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<li id="toc-Origins_and_silent_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_silent_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and silent films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_silent_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_early_sound_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_early_sound_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The early sound period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_early_sound_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-war cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Social realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Art cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Film technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinema of the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="سينما المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_del_Regne_Unit" title="Cinema del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britischer_Film" title="Britischer Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britischer Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βρετανικός κινηματογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανικός κινηματογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_del_Reino_Unido" title="Cine del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batuko_zinema" title="Erresuma Batuko zinema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresuma Batuko zinema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سینمای بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_britannique" title="Cinéma britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="영국 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश सिनेमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_Britania_Raya" title="Sinema Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_britannico" title="Cinema britannico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema britannico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="קולנוע בריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולנוע בריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_filmm%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Brit filmművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit filmművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="युनायटेड किंग्डममधील सिनेमा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डममधील सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="イギリスの映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリスの映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematografia_brytyjska" title="Kinematografia brytyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kinematografia brytyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_do_Reino_Unido" title="Cinema do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematografia_britanic%C4%83" title="Cinematografia britanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cinematografia britanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кинематограф Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematografia_e_Britanis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Madhe" title="Kinematografia e Britanisë së Madhe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kinematografia e Britanisë së Madhe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="سینەمای شانشینی یەکگرتوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای شانشینی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_sinemas%C4%B1" title="Britanya sineması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya sineması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Кінематограф Великої Британії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінематограф Великої Британії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="英国电影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英国电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849763#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of the United Kingdom<br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/114px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/171px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/228px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="97" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg/220px-Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg/330px-Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg/440px-Harry_Potter_statue_at_Leicester_Square_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> statue in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,264 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-screens_uis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screens_uis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">7.3 per 100,000 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-screens_uis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screens_uis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main distributors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Motion_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures">Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures</a><br /><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a><br /><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century Studios</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment One">Entertainment One</a><sup id="cite_ref-distributors_uis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distributors_uis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-production_uis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production_uis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">285</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fictional</th><td class="infobox-data">213 (74.7%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animated</th><td class="infobox-data">5 (1.8%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documentary</th><td class="infobox-data">66 (23.2%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-adm_gross_uis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm_gross_uis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">170,600,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">2.9</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">£1.38 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">£515 million (37.4%)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/100px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/150px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg/200px-United_Kingdom_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="97" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British films">List of British films</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">British horror</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_before_1920" title="List of British films before 1920">1888–1919</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i> 1920s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1920" title="List of British films of 1920">1920</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1921" title="List of British films of 1921">1921</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1922" title="List of British films of 1922">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1923" title="List of British films of 1923">1923</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1924" title="List of British films of 1924">1924</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1925" title="List of British films of 1925">1925</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1926" title="List of British films of 1926">1926</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1927" title="List of British films of 1927">1927</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1928" title="List of British films of 1928">1928</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1929" title="List of British films of 1929">1929</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1930s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1930" title="List of British films of 1930">1930</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1931" title="List of British films of 1931">1931</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1932" title="List of British films of 1932">1932</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1933" title="List of British films of 1933">1933</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1934" title="List of British films of 1934">1934</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1935" title="List of British films of 1935">1935</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1936" title="List of British films of 1936">1936</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1937" title="List of British films of 1937">1937</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1938" title="List