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aria-controls="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Chaturvidha_Sangha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chaturvidha_Sangha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The Chaturvidha Sangha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chaturvidha_Sangha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Monasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparing_for_Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Preparing for Initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_Possessions_(Āvaśyakas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_Possessions_(Āvaśyakas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Monastic Possessions (Āvaśyakas) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_Possessions_(Āvaśyakas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Begging_for_Alms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Begging_for_Alms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Begging for Alms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Begging_for_Alms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Wandering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes_of_Monks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_of_Monks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Classes of Monks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes_of_Monks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Other Duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Laity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-12_Vrats_(Vows)_of_Householders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_Vrats_(Vows)_of_Householders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 12 Vrats (Vows) of Householders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_Vrats_(Vows)_of_Householders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6_Āvaśyakas_(Essential_Observances)_of_Householders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6_Āvaśyakas_(Essential_Observances)_of_Householders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 6 Āvaśyakas (Essential Observances) of Householders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6_Āvaśyakas_(Essential_Observances)_of_Householders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jinpūjā_and_Caityavandan_(Idol_Worship)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jinpūjā_and_Caityavandan_(Idol_Worship)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Jinpūjā and Caityavandan (Idol Worship) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jinpūjā_and_Caityavandan_(Idol_Worship)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vyākhyāna_and_Guruvandan_(Interaction_with_Mendicants)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vyākhyāna_and_Guruvandan_(Interaction_with_Mendicants)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Vyākhyāna and Guruvandan (Interaction with Mendicants) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vyākhyāna_and_Guruvandan_(Interaction_with_Mendicants)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious festivals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious festivals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paryuṣaṇa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paryuṣaṇa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Paryuṣaṇa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paryuṣaṇa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Śāśvata_Navpad_Oli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śāśvata_Navpad_Oli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Śāśvata Navpad Oli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śāśvata_Navpad_Oli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jñāna_Pañcamī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jñāna_Pañcamī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Jñāna Pañcamī </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jñāna_Pañcamī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maun_Ekādaśī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maun_Ekādaśī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Maun Ekādaśī </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maun_Ekādaśī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phālguṇa_Pherī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phālguṇa_Pherī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Phālguṇa Pherī </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phālguṇa_Pherī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhvajā_Mahotsava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhvajā_Mahotsava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Dhvajā Mahotsava </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhvajā_Mahotsava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akshaya_Tritiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akshaya_Tritiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Akshaya Tritiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akshaya_Tritiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sthanakvasi_and_Terapanthi_(Aniconic)_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sthanakvasi_and_Terapanthi_(Aniconic)_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi (Aniconic) Traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sthanakvasi_and_Terapanthi_(Aniconic)_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_with_Digambaras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_Digambaras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Differences with Digambaras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_Digambaras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Śvetāmbara</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetambara" title="Shvetambara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Shvetambara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্বেতাম্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বেতাম্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetambaras" title="Shvetambaras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shvetambaras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetambara" title="Svetambara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Svetambara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cvetambaroj" title="Ŝvetambaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝvetambaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetambara" title="Shvetambara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shvetambara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="શ્વેતાંબર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શ્વેતાંબર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="श्वेताम्बर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेताम्बर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetambara" title="Svetambara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svetambara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC" title="ശ്വേതാംബരർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വേതാംബരർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="श्वेतांबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्वेतांबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetambar" title="Shvetambar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shvetambar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E6%B4%BE" title="シュヴェーターンバラ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュヴェーターンバラ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetambara" title="Svetambara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svetambara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetambarlar" title="Shvetambarlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shvetambarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਵੇਤਾਂਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਵੇਤਾਂਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awetambarowie" title="Śwetambarowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śwetambarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetambara" title="Svetambara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Svetambara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Шветамбары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шветамбары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="श्वेताम्बरः सम्प्रदायः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्वेताम्बरः सम्प्रदायः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vet%C3%A1mbara" title="Švetámbara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švetámbara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetambara" title="Svetambara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svetambara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சுவேதாம்பரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவேதாம்பரர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3" title="เศวตามพร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศวตามพร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the two major schools of Jainism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about Śvetāmbara temples, icons. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Talk:Śvetāmbara">talk page</a>. (December 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg/250px-Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg/330px-Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg/500px-Parshvanatha_Mysuru_Karnataka_Svetambara_Jain_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>An idol of the 23rd tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> at a Jain temple in Mysore, depicting Śvetāmbara iconography</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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#F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd>Mahavratas (major vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Anuvratas (further vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasenadiv%C4%81karasuri" title="Siddhasenadivākarasuri">Siddhasenadivākarasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Śvetāmbara (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃwɛˈtʌmbərə/</a>; also spelled Shwetambara, Shvetambara, Svetambara or Swetambara) is one of the two main branches of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a>. Śvetāmbara in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> means "white-clad", and refers to its <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetics</a>' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go nude. Śvetāmbaras do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200245-1">[1]</a> The Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards Jain nuns, their legends and the texts they consider as important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200253–59,_64–80,_286–287_with_footnotes_21_and_32-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200983–84-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19781–2,_8–9,_xxxiv–xxxv-4">[4]</a> Śvetāmbara Jain communities are currently found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201360–61-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19781–2,_8–9,_xxxiv–xxxv-4">[4]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a>, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, about four-fifths of all Jains in India are Śvetāmbaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_lineage">History and lineage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and lineage">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></div> Śvetāmbaras consider themselves to be the original followers of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> sect emerged in 82 AD as a result of a rebellion by a monk named <a href="/wiki/Sivabhuti" title="Sivabhuti">Sivabhuti</a>, who was the disciple of Arya Krishnasuri. This account is found in 5th century Śvetāmbara text Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Jinabhadra" title="Jinabhadra">Jinabhadra</a>. This is also the earliest formal recognition of the schism between the two sects.