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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utbredningsområde_och_dialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utbredningsområde_och_dialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utbredningsområde och dialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utbredningsområde_och_dialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skriftspråk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skriftspråk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Skriftspråk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skriftspråk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uttal_och_fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uttal_och_fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uttal och fonologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uttal_och_fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Uttal och fonologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uttal_och_fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fonologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammatik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Grammatik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassisk_tibetanska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassisk_tibetanska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Klassisk tibetanska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassisk_tibetanska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Nomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_tibetanska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_tibetanska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern tibetanska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_tibetanska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studiet_av_tibetanska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studiet_av_tibetanska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Studiet av tibetanska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studiet_av_tibetanska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibetanska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 106 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibettaans" title="Tibettaans – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tibettaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التبتية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التبتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetanu" title="Idioma tibetanu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tibetanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivetano_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tib%C3%A9t" title="Basa Tibét – balinesiska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tibét" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লাসা তিব্বতি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাসা তিব্বতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD" title="Chōng-gí – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chōng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбецкая мова – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбэцкая мова – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски език – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибетски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Түбэд хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түбэд хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A0" title="Tibetà – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tibetà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C5%A1tina" title="Tibetština – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk_(sprog)" title="Tibetansk (sprog) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tibetansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetische_Sprache" title="Tibetische Sprache – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་སྐད། – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བོད་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibeti_keel" title="Tiibeti keel – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiibeti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lhasa Tibetan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetano" title="Idioma tibetano – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tibetano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_lingvo" title="Tibeta lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetera" title="Tibetera – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tibetera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبتی معیار – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبتی معیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_bhasa" title="Tibetan bhasa – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tibetan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain" title="Tibétain – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tibétain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tib%C3%A9idis" title="An Tibéidis – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tibéidis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetish_Veanagh" title="Tibetish Veanagh – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tibetish Veanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%C3%AAu-ch%C3%BAn_Chh%C3%B2ng-ng%C3%AE" title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Төвдин келн – kalmuckiska" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төвдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmuckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="표준 티베트어 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 티베트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տիբեթերեն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբեթերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_tibetski_jezik" title="Standardni tibetski jezik – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni tibetski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalagadan_a_Tibetano" title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet_Lhasa" title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тибетаг æвзаг – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тибетаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbeska" title="Tíbeska – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbeska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טיבטית – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיבטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ენა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тибет тілдері – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тибет тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitibeti" title="Kitibeti – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitibeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тибет кыв – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тибет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тибет тили – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тибет тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tibetana" title="Lingua Tibetana – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tibetana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Tibetiešu valoda – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tibetiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tibetiečių kalba – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeti_nyelv" title="Tibeti nyelv – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibeti nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски јазик – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibetana" title="Fiteny tibetana – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिबेटी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिबेटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ნინა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიბეტური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="لغه تيبيتى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تيبيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تبتی – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تبتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ung-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Câung-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Câung-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Төвөд хэл – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төвөд хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaans" title="Tibetaans – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibetaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ल्हासा तिब्बती – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्हासा तिब्बती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सेँ भाषा – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeetisk" title="Tibeetisk – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tibeetisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan" title="Tibetan – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tibetan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_tili" title="Tibet tili – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibet tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تبتی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبتی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tybeta%C5%84ski" title="Język tybetański – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tybetański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tibetana" title="Língua tibetana – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tibetan%C4%83" title="Limba tibetană – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tibetană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_simi" title="Tibet simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tibet simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тибетский язык – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тибиэт тыла – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тибиэт тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tibet" title="Kari Tibet – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tibet" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetisk" title="Tibetisk – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tibetisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language" title="Tibetan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibetan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C4%8Dina" title="Tibetčina – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tibetčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски језик – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тибетски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_kieli" title="Tiibetin kieli – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="திபெத்திய மொழி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тибет теле – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тибет теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาทิเบต – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони тибетӣ – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони тибетӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A7e" title="Tibetçe – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibetçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D2%AF%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Төвүт дыл – tuviniska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Төвүт дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тибетська мова – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تبتی زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="زاڭزۇچە – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زاڭزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_T%E1%BA%A1ng_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetin" title="Tibetin – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tibetin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="标准藏语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准藏语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藏文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetki" title="Tibetki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tibetki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="標準藏語 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="標準藏語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tibet" title="Basa Tibet – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tibetanska" title="Visa 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style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;background:#c9ffd9;">Tibetanska</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;background:#c9ffd9;">བོད་སྐད་ Bod-skad</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Talas i</th><td class="" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina"><img alt="Kina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien"><img alt="Indien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>.