of British films of 1938">1938</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1939" title="List of British films of 1939">1939</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1940s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1940" title="List of British films of 1940">1940</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1941" title="List of British films of 1941">1941</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1942" title="List of British films of 1942">1942</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1943" title="List of British films of 1943">1943</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1944" title="List of British films of 1944">1944</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1945" title="List of British films of 1945">1945</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1946" title="List of British films of 1946">1946</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1947" title="List of British films of 1947">1947</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1948" title="List of British films of 1948">1948</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1949" title="List of British films of 1949">1949</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1950s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1950" title="List of British films of 1950">1950</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1951" title="List of British films of 1951">1951</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1952" title="List of British films of 1952">1952</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1953" title="List of British films of 1953">1953</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1954" title="List of British films of 1954">1954</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1955" title="List of British films of 1955">1955</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1956" title="List of British films of 1956">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1957" title="List of British films of 1957">1957</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1958" title="List of British films of 1958">1958</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1959" title="List of British films of 1959">1959</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1960s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1960" title="List of British films of 1960">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1961" title="List of British films of 1961">1961</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1962" title="List of British films of 1962">1962</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1963" title="List of British films of 1963">1963</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1964" title="List of British films of 1964">1964</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1965" title="List of British films of 1965">1965</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1966" title="List of British films of 1966">1966</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1967" title="List of British films of 1967">1967</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1968" title="List of British films of 1968">1968</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1969" title="List of British films of 1969">1969</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1970s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1970" title="List of British films of 1970">1970</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1971" title="List of British films of 1971">1971</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1972" title="List of British films of 1972">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1973" title="List of British films of 1973">1973</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1974" title="List of British films of 1974">1974</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1975" title="List of British films of 1975">1975</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1976" title="List of British films of 1976">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1977" title="List of British films of 1977">1977</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1978" title="List of British films of 1978">1978</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1979" title="List of British films of 1979">1979</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1980s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1980" title="List of British films of 1980">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1981" title="List of British films of 1981">1981</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1982" title="List of British films of 1982">1982</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1983" title="List of British films of 1983">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1984" title="List of British films of 1984">1984</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1985" title="List of British films of 1985">1985</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1986" title="List of British films of 1986">1986</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1987" title="List of British films of 1987">1987</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1988" title="List of British films of 1988">1988</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1989" title="List of British films of 1989">1989</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>1990s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1990" title="List of British films of 1990">1990</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1991" title="List of British films of 1991">1991</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1992" title="List of British films of 1992">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1993" title="List of British films of 1993">1993</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1994" title="List of British films of 1994">1994</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1995" title="List of British films of 1995">1995</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1996" title="List of British films of 1996">1996</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1997" title="List of British films of 1997">1997</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1998" title="List of British films of 1998">1998</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1999" title="List of British films of 1999">1999</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>2000s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2000" title="List of British films of 2000">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2001" title="List of British films of 2001">2001</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2002" title="List of British films of 2002">2002</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2003" title="List of British films of 2003">2003</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2004" title="List of British films of 2004">2004</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2005" title="List of British films of 2005">2005</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2006" title="List of British films of 2006">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2007" title="List of British films of 2007">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2008" title="List of British films of 2008">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2009" title="List of British films of 2009">2009</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>2010s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2010" title="List of British films of 2010">2010</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2011" title="List of British films of 2011">2011</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2012" title="List of British films of 2012">2012</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2013" title="List of British films of 2013">2013</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2014" title="List of British films of 2014">2014</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2015" title="List of British films of 2015">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2016" title="List of British films of 2016">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2017" title="List of British films of 2017">2017</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2018" title="List of British films of 2018">2018</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2019" title="List of British films of 2019">2019</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>2020s</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2020" title="List of British films of 2020">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2021" title="List of British