejumlah surat menunjukkan konsensus para pakar secara tradisional mengakui bahwa Paulus adalah pengarang setiap surat tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Aune9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aune9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EerdDunn_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EerdDunn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, masih ada juga yang memperdebatkan <a href="/wiki/Surat_Galatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Galatia">Surat Galatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebih lagi, kesatuan surat-surat itu juga dipertanyakan oleh sejumlah pakar. Surat 1 dan 2 Korintus pernah dicurigai oleh beberapa pakar<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebagai gabungan beberapa surat pribadi. Masih ada diskusi mengenai kemungkinan interpolasi penting. Namun, korupsi tekstual semacam itu sukar dilacak maupun dipastikan. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Roma">Surat Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Korintus">Surat 1 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_2_Korintus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 2 Korintus">Surat 2 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Galatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Galatia">Surat Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filipi" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filipi">Surat Filipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_1_Tesalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat 1 Tesalonika">Surat 1 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Filemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Filemon">Surat Filemon</a></li></ul> <p>Ketujuh surat tersebut dikutip dan disinggung oleh sumber-sumber paling awal, dan dimasukkan dalam setiap kanon kuno, termasuk oleh <a href="/wiki/Marsion" title="Marsion">Marsion</a> (~140).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak ada catatan keraguan para pakar mengenai kepengarangannya sampai abad ke-19, yaitu sekitar 1840, pakar Jerman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" class="extiw" title="en:Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a> (Tübingen School) hanya menerima empat surat bermuatan nama Paulus sebagai surat asli yang dinamakannya <i>Hauptebriefe</i> (Surat Roma, Surat 1 & 2 Korintus, dan Surat Galatia). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilgenfeld" class="extiw" title="en:Hilgenfeld">Hilgenfeld</a> (1875) dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._Holtzmann" class="extiw" title="en:H. J. Holtzmann">H. J. Holtzmann</a> (1885) menerima tujuh surat terdaftar di atas, dengan menambahkan Surat Filemon, 1 Tesalonika, dan Filipi. Pada awal 1990-an pengaruh Tübingen School merosot dan hipotesis Baur banyak ditinggalkan. Sekarang hanya sedikit pakar yang menentang daftar tujuh surat ini, yang semuanya memuat topik, penekanan, kosakata dan gaya yang mirip. Juga tampak keseragaman doktrin mengenai <a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_Perintah_Allah" title="Sepuluh Perintah Allah">Hukum Musa</a>, Kristus, dan iman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surat-surat_yang_diperdebatkan">Surat-surat yang diperdebatkan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Surat-surat yang diperdebatkan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surat-surat yang diperdebatkan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surat_Kolose">Surat Kolose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Surat Kolose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surat Kolose"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Surat_Kolose" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Kolose">Surat Kolose</a> disebutkan oleh saksi-saksi yang sama dengan surat-surat tak terbantahkan, kepengarangan Paulus diperdebatkan oleh sejumlah pakar modern. Pertama kali diragukan oleh F. C. Baur, meskipun pakar lain yang meneliti berdasarkan analisis yang sama, misalnya H. J. Holtzmann, berpendapat bahwa teks Surat Paulus yang pendek ini memuat sejumlah interpolasi dari penyunting kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dasar keberatannya adalah surat ini bertujuan membantah ajaran <a href="/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme">Gnostisisme</a>, suatu ajaran yang tidak meluas sebelum awal abad ke-2. Pendapat ini dipertanyakan dalam analisis Gnostisisme oleh R. Wilson,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menyatakan bahwa anggapan paralelisme tidak mempunyai dukungan. Terjalin hubungan penting antara Surat Kolose dan Filemon, salah satu surat tak terbantahkan. Tercatat nama Arkhipus pada kedua surat (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Filemon%201%3A2&version=tb">Filemon 1:2</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Kolose%204%3A17&version=tb">Kolose 4:17</a></span>), dan salam untuk kedua surat itu memuat nama-nama yang mirip (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Filemon%201%3A23-24&version=tb">Filemon 1:23–24</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Kolose%204%3A10-14&version=tb">Kolose 4:10–14</a></span>). Namun meskipun hubungan ini dapat menjadi bukti pengarang yang sama, ada yang secara skeptis menuduh hal itu dihasilkan oleh seorang pemalsu yang ulung. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surat_Efesus">Surat Efesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Surat Efesus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surat Efesus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada awal <a href="/wiki/Surat_Efesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Efesus">Surat Efesus</a> tertulis nama Paulus, yang identik dengan Surat 2 Korintus dan Surat Kolose. Tidak ada keraguan pada gereja awal bahwa Paulus menulis surat itu, karena dikutip secara otoritatif oleh para <a href="/wiki/Bapa_gereja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bapa gereja">bapa gereja</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Klemens_dari_Aleksandria" title="Klemens dari Aleksandria">Klemens dari Aleksandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surat itu juga muncul pada Kanon Marcion (tahun 140)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Fragmen Muratori (tahun 180). </p><p>Keotentikan surat ini pertama kali diperdebatkan oleh pakar <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Belanda, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>, dan kemudian oleh sejumlah pakar modern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surat_2_Tesalonika">Surat 2 Tesalonika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Surat 2 Tesalonika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Surat 2 Tesalonika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surat ini termasuk ke dalam daftar Kanon Marsion dan Fragmen Muratori; disebut namanya oleh <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, dan dikutip oleh Ignatius, Yustinus, dan Polycarpus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada zaman modern, keraguan atas kepengarangan Paulus diajukan oleh H. J. Holtzmann dan G. Hollmann (lihat di atas). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_kanon_surat-surat_Paulus">Sejarah kanon surat-surat Paulus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah kanon surat-surat Paulus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah kanon surat-surat Paulus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Baru">Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Baru</a></div> <p>Tidak ada daftar yang terlestarikan dari Perjanjian Baru Kristen dari abad ke-1 sampai awal abad ke-2. Ignatius dari Antiokhia, yang menulis sekitar tahun 110, tampaknya mengutip dari Surat Roma, 1 Korintus, Efesus, Kolose dan 1 Tesalonika, mengindikasikan bahwa surat-surat itu ada pada zaman Ignatius menulis karya-karyanya.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ignatius tampaknya tidak mengutip dari Surat 2 Tesalonika. Di sisi lain, <a href="/wiki/Polikarpus" title="Polikarpus">Polikarpus</a> (69-156 M) tidak hanya mengutip dari Surat 2 Tesalonika, tetapi juga <a href="/wiki/Injil_Matius" title="Injil Matius">Injil Matius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injil_Markus" title="Injil Markus">Injil Markus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injil_Lukas" title="Injil Lukas">Injil Lukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisah_Para_Rasul" title="Kisah Para Rasul">Kisah Para Rasul</a>, Surat 1 Korintus, 2 Korintus, Galatia, Efesus, Filipi, 1 Tesalonika, 1 Timotius, 2 Timotius, Ibrani, 1 Petrus, 1 Yohanes dan 3 Yohanes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakar <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> menyatakan "Dapat ditemukan pada karya <a href="/wiki/Klemens_dari_Aleksandria" title="Klemens dari Aleksandria">Klemens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/references.shtml#metzger">work</a>[(150–215 M)] kutipan dari semua kitab dalam Perjanjian Baru kecuali Surat Filemon, Surat Yakobus, 2 Petrus, 2 Yohanes dan 3 Yohanes." </p><p>Kanon tertua yang memuat surat-surat Paulus berasal dari abad ke-2: </p> <ul><li>Sebuah kanon yang disusun oleh <a href="/wiki/Marsion" title="Marsion">Marsion</a>, pendiri <a href="/wiki/Marsionisme" title="Marsionisme">Marsionisme</a>. Ia memasukkan 10 surat Paulus, tidak memasukkan surat penggembalaan (Titus, 1 dan 2 Timotius), serta Surat Ibrani.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirus_46" title="Papirus 46">Papirus 46</a>, salah satu naskah kuno Perjanjian Baru tertua (sekitar tahun 200), memuat 8 pasal terakhir Surat Roma, semua pasal Surat Ibrani, semua Surat 1 dan 2 Korintus, semua Surat Efesus, Galatia, Filipi, Kolose; dan dua pasal Surat 1 Tesalonika. Karena sebagian rusak, tidak ada konsensus bahwa surat-surat lain yang tidak dimuat itu hilang atau sengaja tidak dimuat. Pakar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Kyu_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Kyu Kim (halaman belum tersedia)">Young Kyu Kim</a> memberi tarikh Papirus 46 pada abad ke-1 sebelum pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Domitian" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (sebelum tahun 81)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun pakar lain menentang pendapat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_karya-karya_Yohanes" title="Kepengarangan karya-karya Yohanes">Kepengarangan karya-karya Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesus_sebagai_tokoh_dalam_sejarah" title="Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah">Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kekristenan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah kekristenan">Sejarah kekristenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirus_46" title="Papirus 46">Papirus 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasul Paulus">Rasul Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Perjanjian_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanon Perjanjian Baru">Kanon Perjanjian Baru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aune9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aune9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aune9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i> by David E. Aune <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1405108258" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1405108258</a> page 9 "While seven of the letters attributed to Paul are almost universally accepted as authentic (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philemon), four are just as widely judged to be pseudepigraphical, i.e. written by unknown authors under Paul's name: Ephesians and the Pastorals (1 and 2 Timothy and Titus).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EerdDunn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EerdDunn_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EerdDunn_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> (Nov 19, 2003) <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0802837115" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0802837115</a> page 1274 "There is general scholarly agreement that seven of the thirteen letters beariing Paul's name are authentic, but his authorship of the other six cannot be taken for granted... Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon are certainly Paul's own."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Hebrews was almost certainly not written by Paul, it has been a part of the Pauline corpus "from the beginning of extant MS production" (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Wallace, Daniel B.</a> "Hebrews: Introduction, Argument, and Outline.") <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031011120719/http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/hebotl.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20031011120719/http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/hebotl.htm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/paulineintro/paulineintro.htm">http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/paulineintro/paulineintro.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley E. Porter, “Pauline Authorship and the Pastoral Epistles: Implications for Canon,” Bulletin for Biblical Research 5 (1995): 105-123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bbr/pastoral-epistles_porter.pdf">https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bbr/pastoral-epistles_porter.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament by David E. Aune <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1405108258" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1405108258</a> page 9 "While seven of the letters attributed to Paul are almost universally accepted as authentic (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philemon), four are just as widely judged to be pseudepigraphical, i.e. written by unknown authors under Paul's name: Ephesians and the Pastorals (1 and 2 Timothy and Titus).