</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Antal talare</th><td class="" style="">6 150 000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Status</th><td class="" style="">Regionalt språk</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkfamilj</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sinotibetanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Sinotibetanska språk">Sinotibetanska språk</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-burmanska_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-burmanska språk">Tibeto-burmanska språk</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tibetanska</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Officiell status</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Officiellt språk i</th><td class="" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina"><img alt="Kina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Den autonoma regionen Tibet</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkmyndighet</th><td class="" style="">Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language (བོད་ཡིག་བརྡ་ཚད་ལྡན་དུ་སྒྱུར་བའི་ལ ས་དོན་ཨུ་ཡོན་ལྷན་ཁང་གིས་བསྒྲིགས / 藏语术语标准化工作委员会)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Språkkoder</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐1</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=bo">bo</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐2</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">tib</a></span></kbd> (B)<br /><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">bod</a></span></kbd> (T)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐3</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bod" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bod">bod</a></kbd></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg/220px-Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg/330px-Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg/440px-Lhasa_Tibetan_language_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="847" /></a></span> <div style="text-align:center;">Tibetanskans utbredningsområde i Kina: <div><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0062FF ; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Tibetanska talas av majoriteten av befolkningen</div> <div><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #74B4FF ; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Tibetanska talas av majoriteten av befolkningen, men samtidigt också av ett stort antal personer som talar andra språk. Tibetanska är ett minoritetsspråk </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tibetanska</b> är ett språk i den <a href="/wiki/Tibetoburmanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetoburmanska språk">tibeto-burmanska språkfamiljen</a>. Språket talas enligt <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> års folkräkning i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a> av drygt en miljon invånare.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det totala antalet talare av olika varianter av tibetanska torde uppgå till drygt sex miljoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetanskans inhemska språk betyder bokstavligt "Tibet-språk" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>bod skad</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>bö ké</i>), dialekter kallas "vulgärt språk" eller "folkspråk"/"vulgärt språk" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>phal skad</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>pel ké</i>), i kontrast mot "städat eller vördsamt tal" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>zhe sa</i>, i gammal stavning: <a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>rje sa</i>), och bokspråk (<a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>yig skad</i>), eller "dharmaspråk" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering">Wyl.</a>: <i>chos skad</i>), de litterära idiom, vari de heliga skrifterna och andra klassiska verk är avfattade. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utbredningsområde_och_dialekter"><span id="Utbredningsomr.C3.A5de_och_dialekter"></span>Utbredningsområde och dialekter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utbredningsområde och dialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utbredningsområde och dialekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alla i Tibet talade språk med undantag av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokpa [inte skriven än]">sokpa</a>, som tillhör de mongoliska språken hör till den tibetoburmanska språkfamiljen. </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9C-Tsang-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ü-Tsang-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Ü-Tsang-gruppen</a></b>, som talas i den historiska provinsen <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>, som omfattar större delen av den autonoma regionen Tibet;</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kham-Hor-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kham-Hor-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Kham-Hor-gruppen</a></b>, som talas i prefekturen <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> i Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> (västra <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>) och södra <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>);</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amdo-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amdo-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Amdo-gruppen</a></b>, som används i större delen av Amdo (Qinghai);</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzongka-Sikkim-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzongka-Sikkim-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Dzongka-Sikkim-gruppen</a></b>, vilka representeras av <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">dzongkha</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sikkimesiska" title="Sikkimesiska">sikkimesiska</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>;</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladakhi-Balti-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladakhi-Balti-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Ladakhi-Balti-gruppen</a></b>, som används i <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kargil_(distrikt)" title="Kargil (distrikt)">Kargil</a> (purik);</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahul-Spiti-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahul-Spiti-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Lahul-Spiti-gruppen</a></b>, som talas i <a href="/wiki/Lahul_och_Spiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahul och Spiti">Lahul och Spiti</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur" title="Kinnaur">Nyamkat</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherpa-Jirel-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherpa-Jirel-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Sherpa-Jirel-gruppen</a></b>, som finns representerad i nordöstra <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>; och</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyiron-Kagate-gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyiron-Kagate-gruppen [inte skriven än]">Kyiron-Kagate-gruppen</a></b>, som talas i häradet <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Kyirong</a> i Tibet samt i nordöstra Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Stora skillnader råder mellan dialekterna och de är inte omedelbart ömsesidigt förståeliga. Dialekterna som talas i västra Tibet är de mest ålderdomliga och närmar sig sålunda skriftspråket. Den centrala Ü-Tsang-gruppen representeras genom talspråket i Lhasa, som numera utgör grunden för det standardiserade tibetanska talspråket i den autonoma regionen <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> i <a href="/wiki/Folkrepubliken_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkrepubliken Kina">Folkrepubliken Kina</a>. De dialekter som skiljer sig mest från den centrala dialekten är dialekterna i Amdo, Ladakh och Baltistan, som till skillnad från Lhasa-dialekten inte utvecklat <a href="/wiki/Ordton" title="Ordton">toner</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takpa [inte skriven än]">Takpa</a>-språket i <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> verka bilda en övergång mellan den centrala gruppen och sifan-dialekterna vid gränsen till det <a href="/wiki/Egentliga_Kina" title="Egentliga Kina">Egentliga Kina</a>. På norra gränsen till <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> talas de nomadiska <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horpa [inte skriven än]">horpa</a>-stammarnas idiom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skriftspråk"><span id="Skriftspr.C3.A5k"></span>Skriftspråk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Skriftspråk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Skriftspråk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Tibetansk_skrift" title="Tibetansk skrift">Tibetansk skrift</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Tibetansk skrift är en <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> som hör till <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" title="Brahmi">Brahmifamiljen</a>. Den sägs ha skapats i mitten av <a href="/wiki/600-talet" title="600-talet">600-talet</a> av <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%B6nmi_Sambhota" title="Thönmi Sambhota">Thönmi Sambhota</a> som på order av kung <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> färdades till <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a> för att studera skrivkonsten. Den officiella ortografin standardiserades under tidigt <a href="/wiki/800-talet" title="800-talet">800-tal</a> och har inte förändrats sedan dess trots stora förändringar av det talade språket.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uttal_och_fonologi">Uttal och fonologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Uttal och fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Uttal och fonologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De viktigaste uttalsreglerna är: </p> <ul><li>Av två eller flera konsonanter i början av en stavelse uttalas blott den sista och ofta med fonetisk förändring, av flera i slutet blott den första.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_konsonant" title="Velar konsonant">Gutturaler</a> och <a href="/wiki/Labial_konsonant" title="Labial konsonant">labialer</a> med <i>y</i> blir palataliserade <a href="/wiki/Dental_konsonant" title="Dental konsonant">dentaler</a>: <i>ky</i> och <i>py</i> blir <i>c</i>; <i>g</i>, <i>y</i> och <i>by</i> blir <i>y</i>; <i>my</i> blir <i>ny</i> och så vidare.</li> <li>Gutturaler, dentaler, labialer med <i>r</i> blir <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">supradentaler</a>: <i>kr</i>, <i>tr</i> <i>pr</i> blir [ʈ], <i>gr</i>, <i>dr</i>, <i>br</i> blir [ɖ], <i>sr</i>, <i>sr</i>, <i>hr</i> blir [ʂ], och så vidare.</li> <li><i>A</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> framför <i>d</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>l</i> och efter <i>y</i> uttalas som <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, och <i>-as</i>, <i>-os</i>, <i>-us</i> i slutet övergår till <i>ai</i>, <i>oi</i>, <i>ui</i> (eller <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>).</li> <li><i>G</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>b</i> i ordslut blir <i>k</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>.</li></ul> <p>Sålunda uttalas <i>bla-ma</i>, "präst", la-ma; <i>rgyal-po</i>, "konung", jäl-po; <i>bryod</i>, "tal", jöt; <i>dpya</i>, "skatt", ca; <i>hbras-bu</i>, "frukt", dä-bu; <i>spra</i> eller <i>spreu</i>, "apa", deu, teu. Olika slag av <a href="/wiki/Ordton" title="Ordton">accent</a> (ton) spelar i tibetanskan ungefär samma roll som i kinesiskan, dock inte i samma utsträckning. I sammanhang därmed synes också växling i fråga om ljudens stämton förekomma. <a href="/wiki/Intransitiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitiv">Intransitiva</a> verbfraser synes ha börjat med tonande ljud, under det transitiva rotord hade icke tonande ljud samtidigt med att orden uttalades med högre ton. </p><p>Såväl ton- (accent-) som konsonantväxlingen synes bero på reduktionen av en gång befintliga prefix, som tjänat som böjningselement, ungefär som våra suffix (i vissa fall <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>). Den expiratoriska (ord-)accenten ligger som regel på rotstavelsen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fonologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det fonologiska inventariet i tibetanskans standardformer d.v.s. Lhasas tibetanska:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Konsonanter </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_konsonant" title="Bilabial konsonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_konsonant" title="Dental konsonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_konsonant" title="Retroflex konsonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_konsonant" title="Palatal konsonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_konsonant" title="Velar konsonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_konsonant" title="Glottal konsonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>norm.