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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sintesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicazioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicazioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applicazioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicazioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precauzioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precauzioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Precauzioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precauzioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acido fluoridrico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 63 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الهيدروفلوريك - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الهيدروفلوريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_fluorh%C3%ADdricu" title="Ácidu fluorhídricu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu fluorhídricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фторыставадародная кіслата - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фторыставадародная кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Флуороводородна киселина - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флуороводородна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridna_kiselina" title="Fluoridna kiselina - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fluoridna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_fluorh%C3%ADdric" title="Àcid fluorhídric - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid fluorhídric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fluorovod%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fluorovodíková - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina fluorovodíková" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Плавик йӳçекĕ - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плавик йӳçекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusss%C3%A4ure" title="Flusssäure - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flusssäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Υδροφθορικό οξύ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροφθορικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrofluoric acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorida_acido" title="Fluorida acido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluorida acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fluorh%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácido fluorhídrico - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido fluorhídrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinikfluoriidhape" title="Vesinikfluoriidhape - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinikfluoriidhape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_fluorhidriko" title="Azido fluorhidriko - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido fluorhidriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorivetyhappo" title="Fluorivetyhappo - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fluorivetyhappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_fluorhydrique" title="Acide fluorhydrique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide fluorhydrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorweederstoofs%C3%BCren" title="Fluorweederstoofsüren - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fluorweederstoofsüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_hidreafluarach" title="Aigéad hidreafluarach - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad hidreafluarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה הידרופלואורית - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה הידרופלואורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="हाइड्रोफ्लोरिक अम्ल - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोफ्लोरिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Fluorovodična kiselina - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fluorovodična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ֆտորաջրածնական թթու - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆտորաջրածնական թթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_fluorida" title="Asam fluorida - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam fluorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0%E9%85%B8" title="フッ化水素酸 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フッ化水素酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ფთორწყალბადმჟავა - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფთორწყალბადმჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Балқытқыш қышқыл - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балқытқыш қышқыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಹೈಡ್ರೊಫ್ಲೋರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈಡ್ರೊಫ್ಲೋರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C%EC%82%B0" title="플루오린화 수소산 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루오린화 수소산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor%C5%ABde%C5%86ra%C5%BEsk%C4%81be" title="Fluorūdeņražskābe - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fluorūdeņražskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഹൈഡ്രോഫ്ലൂറിക്ക് അമ്ലം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രോഫ്ലൂറിക്ക് അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="हायड्रोफ्लोरिक आम्ल - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोफ्लोरिक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_hidrofluorik" title="Asid hidrofluorik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid hidrofluorik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorzuur" title="Fluorzuur - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluorzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fluoridric" title="Acid fluoridric - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid fluoridric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_fluorowodorowy" title="Kwas fluorowodorowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas fluorowodorowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fluor%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácido fluorídrico - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido fluorídrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fluorhidric" title="Acid fluorhidric - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid fluorhidric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плавиковая кислота - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плавиковая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrofluoric acid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodoni%C4%8Dka_kiselina" title="Fluorovodonička kiselina - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fluorovodonička kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrofluoric acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fluorovod%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fluorovodíková - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina fluorovodíková" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodikova_kislina" title="Fluorovodikova kislina - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fluorovodikova kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodoni%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Fluorovodonična kiselina - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fluorovodonična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorv%C3%A4tesyra" title="Fluorvätesyra - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fluorvätesyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரோபுளோரிக் அமிலம் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரோபுளோரிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดไฮโดรฟลูออริก - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดไฮโดรฟลูออริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroflorik_asit" title="Hidroflorik asit - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidroflorik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флуоридна кислота - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флуоридна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftorid_kislota" title="Ftorid kislota - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ftorid kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_hydrofluoric" title="Acid hydrofluoric - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid hydrofluoric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksido_Hidrofluorico" title="Aksido Hidrofluorico - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aksido Hidrofluorico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%9F%E9%85%B8" title="氢氟酸 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢氟酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%9F%E9%85%B8" title="氢氟酸 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氢氟酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%9F%E9%85%B8" title="氫氟酸 