films of 2021">2021</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2022" title="List of British films of 2022">2022</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2023" title="List of British films of 2023">2023</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2024" title="List of British films of 2024">2024</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i>By Country</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_film_list" title="Template:British film list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_film_list" title="Template talk:British film list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_film_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British film list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roundhay_Garden_Scene" title="Roundhay Garden Scene">oldest known surviving film</a> (from 1888) was shot in the United Kingdom as well as early colour films. While film production reached an all-time high in 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-FF12-03_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF12-03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "golden age" of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced their most critically acclaimed works. Many British actors have accrued critical success and worldwide recognition, such as <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glynis_Johns" title="Glynis Johns">Glynis Johns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mckellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Mckellen">Ian Mckellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%E2%80%99Toole" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter O’Toole">Peter O’Toole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the fourth and fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films#Highest-grossing_franchises_and_film_series" title="List of highest-grossing films">highest-grossing film franchises</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of the British film industry, particularly as it relates to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, has often been the subject of debate. Its history has often been affected by attempts to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American industry</a>. The career of the producer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a> was marked by this objective, the <a href="/wiki/Rank_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Organisation">Rank Organisation</a> attempted to do so in the 1940s, and <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest</a> in the 1980s. Numerous British-born directors, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, have achieved success primarily through their work in the United States. </p><p>In 2009, British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 172.5 million admissions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> has produced a poll ranking what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time, the <a href="/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films" title="BFI Top 100 British films">BFI Top 100 British films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">BAFTA Awards</a> hosted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a> are considered to be the British equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc260201_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc260201-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamfriesegreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jpg/170px-Williamfriesegreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jpg/255px-Williamfriesegreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jpg/340px-Williamfriesegreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>William Friese-Greene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Urban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Urban.jpg/170px-Charles_Urban.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Urban.jpg/255px-Charles_Urban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charles_Urban.jpg/340px-Charles_Urban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Charles Urban, 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg/170px-Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg/255px-Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg/340px-Cecil_M._Hepworth_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Cecil Hepworth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg/170px-Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg/255px-Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Sir-Oswald-Stoll-1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Sir Oswald Stoll, 1922</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_silent_films">Origins and silent films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and silent films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's first moving picture was shot in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> in 1888<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first moving pictures developed on <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrate film">celluloid film</a> were made in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a> in 1889 by British inventor <a href="/wiki/William_Friese_Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="William Friese Greene">William Friese Greene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who patented the process in 1890. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg/170px-Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg/255px-Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg/340px-Charlie_Chaplin_with_doll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, c. 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The first people to build and run a working <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> in Britain were <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Paul" title="Robert W. Paul">Robert W. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birt_Acres" title="Birt Acres">Birt Acres</a>. They made the first British film <i><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Clovelly_Cottage" title="Incident at Clovelly Cottage">Incident at Clovelly Cottage</a></i> in February 1895, shortly before falling out over the camera's patent. Soon several British film companies had opened to meet the demand for new films, such as <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_and_Kenyon" title="Mitchell and Kenyon">Mitchell and Kenyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">The Lumière brothers</a> first brought their show to London in 1896. In 1898, American producer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Urban" title="Charles Urban">Charles Urban</a> expanded the London-based <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Trading_Company" title="Warwick Trading Company">Warwick Trading Company</a> to produce British films, mostly documentary and news. </p><p>Although the earliest British films were of everyday events, the early 20th century saw the appearance of narrative shorts, mainly comedies and melodramas. The early films were often melodramatic in tone, and there was a distinct preference for story lines already known to the audience, in particular, adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> plays and <a href="/wiki/Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickens">Dickens</a> novels. </p><p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British" title="Gaumont-British">Gaumont-British Picture Corp.</a> was founded as a subsidiary of the French <a href="/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumont Film Company">Gaumont Film Company</a>, constructing <a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_London_(sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West London (sub region)">West London</a> in 1915 in the first building built in Britain solely for film production. Also in 1898, <a href="/wiki/Hepworth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepworth Studios">Hepworth Studios</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, South London by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hepworth" title="Cecil Hepworth">Cecil Hepworth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bamforths" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamforths">Bamforths</a> began producing films in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Haggar" title="William Haggar">William Haggar</a> began producing films in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. </p><p>Directed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Booth" title="Walter R. Booth">Walter R. Booth</a> in 1901, <i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge,_or,_Marley%27s_Ghost" title="Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost</a></i> is the earliest film adaptation of Charles Dickens's festive novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hand_of_the_Artist" title="The Hand of the Artist">The Hand of the Artist</a></i> (1906) has been described as the first British animated film.