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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_during_the_Sandinista_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education during the Sandinista era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_during_the_Sandinista_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literacy campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grading system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/200px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/300px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/400px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Boys at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Nicaraguan_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Nicaraguan School (page does not exist)">American Nicaraguan School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Education in Nicaragua</b> is free for all <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguans</a>. Elementary education is free and compulsory although this is not strictly enforced. Many children are not able to attend if their families need to have them work. Communities on the Atlantic Coast have access to education in both Spanish and the languages of the native indigenous tribes that live in the more rural areas of Nicaragua. Higher education has financial, organic and administrative autonomy, according to the law. Freedom of subjects is recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school year runs from February through November.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a> (HRMI)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Nicaragua is fulfilling only 73.7% of what it should be fulfilling for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> based on the country's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Nicaragua's income level, the nation is achieving 92.3% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 55.1% for secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 82.6% of the population age 15 and over is literate, the lowest <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_higher_education_system">The higher education system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The higher education system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest institution of higher education in Nicaragua is the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_de_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua">Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua</a>, which was founded in 1812, which dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> colonial period. Nicaragua became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Federation">Central American Federation</a> in 1821 and declared its independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It left the Federation in 1838 for full independence. </p><p>There are many commercial schools and eight <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> throughout the country. Between 2002 and 2003, a total of 100,363 Nicaraguan students attended universities and other institutions of higher learning. The National Council of Universities is the body responsible for strategic planning in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission to higher education is on the basis of the <i>Bachillerato</i>, the leading <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> qualification. Students are also subject to an entrance examination. The <i>Licenciado</i>, the main <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> degree, is a four- or five-year course of study. A professional title may be awarded depending on the subject. Following the <i>Licenciado</i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> degree is the <i>Maestria</i>, which lasts two years and culminates with the submission of a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions of higher learning can offer two- or three-year courses in <a href="/wiki/Technical_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical education">technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>. The main qualification studied for is the Tecnico Superior.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are over 30 public universities and over 75 private institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_during_the_Sandinista_era">Education during the Sandinista era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education during the Sandinista era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Sandinistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinistas">Sandinistas</a> came to power in 1979, they inherited an education system that was one of the poorest in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Somozas, limited spending on education and generalized poverty forced many adolescents into the labor market and constricted educational opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, only 65% of primary school-age children were enrolled in school; of those who entered first grade only 22% completed the full six years of the primary school curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most rural schools offered only one or two years of schooling, and three-quarters of the rural population was illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few students enrolled in secondary school, in part because most secondary institutions were private and too expensive for the average family.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By these standards, the 8% of the college-age population enrolled in Nicaraguan universities seemed relatively high.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less surprising was that upper-class families typically sent their children abroad for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1984 the Sandinista government had approximately doubled the proportion of <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a> spent on pre-university education, the number of primary and secondary school teachers, the number of schools, and the number of students enrolled at all levels of the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> level, enrollment jumped from 11,142 students in 1978 to 38,570 in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sandinistas reshaped the system of higher education: reordering curricular priorities, closing down redundant institutions and programs and establishing new ones, and increasing lower-class access to higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> models, the new curricula were oriented toward development needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture, medicine, education, and technology grew at the expense of law, the humanities, and the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy_campaign">Literacy campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literacy campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desfile.jpg/220px-Desfile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desfile.jpg/330px-Desfile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desfile.jpg/440px-Desfile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Patriotic Parade with students of the Cristo Rey School.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1980 literacy campaign, using secondary school students as volunteer teachers, reduced the <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a> rate from 50% to 23% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The latter figure exceeds the rate of 13% claimed by the literacy campaign, which did not count adults whom the government classified as learning impaired or otherwise unteachable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In part to consolidate the gains of the literacy campaign, the Ministry of Education set up a system of informal self-education groups known as Popular Education Cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using materials and pedagogical advice provided by the ministry, residents of poor communities met in the evenings to develop basic reading and mathematical skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key large-scale programs of the Sandinistas included a massive <a href="/wiki/National_Literacy_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="National Literacy Crusade">National Literacy Crusade</a> (March–August 1980), social program, which received international recognition for their gains in <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the hallmarks of Sandinista education (and favored target of anti-Sandinista criticism) was the ideological orientation of the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated goal of instruction was the development of a "new man" whose virtues were to include patriotism, "internationalism", an orientation toward productive work, and a willingness to sacrifice individual interests to social and national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textbooks were nationalist and prorevolutionary in tone, giving ample coverage to Sandinista heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1990 election, the Chamorro government placed education in the hands of critics of Sandinista policy, who imposed more conservative values on the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new set of textbooks was produced with support from the United States Agency for International Development (AID), which had provided similar help during the <a href="/wiki/Somoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoza">Somoza</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Sandinistas' determined efforts to expand the education system in the early 1980s, Nicaragua remained an undereducated society in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the <a href="/wiki/Contra_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra War">Contra War</a> and the economic crisis that forced spending on education back to the 1970 level, the education system was straining to keep up with the rapidly growing school-age population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1980 and 1990, the number of children between five and fourteen years of age had expanded by 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Sandinista era, the literacy rate had declined from the level attained at the conclusion of the 1980 literacy campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall school enrollments were larger than they had been in the 1970s, however.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the countryside, access to education had broadened dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But a substantial minority of primary school-age children and three-quarters of secondary school-age students were not in school, and the proportion of students who completed their primary education had not advanced beyond the 1979 level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even by Central American standards, the Nicaraguan education system was performing poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading_system">Grading system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grading system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic grading in Nicaragua works on a 100-point scale. For <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> levels, a 60 is good enough to pass, while for further levels the pass grade is 70. Students who attain from 60 to the <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">pass grade</a> get the chance to take one extra test that reviews the year's topics and in which a 70 is needed to achieve a pass grade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Nicaragua" title="List of schools in Nicaragua">List of schools in Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nicaragua" title="List of universities in Nicaragua">List of universities in Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/06/content_5442752.htm">Nicaragua's President, Daniel Ortega</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228223949/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/06/content_5442752.htm">Archived</a> 2006-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to enforce free education</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrightsmeasurement.org&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Measurement+Initiative+%E2%80%93+The+first+global+initiative+to+track+the+human+rights+performance+of+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrightsmeasurement.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicaragua_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightstracker.org/">"Nicaragua - HRMI Rights Tracker"</a>. <i>rightstracker.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Education". In Merrill, Tim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94021664/"><i>Nicaragua: a country study</i></a> (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0831-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0831-X"><bdi>0-8444-0831-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30623751">30623751</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history/background.html">Background History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422185323/http://stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history//background.html">Archived</a> 2017-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Nicaragua</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalexchange.org/tours/NicaraguaReportOct2001.html">globalexchange.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">v. Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua_(1979%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)">Sandinista period (1979–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Post-Sandinista_period_(1990-)" title="History of Nicaragua">Post-Sandinista period (1990–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua" title="Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" title="Category:Nicaragua">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latin_America" title="Education in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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