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Śvetāmbaras have several <a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">pattavalis</a> that mention the historical lineage of their chief monks (<a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">acharya</a>) beginning with the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. The most popular of the pattavalis is the one mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>, a canonical scripture of the Śvetāmbaras. According to the lineage mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sthulabhadra" title="Sthulabhadra">Sthulabhadra</a> was, unequivocally, the successor of <a href="/wiki/Bhadrab%C4%81hu" title="Bhadrabāhu">Bhadrabāhu</a>. Śvetāmbaras also believe that both of them were white-clad monks. These beliefs are completely rejected by the Digambara sect.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan,_Gujarat_(India).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg/220px-%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg/330px-%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg/440px-%C4%80rya_Sth%C5%ABlabhadra_idol_at_Kha%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kho%E1%B9%ADad%C4%AB_no_P%C4%81%E1%B8%8Do_Jaina_Temple_at_Patan%2C_Gujarat_%28India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4069" /></a><figcaption>14th century Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at the Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a></figcaption></figure> To manage the large following of the murtipujaka sect, <a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gacchas</a> (administrative sub-divisions) were created. Each gaccha has its own pattavali. One of the 84 gacchas was the <a href="/wiki/Upke%C5%9Ba_Gaccha" title="Upkeśa Gaccha">Upkeśa Gaccha</a>. While all other pattavalis (including the one mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>) trace their lineage to the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, Upkesa Gaccha's pattavali traces its lineage to the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kesi_(Ganadhara)" title="Kesi (Ganadhara)">Kesiswami</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>'s chief disciples, <a href="/wiki/Ratnaprabhasuri" title="Ratnaprabhasuri">Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a> community as well as <a href="/wiki/Swayamprabhasuri" title="Swayamprabhasuri">Acharya Swayamprabhasuri</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Porwal" title="Porwal">Porwal</a> community belonged to this gaccha. It was in existence until 1930s when it went extinct.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Majority of the Śvetāmbaras are murtipujakas, that is they actively offer devotional puja in temples, worship before the images or idols of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a> and important Jain demi-gods and demi-goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320–22-14">[14]</a> Historically, this is the oldest sub-tradition of the Śvetāmbaras and all other aniconic sects have emerged in and after the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320–22-14">[14]</a> The Śvetāmbara murtipujaka (idol-worshipping) sect is the largest of all sects and sub-sects of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and has the most number of followers as well as monks. To manage the large following, <a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">gacchas</a> (administrative sub-divisions) were created. 84 gacchas have come into existence till date and most of them are extinct now. Only 4 survive today - <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa Gaccha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara Gaccha</a>, Parshvachandra Gaccha, and <a href="/wiki/Achal_Gaccha" title="Achal Gaccha">Achal Gaccha</a>. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa Gaccha</a> is the largest, with the most monks and followers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200988-15">[15]</a> The murtipujaka sect has had various eminent monks, including, but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Vimalsuri" title="Vimalsuri">Vimalsuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiravijaya" title="Hiravijaya">Hiravijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devardhigani_Kshamashraman" title="Devardhigani Kshamashraman">Devardhigani Kshamashraman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandghan" title="Anandghan">Anandghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manatunga" title="Manatunga">Manatunga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptures_and_literature">Scriptures and literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scriptures and literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div> Śvetāmbara literature can be classified into two major categories — canonical and non-canonical. Canonical scriptures state the <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> as well as the foundational aspects of understanding <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. They also govern the conduct of monks, nuns, as well as the laity.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Non-canonical scriptures include, but are not limited to commentaries on canonical scriptures, biographies of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aal%C4%81k%C4%81puru%E1%B9%A3a" title="Śalākāpuruṣa">Śalākāpuruṣas</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra's</a> Trisasti-shalakapurusa-caritra),<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain mythology">Jain mythology</a>, treatise and extensions of the canonical scriptures, lists of rare and uncommon words and knowledge base and dictionaries for <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, devotional hymns (stavan, stuti, sajjhay, or mantra), and miscellaneous scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Āgamas_or_Canonical_Literature">Āgamas or Canonical Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Āgamas or Canonical Literature">edit</a>]</div> The Śvetāmbara canon consists of 45 scriptures, mostly written in <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a>. They are considered to be what is left of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>'s teachings. Historically, the knowledge of these scriptures was passed down orally in a preceptor-disciple system (guru-shishya parampara). However, the memory of the monks weakened in the 12-year long famine as described in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>. As a result, most of the knowledge of the canonical scriptures was lost. The remaining canon was codified at the <a href="/wiki/Vallabhi_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhi council">Great Council of Vallabhi</a> under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Devardhigani_Kshamashraman" title="Devardhigani Kshamashraman">Devardhigani Kshamashramana</a>, which was held at <a href="/wiki/Vallabhi" title="Vallabhi">Vallabhi</a> in 454 CE resulting in the 45 scriptures that govern the Śvetāmbara sect's religious practices till date.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> From a linguistic point of view, Śvetāmbara canonical scriptures are the oldest of all <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana Sutra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sthananga_Sutra" title="Sthananga Sutra">Sthananga Sutra</a> of the Śvetāmbara canon are considered to have been created in 5th-4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Following is a list of the 45 canonical scriptures followed by the Śvetāmbaras: - <ul><li>Twelve Angās (limbs) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaranga_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Acaranga Sutra">Āyāraṃga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Jain Prakrit</a>; Sanskrit: Ācāranga, meaning: 'On monastic conduct')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutrakritanga" title="Sutrakritanga">Sūyagaḍa</a> (Sūtrakṛtāṅga, 'On heretical systems and views')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthananga_Sutra" title="Sthananga Sutra">Ṭhāṇaṃga</a> (Sthānāṅga, 'On different points [of the teaching]')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavayanga_Sutra" title="Samavayanga Sutra">Samavāyaṃga</a> (Samavāyāṅga, 'On "rising numerical groups"')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyakhyaprajnapti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyakhyaprajnapti">Viyāha-pannatti / Bhagavaī</a> (Vyākhyā-prajñapti or Bhagavatī, 'Exposition of explanations' or 'the holy one')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnatrdharmakathah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnatrdharmakathah">Nāyā-dhamma-kahāo</a> (Jñāta-dharmakathānga, 'Parables and religious stories')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasakadasah" title="Upasakadasah">Uvāsaga-dasāo</a> (Upāsaka-daśāḥ,'Ten chapters on the Jain lay follower')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antakrddaasah" title="Antakrddaasah">Aṇuttarovavāiya-dasāo</a> (Antakṛd-daśāḥ, 'Ten chapters on those who put an end to rebirth in this very life')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuttaraupapatikadasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttaraupapatikadasah">Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh</a> (Anuttaropapātika-daśāḥ, 'Ten chapters on those who were reborn in the uppermost heavens')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasnavyakaranani" title="Prasnavyakaranani">Paṇha-vāgaraṇa</a> (Praśna-vyākaraṇa, 'Questions and explanations')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipakasruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipakasruta">Vivāga-suya</a> (Vipākaśruta,'Bad or good results of deeds performed')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drstivada" title="Drstivada">Drstivada</a> (Driśtivāda, 'contained the 14 purvas and is considered lost now')</li></ul></li> <li>Twelve Upāṅgas (auxiliary limbs) <ul><li>Uvavāiya-sutta (Sanskrit: Aupapātika-sūtra,'Places of rebirth')</li> <li>Rāya-paseṇaijja or Rāyapaseṇiya (Rāja-praśnīya, 'Questions of the king')</li> <li>Jīvājīvābhigama (Jīvājīvābhigama, 'Classification of animate and inanimate entities')</li> <li>Pannavaṇā (Prajñāpanā, 'Enunciation on topics of philosophy and ethics')</li> <li>Sūriya-pannatti (Sūrya-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the sun')</li> <li>Jambūdvīpa-pannatti (Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the Jambū continent and the Jain universe')</li> <li>Canda-pannatti (Candra-prajñapti, 'Exposition on the moon and the Jain universe')</li> <li>Nirayāvaliyāo or Kappiya (Narakāvalikā, 'Series of stories on characters reborn in hells')</li> <li>Kappāvaḍaṃsiāo (Kalpāvataṃsikāḥ, 'Series of stories on characters reborn in the kalpa heavens')</li> <li>Pupphiāo (Puṣpikāḥ, 'Flowers' refers to one of the stories')</li> <li>Puppha-cūliāo (Puṣpa-cūlikāḥ, 'The nun Puṣpacūlā')</li> <li>Vaṇhi-dasāo (Vṛṣṇi-daśāh, 'Stories on characters from the legendary dynasty known as Andhaka-Vṛṣṇi')</li></ul></li> <li>Six Chedasūtras (Texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns) <ul><li>Āyāra-dasāo (Sanskrit: Ācāradaśāh, 'Ten [chapters] about monastic conduct', chapter 8 is the famed <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa-sūtra</a>.)