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Will_Barker_(director)" title="Will Barker (director)">Will Barker</a>. It has become the oldest continuously operating film studio in the world. </p><p>In 1902, the earliest colour film in the world was made; capturing everyday events. In 2012, it was found by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> after lying forgotten in an old tin for 110 years. The previous title for earliest colour film, using Urban's inferior <a href="/wiki/Kinemacolor" title="Kinemacolor">Kinemacolor</a> process, was thought to date from 1909. The re-discovered films were made by pioneer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Raymond_Turner" title="Edward Raymond Turner">Edward Raymond Turner</a> from London who patented his process on 22 March 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_in_Wonderland_(1903_film).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281903_film%29.jpg/220px-Alice_in_Wonderland_%281903_film%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281903_film%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot from the first film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1903_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> (1903)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1909, Urban formed the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_Kinematograph_Company" title="Natural Color Kinematograph Company">Natural Color Kinematograph Company</a>, which produced early colour films using his patented Kinemacolor process. This was later challenged in court by Greene, causing the company to go out of business in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hepworth" title="Cecil Hepworth">Cecil Hepworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Stow" title="Percy Stow">Percy Stow</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1903_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)"><i>Alice in Wonderland</i></a>, the first film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s children's book <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1903, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Mottershaw" title="Frank Mottershaw">Frank Mottershaw</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> produced the film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Daring_Daylight_Robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="A Daring Daylight Robbery">A Daring Daylight Robbery</a></i>, which launched the chase genre. </p><p>In 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_Film_Company" title="Ideal Film Company">Ideal Film Company</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Soho,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Soho, London">Soho, London</a>, distributing almost 400 films by 1934, and producing 80. </p><p>In 1913, stage director <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Elvey" title="Maurice Elvey">Maurice Elvey</a> began directing British films, becoming Britain's most prolific film director, with almost 200 by 1957. </p><p>In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios" title="Elstree Studios">Elstree Studios</a> was founded, and acquired in 1928 by German-born <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner" title="Ludwig Blattner">Ludwig Blattner</a>, who invented a magnetic steel tape recording system that was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1930. </p><p>In 1915, the Kinematograph Renters’ Society of Great Britain and Ireland was formed to represent the <a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">film distribution</a> companies. It is the oldest film trade body in the world. It was known as the Society of Film Distributors until it changed its name again to the Film Distributors’ Association (FDA).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Gaumont opened <a href="/wiki/Islington_Studios" title="Islington Studios">Islington Studios</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> got his start, selling out to <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a> in 1927. Also in 1920 <a href="/wiki/Cricklewood_Studios" title="Cricklewood Studios">Cricklewood Studios</a> was founded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Stoll" title="Oswald Stoll">Oswald Stoll</a>, becoming Britain's largest film studio, known for <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> film series. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg/170px-Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg/255px-Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg/340px-Leslie_Howard_GWTW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Leslie Howard</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, the short-lived company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerva_Films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minerva Films (page does not exist)">Minerva Films</a> was founded in London by the actor <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Howard (actor)">Leslie Howard</a> (also producer and director) and his friend and story editor <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Brunel" title="Adrian Brunel">Adrian Brunel</a>. Some of their early films include four written by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bump_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bump (film) (page does not exist)">The Bump</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith" title="C. Aubrey Smith">C. Aubrey Smith</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Twice_Two" title="Twice Two">Twice Two</a></i>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Pound_Reward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Pound Reward (page does not exist)">Five Pound Reward</a></i>; and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bookworms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bookworms (page does not exist)">Bookworms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1920s the British film industry was losing out to heavy competition from the United States, which was helped by its much larger home market – in 1914 25% of films shown in the UK were British, but by 1926 this had fallen to 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Times48_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slump in 1924 caused many British film studios to close,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> resulting in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Act_1927" title="Cinematograph Films Act 1927">Cinematograph Films Act 1927</a> to boost local production, requiring that cinemas show a certain percentage of British films. The act was technically a success, with audiences for British films becoming larger than the quota required, but it had the effect of creating a market for poor quality, low cost films, made to satisfy the quota. The "quota quickies", as they became known, are often blamed by historians for holding back the development of the industry. However, some British film makers, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a>, learnt their craft making such films. The act was modified with the Cinematograph Films Act 1938 assisted the British film industry by specifying only films made by and shot in Great Britain would be included in the quota, an act that severely reduced Canadian and Australian film production. </p><p>The biggest star of the silent era, English comedian <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>-based.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcock,_Alfred_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/180px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/270px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/360px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> established himself as a name director with his first thriller, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a></i> (1927)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_early_sound_period">The early sound period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The early sound period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish solicitor <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(producer)" title="John Maxwell (producer)">John Maxwell</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">British International Pictures</a> (BIP) in 1927. Based at the former <a href="/wiki/British_National_Pictures_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Pictures Studios">British National Pictures Studios</a> in Elstree, the facilities original owners, including producer-director <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox" title="Herbert Wilcox">Herbert Wilcox</a>, had run into financial difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the company's early films, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a></i> (1929), is often regarded as the first British sound feature.