</b> </td> <td><b>velariserad</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Klusil" title="Klusil">Klusil</a></b> </td> <td><b>norm.</b> </td> <td>p </td> <td>t </td> <td>ʈ </td> <td> </td> <td>k </td> <td>kʲ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik)">aspirerad</a></b> </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td>ʈʰ </td> <td> </td> <td>kʰ </td> <td>kʰʲ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Frikativa" title="Frikativa">Frikativ</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td>ʂ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Affrikata" title="Affrikata">Affrikat</a></b> </td> <td><b>norm.</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>ʦ </td> <td> </td> <td>ʧ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik)">aspirerad</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td>ʦʰ </td> <td> </td> <td>ʧʰ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nasal_konsonant" title="Nasal konsonant">Nasal</a></b> </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a></b> </td> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Likvida" title="Likvida">Likvid</a></b> </td> <td><b>norm.</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td>ɽ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik)">aspirerad</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td>lʰ </td> <td>ɽʰ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vokaler </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Främre </th> <th>Bakre </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Sluten</b> </td> <td>i</td> <td>y </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Halvsluten</b> </td> <td>e</td> <td>ø </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Öppen</b> </td> <td>a</td> <td>œ </td> <td>(ɔ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatik">Grammatik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grammatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grammatik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassisk_tibetanska">Klassisk tibetanska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klassisk tibetanska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klassisk tibetanska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutida tibetanska har ordföljden SOV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nomen">Nomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Nomen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Nomen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nomen" title="Nomen">Nomen</a> utmärks ofta med ett särskilt <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>: <i>pä</i> (<i>po</i>), <i>ba</i> (<i>bo</i>), <i>ma</i> (<i>mö</i>), som egentligen betecknar agent, till exempel <i>cu</i>, "vatten", <i>cu-pa</i>, "vattenbärare", men då <i>ma</i> (<i>mö</i>) i motsats till de övriga därjämte betecknar kvinnligt kön, anses dessa suffix som ett slags artikel eller <a href="/wiki/Genus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Genus (språkvetenskap)">genusmärke</a>, som annars saknas i språket, till exempel <i>böd-pa</i>, "tibetan", <i>böd-ma</i>, "tibetanska"; <i>mi-bo</i>, "man", <i>mi-mo</i>, "kvinna". </p><p>Tibetanskan är ett <a href="/wiki/Ergativa_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergativa språk">ergativt språk</a>, vilket innebär att det är den som utför en handling som utmärks särskilt i satsen. Nomina och <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomina</a> har sex <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a> som inte uppvisar skillnad mellan singular och plural. Alla kasus, förutom absolutiv, uttrycks med olika partiklar som följer sitt huvudord och som ibland påverkas fonetiskt av huvudordet. De sex kasusen och deras partiklar är: <a href="/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ">ergativ</a> (<i>kyis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a> (<i>kyi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ablativ" title="Ablativ">ablativ</a> (<i>las, nas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ">komitativ</a> (<i>dang</i>), <a href="/wiki/Oblik_(grammatik)" title="Oblik (grammatik)">oblikt kasus</a> (<i>la, du, na</i>) och <a href="/wiki/Absolutiv" title="Absolutiv">absolutiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pluralis uttrycks genom särskilda suffix: <i>rnams</i> (utt. <i>nam</i>) och <i>dag</i> eller <i>cag</i>, som inskjuts före kasusändelserna, till exempel: <i>sangs fgyas</i> (utt. <i>sang-djä</i>, "Buddha"), <a href="/wiki/Dativ" title="Dativ">dativ</a> singularis <i>sangs rgyas la</i>, dativ pluralis <i>sangs rgyas rnams la</i>. Vid flera <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiv</a> i samma ställning, eller då substantiv bestämmes av ett (alltid efterföljande) adjektiv, fogas numerus- och kasusändelser blott till sista ordet. </p><p>Personliga pronomina, böjs som nomina, varvid genitiv uttrycker <a href="/wiki/Possessiv" title="Possessiv">possessivum</a>; men i stället för de ursprungliga pronominala formerna nyttjas, liksom i många östasiatiska språk, vanligen vissa hövlighetsord, olika för olika samhällsklasser. </p><p>Numeraler 1–10 på tibetanska:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>ching </td> <td>nyu </td> <td>sum </td> <td>shi </td> <td>nga </td> <td>trug </td> <td>dün </td> <td>gyay </td> <td>gu </td> <td>chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>༡ </td> <td>༢ </td> <td>༣ </td> <td>༤ </td> <td>༥ </td> <td>༦ </td> <td>༧ </td> <td>༨ </td> <td>༩ </td> <td>༡༠ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb">Verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Verb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Verb"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbet har fyra rotformer som under påverkan från <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> benämns "<a href="/wiki/Presens" title="Presens">presens</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Imperfekt" title="Imperfekt">imperfekt</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Futurum" title="Futurum">futurum</a>" och "<a href="/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ">imperativ</a>". Till exempel har verbet "göra" följande fyra former: <i>byed</i> (presens), <i>byas</i> (imperfekt), <i>bya</i> (futurum) och <i>byos</i> (imperativ). De olika verbformerna uttrycker dock främst inte <a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">tempus</a> utan snarare verbens <a href="/wiki/Aspekt" title="Aspekt">aspekt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En stor del av den tibetanska verben delas upp i "kausativa-resultativa" verbpar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_tibetanska">Modern tibetanska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Modern tibetanska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Modern tibetanska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">Tempus</a> och <a href="/wiki/Modus" title="Modus">modus</a> betecknas medelst tillfogade partiklar och <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Hjälpverb">hjälpverb</a> med betydelsen "vara", "bliva", "göra" o. s. v., under det själva roten betraktas som nominalform (<a href="/wiki/Particip" title="Particip">particip</a> eller nom. actionis) med neutral (passiv) betydelse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studiet_av_tibetanska">Studiet av tibetanska</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Studiet av tibetanska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Studiet av tibetanska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetanskt språk och tibetansk litteratur blev bekanta i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> först genom <a href="/wiki/Kapucinorden" title="Kapucinorden">kapucinmunkar</a>, som verkade i Lhasa i början av 1700-talet. Deras uppteckningar samlades av <a href="/wiki/Augustinerorden" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinerorden">augustinmunken</a> Aug. Antonio Georgi av Rimini (1711–1797) i Alphabetum tibetanum (1762). I <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Abel-Rémusats</a> <i>Recherches sur les langues tartares</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1820) förekommer ett kapitel ägnat åt tibetanskan. </p><p>Bättre kännedom därom fick man emellertid genom <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_K%C5%91r%C3%B6si_Csoma" title="Sándor Kőrösi Csoma">Sándor Kőrösi Csoma</a>, som utgav <i>A grammar of the Tibetan language</i> (1834) och <i>Essay towards a dictionary, Tibetan and English</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (samma år), och missionären <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich August Jäschke [inte skriven än]">Heinrich August Jäschkes</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2015-09)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> banbrytande arbeten <i>Tibetan Grammar</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2:a uppl. 1883), <i>Handwörterbuch der tibetischen Sprache</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1871-75), <i>Tibetan-english dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1881), <i>A short practical grammar of the tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects</i> (1868), "A simplified tibetan grammar" (utgiven av H. Wenzel 1883) ävensom avhandlingar i Berlin- och Petersburg-akademiernas skrifter samt i <i>Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal</i>. </p><p>Andra grammatiska arbeten: <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Jakob_Schmidt" title="Isaak Jakob Schmidt">Isaak Jakob Schmidt</a>, <i>Grammatik der tibetischen Sprache</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1839), <a href="/wiki/Philippe-%C3%89douard_Foucaux" title="Philippe-Édouard Foucaux">Philippe-Édouard Foucaux</a>, <i>Grammaire de la langue tibétaine</i> (1858), Th. H. Lewin, <i>A manual of tibetan</i> (1879), Graham Sandberg, <i>Handbook of colloquial tibetan</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1894), V. C. Henderson, <i>Tibetan manual</i> (1903), C. A. Bell, <i>Manual of colloquial tibetan</i> (1905). </p><p>Ordböcker: <i>Dictionary of the Bhotanta or Bhutan language</i> (1828); J. J. Schmidt, <i>Tibetisch-deutsches Wörterbuch</i> (1841), H. Ramsay, <i>Practical dictionary of Western Tibet</i> (1890), Desgodins, <i>Dictionnaire thibétain-latin-francais</i> (1899), Sarat Chandra Das, <i>Tibetan-english dictionary with sanskrit synonyms</i> (utg. av G. Sandberg och A. W. Heyde, 1902). En inhemsk grammatik finns i Tandjur (mdo CXXIV). </p> <div class="floatright metadata"> <table style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; border-spacing: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> har en <i><b><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bo:">upplaga på <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">Tibetanska</span></a></b></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bod">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bod</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omniglot-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tibetan.htm">”Tibetan (བོད་སྐད)”</a> (på engelska). Omniglot<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tibetan.htm">http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tibetan.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 mars 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tibetan+%28%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Omniglot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Ftibetan.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Tournadre och Dorje, s. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btn0-Vce5ug">”The Hardest Language To Spell”</a> (på engelska). NativLang. 17 juni 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btn0-Vce5ug">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btn0-Vce5ug</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 november 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Hardest+Language+To+Spell&rft.atitle=&rft.date=17+juni+2016&rft.pub=NativLang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dbtn0-Vce5ug&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Tibetan.html">”Tibetan”</a>. <i><span>www.languagesgulper.