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氫氟酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209569#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acido_fluoridrico" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143074810">.mw-parser-output .sinottico{background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-spacing:0;clear:right;float:right;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em;margin:0 0 1em 1.5em;width:280px}.mw-parser-output .sinottico caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){background-color:#f3f3f3;border-right:1px solid #e5e5e8;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th{border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output 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.sinottico_piede{text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#EFEFEF}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede2{background-color:white;font-size:xx-small;padding-bottom:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_sottotitolo{font-size:80%}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata th{background-color:#dedede;font-size:116%;padding:.2em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testo_centrale{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AADDFF;">Acido fluoridrico</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg/260px-Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg/390px-Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg/520px-Hydrogen-fluoride-2D-dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg/260px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg/390px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg/520px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">fluoruro di idrogeno </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td>HF </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>20,01 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Colore" title="Colore">Aspetto</a></th><td>gas incolore </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=16211014">16211014</a> e <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=14917">14917</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBDB11072">DBDB11072</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></th><td><div style="word-break: break-all;"><code style="background-color:transparent; border:none">F</code></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà chimico-fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">Densità</a> (g/cm<sup>3</sup>, in <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">c.s.</a>)</th><td>0,97 (liquido) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">Costante di dissociazione acida</a> (pKa) a 298 K</th><td>3,17 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">Costante di dissociazione acida</a> a 298 K</th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996670000000000000♠"></span>6,7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A0" title="Solubilità">Solubilità</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a></th><td>miscibile in tutte le proporzioni </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_di_fusione" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura di fusione">Temperatura di fusione</a></th><td>−83 °C (190 K) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_di_ebollizione" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura di ebollizione">Temperatura di ebollizione</a></th><td>19,5 °C (294 K) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Tensione_di_vapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensione di vapore">Tensione di vapore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Pascal (unità di misura)">Pa</a>) a 294 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006103400000000000♠"></span>1,034<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà termochimiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione">Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup>0</sup></a> (kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>)</th><td>−273,3 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Energia_libera_di_Gibbs_standard_di_formazione" title="Energia libera di Gibbs standard di formazione">Δ<sub>f</sub>G<sup>0</sup></a> (kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>)</th><td>−275,4 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Entropia_molare_standard" title="Entropia molare standard">S<sup>0</sup><sub>m</sub></a>(J·K<sup>−1</sup>mol<sup>−1</sup>)</th><td>173,8 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà tossicologiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/DL50" title="DL50">DL<sub>50</sub></a> (mg/kg)</th><td>1 276 ppm /1h (ratto) (inal.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simboli_di_rischio_chimico" title="Simboli di rischio chimico">Simboli di rischio chimico</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="tossicità acuta"><img alt="tossicità acuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="corrosivo"><img alt="corrosivo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span>  </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">pericolo </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Frasi_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasi H">Frasi H</a></th><td><abbr title="Letale se ingerito.">300 </abbr>- <abbr title="Letale per contatto con la pelle.">310 </abbr>- <abbr title="Letale se inalato.">330 </abbr>- <abbr title="Provoca gravi ustioni cutanee e gravi lesioni oculari.">314 </abbr>- <abbr title="Corrosivo per le vie respiratorie.">EUH071 </abbr> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Consigli_P" title="Consigli P">Consigli P</a></th><td><abbr title="Non respirare la polvere / i fumi / i gas / la nebbia / i vapori / gli aerosol.">260 </abbr>- <abbr title="Evitare il contatto con gli occhi, la pelle o gli indumenti.">262 </abbr>- <abbr title="Indossare guanti / indumenti protettivi / Proteggere gli occhi / il viso.">280 </abbr>- <abbr title="In caso di inalazione: trasportare l'infortunato all'aria aperta e mantenerlo a riposo in posizione che favorisca la respirazione.">304+340 </abbr>- <abbr title="In caso di contatto con la pelle: lavare delicatamente e abbondantemente con acqua e sapone.">302+350 </abbr>- <abbr title="In caso di contatto con la pelle (o con i capelli): togliersi di dosso immediatamente tutti gli indumenti contaminati. Sciacquare la pelle / fare una doccia.">303+361+353 </abbr>- <abbr title="In caso di contatto con gli occhi: sciacquare accuratamente per parecchi minuti. Togliere le eventuali lenti a contatto se è agevole farlo. Continuare a sciacquare.">305+351+338 </abbr>- <abbr title="Consultare immediatamente un medico.">315 </abbr>- <abbr title="Conservare sotto chiave.">405 </abbr>- <abbr title="Conservare in luogo ben ventilato.">403 </abbr><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209569" class="extiw" title="d:Q209569"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Acido fluoridrico su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>acido fluoridrico</b> (nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a>: <b>fluoruro di idrogeno</b>) è un <a href="/wiki/Acido_minerale" title="Acido minerale">acido minerale</a> relativamente debole, gassoso a temperatura ambiente, incolore, molto velenoso; la sua <a href="/wiki/Formula_chimica" title="Formula chimica">formula chimica</a> è <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}" /></span>. I suoi sali vengono chiamati <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro">fluoruri</a>. </p><p>Il fluoruro d'idrogeno, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}" /></span>, è il composto che sta alla base di tutta l'industria dei composti fluorurati e da esso trae origine tutta la vasta gamma dei composti fluorurati organici e inorganici oggi in commercio. È disponibile in forma anidra sotto forma di gas compresso liquefatto oppure sciolto in <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a>. Il fluoruro di idrogeno anidro è corrosivo, pericoloso, fumante e provoca gravi ustioni per contatto. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molto solubile in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a>, forma con essa un <a href="/wiki/Azeotropo" title="Azeotropo">azeotropo</a> in cui è contenuto in ragione del 38,2%. Tale azeotropo bolle a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002385150000000000♠"></span>112 <a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a></span>. </p><p>È il più debole <a href="/wiki/Idracido" title="Idracido">acido alogenidrico</a>. Questo comportamento è dato dal fatto che ha il <a href="/wiki/Raggio_atomico" title="Raggio atomico">raggio atomico</a> molto piccolo: ciò porta ad avere gli <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettroni</a> su <a href="/wiki/Orbitale_atomico" title="Orbitale atomico">orbitali</a> molto ravvicinati tra di loro. Per diventare un <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acido</a> deve (in accordo con la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_acido-base_di_Lewis" title="Teoria acido-base di Lewis">teoria acido-base di Lewis</a>) accettare un <a href="/wiki/Doppietto_elettronico" title="Doppietto elettronico">doppietto elettronico</a> e trasformarsi in anione <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a33fb9851dbffe2434b2a78fe0050ba1b15eee9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.029ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}" /></span>. Qui entrano in gioco le forze repulsive degli orbitali di valenza <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e035e7386810f06e4adc2b9065b7c13e0df77297" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2s}" /></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2p)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2p)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cfc50ecde0be2316b5ad4bc9345a8f0de3dcd5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.237ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2p)}" /></span>, così elevate che <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a33fb9851dbffe2434b2a78fe0050ba1b15eee9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.029ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {F-}}}" /></span> cede elettroni e riformare l'acido spostando <a href="/wiki/Equilibrio_chimico" title="Equilibrio chimico">l'equilibrio</a> verso i <a href="/wiki/Reagente" title="Reagente">reagenti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF + H2O <=> H3O+ + F-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF + H2O <=> H3O+ + F-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b50b09e2a53dd205e996893f4723488725706127" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.34ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF + H2O <=> H3O+ + F-}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Inoltre, il legame originato dalla sovrapposizione degli orbitali <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59a6d7a59b12f82f6b269b57b2d9eca77c99d4cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.253ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1s}" /></span> dell'<a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a> con gli orbitali <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff0d3e38652941fc7a2844611f6c7fa8a23104a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2p}" /></span> del <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a>, avendo dimensioni simili, tenderà ad avere migliore sovrapposizione, rispetto a quella che si origina tra gli orbitali atomici <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3p,\,4p,\,5p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>4</mn> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mn>5</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3p,\,4p,\,5p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8331867855763c831c8f73995408b5d9a27f9c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3p,\,4p,\,5p}" /></span> rispettivamente di <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">iodio</a> con l'<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59a6d7a59b12f82f6b269b57b2d9eca77c99d4cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.253ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1s}" /></span> dell'idrogeno, e quindi legami più forti. Infatti la lunghezza di legame <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>F</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5122ca151eb107c618e5f320aa37a92f7765b9bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.069ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}" /></span> è pari a 0,917 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström">Å</a> (la più bassa tra gli acidi alogenidrici) e energia di legame pari a 136 k<a href="/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria">cal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole" title="Mole">mole</a> (la più alta tra gli acidi alogenidrici). </p><p>La sua acidità aumenta notevolmente quando la concentrazione è vicina al 100%. Ciò è dato dall'effetto dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Omoassociazione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omoassociazione (la pagina non esiste)">omoassociazione</a>, in accordo con la reazione: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 HF -> H2F+ + FHF-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HF</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>FHF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 HF -> H2F+ + FHF-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4ed4ba37b070e40c57926e489062f5cace16140" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.862ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 HF -> H2F+ + FHF-}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>L'elevata <a href="/wiki/Elettronegativit%C3%A0" title="Elettronegatività">elettronegatività</a> del <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a> (è l'elemento più elettronegativo di tutti) rende il legame <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>F</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5122ca151eb107c618e5f320aa37a92f7765b9bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.069ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H-F}}}" /></span> estremamente polare: unita alle piccole dimensioni degli atomi, consente a due o più <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecole</a> di acido fluoridrico puro in <a href="/wiki/Fase_(chimica)" title="Fase (chimica)">fase</a> gassosa di formare degli aggregati <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {HF} )_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {HF} )_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5800b7ab0e35207ed96eac9609c993a9ab25577" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.289ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {HF} )_{n}}" /></span> (con <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" /></span> che varia da <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}" /></span> a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}" /></span>) in cui le molecole sono tenute insieme da <a href="/wiki/Legame_chimico" title="Legame chimico">legami a idrogeno</a>. Particolarmente stabile e ben documentato è il dimero <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2F2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2F2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db8da6d926331ae470a3c6d7cacfe6ea50b9c187" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.369ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2F2}}}" /></span>, che tende a formare i sali <a href="/wiki/Idrogenodifluoruro" title="Idrogenodifluoruro">idrogenodifluoruro</a>. </p><p>Tale aggregazione si riflette nel suo punto di ebollizione, estremamente maggiore a quello degli altri acidi alogenidrici (<a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">cloridrico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acido_bromidrico" title="Acido bromidrico">bromidrico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acido_iodidrico" title="Acido iodidrico">iodidrico</a>); lo stesso fenomeno spiega anche il più elevato punto di ebollizione dell'acqua rispetto a quello dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_solfidrico" title="Acido solfidrico">acido solfidrico</a>, che a temperatura ambiente è un gas. Allo stato solido e allo stato liquido ha una struttura concatenata e forma angoli di 134<a href="/wiki/Grado_d%27arco" title="Grado d'arco">°</a>. Si formano dei legami a idrogeno lungo gli assi dei <a href="/wiki/Coppia_solitaria" title="Coppia solitaria">doppietti solitari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nel 1771 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Scheele" title="Carl Scheele">Scheele</a> dimostra che i gas liberati dalla reazione tra la <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_calcio" title="Fluoruro di calcio">fluorite</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_solforico" title="Acido solforico">acido solforico</a> intaccano il vetro.</li> <li>Nel 1780 Meyer e Wenzel sintetizzano una soluzione acquosa di acido fluoridrico usando un'apparecchiatura di metallo.</li> <li>Nel 1808 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Gay Lussac</a> e <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Thénard</a> producono acido fluoridrico gassoso puro.</li> <li>Nel 1810 <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> scopre la formula dell'acido fluoridrico.</li> <li>Nel 1856 Frémy ricava acido fluoridrico gassoso puro dalla decomposizione termica dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrogenodifluoruro_di_potassio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idrogenodifluoruro di potassio (la pagina non esiste)">idrogenodifluoruro di potassio</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KHF2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>KHF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KHF2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/674b917b9546912fc6a7f5dc30d07f990a958f5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.123ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KHF2}}}" /></span>.