</li> <li>Bihā Kappa (Bṛhat Kalpa, '[Great] Religious code')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyavah%C4%81ra" title="Vyavahāra">Vavahāra</a> (Vyavahāra, 'Procedure')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9B%C4%ABtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Niśītha">Nisīha</a> (Niśītha, 'Interdictions')</li> <li>Jīya-kappa (Jīta-kalpa, Customary rules), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas</li> <li>Mahā-nisīha (Mahā-niśītha, Large Niśītha), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas</li></ul></li> <li>Four Mūlasūtras ('Fundamental texts' which are foundational works studied by new monastics) <ul><li>Dasaveyāliya-sutta (Sanskrit: Daśavaikālika-sūtra), this is memorized by all new Jain mendicants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar%C4%81dhyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarādhyayana">Uttarajjhayaṇa-sutta</a> (Uttarādhyayana-sūtra)</li> <li>Āvassaya-sutta (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80va%C5%9Byaka-s%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Āvaśyaka-sūtra">Āvaśyaka-sūtra</a>)</li> <li>Piṇḍa-nijjutti and Ogha-nijjutti (Piṇḍa-niryukti and Ogha-niryukti), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas</li></ul></li> <li>Two Cūlikasūtras ("appendixes") <ul><li>Nandī-sūtra – discusses the five types of knowledge</li> <li>Anuyogadvāra-sūtra – a technical treatise on analytical methods, discusses <a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ten Paiṇṇayasūtras ("miscellaneous texts") <ul><li>Cau-saraṇa (Sanskrit: Catuḥśaraṇa, The 'four refuges')</li> <li>Āura-paccakkhāṇa (Ātura-pratyākhyāna, 'Sick man's renunciation')</li> <li>Bhatta-parinnā (Bhakta-parijñā, 'Renunciation of food')</li> <li>Saṃthāraga (Saṃstāraka, 'Straw bed')</li> <li>Tandula-veyāliya (Taṇḍula-vaicārika, 'Reflection on rice grains')</li> <li>Canda-vejjhaya (Candravedhyaka, 'Hitting the mark')</li> <li>Devinda-tthaya (Devendra-stava, 'Praise of the kings of gods')</li> <li>Gaṇi-vijjā (Gaṇi-vidyā, 'A Gaṇi's knowledge')</li> <li>Mahā-paccakkhāṇa (Mahā-pratyākhyāna, 'Great renunciation')</li> <li>Vīra-tthava (Vīra-stava, 'Great renunciation')</li></ul></li></ul> The above list makes it 46, but the last angā Driśtivāda is considered to be lost by both the sects. It was this scripture that contained the 14 purvas (14 scriptures containing extensive knowledge) of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Canonical_Literature">Non-Canonical Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-Canonical Literature">edit</a>]</div> All texts or pieces of literature written by Śvetāmbara monks, except the ones stated above are considered to be non-canonical in nature. Following are some popular examples. However, the complete list is inexhaustive as the Śvetāmbara sect has always had more monks than the Digambara sect: - <ul><li>Commentaries on canonical scriptures: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Yogaśāstra">Yogaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yogad%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADisamuccaya" title="Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya">Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a>'s Gyānsār <a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinabhadra" title="Jinabhadra">Jinabhadra</a>'s Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya <a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Biographies of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aal%C4%81k%C4%81puru%E1%B9%A3a" title="Śalākāpuruṣa">Śalākāpuruṣas</a> and other monks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Trīṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacharitra (biographies of the lives of 63 illustrious men)<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Pariśiṣṭaparvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalsuri" title="Vimalsuri">Vimalsuri</a>'s Paumachariyam (oldest of all <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Jain versions of Ramayana</a>)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Devotional hymns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manatunga" title="Manatunga">Manatunga</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bhakt%C4%81mara_Stotra" title="Bhaktāmara Stotra">Bhaktāmara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a>'s Kalyān Mandir Stotra <a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a>'s Vardhamān Śakrastav Stotra <a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Sakalārhat Stotra <a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Treatise on languages and grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasuri" title="Rajendrasuri">Rajendrasuri</a>'s 7-part Abhidhānarājaindrakōśa <a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Tattvaprakāśikā prakāś (the grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">old Gujarati language</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi-kośa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Anekarth Kośa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s Deśi-Śabda-Sangraho</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices">Religious practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chaturvidha_Sangha">The Chaturvidha Sangha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Chaturvidha Sangha">edit</a>]</div> There are vast differences between the practices of the Śvetāmbaras and the Digambaras with some fundamental overlaps. Śvetāmbara scriptures divide the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Jain Sangha</a> into four parts and the congregation is popularly known as the chaturvidha sangha (a <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a> comprising four parts). The four parts are — monks, nuns, male lay followers (also known as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvakas</a>), and female lay followers (also known as śrāvikās). Religious practices of the Śvetāmbara sect differ for each section (monastics and laity) of the sangha.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasticism">Monasticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monasticism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparing_for_Initiation">Preparing for Initiation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preparing for Initiation">edit</a>]</div> Right before initiation, an ascetic-to-be performs his/her final puja of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> idols. Monks and nuns are not permitted to perform puja of the idols because they are not permitted to bath all their life and Śvetāmbara scriptures only permit a person with clean body and after bathing may perform puja of the idols. Ceremonious donation of all world possessions is performed before initiation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initiation">Initiation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initiation">edit</a>]</div> Upon initiation, a monk or a nun renounces all worldly possessions and relations, takes the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> and tears his/her hair out. A newly-initiated monk/nun is ceremoniously given the rajoharan by their preceptor (who is always only an <a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">acharya</a>). Unlike as in the Digambara sect where monks and nuns are not forbidden from touching each other and lay-followers of the opposite gender, monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect do not touch persons of the opposite gender (neither mendicants nor lay-followers of the opposite gender) and observe extreme <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> all their life.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monastic_Possessions_(Āvaśyakas)">Monastic Possessions (Āvaśyakas)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monastic Possessions (Āvaśyakas)">edit</a>]</div> Monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect wear white seamless clothing and carry a rajoharan (woolen broom to clear their path of insects and small creatures), an alms bowl, a long stick, and scriptures. All monks and nuns possess only these objects. Additionally, they may only take what is given to them and what comes under permitted possessions (the objects listed earlier). They are not permitted to take anything that is not given to them by the owner of the said object.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Narrative_Relief_Panel,_mid_2nd_century_BCE.-1st_century_CE_(18.4_x_61.6_cm)_Brooklyn_Museum_87.188.5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jain_Narrative_Relief_Panel%2C_mid_2nd_century_BCE.-1st_century_CE_%2818.4_x_61.6_cm%29_Brooklyn_Museum_87.188.5.jpg/500px-Jain_Narrative_Relief_Panel%2C_mid_2nd_century_BCE.-1st_century_CE_%2818.4_x_61.6_cm%29_Brooklyn_Museum_87.188.5.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jain_Narrative_Relief_Panel%2C_mid_2nd_century_BCE.-1st_century_CE_%2818.4_x_61.6_cm%29_Brooklyn_Museum_87.188.5.jpg/960px-Jain_Narrative_Relief_Panel%2C_mid_2nd_century_BCE.-1st_century_CE_%2818.4_x_61.6_cm%29_Brooklyn_Museum_87.188.5.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>A 1st- to 2nd–century CE water tank relief panel showing two <a href="/wiki/Ardhaphalaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhaphalaka">ardhaphalaka</a> Jain monks carrying colapatta cloth on their left hand found in the ruins of Mathura (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> 87.188.5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintanilla2007174–176-33">[33]</a> This cloth carrying tradition to cover genitalia by ancient Jain monks in principle resembles the beliefs of the Śvetāmbara and now extinct Yapaniya subtradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainiGoldman201842–45-34">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Begging_for_Alms">Begging for Alms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Begging for Alms">edit</a>]</div> Unlike ascetics of the Digambara sect, ascetics of the Śvetāmbara sect beg for alms from multiple households as the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a> describes how begging for alms for an entire meal from a single household does not fall under fault-free food that Jain monks must consume as it might aggrieve the householder they accept food from. Becoming the medium for a householder's grievance is unacceptable as per a mendicant's conduct. 42 faults of food are described which a monk or a nun must assess before accepting it as alms. They may only consume food free from the 42 faults (as described in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a>) and boiled water between the period from 48 minutes after sunrise and until 48 minutes before sunset. However, monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect actively perform and promote and inspire the laity to perform <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">fasting</a> to obtain control over the senses.