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Tibetan.html">http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Tibetan.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 november 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.atitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FTibetan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Tournadre, ss. 410-416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PE5FpP09Oo">”The Sound of the Central Tibetan language (Numbers, Greetings & The Parable)”</a> (på engelska). ILoveLanguages!. 16 augusti 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PE5FpP09Oo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PE5FpP09Oo</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 november 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Sound+of+the+Central+Tibetan+language+%28Numbers%2C+Greetings+%26+The+Parable%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=16+augusti+2020&rft.pub=ILoveLanguages%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1PE5FpP09Oo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, s. 39; Tournadre, s.417-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tc4GAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Tibetan+language%22&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Recherches sur les langues tartares</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=a78IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=csoma"><i>Essay towards a dictionary, Tibetan and English</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pmN_wah3GcEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tibetan+grammar&lr="><i>Tibetan Grammar</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qrUIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Tibetan+language%22&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Handwörterbuch der tibetischen Sprache</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_RQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Tibetan+language%22&lr="><i>Tibetan-english dictionary</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MEwtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Tibetan+language%22&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Grammatik der tibetischen Sprache</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KAmi4M8_-9oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Tibetan+language%22&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Handbook of colloquial tibetan</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetanska&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/20px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/30px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/40px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="99" /></a></span>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfch/0658.html">Tibetanska språket och litteraturen</a>, 1904–1926.</i></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDasHeyde_A._William,_Sandberg_Graham1902">Das, Sarat Chandra; Heyde A. William, Sandberg Graham (1902) (på tibetanska). <i><span>A Tibetan-English dictionary with Sanskrit synonyms</span></i>. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/346470">346470</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan-English+dictionary+with+Sanskrit+synonyms&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sarat+Chandra&rft.au=Das%2C+Sarat+Chandra&rft.au=Heyde+A.+William%2C+Sandberg+Graham&rft.date=1902&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Book+Dep%C3%B4t&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGoldstein_Melvyn_C.,_Shelling_T._N.,_Surkhang_J._T.,_Robillard_Pierre2001">Goldstein Melvyn C., Shelling T. N., Surkhang J. T., Robillard Pierre, red (2001) (på engelska). <i><span>The new Tibetan-English dictionary of modern Tibetan</span></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11393752">11393752</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-520-20437-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-520-20437-9">ISBN 0-520-20437-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Tibetan-English+dictionary+of+modern+Tibetan&rft.date=2001&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-20437-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHodge1990">Hodge, Stephen (1990) (på engelska). <i><span>An introduction to classical Tibetan</span></i>. Warminster: Aris & Phillis. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/8321335">8321335</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-85668-548-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-85668-548-8">ISBN 0-85668-548-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+classical+Tibetan&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Stephen&rft.date=1990&rft.place=Warminster&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillis&rft.isbn=0-85668-548-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Jäschke, Heinrich August, and Heinrich Wenzel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pmN_wah3GcEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tibetan+grammar&lr="><i>Tibetan Grammar.</i></a> Andra upplagan. London: Trübner, 1883.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTournadreRdo-rje_Gsann-bdag2003">Tournadre, Nicolas; Rdo-rje Gsann-bdag (2003) (på engelska). <i><span>Manual of standard Tibetan: language and civilization ; introduction to standad Tibetan (spoken and written) followed by an appendix on classical literary Tibetan</span></i>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11491121">11491121</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-55939-189-8_:_(alk._paper)" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-55939-189-8 : (alk. paper)">ISBN 1-55939-189-8 : (alk. paper)</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+standard+Tibetan%3A+language+and+civilization+%3B+introduction+to+standad+Tibetan+%28spoken+and+written%29+followed+by+an+appendix+on+classical+literary+Tibetan&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Tournadre%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Rdo-rje+Gsann-bdag&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.isbn=1-55939-189-8+%3A+%28alk.+paper%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tibetanska"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061204165402/http://www.btinternet.com/~c.fynn/tibetan/wylie.html">Wylie, Turrell (1959). 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