</li> <li>Nel 2021 tracce di acido fluoridrico sono state rilevate nelle nubi di gas della galassia NGP-190387 distante oltre 12 miliardi di anni luce.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sintesi">Sintesi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Sintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I primi studi sulla reazione per produrre fluoruro d'idrogeno anidro a livello commerciale sono datati 1764. </p><p>Sostanzialmente, sebbene migliorato dal punto di vista progettuale e ingegneristico, il processo è rimasto fino a oggi lo stesso. </p><p>L'acido fluoridrico viene ottenuto industrialmente per azione dell'acido solforico sui fluoruri minerali, solitamente <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (ma anche <a href="/wiki/Criolite" title="Criolite">criolite</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a>) a una temperatura intorno ai 250 °C: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaF2 + H2SO4 -> 2 HF + CaSO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CaF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HF</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaF2 + H2SO4 -> 2 HF + CaSO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dff0cdea6b1ebf9e09468d737d851b6220a39318" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaF2 + H2SO4 -> 2 HF + CaSO4}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>All'impianto si alimenta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6703e3d63d91c698caf61db7286069a49ce5c1af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.952ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}" /></span>, <a href="/wiki/Oleum" title="Oleum">oleum</a> o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {SO3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {SO3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/736f8d9703f4203f63d0e210428fc35d78c64b2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.155ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {SO3}}}" /></span> (<a href="/wiki/Anidride_solforica" title="Anidride solforica">anidride solforica</a>). Si tende a lavorare con eccesso di acido solforico in modo da spingere la reazione verso i prodotti, tuttavia troppo acido produce peci di reazione umide, appiccicose, corrosive e difficili da gestire. A causa delle impurezze inevitabilmente presenti nel materiale di partenza si ha la formazione di sottoprodotti quali l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_fluorosilicico" title="Acido fluorosilicico">acido fluorosilicico</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2SiF6)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SiF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2SiF6)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/253067161d67bd9d76c25b83ad684a9ffd835ff4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.118ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2SiF6)}}}" /></span> da <a href="/wiki/Silice" title="Silice">silice</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(SiO2)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(SiO2)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c16708565e1d6fb552dccd59ca12f689d09a41ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.611ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(SiO2)}}}" /></span>. Composti come l'<a href="/wiki/Ossido_ferroso" title="Ossido ferroso">ossido ferroso</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(FeO)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>FeO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(FeO)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27e139d1b5b6796cd251732965f086a66ec6e52a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(FeO)}}}" /></span>, l'<a href="/wiki/Ossido_di_magnesio" title="Ossido di magnesio">ossido di magnesio</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(MgO)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>MgO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(MgO)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb8fe7064a557a08f3c60be37f60919231f519a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.911ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(MgO)}}}" /></span>, il <a href="/wiki/Carbonato_di_calcio" title="Carbonato di calcio">carbonato di calcio</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(CaCO3)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(CaCO3)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ddd8326bdb485acc9809d4db8d1747bd19622d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.19ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(CaCO3)}}}" /></span> e materiali organici in generale consumano acido solforico e oleum. I composti del fosforo, arsenico e boro necessitano di attrezzature speciali per essere rimossi mentre la presenza di ioni cloruro aumenta la corrosività dell'<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}" /></span> nei confronti delle apparecchiature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicazioni">Applicazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Applicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Applicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anche se l'acido fluoridrico era noto già agli inizi del XIX secolo, l'impiego industriale di <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}" /></span> fu limitato all'incisione del vetro e alla produzione di sostanze chimiche come fluoruro di sodio e bifluoruro di sodio. La seconda guerra mondiale ha portato una rivoluzione nel campo delle applicazioni dell'<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}" /></span>: la necessità di catalizzatori di <a href="/wiki/Alchilazione" title="Alchilazione">alchilazione</a> per produrre benzine a elevato <a href="/wiki/Numero_di_ottano" title="Numero di ottano">numero di ottani</a> per i carburanti avio, la nascita dell'<a href="/wiki/Energia_nucleare" title="Energia nucleare">industria nucleare</a> che richiede <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Esafluoruro di uranio">esafluoruro di uranio</a> e la rapida crescita del mercato dei <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">clorofluorocarburi</a> contribuirono a una costante e crescente domanda di fluoruro di idrogeno, in particolare in forma anidra<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Viene impiegato<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sin dagli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1930" title="Anni 1930">anni trenta</a> del Novecento nella sintesi degli <a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_alchilici" title="Alogenuri alchilici">alogenuri alchilici</a>, ad esempio i <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">CFC</a> e gli <a href="/wiki/Idrofluorocarburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrofluorocarburi">HFC</a>.</li> <li>Nella sintesi di monomeri fluorurati come il <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroetene" title="Tetrafluoroetene">tetrafluoroetene</a>.</li> <li>Nella produzione di alluminio nella sintesi di <a href="/wiki/Criolite" title="Criolite">crioliti</a> sintetiche <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(Na3AlF6)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>AlF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(Na3AlF6)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc77d59517ee4bab994dc6d8c951b5bedb4bbfcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.731ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(Na3AlF6)}}}" /></span>.</li> <li>Nella purificazione del <a href="/wiki/Tantalio" title="Tantalio">tantalio</a> e del <a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio">niobio</a>.</li> <li>Nella <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> del <a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">torio</a> e dell'<a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranio</a> come agente fluorurante nella sintesi di tetrafluoruro di torio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(ThF4)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ThF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(ThF4)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/487f47eb13c3ea345accbc41463103cd73e522ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.352ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(ThF4)}}}" /></span> e di <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Tetrafluoruro di uranio">tetrafluoruro di uranio</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF4)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>UF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF4)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdd27d7109052abf2b1ef544dc1761bfea53245e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.124ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF4)}}}" /></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Nell'industria nucleare nel processo di <a href="/wiki/Uranio_arricchito" title="Uranio arricchito">arricchimento dell'uranio</a> ovvero nella sintesi di <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Esafluoruro di uranio">esafluoruro di uranio</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF6)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>UF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF6)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c26e26887dfa81d2bf0c86a2533341ebd043f5e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.124ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(UF6)}}}" /></span>.