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wandering">Wandering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wandering">edit</a>]</div> Mendicants constantly wander for 8 months of a year (except the 4 months of the <a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">chaturmasya</a>) on foot. The reason mendicants must wander is to regulate their senses of possession and to spread the word of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a> describes that for a mendicant, staying at one place for a period extending more than 1 month is not permitted. The reason for that is to regulate possession. A mendicant staying at one place for longer periods of time might begin getting attached to the place and such attachments must be avoided and if developed, given up. However, during the 4 months of the <a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">chaturmasya</a>, rains are expected and there is an increase in the number of insects on ground. Mendicants must not step on insects to practice <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahimsa</a> and therefore, they are required to stay at one place for those 4 months. Stepping on grass and on water or wet ground is not permitted due to their tendency to have life. Most mendicants give religious sermons and spread the word of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> wherever they wander. Usually, nowadays, several Jain temples have spaces that are used for general purposes that mendicants may use after obtaining permission from the temple management. This is particularly important as if the space was constructed for the purpose of housing mendicants, even temporarily, it becomes unfit for use by mendicants. That is because it no longer remains 'free of faults' since mendicants become a medium of violence as well as possession here. This is discussed in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a> at length.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classes_of_Monks">Classes of Monks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classes of Monks">edit</a>]</div> Monks of the Śvetāmbara sect are categorized among the classes as described in the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a>. Each newly initiated monk is a sadhu (the fifth class as described in the fifth line of the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a>). After attaining sufficient spiritual and scriptural knowledge along with experience of the monastic life, a sadhu may be promoted to the status of an upadhyaya (the fourth class as described in the fourth line of the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a>). Finally, after sufficient spiritual education, a monk is promoted to the status of an <a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">acharya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharyas</a> are spiritual heads of the said monastic order. Usually each of the 4 <a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">gacchas</a> has a spiritual preceptor of the highest order and who is referred to as the gacchadhipati of the said <a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">gaccha</a>. A gacchadhipati is an acharya. Each of Kharata Gaccha, Achal Gaccha, and Parshvachandra Gaccha have one gacchadhipati each. However, <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa Gaccha</a> has 21 gacchadhipatis as it is further sub-divided into various samudaays (smaller sections of a gaccha). Some of the major samudaays of the <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa Gaccha</a> are - <a href="/wiki/Buddhisagarsuri" title="Buddhisagarsuri">Buddhisagarsuri Samudaay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daulatsagarsuri" title="Daulatsagarsuri">Sagaranand (or Anandsagar) Samudaay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalapurnasuri" title="Kalapurnasuri">Kalapurnasuri Samudaay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnasundarsuri" title="Ratnasundarsuri">Bhuvanbhanusuri Samudaay</a> etc. Another class of monks is ganivarya who are spiritual heads of a small sub-section of monks in a samudaay. Other classes of monks such as panyaas and upapanyaas also exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Duties">Other Duties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Duties">edit</a>]</div> Śvetāmbara monks also perform other miscellaneous functions and duties. Some of them are as described below: - <ul><li>Writing non-canonical scriptures (including commentaries on canonical scriptures) such as <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Yogaśāstra">Yogaśāstra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yogad%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADisamuccaya" title="Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya">Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a>'s Gyānsār <a href="/wiki/Jinabhadra" title="Jinabhadra">Jinabhadra</a>'s Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Writing devotional songs (stavans, stutis, sajjhays etc.), such as <a href="/wiki/Anandghan" title="Anandghan">Anandghan's</a> Chouvisi, <a href="/wiki/Manatunga" title="Manatunga">Manatunga's</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakt%C4%81mara_Stotra" title="Bhaktāmara Stotra">Bhaktāmara Stotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena's Kalyan Mandir Stotra</a> and Vardhamān Śakrastav Stotra, <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra's</a> Sakalarhat Stotra etc.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Actively promoting principles of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> among the laity through religious sermons.</li> <li>Administering vows to the laity, such as the laity's <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">12 vows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Accepting confessions from and giving tasks to make up for their sins to the laity (alochana or <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">prāyaścitta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharyas</a> perform consecration of temple lands and idols in a ritual known as anjana-śalākā.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Training the lay followers who seek initiation in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Regularly performing <a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laity">Laity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laity">edit</a>]</div> The Śvetāmbara canon defines some guidelines and duties for lay followers (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvakas</a> and śrāvikās) of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> to fulfill. Some of them are summarized as follows: - <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="12_Vrats_(Vows)_of_Householders">12 Vrats (Vows) of Householders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 12 Vrats (Vows) of Householders">edit</a>]</div> Scriptures describe 12 vows that a householder must take in order to bind minimum <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>. These 12 vows are also taken by lay followers of the Digambara sect as well as the aniconic offshoots of the Śvetāmbara sect. They are one of the very few points that both the sects agree upon. They summarize almost all duties a householder must perform as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Jainism)" title="Sangha (Jainism)">Jain sangha</a>. They are classified into 3 categories. Following is a list of the 12 vows of a householder: - <ul><li>5 Aṇuvratas <a href="#cite_note-:11-44">[44]</a> <ol><li>Sthūla Prāṇātipāta Viramaṇ Vrat: A toned-down version of the Ahimsa Mahāvrat followed by the mendicants. Minimal and unavoidable violence is acceptable on householders' part and they are not required to follow ahimsa (non-violence) as mendicants follow.</li> <li>Sthūla Mṛṣāvāda Viramaṇ Vrat: This is a toned-down version of the Satya Mahāvrat followed by the mendicants. Householders are directed to avoid speaking lies.</li> <li>Sthūla Adattādāna Viramaṇ Vrat: This is a milder form of the Achaurya Mahāvrat followed by monks and nuns. Householders are discouraged from stealing anything that is not theirs or is not given to them.</li> <li>Sthūla Maithuna Viramaṇ Vrat: This is a toned-down form of the Brahmacharya Mahāvrat taken by the mendicants. Householders are discouraged from engaging in adultery with anyone other than their partner for any purpose.</li> <li>Sthūla Parigrah Viramaṇ Vrat: This is a milder form of the mendicants' Aparigrah Mahāvrat. Householders are discouraged from holding assets more than their requirement and needs. Being too deeply involved in worldly and materialistic pleasures is a hindrance to the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.</li></ol></li> <li>3 Guṇavratas <a href="#cite_note-:11-44">[44]</a> <ol><li>Sthūla Dik Parimāṇa Vrat: This vow is taken to reduce the movement in each direction by setting a specific limit. This is done to ensure minimum traveling is performed, leading to lesser <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> being bound to the soul.</li> <li>Sthūla Bhogopabhoga Viramaṇ Vrat: This vow is taken to reduce the usage of materialistic objects to a set limit. By taking this vow, a lay follower can reduce their attachment to materialistic objects.</li> <li>Sthūla Anarthadaṇḍa Viramaṇ Vrat: This vow is taken to completely give up useless and fruitless activities. Any action which is performed without a reason constitutes to a sin. Therefore, this vow directs a lay-follower to reduce/stop performing useless actions and activities.</li></ol></li> <li>4 Śikṣāvratas <a href="#cite_note-:11-44">[44]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika Vrat</a>: This vow can either be given by a mendicant, or a lay-person who has already taken the vow or, can be self-taken. It lasts 48 minutes and lay followers are encouraged to study scriptures and improve their knowledge of the religion in this time. For these 48 minutes, a lay follower becomes just like a mendicant and must follow the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> just like they do. One who takes this vow detaches themself from the worldly activities and embraces equanimity for 48 minutes at once. In loose terms, equanimity (indifference to the positives and negatives around one) is the ultimate goal of Jainism as it leads to no <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> being bound to the soul.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Deśāvakāśika Vrat: This vow entails the completion of 2 <a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">pratikramanas</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">sāmāyikas</a>.</li> <li>Pauṣadha Vrat: This vow is taken for a specific period of time and is given by a mendicant only. During this time, the lay follower becomes equivalent to a mendicant and must practice the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> just like they do. The follower must also beg for alms and follow all rule, rites, and rituals a mendicant follows.</li> <li>Atithi Saṃvibhāga Vrat: This vow promotes charity among the lay followers in that they are encouraged to donate their belongings to monks, nuns, and other needy people. It is believed that this vow, if taken and followed seriously, leads to a reduction in attachment to the worldly and materialistic pleasures.</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6_Āvaśyakas_(Essential_Observances)_of_Householders">6 Āvaśyakas (Essential Observances) of Householders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 6 Āvaśyakas (Essential Observances) of Householders">edit</a>]</div> 6 essential observances have been considered necessary for a lay follower to practice regularly in both the sects.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[46]</a> However, the observances are different in each sect. Mendicants also observe these regularly and it is believed that these essential observances help one maintain discipline as well as bind least and shed most <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a> Following are the 6 essential observances of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvakas</a> and śrāvikās of the Śvetāmbara sect: -<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a>: This concept is considered to be so important that it occurs in the 12 vows as well as 6 essential observances. It has also been a subject of great discussion in the canonical scripture <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana Sutra</a>. A lay follower embraces equanimity for 48 minutes and that is how purification of soul happens.