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Origen of Alexandria, quoted by] Eusebius of Alexandria. <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> 6.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrence L. Szink, “Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews” in How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 243–259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/selected-articles/authorship-epistle-hebrews">https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/selected-articles/authorship-epistle-hebrews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107183514/https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/selected-articles/authorship-epistle-hebrews">Diarsipkan</a> 2019-11-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roma_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma 1:1">Roma 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Korintus_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Korintus 1:1">1 Korintus 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Korintus_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Korintus 1:1">2 Korintus 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Galatia_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia 1:1">Galatia 1:1</a>-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Efesus_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Efesus 1:1">Efesus 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Filipi_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipi 1:1">Filipi 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kolose_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolose 1:1">Kolose 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Tesalonika_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Tesalonika 1:1">1 Tesalonika 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Tesalonika_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tesalonika 1:1">2 Tesalonika 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Timotius_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timotius 1:1">1 Timotius 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Timotius_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timotius 1:1">2 Timotius 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Titus_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus 1:1">Titus 1:1</a>-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Filemon_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Filemon 1:1">Filemon 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsay p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodspeed, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Percy <i>Die Probleme der Kolosser und Epheserbriefe</i> (1964) p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Michaelis <i>Pastoralbriefe und Gefangenschaftsbriefe</i> (1930) pp. 99-100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contohnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._R._McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. R. McGuire (halaman belum tersedia)">F. R. McGuire</a>, meskipun pakar kritis seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Q._Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Q. Morton (halaman belum tersedia)">A. Q. Morton</a> melihat teks ini sebagai acuan untuk memperdebatkan kepengarangan Paulus pada surat-surat lainnya; lihat A. Q. Morton dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._McLeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. McLeman (halaman belum tersedia)">J. McLeman</a>, <i>Paul, the Man and the Myth</i> (1966). Additionally, Robert Price argues that Galatians was written by Marcion; see R. M. Price, <i>The Pre-Nicene New Testament</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contohnya: Edgar J. Goodspeed, Norman Perrin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, F.F. <i>The History of New Testament Study</i>, Marshall, I. Howard, (ed.), <i>New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Principles and Methods</i>, 1977, Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, revised 1979. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0853644241" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85364-424-1</a>. p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat F.F. Bruce, <i>Colossians</i> p. 172; juga, Holtzman, <i>Kritik der Epheser u. Kolosserbriefe</i> (1872); some have attempted to locate the origin of doubt with T. Mayerhoff as early as 1838 in his work <i>Der Brief an die Kolosser</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. McL. Wilson, <i>Gnosis and the New Testament</i> (1958) p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>Against Marcion</i> 5.22.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement of Alexandria, <i>Stromata</i> 4.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus Haereses</a></i> 5.2.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assuming his <i>Epistle to the Laodiceans</i> referred to Ephesians and not the apocryphal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans (halaman belum tersedia)">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> or another text no longer extant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie p. 593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830050645/http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml">"The Development of the Canon of the New Testament – Ignatius"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Canon+of+the+New+Testament+%E2%80%93+Ignatius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntcanon.org%2FIgnatius.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Polycarp.shtml">Epistle to the Philippians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, Young Kyu. "Paleographical Dating of 46 to the Later First Century." <i>Biblica</i> 69 (1988): 248-257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, B (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf">"The Paleographical Dating of P-46"</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pustaka">Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Bernard, J. H. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pastoralepistles15bern"><i>The Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpastoralepistles15bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brown, Raymond E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a>. New York: Anchor Bible. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-385-24767-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Easton, B. S. (1948). <i>The Pastoral Epistles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-514183-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-514183-0">0-19-514183-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-514183-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1"><i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i></a>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-515462-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-515462-2">0-19-515462-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxcorrupti0000ehrm"><i>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament</i></a>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-510279-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-510279-7">0-19-510279-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-510279-7&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxcorrupti0000ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Falconer, Sir R. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41541ucmf_3"><i>The Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Falconer&rft.aufirst=Sir+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41541ucmf_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Goodspeed, E. J. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keytoephesians0000good"><i>Key to Ephesians</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+to+Ephesians&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeytoephesians0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a>. Hazell Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85111-761-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85111-761-9">0-85111-761-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.pub=Hazell+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_o8p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Heard, Richard (1950). <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Black. ASIN B0000CHRAW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Harrison, P. N. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theproblemofthep00harruoft"><i>The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheproblemofthep00harruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Johnson, Luke Timothy; Todd C. Penner (2002). <i>The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation</i>. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8006-3439-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8006-3439-X">0-8006-3439-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8006-3439-X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rft.au=Todd+C.+Penner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">von Harnack, Adolf</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diebriefsammlung0000harn"><i>Die Briefsammlung des Apostels Paulus</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Briefsammlung+des+Apostels+Paulus&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiebriefsammlung0000harn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">James, J. D. (1906). <i>The Genuineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genuineness+and+Authorship+of+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jeremias, J. (1952). <i>Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Briefe+an+Timotheus+und+Titus&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Jeremias&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kümmel, Werner G. (1996). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Abingdon Pr. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-687-05576-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-687-05576-8">0-687-05576-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Abingdon+Pr&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-687-05576-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Werner+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pagels, Elaine (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosticpaulgnost00page"><i>The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters</i></a>. Trinity Press International. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56338-039-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56338-039-0">1-56338-039-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Paul%3A+Gnostic+Exegesis+of+the+Pauline+Letters&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56338-039-0&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosticpaulgnost00page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Perrin, Norman (1974). <i>The New Testament, an Introduction: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History</i>. Harcourt College Pub. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-15-565725-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-15-565725-9">0-15-565725-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%2C+an+Introduction%3A+Proclamation+and+Parenesis%2C+Myth+and+History&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Pub&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-15-565725-9&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Ramsay" title="William Mitchell Ramsay">Ramsay, Sir W. M.</a> (1920). <i>St. Paul the Traveller</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul+the+Traveller&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=Sir+W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Robinson, J. A. T. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redatingnewtesta0000robi_s8t2"><i>Redating the New Testament</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redating+the+New+Testament&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredatingnewtesta0000robi_s8t2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Schnelle, Udo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historytheologyo0000schn"><i>The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings</i></a>. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8006-2952-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8006-2952-3">0-8006-2952-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theology+of+the+New+Testament+Writings&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8006-2952-3&rft.aulast=Schnelle&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorytheologyo0000schn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Streeter, B. H. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primitivechurch0000unse"><i>The Primitive Church</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primitive+Church&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimitivechurch0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKepengarangan+Surat-surat+Paulus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/epistles.html">Paul Tobin, The Epistles of Paul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082452/http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/epistles.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. article on the authorship of the Pauline epistles</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&oldid=24504026">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus&oldid=24504026</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Debat_kepengarangan_Alkitab" title="Kategori:Debat kepengarangan Alkitab">Debat kepengarangan Alkitab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Kategori:Surat-surat Paulus">Surat-surat Paulus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 11 Oktober 2023, pukul 09.02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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