</li> <li>È la materia prima per produrre <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(F2)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(F2)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/079e11931ec9741d54055011345f6b5607207af6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.381ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(F2)}}}" /></span> per <a href="/wiki/Elettrolisi" title="Elettrolisi">elettrolisi</a>.</li> <li>Data la sua capacità di sciogliere quasi tutti gli ossidi, trova impiego anche per rimuovere tracce di ossidi dalle superfici metalliche (ad esempio la pulizia del silicio nell'industria dei <a href="/wiki/Semiconduttore" title="Semiconduttore">semiconduttori</a>), nella produzione di lampadine smerigliate, nella marcatura di manufatti in vetro e come agente di <a href="/wiki/Decapaggio" title="Decapaggio">decapaggio</a> nell'<a href="/wiki/Storia_della_siderurgia" title="Storia della siderurgia">industria siderurgica</a>.</li> <li>Nell'<a href="/wiki/Raffineria_di_petrolio" title="Raffineria di petrolio">industria petrolifera</a> come <a href="/wiki/Catalizzatore" title="Catalizzatore">catalizzatore</a> per le reazioni di <a href="/wiki/Alchilazione" title="Alchilazione">alchilazione</a> per la produzione di benzine ad alto numero di ottano o di altri alchilati.</li> <li>Come agente di fluorurazione (sfruttando la <a href="/wiki/Metatesi_(chimica)" title="Metatesi (chimica)">reazione di metatesi</a>) per la produzione di farmaci.</li></ul> <p>È uno dei pochi agenti corrosivi capaci di intaccare il <a href="/wiki/Vetro" title="Vetro">vetro</a>. Le soluzioni acquose di questo composto vengono pertanto conservate in contenitori in <a href="/wiki/Polietilene" title="Polietilene">polietilene</a> o <a href="/wiki/Politetrafluoroetilene" title="Politetrafluoroetilene">teflon</a> in grado di resistere all'azione estremamente corrosiva di quest'acido. </p><p>Viene conservato puro, sotto forma di gas liquefatto a bassa pressione, in bombole realizzate in <a href="/wiki/Monel" title="Monel">monel</a>. L'acido fluoridrico anidro si conserva altrettanto bene e viene commercializzato in bombole in acciaio. </p><p>Reagisce con il vetro trasformando la <a href="/wiki/Silice" title="Silice">silice</a> contenuta in <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_silicio" title="Tetrafluoruro di silicio">tetrafluoruro di silicio</a> secondo la reazione </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 4 HF -> SiF4 + 2 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HF</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SiF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 4 HF -> SiF4 + 2 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29ecf2f717a6ba21dce4167d7a724d25f09bbc4e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 4 HF -> SiF4 + 2 H2O}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>La reazione, in presenza di una maggiore quantità di acido fluoridrico, può anche portare alla formazione di <a href="/wiki/Acido_fluorosilicico" title="Acido fluorosilicico">acido fluorosilicico</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HF</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SiF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a16ba78c28a423bccc739573ebbce0e22dccefd5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.853ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 6 HF -> H2SiF6 + 2 H2O}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>In soluzione molto diluita, è disponibile come prodotto per rimuovere la <a href="/wiki/Ruggine" title="Ruggine">ruggine</a> e nella pulizia dei metalli, quali l'<a href="/wiki/Ottone_(lega)" title="Ottone (lega)">ottone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precauzioni">Precauzioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Precauzioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Precauzioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'acido fluoridrico corrode il vetro e diversi metalli. Per questa ragione viene comunemente conservato in contenitori in plastica (sebbene anche il <a href="/wiki/PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a> sia moderatamente permeabile a esso). L'acido fluoridrico è estremamente tossico sia per inalazione della forma gassosa (<a href="/wiki/IDLH" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> = 30 <a href="/wiki/Parti_per_milione" title="Parti per milione">ppm</a>) sia per contatto con la <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a>; l'affinità dello ione fluoruro con gli ioni <a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">calcio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> danneggia il tessuto osseo e le vie nervose. L'ingestione è spesso mortale. I primi sintomi di avvelenamento possono manifestarsi anche a distanza di 12 ore dal contatto con la sostanza, quando ormai può essere troppo tardi per intervenire, una circostanza che rende questo composto molto pericoloso. Nel 1979 lo scoppio di una bombola di questo gas all'<a href="/wiki/Ausimont" title="Ausimont">Ausimont</a> di <a href="/wiki/Marghera" title="Marghera">Porto Marghera</a> provocò 3 morti e 15 intossicati<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le ustioni esterne da acido fluoridrico vengono trattate con creme a base di <a href="/wiki/Gluconato_di_calcio" title="Gluconato di calcio">gluconato di calcio</a> mentre per lesioni interne viene somministrato per via orale sotto forma di aerosol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326070728/http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/jsp/common/Toxicity.jsp"><span style="font-style:italic;">ChemIDplus:Hydrofluoric acid toxicity</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov</span> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/jsp/common/Toxicity.jsp">url originale</abbr> il 26 marzo 2010)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Scheda del fluoruro di idrogeno anidro su <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016183546/http://gestis-en.itrust.de/"><span style="font-style:italic;">IFA-GESTIS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">gestis-en.itrust.de</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://gestis-en.itrust.de">url originale</abbr> il 16 ottobre 2019)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/is-hydrofluoric-acid-a-strong-or-weak-acid-603636"><span style="font-style:italic;">QUESTION: IS HF A STRONG ACID OR A WEAK ACID?</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">thoughtco.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.media.inaf.it/2021/11/04/fluoro-alma-ngp-190387/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fabbriche di fluoro a ridosso del big bang</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">media.inaf.it</span>, 4 novembre 2021.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Kirk Othmer, <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia of Chemical Technology</span>, vol. 11, 4ª ed., John Wiley & Sons.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurofluor.org/"><span style="font-style:italic;">eurofluor</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">eurofluor.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Energia Nucleare</i>, vol. 3, n. 2, 15 aprile 1956, pp. 82-83<cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">archive.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/energia-nucleare-rivista-del-cise-vol.-3-n.-2-15-aprile-1956-estratto/page/82/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/energia-nucleare-rivista-del-cise-vol.-3-n.-2-15-aprile-1956-estratto/page/82/mode/2up</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712052815/http://dati.camera.it/ocd/aic.rdf/aic2_00173_8"><span style="font-style:italic;">Interpellanza 2/00173 presentata da Catalano (PDUP) in data 13 novembre 1979</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">dati.camera.