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Chaturvimsati-stava: This refers to extolling and appreciating the qualities of and praying to <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> as supreme beings for purification of soul. Through this, a lay follower attains the <a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">ratnatraya</a> and eventual <a href="/wiki/Samyaktva" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyaktva">samyaktva</a> (true and right knowledge, belief, and conduct). Śvetāmbara canon defines the Logassa Sutra and Namutthunam Sutra to extol the qualities of the 24 <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a>. It is written in <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Vandanā: This refers to the practice of showing obeisance towards one's preceptor mendicant (monk/nun). It also means one should surrender themself to their guru and accept their word as it is. Performing service of one's preceptor and respecting them is one of the prime duties of householders.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a>: Shedding of negative <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> is the prime goal of Jainism and this practice directly lets one perform that. It entails performing penance and mindfully regretting and seeking forgiveness for one's wrong deeds. It consists of a long sequence of hymns, prayers, and rituals. The main goal is to seek forgiveness for one's negative actions. It includes the first, second, and the fifth Āvaśyakas as part of rituals within it.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">Kāyotsarga</a>: This practice is concerned with concentration on non-attachment. This may be performed in a standing or a sitting posture and during this time, the lay follower must not think of any attachments, including the body. As per the canonical scripture <a href="/wiki/Sthananga_Sutra" title="Sthananga Sutra">Sthananga Sutra</a>, a lay follower goes into shukladhyan (pure meditation) during <a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsarga</a>. Usually Chaturvimsati-stava Āvaśyaka through Logassa Sutra is performed during <a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsarga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Pratyākhyāna: Last of all Āvaśyakas, it includes taking vows for and limiting all actions so as to perform minimal <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>. A lay follower takes pratyākhyāna (vow) before commencing <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">fasts</a>. Similarly, a lay follower takes pratyākhyāna to limit intake of food and ay other materialistic things to have a better self-control. According to the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana Sutra</a>, a follower's soul is purified by taking pratyākhyāna and renouncing certain actions and objects for a set period of time.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jinpūjā_and_Caityavandan_(Idol_Worship)">Jinpūjā and Caityavandan (Idol Worship)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jinpūjā and Caityavandan (Idol Worship)">edit</a>]</div> The Śvetāmbara canon unequivocally endorses the worshipping of idols of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> by all sections of the Chaturvidha Sangha. The main motive behind such worshipping is not a worldly affair, but worshipping their qualities.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Most Śvetāmbara lay-followers perform worshipping of idols in three main formats: - <ul><li>Aṅga Pūjā (Worshipping by anointing various parts of the idol): Such worshipping is performed by anointing various parts of the idol using several objects of worship, including water, saffron mixed with sandalwood paste,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Vāsakṣepa (sandalwood powder), Yakṣakardama (a fragrant ointment) etc. According to scriptures, such worshipping is performed only using 'uttam dravya' (excellent and possibly expensive objects of worship).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg/220px-Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg/330px-Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg/440px-Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>A Śvetāmbara lay follower performing 'Anga Puja' of the idol of <a href="/wiki/Kesariyaji" title="Kesariyaji">Kesariyaji</a> by anointing the idol with saffron and sandalwood mixture as per ancient rituals of Kesariyaji temple and of the Śvetāmbara sect</figcaption></figure>Mendicants are not allowed to perform worshipping using such objects as they do not own materialistic objects and have already renounced them. Also the violence that can be caused towards small creatures and beings during such worshipping is unacceptable according to a mendicant's conduct as described in the scriptures. Householders are not supposed to follow such micro levels of non-violence and must perform idol worship as it has more merits (extolling qualities of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> and eventually attaining such a state) than demerits as described in the canon. Another form of such worship is Aṅga Rachanā or Āṅgī, which refers to the devotional worshipping of the idol by decorating it with a devotedly designed armor of vibrant objects such as stones, clothes, and other colorful objects that are obtained by pure methods and sources.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg/220px-Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg/330px-Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg/440px-Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Anga Rachana of an idol of Mahavira Swami, the 24th Tirthankara, using pure and non-violently prepared silver and gold foil. at Shri Mahavira Swami Jinalaya at Risala Bazar, Deesa</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg/250px-Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg/330px-Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg/500px-Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Anga Rachana (decoration of Tirthankara idols with pure materials) using only pure flowers at Vasupujya Swami Derasar, Goregaon, Mumbai</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Agra Pūjā (Worshipping of the idol without touching it): Such worshipping is performed by placing objects of worship in front of the idol and reciting <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> prayers, or singing devotional hymns. Objects of worship include, Dhūp (incense), Dīpa (lamp), Akṣata (raw rice grains), Fal (fruits), and Naivedya (sweets). Each object of worshipping has its own significance and reason. These 5, in combination with Jal Pūjā (bathing the idol with water), Kesar Pūjā (worshipping with idol by anointing it with a mixture of sandalwood paste and saffron), and Kusum Pūjā (worshipping the idol by placing flower on its parts) are collectively known as Aṣṭaprakāri Pūjā. Mendicants cannot perform this form of worshipping as well as the material used for such worshipping can cause violence against small creatures and a mendicant must strictly follow the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> of which non-violence is the first. However, householders may perform such worshipping as the vows they follow do not entail practicing such micro-level of non-violence.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_Puja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Agra_Puja.jpg/250px-Agra_Puja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Agra_Puja.jpg/330px-Agra_Puja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Agra_Puja.jpg/500px-Agra_Puja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="3758" /></a><figcaption>Agra puja using rice, sweet, and fruit in front of an idol of Mahavira Swami, the 24th Tirthankara at Jain Center of Southern California, Buena Park, California</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Bhāva Pūjā (worshipping of the idol through emotions without using objects of worship): This form of worshipping includes singing stavans and stutis (devotional hymns) extolling the life and qualities of a <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a>. A sequence of several <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> prayers extolling a <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> in particular seating positions is known as Caityavandan.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Caityavandan is usually performed in two postures — Yogamudrā and Muktāśuktimudrā. It also includes 2 <a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsargas</a> and at least 3 hymns and a recitation of major Jain hymns and prayers including <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvasaggaharam_Stotra" title="Uvasaggaharam Stotra">Uvasaggaharam Stotra</a>, and Logassa Sutra. It is considered to be a standard form of Bhāva Pūjā amongst the Śvetāmbara laity. Digambaras strictly do not have such form of worshipping of their idols. Bhāva Pūjā does not include the use of any materialistic objects of worship and therefore, can be performed by the mendicants. In fact, devotional hymns are usually authored by the Śvetāmbara mendicants which is why the Śvetāmbara sect has huge and rich literature on devotional worship of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul> Several other forms of worshipping of the idols exist. One of the most popular ones is Snātra Pūjā which is a lengthy ritual that includes mimicking of a <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara's</a> ritualistic bathing at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> by the demi-god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Other popular ritualistic bathing is Śakrastava Abhiṣeka which is performed parallel to the recitation of the hymn of the same name authored by <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena">Acharya Siddhasenadiwakarsuri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[26]</a> Usually, regular purification of temples and icons is performed and the ritual for which include 18 Abhiṣeka which is a ritualistic bathing of the idols with 18 excellent objects of high fragrance and devotional value.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vyākhyāna_and_Guruvandan_(Interaction_with_Mendicants)">Vyākhyāna and Guruvandan (Interaction with Mendicants)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vyākhyāna and Guruvandan (Interaction with Mendicants)">edit</a>]</div> The Chaturvidha Sangha has 4 pillars and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvakas</a> and śrāvikās (lay followers) derive their knowledge of the religion and its practices from the other two pillars - mendicants (monks and nuns). Vyākhyāna refers to the religious sermons that the mendicants give. It is a result of these sermons that Jainism is propagated to the lay followers. Since reading scriptures without the preceptor's permission is considered to be a grave sin, lay followers (householders) derive all their knowledge of the religion and scriptures as well as their duties and responsibilities from the mendicants' vyākhyānas. As such, even though attending vyākhyānas is not an essential part as per scriptures, lay followers are always encouraged to attend them regularly to learn principles of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A formal procedure of greeting the preceptor by reciting 2 ancient <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> prayers - Icchakāra Sutra and Abbhuthio Sutra and 4 Khamāsamaṉas in a particular sequence is known as Guruvandan. The practice of Guruvandan is only performed by householders of the Śvetāmbara sect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_festivals">Religious festivals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religious festivals">edit</a>]</div> There are some festivals which are exclusively celebrated by the Śvetāmbara sect and are neither recognized nor celebrated by the Digambara sect. Following is a list of some of those festivals: - <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paryuṣaṇa">Paryuṣaṇa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Paryuṣaṇa">edit</a>]</div> It is one of the most popular of the Jain festivals. It falls during the bright fortnight of the <a href="/wiki/Bhadrapad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrapad">Bhadrapada</a> month of the <a href="/wiki/Jain_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain calendar">lunar calendar</a>. During this 8-day long festival, lay followers intensify their spirituality and undertake rigorous <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">fasting</a>. Some of them also fast for all 8 days by consuming either only boiled water or nothing at all (this fast is known as <a href="/wiki/Aathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathai">atthai</a>). It is during these 8 days that monks and nuns read the holy canonical scripture - <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>. Most of the reading is done in private, except the chapter that describes the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, which is traditionally read and celebrated publicly on the 5th of the 8 days. The 8th day is known as samvatsari and is considered to be one of the holiest days by Śvetāmbara lay followers, who perform <a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">pratikramana</a> and seek forgiveness for the sins they committed in the past year by saying "<a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Michchhāmi Dukkaḍaṃ</a>" to the people they know. Digambaras, alternatively, celebrate the Das Lakshana, which is a 10-day long festival and has a different purpose than Paryuṣaṇa.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Śāśvata_Navpad_Oli">Śāśvata Navpad Oli</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Śāśvata Navpad Oli">edit</a>]</div> This is a 9-day long festival that occurs twice a year, once in the <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> month and once in the <a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Ashvin</a> month of the <a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">lunar calendar</a>. This is one of the two major celebrations as per Śvetāmbara scriptures, the other being Paryuṣaṇa. During this festival, Śvetāmbaras worship the 9 supreme entities, namely <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddha_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddha (Jainism)">Siddhā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Ācārya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upadhyaya_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadhyaya (Jainism)">Upādhyāya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu (Jainism)">Sādhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samyak_darsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyak darsana">Samyak Darśana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samyak_Gyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyak Gyan">Samyak Jñāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samyak_Charitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyak Charitra">Samyak Cāritra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Samyak Tap</a>, one day for each of these entities.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> believes that these 9 entities were neither created nor can they be destroyed. It believes in the eternal existence of these 'categories' or padas that propagate <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">dharma</a>. Śvetāmbaras, therefore, consider this festival to be śāśvata (which means that it has existed since eternity and will continue to exist forever). Throughout these 9 days, Śvetāmbara lay followers perform <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Ayambil</a>, a form of fasting in which no oil, dairy products, and spices are consumed. This form of fasting is believed to improve control over the sense of taste.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> They also worship the <a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a> during these 9 days. Spiritual practices are intensified during these days just as during the <a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryuṣaṇa</a>. One of the most popular legends associated with this festival is of Śrīpāla and Mayaṇasundarī.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> falls on the 7th day of the Navpad Oli that occurs during the <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> month. Although Digambaras believe in the legend of Śrīpāla and Mayaṇasundarī, they do not perform <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Ayambil</a> and their practices are vastly different from the Śvetāmbaras.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jñāna_Pañcamī">Jñāna Pañcamī</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jñāna Pañcamī">edit</a>]</div> It is celebrated on the 5th day of the bright fortnight of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kārtika (month)">Kārtika</a> month of the <a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">lunar calendar</a>. This festival is celebrated to worship Samyak Jñāna (right knowledge). Rituals include visiting a Jain temple, placing objects of knowledge (such as pen, pencil, paper, books etc.) on a platform and venerating the object with Vāsakṣepa (sandalwood powder) and reciting hymns venerating the <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">demi-goddess Saraswati</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the eternal knowledge of the road to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> is recorded in the word of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> and that is known as <a href="/wiki/Jinvani" title="Jinvani">jinvāṇī</a>. This is what <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> represents. Therefore, in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, she is not worshipped as she is in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, but as the word of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> endorses the existence of 5 types of knowledge — Mati Jñāna, Śrut Jñāna, Avadhi Jñāna, Manaḥparyaya Jñāna, <a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a>. All these forms of knowledge are highly venerated and worshipped in the Śvetāmbara sect. Lay followers of the Śvetāmbara sect also perform penance and <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">fast</a> to celebrate the day. Most followers, if they do not perform fasts, refrain from consuming food after sunset.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maun_Ekādaśī">Maun Ekādaśī</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Maun Ekādaśī">edit</a>]</div> This festival is celebrated on the 11th day of the bright fortnight of the <a href="/wiki/Maargashirsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maargashirsha">Maargashirsha</a> month of the <a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">lunar calendar</a>. Śvetāmbara legends say that if a devotee performs penance staying mum on this day every year for a period of 11 years and 11 months achieves <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>. The word 'maun' means silence. The most prominent of the penances on this day is to not speak and communicate for the entire day, until the next morning. This form of penance is believed to improve control over the mind and the tongue. According to Śvetāmbara legends, a total of 150 kalyāṇakas of the <a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">panch kalyanakas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> of the past, present, and future <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">half cycles</a> of time occur on this single day. Therefore, it holds high importance and auspiciousness in the Śvetāmbara sect. Most lay followers begin new ventures and worship <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> idols especially apart from performing the penance of staying silent on this day. Several legends including that of <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and of Suvrat Shetha are associated with this day.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phālguṇa_Pherī">Phālguṇa Pherī</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Phālguṇa Pherī">edit</a>]</div> This festival is observed on the 13th day of the bright fortnight of the <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a> month as per the <a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">lunar calendar</a> and is directly associated with <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a>, one of the most important pilgrimage sites for the Śvetāmbaras. Śvetāmbara legends state that <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna's</a> sons <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and Shyaambh, along with 8.5 crore (85 million) mendicants attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> from Bhadva's Dungar at <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana hills</a> on this day. Śvetāmbara lay followers visit <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a> in huge numbers on this day, every year and circumambulate the entire region of <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana hills</a> in a single day. The walk is 15-18km long along a hilly terrain. This walk is also known as the 6-Gau Yaatra (walk of visiting 6 villages).<a href="#cite_note-:10-70">[70]</a> Devotees first ascend the hill until they reach the Ram Pol gate, and then take a different route from the usual route, which is opened only on this day every year for devotees to circumambulate around the hill. This route takes devotees through various 'hidden' regions of the <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a>, which are otherwise inaccessible on other days. The shrines that this walk takes a devotee through can be summarized as follows: - <ol><li>The shrine of <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki's</a> 6 sons — According to the Jain version of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> gave birth to 6 other sons before giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. These 6 sons were initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Jain_sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain sangha">Jain sangha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>. Legend says that all 6 of them attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> at the spot where this shrine stands today.<a href="#cite_note-:8-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Ulkā Jal Deri — It is believed to be the site where the water which is used in ritualistic bathing of the idol of <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> gets collected.<a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Chandan Talavdi — Legend says this lake was established by Chillan Muni, a disciple of Ganadhar Pundarik Swami, who was himself one of the prime disciples of <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>. It is said that he used his magical powers and established the lake for devotees to quench their thirst while ascending the hill. The lake's banks are of importance as Śvetāmbaras believe several mendicants performed penance in the <a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsarga</a> posture at this point and eventually attained liberation. Several devotees perform <a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsarga</a> here and recite the Logassa hymn.