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_dei_deputati_(Italia)" title="Camera dei deputati (Italia)">Camera dei deputati</a>. <small>URL consultato il 10 luglio 2015</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://dati.camera.it/ocd/aic.rdf/aic2_00173_8">url originale</abbr> il 12 luglio 2015)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acido_fluoroantimonico" title="Acido fluoroantimonico">Acido fluoroantimonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acido_fluorosilicico" title="Acido fluorosilicico">Acido fluorosilicico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acido_fluorosolfonico" title="Acido fluorosolfonico">Acido fluorosolforico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acido_ipofluoroso" title="Acido ipofluoroso">Acido ipofluoroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disastro_della_Val_di_Stava#La_miniera_e_l'impianto_di_trattamento" title="Disastro della Val di Stava">Disastro della Val di Stava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite#Estrazione" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_calcio" title="Fluoruro di calcio">Fluoruro di calcio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Acido_fluoridrico" class="extiw" title="q:Acido fluoridrico">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/acido_fluoridrico" class="extiw" title="wikt:acido fluoridrico">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Hydrofluoric acid"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrofluoric_acid?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Acido_fluoridrico" class="extiw" title="q:Acido fluoridrico">acido fluoridrico</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/acido_fluoridrico" class="extiw" title="wikt:acido fluoridrico">acido fluoridrico</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrofluoric_acid?uselang=it">acido fluoridrico</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fluoridrico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrofluoric-acid"><span style="font-style:italic;">hydrofluoric acid</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209569#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10915844?q=%28sammtliche+physische+und+chemische+werke%29&page=6,7/">C. W. Scheele, <i>Chemische Untersuchung des Flusspats, und dessen Säure</i></a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Acidi_inorganici"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acidi_inorganici" title="Template:Acidi inorganici"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Acidi_inorganici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Acidi inorganici (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Acidi_inorganici&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg/22px-Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg/33px-Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg/44px-Sulfuric_acid_burning_tissue_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="959" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Acidi_inorganici" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidi inorganici">Acidi inorganici</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;color:#00008b;"><a href="/wiki/Idracido" title="Idracido">Idracidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f8ff;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_azotidrico" title="Acido azotidrico">Acido azotidrico</a> (HN<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acido fluoridrico</a> (HF)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_bromidrico" title="Acido bromidrico">Acido bromidrico</a> (HBr)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_cianidrico" title="Acido cianidrico">Acido cianidrico</a> (HCN)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">Acido cloridrico</a> (HCl)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_solfidrico" title="Acido solfidrico">Acido solfidrico</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_iodidrico" title="Acido iodidrico">Acido iodidrico</a> (HI)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Seleniuro_di_idrogeno" title="Seleniuro di idrogeno">Acido selenidrico</a> (H<sub>2</sub>Se)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_astatidrico" title="Acido astatidrico">Acido astatidrico</a> (HAt)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;color:#00008b;"><a href="/wiki/Ossiacidi" title="Ossiacidi">Ossiacidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;background:#f0f8ff;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_borico" title="Acido borico">Acido borico</a> (H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_carbonico" title="Acido carbonico">Acido carbonico</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) <a href="/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico">Acido nitrico</a> (HNO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_nitroso" title="Acido nitroso">Acido nitroso</a> (HNO<sub>2</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_fosforico" title="Acido fosforico">Acido fosforico</a> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_pirofosforico" title="Acido pirofosforico">Acido pirofosforico</a> (H<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_metafosforico" title="Acido metafosforico">Acido metafosforico</a> (HPO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_fosforoso" title="Acido fosforoso">Acido fosforoso</a> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ipofosforoso" title="Acido ipofosforoso">Acido ipofosforoso</a> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_solforico" title="Acido solforico">Acido solforico</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_solforoso" title="Acido solforoso">Acido solforoso</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_clorico" title="Acido clorico">Acido clorico</a> (HClO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_cloroso" title="Acido cloroso">Acido cloroso</a> (HClO<sub>2</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_arsenico" title="Acido arsenico">Acido arsenico</a> (H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_arsenioso" title="Acido arsenioso">Acido arsenioso</a> (H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_iodico" title="Acido iodico">Acido iodico</a> (HIO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ipobromoso" title="Acido ipobromoso">Acido ipobromoso</a> (HBrO)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ipocloroso" title="Acido ipocloroso">Acido ipocloroso</a> (HClO)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ipoiodoso" title="Acido ipoiodoso">Acido ipoiodoso</a> (HIO)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_perclorico" title="Acido perclorico">Acido perclorico</a> (HClO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_perbromico" title="Acido perbromico">Acido perbromico</a> (HBrO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_periodico" title="Acido periodico">Acido periodico</a> (HIO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_selenioso" title="Acido selenioso">Acido selenioso</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_xenico" title="Acido xenico">Acido xenico</a> (H<sub>2</sub>XeO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_antimonico" title="Acido antimonico">Acido antimonico</a> (H<sub>3</sub>SbO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_antimonioso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido antimonioso (la pagina non esiste)">Acido antimonioso</a> (H<sub>3</sub>SbO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_tellurico" title="Acido tellurico">Acido tellurico</a> (H<sub>6</sub>TeO<sub>6</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_telluroso" title="Acido telluroso">Acido telluroso</a> (H<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_teflico" title="Acido teflico">Acido teflico</a> (HTeOF<sub>5</sub>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ipofluoroso" title="Acido ipofluoroso">Acido ipofluoroso</a> (HFO)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_silicico" title="Acido silicico">Acido silicico</a> (H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>)<b> ·</b></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314" /><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Fluoruri"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fluoruri" title="Template:Fluoruri"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Fluoruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Fluoruri (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Fluoruri&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro">Fluoruri</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Fluoruri inorganici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Monofluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_d%27ammonio" title="Fluoruro d'ammonio">Fluoruro d'ammonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_d%27argento" title="Fluoruro d'argento">Fluoruro d'argento</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_bromo(I)" title="Fluoruro di bromo(I)">Fluoruro di bromo(I)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_cesio" title="Fluoruro di cesio">Fluoruro di cesio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_iodio(I)" title="Fluoruro di iodio(I)">Fluoruro di iodio(I)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_litio" title="Fluoruro di litio">Fluoruro di litio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_potassio" title="Fluoruro di potassio">Fluoruro di potassio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_rubidio" title="Fluoruro di rubidio">Fluoruro di rubidio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_sodio" title="Fluoruro di sodio">Fluoruro di sodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_triazoto" title="Fluoruro