<a href="#cite_note-:8-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Ajitnath - Shantinath Deri — These are two shrines devoted to the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajitanatha" title="Ajitanatha">Ajitanatha</a> and 16th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Shantinatha" title="Shantinatha">Shantinatha</a> each. Shrines dedicated to these two <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> were constructed because it is believed that these two gave religious sermons in the said area. Legend says that during the 22nd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha's</a> period, these two shrines stood opposite to each other and when a devotee would pray at one of these, their back would face the other. However, facing one's back towards <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> idols is considered to be a sin. Nandisena, a mendicant at that time, sat in the middle of both these shrines and composed the Ajit-Śānti Stava, a hymn in which alternate verse extol <a href="/wiki/Ajitanatha" title="Ajitanatha">Ajitanatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantinatha" title="Shantinatha">Shantinatha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The legend says that by the end of his recitation of the composition, the two shrines came side by side to each other. Today, both shrines stand next to each other.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Siddhshila — According to legends, this spot has witnessed most number of souls attaining <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> than any other spot on <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Bhadva's Dungar — This is believed to be the spot where <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna's</a> sons <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and Shyaambh attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> along with 8.5 crore (85 million) other mendicants. This place is believed to be the inspiration behind the whole walk of around 15-18km (12 miles).<a href="#cite_note-:10-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Siddha Vad — This is an old <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan tree</a>. It is believed that several soul attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> while performing penance under this tree.<a href="#cite_note-:10-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Juni Taleti — This shrine is the old starting point of the ascent of the main hill. This is the point where the Phālguṇa Pherī comes to an end.<a href="#cite_note-:10-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-72">[72]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhvajā_Mahotsava">Dhvajā Mahotsava</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dhvajā Mahotsava">edit</a>]</div> It is a generic name given to various observances and celebrations at different Jain temples. It refers to the changing of the flag that is hoisted at the top of a Jain temple's śikhara (topmost part of the structure) and is celebrated annually at every Jain temple. A common ritual is followed wherein the devotees bid to get a chance of changing the flag. The highest bidder performs devotional puja according to a ritual described in the scriptures and changes the dhvaj (flag) hoisted on the śikhara every year throughout lifetime passed on generation after generation. Every Jain temple has a different day for the ceremony and it is celebrated on the said temple's anniversary. A svāmi-vātsalya (community lunch) is organized as part of the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akshaya_Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Akshaya Tritiya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya#Jain_tradition" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya § Jain tradition</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a> is an important festival as it commemorates the first <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, ending his 400-day-long fast by consuming sugarcane juice poured into his cupped hands. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Śvetāmbara</a> Jains perform a similar fast (but consume food on alternate days) that lasts 400 days. This practice is popularly known as Varshitapa.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> renounced worldly pleasures and turned into a monk. Thereafter, he fasted for 400 days. He did not accept food from lay followers as every time he was given food, it was not 'free of faults' as it should be for a Jain monk to accept. The 42 faults that food given to a Jain monk may have are discussed at length in the ancient <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Śvetāmbara</a> text <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sthanakvasi_and_Terapanthi_(Aniconic)_Traditions">Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi (Aniconic) Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi (Aniconic) Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirthapata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tirthapata.JPG/220px-Tirthapata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tirthapata.JPG/330px-Tirthapata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tirthapata.JPG/440px-Tirthapata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="3889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirth_Pat" title="Tirth Pat">Tirth Pat</a> on display at <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales museum">Prince of Wales museum</a>, Mumbai</figcaption></figure>A minority of the Śvetāmbaras are split into other traditions where either Jain temples and halls are built but puja is a minor practice, or where all construction and use of temples, images and idols is actively discouraged and avoided. These sub-traditions began around 14th-century through 18th-century and are not considered authentic by any of the major Śvetāmbara monks and scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320–22-14">[14]</a> A layman who opposed devotional temples, images and idols was Lonka Shah (c. 1476 CE) who is responsible for starting the <a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a> sub-tradition. <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Bhikshu" title="Acharya Bhikshu">Bhikshu</a> was initiated as a <a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a> monk, but he believed that their teachings were inappropriate. As a result, he started the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara_Terapanth" title="Śvetāmbara Terapanth">Terapanth</a> sub-tradition after criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Sthanakvasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanakvasi">Sthanakvasi</a> sub-tradition's beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002254-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarendra_Singh20015184-80">[80]</a> Early colonial era observers and some early 20th-century Jain writers such as Malvaniya hypothesized that this movement against idol worship may be the impact of Islam on Jainism, but later scholarship states that the sub-traditions arose from an internal dispute and debate on the principle <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (non-violence).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320–22-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002246–249-81">[81]</a> The newer sub-traditions only accept 32 of the 45 scriptures of the original Śvetāmbara canon. In the 32 they have accepted, several parts have been modified and major sections of their canon is different from the original canon as followed by the oldest sect of the murtipujakas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarendra_Singh20015184-80">[80]</a> These sub-traditions are not recognized by the original Śvetāmbara sect of the idol-worshippers (murtipujakas), who consider that they were created as a result of a grave misinterpretation of canonical scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely200259-82">[82]</a> The murtipujaka Śvetāmbaras do not allow laypersons to read scriptures as a misinterpretation of the canon is considered to be a grave sin. The later sub-traditions have made their canon openly accessible. Both the newer sub-traditions have various sub-traditions within them that do not agree on several aspects of the canon due to an open access to their canon and eventual misinterpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShashi1996945-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_with_Digambaras">Differences with Digambaras</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Differences with Digambaras">edit</a>]</div> Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as: Śvetāmbaras believe that Parshvanatha, the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a>, taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say is confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life). Mahāvīra taught Five vows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33-86">[86]</a> The Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvetāmbara interpretations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28-87">[87]</a> and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-85">[85]</a> However, Digambaras as well as Śvetāmbaras follow Five vows as taught by <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. The difference is only that Śvetāmbaras believe <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> taught one vow less (the Four vows except <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>) than <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. However, monks of Śvetāmbara sect also follow all 5 vows as stated in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <ul><li>Digambaras believe that both Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvetāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th tirthankar did indeed marry. According to the Śvetāmbara version, Parshvanāth married Prabhavati,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112-89">[89]</a> and Mahāvīraswāmi married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-91">[91]</a> The two sects also differ on the origin of <a href="/wiki/Trishala" class="mw-redirect" title="Trishala">Trishala</a>, Mahāvīra's mother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-90">[90]</a> as well as the details of Tirthankara's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs.Digambaras believe it is 16 dreams while Śvetāmbaras believe it is 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717-92">[92]</a></li> <li>Śvetāmbaras have a more comprehensive set of scriptures as they have a canon with extensive information, supported by the non-canonical literature. Digambara literature is much lesser in volume and their scriptures are more recent than those of the Śvetāmbaras.<a href="#cite_note-:15-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Śvetāmbara believe that the Jain canon is still preserved, whereas Digambaras believe it was lost about 200 years after Mahāvīra's nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-:15-93">[93]</a> Śvetāmbaras also have a richer non-canonical literature.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Digambara believe Rishabha, <a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> were the three tirthankaras who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvetāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80-95">[95]</a></li> <li>According to Śvetāmbara Jain texts, since <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha's</a> time, till date, its monastic community has had more sadhvis than sadhus (female than male mendicants). In <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa Gacch</a> of the modern era, the ratio of sadhvis to sadhus (nuns to monks) is about 3.5 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a47-96">[96]</a> In contrast to Śvetāmbara, the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361-97">[97]</a></li> <li>In the Digambara tradition, a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul's liberation from rebirths through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201336–37-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-99">[99]</a> The Śvetāmbaras strictly disagree with the Digambaras, believing that women can also achieve liberation from <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a> through ascetic practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59-100">[100]</a></li> <li>The Śvetāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ll%C4%ABn%C4%81tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Māllīnātha">Māllīnātha</a> was female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely200215-101">[101]</a> However, Digambara reject this, and worship Mallinatha as a male.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200256-102">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirth_Pat" title="Tirth Pat">Tirth Pat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200245-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200245_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200253–59,_64–80,_286–287_with_footnotes_21_and_32-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200253–59,_64–80,_286–287_with_footnotes_21_and_32_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 53–59, 64–80, 286–287 with footnotes 21 and 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200983–84-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200983–84_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19781–2,_8–9,_xxxiv–xxxv-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19781–2,_8–9,_xxxiv–xxxv_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19781–2,_8–9,_xxxiv–xxxv_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJainFischer1978">Jain & Fischer 1978</a>, pp. 1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201360–61-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201360–61_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201320_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJainworld" class="citation web cs1">Jainworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainworld.com/languages/jw-in-indian-languages/gujarati/visheshavashyak-bhashya/">"Visheshavashyak Bhashya"</a>. Jainworld. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jainworld&rft.atitle=Visheshavashyak+Bhashya&rft.au=Jainworld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainworld.com%2Flanguages%2Fjw-in-indian-languages%2Fgujarati%2Fvisheshavashyak-bhashya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Dundas, Paul (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6"><bdi>978-1-134-50165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-50165-6&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghi1987" class="citation book cs1">Singhi, Narendra Kumar (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JrXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sivabhuti%22+-wikipedia">Ideal, Ideology & Practice: Studies in Jainism</a>. Printwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7044-042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7044-042-0"><bdi>978-81-7044-042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideal%2C+Ideology+%26+Practice%3A+Studies+in+Jainism&rft.pub=Printwell+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7044-042-0&rft.aulast=Singhi&rft.aufirst=Narendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JrXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Sivabhuti%2522%2B-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHastingsSelbie1922" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe-ZqkyOI-QC&dq=%22Sivabhuti%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA124">Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli</a>. 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Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1376-2&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC%26dq%3Dgaccha%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up">Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December</a>. pp. 233–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Antiquary%3A+A+Journal+of+Oriental+Research%2C+Vol-19%2C+Issue+no.-January-December&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.calcutta.06227%2Fpage%2Fn249%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201320–22-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201320–22_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201320–22_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201320–22_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201320–22_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200988-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200988_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2201.htm">"Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents"</a>. sacred-texts.com. 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(2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>, Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation cs2">Long, Jeffery D. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ">Jainism: An Introduction</a>, I.B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-392-6&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation cs2">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155374" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155374"><bdi>9789004155374</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155374&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004" class="citation cs2">Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC">Jainism: The World of Conquerors</a>, vol. I, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1938-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+The+World+of+Conquerors&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1938-2&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Natubhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLNQKGcDIhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Umakant_Premanand_Shah" title="Umakant Premanand Shah">Shah, Umakant Premanand</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC">Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography</a>, Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6"><bdi>978-81-7017-208-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina-r%C5%ABpa-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%3A+Jaina+iconography&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-208-6&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Umakant+Premanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_y_P4duSXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShashi1996" class="citation cs2">Shashi, S. S. (1996), Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Origin and development of Indus civilization, vol. 1, Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-859-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-859-3"><bdi>81-7041-859-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+Bangladesh.+Origin+and+development+of+Indus+civilization&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-7041-859-3&rft.aulast=Shashi&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNarendra_Singh2001" class="citation cs2">Singh, Narendra (2001), "Acahrya Bhikshu and Terapanth", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JoDUPJpb63UC">Encyclopaedia of Jainism</a>, Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acahrya+Bhikshu+and+Terapanth&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Narendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJoDUPJpb63UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallely2002" class="citation cs2">Vallely, Anne (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eI4PAY9rDmQC">Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community</a>, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8415-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Transcendent%3A+An+Ethnology+of+a+Jain+Ascetic+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8415-6&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeI4PAY9rDmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVyas1995" class="citation cs2">Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC">Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects</a>, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-316-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-316-7"><bdi>81-7017-316-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+Art+and+Iconography+and+Allied+Subjects&rft.pub=The+Director%2C+Oriental+Institute%2C+on+behalf+of+the+Registrar%2C+M.S.+University+of+Baroda%2C+Vadodara&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7017-316-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfETebHcHKogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiley2009" class="citation cs2">Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC">The A to Z of Jainism</a>, Scarecrow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6821-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUz9o-EKTpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthanakavasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanakavasi">Sthanakavasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayika" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayika">Samayika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civaka_Cintamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Civaka Cintamani">Civaka Cintamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culamani" title="Culamani">Culamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Kumara_Kaviyam" title="Naga Kumara Kaviyam">Naga Kumara Kaviyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelakesi" title="Neelakesi">Neelakesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayana_Kumara_Kaviyam" title="Udayana Kumara Kaviyam">Udayana Kumara Kaviyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashodhara_Kaviyam" title="Yashodhara Kaviyam">Yashodhara Kaviyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampana">Hampana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Sravaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organisations13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panca-Paramesthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Panca-Paramesthi">Panca-Paramesthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Salakapurusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Vira Nirvana Samvat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">Jain ascetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">Digambar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-xkjgt","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.997","walltime":"1.197","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7861,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":212781,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4319,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":327170,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 978.394 1 -total"," 36.62% 358.255 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.60% 240.702 54 Template:Cite_web"," 12.07% 118.101 39 Template:Sfn"," 11.96% 117.060 1 Template:Jainism"," 11.71% 114.582 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.52% 83.395 19 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