di triazoto">Fluoruro di triazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrofluoruro_di_argon" title="Idrofluoruro di argon">Idrofluoruro di argon</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Difluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bifluoruro_di_potassio" title="Bifluoruro di potassio">Bifluoruro di potassio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoroammina" title="Difluoroammina">Difluoroammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_cobalto" title="Difluoruro di cobalto">Difluoruro di cobalto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_diazoto" title="Difluoruro di diazoto">Difluoruro di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_diossigeno" title="Difluoruro di diossigeno">Difluoruro di diossigeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_dizolfo" title="Difluoruro di dizolfo">Difluoruro di dizolfo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_kripton" title="Difluoruro di kripton">Difluoruro di kripton</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_ossigeno" title="Difluoruro di ossigeno">Difluoruro di ossigeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_radon" title="Difluoruro di radon">Difluoruro di radon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_xeno" title="Difluoruro di xeno">Difluoruro di xeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_zolfo" title="Difluoruro di zolfo">Difluoruro di zolfo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_bario" title="Fluoruro di bario">Fluoruro di bario</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_berillio" title="Fluoruro di berillio">Fluoruro di berillio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_calcio" title="Fluoruro di calcio">Fluoruro di calcio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_magnesio" title="Fluoruro di magnesio">Fluoruro di magnesio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_mercurio(I)" title="Fluoruro di mercurio(I)">Fluoruro di mercurio(I)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_nichel" title="Fluoruro di nichel">Fluoruro di nichel</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_piombo" title="Fluoruro di piombo">Fluoruro di piombo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_stronzio" title="Fluoruro di stronzio">Fluoruro di stronzio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_tionile" title="Fluoruro di tionile">Fluoruro di tionile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_zinco" title="Fluoruro di zinco">Fluoruro di zinco</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrogenodifluoruro_d%27ammonio" title="Idrogenodifluoruro d'ammonio">Idrogenodifluoruro d'ammonio</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Trifluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_alluminio" title="Fluoruro di alluminio">Fluoruro di alluminio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_ceroso" title="Fluoruro ceroso">Fluoruro ceroso</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_ferrico" title="Fluoruro ferrico">Fluoruro ferrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_gadolinio" title="Fluoruro di gadolinio">Fluoruro di gadolinio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_itterbio" title="Fluoruro di itterbio">Fluoruro di itterbio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_ittrio" title="Fluoruro di ittrio">Fluoruro di ittrio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_lantanio" title="Fluoruro di lantanio">Fluoruro di lantanio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_neodimio" title="Fluoruro di neodimio">Fluoruro di neodimio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_scandio" title="Fluoruro di scandio">Fluoruro di scandio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_antimonio" title="Trifluoruro di antimonio">Trifluoruro di antimonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_arsenico" title="Trifluoruro di arsenico">Trifluoruro di arsenico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_azoto" title="Trifluoruro di azoto">Trifluoruro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_bismuto" title="Trifluoruro di bismuto">Trifluoruro di bismuto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_bromo" title="Trifluoruro di bromo">Trifluoruro di bromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_cloro" title="Trifluoruro di cloro">Trifluoruro di cloro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_cobalto" title="Trifluoruro di cobalto">Trifluoruro di cobalto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_cromo" title="Trifluoruro di cromo">Trifluoruro di cromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_fosforile" title="Trifluoruro di fosforile">Trifluoruro di fosforile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_fosforo" title="Trifluoruro di fosforo">Trifluoruro di fosforo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_iodio" title="Trifluoruro di iodio">Trifluoruro di iodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_rutenio" title="Trifluoruro di rutenio">Trifluoruro di rutenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_tiazile" title="Trifluoruro di tiazile">Trifluoruro di tiazile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_tiofosforile" title="Trifluoruro di tiofosforile">Trifluoruro di tiofosforile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_titanio" title="Trifluoruro di titanio">Trifluoruro di titanio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_vanadio" title="Trifluoruro di vanadio">Trifluoruro di vanadio</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Tetrafluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_mercurio(IV)" title="Fluoruro di mercurio(IV)">Fluoruro di mercurio(IV)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_zirconio" title="Fluoruro di zirconio">Fluoruro di zirconio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroidrazina" title="Tetrafluoroidrazina">Tetrafluoroidrazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_cerio" title="Tetrafluoruro di cerio">Tetrafluoruro di cerio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_cromo" title="Tetrafluoruro di cromo">Tetrafluoruro di cromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_oganesson" title="Tetrafluoruro di oganesson">Tetrafluoruro di oganesson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_rutenio" title="Tetrafluoruro di rutenio">Tetrafluoruro di rutenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_selenio" title="Tetrafluoruro di selenio">Tetrafluoruro di selenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_silicio" title="Tetrafluoruro di silicio">Tetrafluoruro di silicio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_stagno" title="Tetrafluoruro di stagno">Tetrafluoruro di stagno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_tionile" title="Tetrafluoruro di tionile">Tetrafluoruro di tionile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_titanio" title="Tetrafluoruro di titanio">Tetrafluoruro di titanio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Tetrafluoruro di uranio">Tetrafluoruro di uranio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_vanadio" title="Tetrafluoruro di vanadio">Tetrafluoruro di vanadio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_xeno" title="Tetrafluoruro di xeno">Tetrafluoruro di xeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoruro_di_zolfo" title="Tetrafluoruro di zolfo">Tetrafluoruro di zolfo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Pentafluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_niobio(V)" title="Fluoruro di niobio(V)">Fluoruro di niobio(V)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_tantalio(V)" title="Fluoruro di tantalio(V)">Fluoruro di tantalio(V)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_antimonio" title="Pentafluoruro di antimonio">Pentafluoruro di antimonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_arsenico" title="Pentafluoruro di arsenico">Pentafluoruro di arsenico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_bismuto" title="Pentafluoruro di bismuto">Pentafluoruro di bismuto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_bromo" title="Pentafluoruro di bromo">Pentafluoruro di bromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_cloro" title="Pentafluoruro di cloro">Pentafluoruro di cloro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_cromo" title="Pentafluoruro di cromo">Pentafluoruro di cromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_fosforo" title="Pentafluoruro di fosforo">Pentafluoruro di fosforo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_iodio" title="Pentafluoruro di iodio">Pentafluoruro di iodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_rutenio" title="Pentafluoruro di rutenio">Pentafluoruro di rutenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Pentafluoruro di uranio">Pentafluoruro di uranio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_vanadio" title="Pentafluoruro di vanadio">Pentafluoruro di vanadio</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Esafluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_fluoroantimonico" title="Acido fluoroantimonico">Acido fluoroantimonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluorofosfato" title="Esafluorofosfato">Esafluorofosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoroplatinato_di_diossigenile" title="Esafluoroplatinato di diossigenile">Esafluoroplatinato di diossigenile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoroplatinato_di_xeno" title="Esafluoroplatinato di xeno">Esafluoroplatinato di xeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_cromo" title="Esafluoruro di cromo">Esafluoruro di cromo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_iridio" title="Esafluoruro di iridio">Esafluoruro di iridio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_molibdeno" title="Esafluoruro di molibdeno">Esafluoruro di molibdeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_renio" title="Esafluoruro di renio">Esafluoruro di renio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_rodio" title="Esafluoruro di rodio">Esafluoruro di rodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_rutenio" title="Esafluoruro di rutenio">Esafluoruro di rutenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_selenio" title="Esafluoruro di selenio">Esafluoruro di selenio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_tungsteno" title="Esafluoruro di tungsteno">Esafluoruro di tungsteno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_uranio" title="Esafluoruro di uranio">Esafluoruro di uranio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_xeno" title="Esafluoruro di xeno">Esafluoruro di xeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_zolfo" title="Esafluoruro di zolfo">Esafluoruro di zolfo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Eptafluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Eptafluoruro_di_iodio" title="Eptafluoruro di iodio">Eptafluoruro di iodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eptafluoruro_di_renio" title="Eptafluoruro di renio">Eptafluoruro di renio</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Decafluoruri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Decafluoruro_di_dizolfo" title="Decafluoruro di dizolfo">Decafluoruro di dizolfo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organofluoruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organofluoruri (la pagina non esiste)">Organofluoruri</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Aloperidolo" title="Aloperidolo">Aloperidolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Desflurano" title="Desflurano">Desflurano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Desossimetasone" title="Desossimetasone">Desossimetasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,2-dicloro-1,2-difluoroetene" title="1,2-dicloro-1,2-difluoroetene">1,2-dicloro-1,2-difluoroetene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diclorodifluorometano" title="Diclorodifluorometano">Diclorodifluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,2-diclorotetrafluoroetano" title="1,2-diclorotetrafluoroetano">1,2-diclorotetrafluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,2-dicloro-1-(trifluorometossi)-1,2,2-trifluoroetano" title="1,2-dicloro-1-(trifluorometossi)-1,2,2-trifluoroetano">1,2-dicloro-1-(trifluorometossi)-1,2,2-trifluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,1-difluoro-1-cloro-etano" title="1,1-difluoro-1-cloro-etano">1,1-difluoro-1-cloro-etano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluprednato" title="Difluprednato">Difluprednato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Droperidolo" title="Droperidolo">Droperidolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eptafluoropropano" title="Eptafluoropropano">Eptafluoropropano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoro-1,3-butadiene" title="Esafluoro-1,3-butadiene">Esafluoro-1,3-butadiene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esafluoro-2-propanolo" title="Esafluoro-2-propanolo">Esafluoro-2-propanolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/FGIN-127" title="FGIN-127">FGIN-127</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">Fipronil</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene" title="1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene">1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluorobenzene" title="Fluorobenzene">Fluorobenzene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluorofosgene" title="Fluorofosgene">Fluorofosgene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluorometano" title="Fluorometano">Fluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_vinilidene" title="Fluoruro di vinilidene">Fluoruro di vinilidene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoximesterone" title="Fluoximesterone">Fluoximesterone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtina" title="Flupirtina">Flupirtina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lufenuron" title="Lufenuron">Lufenuron</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metossiflurano" title="Metossiflurano">Metossiflurano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monoclorodifluorometano" title="Monoclorodifluorometano">Monoclorodifluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niaprazina" title="Niaprazina">Niaprazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitisinone" title="Nitisinone">Nitisinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perfluoropropene" title="Perfluoropropene">Perfluoropropene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perfluoroesano" title="Perfluoroesano">Perfluoroesano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perfluoroisobutene" title="Perfluoroisobutene">Perfluoroisobutene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perfluorononanoato_di_ammonio" title="Perfluorononanoato di ammonio">Perfluorononanoato di ammonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Piriprolo" title="Piriprolo">Piriprolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Riluzolo" title="Riluzolo">Riluzolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ritanserina" title="Ritanserina">Ritanserina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Seletracetam" title="Seletracetam">Seletracetam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tegafur" title="Tegafur">Tegafur</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Telcagepant" title="Telcagepant">Telcagepant</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,2,3,4-tetracloro-esafluorobutano" title="1,2,3,4-tetracloro-esafluorobutano">1,2,3,4-tetracloro-esafluorobutano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetano" title="1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetano">1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroetene" title="Tetrafluoroetene">Tetrafluoroetene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluorometano" title="Tetrafluorometano">Tetrafluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,1,2-tricloro-1-fluoroetano" title="1,1,2-tricloro-1-fluoroetano">1,1,2-tricloro-1-fluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triclorofluorometano" title="Triclorofluorometano">Triclorofluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/1,1,2-triclorotrifluoroetano" title="1,1,2-triclorotrifluoroetano">1,1,2-triclorotrifluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/2-cloro-1,1,1-trifluoroetano" title="2-cloro-1,1,1-trifluoroetano">2-cloro-1,1,1-trifluoroetano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluorometano" title="Trifluorometano">Trifluorometano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/2,4,6-tris(perfluorofenil)-1,3,5-triazina" title="2,4,6-tris(perfluorofenil)-1,3,5-triazina">2,4,6-tris(perfluorofenil)-1,3,5-triazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Classi di fluoruri</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Fluorocarburi" title="Fluorocarburi">Fluorocarburi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrofluoroeteri" title="Idrofluoroeteri">Idrofluoroeteri</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Interalogeno" title="Interalogeno">Interalogeni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Processi di sintesi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Fluorurazione_elettrochimica" title="Fluorurazione elettrochimica">Fluorurazione elettrochimica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Miscele</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Acido_magico" title="Acido magico">Acido magico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/R-410A" title="R-410A">R-410A</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85063411">sh85063411</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4209062-3">4209062-3</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123062588">cb123062588</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123062588">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533741505171">987007533741505171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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