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a part-talkie with a synchronised score and sound effects. Earlier in 1929, the first all-talking British feature, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clue_of_the_New_Pin_(1929_film)" title="The Clue of the New Pin (1929 film)">The Clue of the New Pin</a></i> was released. It was based on a novel by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace" title="Edgar Wallace">Edgar Wallace</a>, starring Donald Calthrop, Benita Home and Fred Raines, which was made by <a href="/wiki/British_Lion_Film_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Lion Film Corporation">British Lion</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield_Film_Studios" title="Beaconsfield Film Studios">Beaconsfield Studios</a>. John Maxwell's BIP became the Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABPC's studios in Elstree came to be known as the "porridge factory", according to Lou Alexander, "for reasons more likely to do with the quantity of films that the company turned out, than their quality".<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elstree" title="Elstree">Elstree</a> (strictly speaking almost all the studios were in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>) became the centre of the British film industry, with <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios" title="Elstree Studios">six film complexes</a> over the years all in close proximity to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1927, the largest cinema chains in the United Kingdom consisted of around 20 cinemas but the following year <a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British" title="Gaumont-British">Gaumont-British</a> expanded significantly to become the largest, controlling 180 cinemas by 1928 and up to 300 by 1929. Maxwell formed <a href="/wiki/ABC_Cinemas" title="ABC Cinemas">ABC Cinemas</a> in 1927 which became a subsidiary of BIP and went on to become one of the largest in the country, together with <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon Cinemas</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Deutsch" title="Oscar Deutsch">Oscar Deutsch</a>, who opened his first cinema in 1928. By 1937, these three chains controlled almost a quarter of all cinemas in the country. A booking by one of these chains was indispensable for the success of any British film.<sup id="cite_ref-Times48_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of sound films, many foreign actors were in less demand, with English <a href="/wiki/Received_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Received pronunciation">received pronunciation</a> commonly used; for example, the voice of Czech actress <a href="/wiki/Anny_Ondra" title="Anny Ondra">Anny Ondra</a> in <i>Blackmail</i> was substituted by an off-camera <a href="/wiki/Joan_Barry_(British_actress)" title="Joan Barry (British actress)">Joan Barry</a> during Ondra's scenes. </p><p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/John_Grierson" title="John Grierson">John Grierson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Drifters_(1929_film)" title="Drifters (1929 film)">Drifters</a></i> (also 1929), the period saw the emergence of the school of realist <a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a>, from 1933 associated with the <a href="/wiki/GPO_Film_Unit" title="GPO Film Unit">GPO Film Unit</a>. It was Grierson who coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>" to describe a non-fiction film, and he produced the movement's most celebrated early films, <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Mail" title="Night Mail">Night Mail</a></i> (1936), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Wright" title="Basil Wright">Basil Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Watt_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Watt (director)">Harry Watt</a>, and incorporating the poem by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> towards the end of the short. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music halls</a> also proved influential in <a href="/wiki/Comedy_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy films">comedy films</a> of this period, and a number of popular personalities emerged, including <a href="/wiki/George_Formby,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Formby, Jr.">George Formby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Fields" title="Gracie Fields">Gracie Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Matthews" title="Jessie Matthews">Jessie Matthews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Hay" title="Will Hay">Will Hay</a>. These stars often made several films a year, and their productions remained important for morale purposes during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg/170px-Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg/255px-Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg/340px-Alexander-Korda-1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Korda</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the British films with larger budgets during the 1930s were produced by <a href="/wiki/London_Films" title="London Films">London Films</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <i>emigre</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a>. The success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Henry_VIII" title="The Private Life of Henry VIII">The Private Life of Henry VIII</a></i> (1933), made at <a href="/wiki/British_and_Dominions_Elstree_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Dominions Elstree Studios">British and Dominions Elstree Studios</a>, persuaded <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">The Prudential</a> to invest in Korda's <a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a>, which opened in May 1936, but both investors suffered losses as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korda's films before the war included <i><a href="/wiki/Things_to_Come" title="Things to Come">Things to Come</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_(1936_film)" title="Rembrandt (1936 film)">Rembrandt</a></i> (both 1936) and <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_Without_Armour" title="Knight Without Armour">Knight Without Armour</a></i> (1937), as well as the early <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolour</a> films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drum_(1938_film)" title="The Drum (1938 film)">The Drum</a></i> (1938) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Feathers_(1939_film)" title="The Four Feathers (1939 film)">The Four Feathers</a></i> (1939). These had followed closely on from <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Morning_(1937_film)" title="Wings of the Morning (1937 film)">Wings of the Morning</a></i> (1937), the UK's first three-strip Technicolour feature film, made by the local offshoot of <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>. Although some of Korda's films indulged in "unrelenting pro-Empire flag waving", those featuring <a href="/wiki/Sabu_Dastagir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabu Dastagir">Sabu</a> turned him into "a huge international star";<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "for many years" he had the highest profile of any actor of Indian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> was also cast in leading roles when "there were hardly any opportunities" for African Americans "to play challenging roles" in their own country's productions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> was established as the lead organisation for film in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set up the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Library">National Film Library</a> in 1935 (now known as the BFI National Archive), with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lindgren" title="Ernest Lindgren">Ernest Lindgren</a> as its curator. </p><p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/J._Arthur_Rank" title="J. Arthur Rank">J. Arthur Rank</a> became a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/British_National_Films_Company" title="British National Films Company">British National Films Company</a> and they helped create <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a>, which opened in 1936. Also in 1936, Rank took over <a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a> and in 1937, Rank founded <a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation">The Rank Organisation</a>. In 1938, General Film Distributors became affiliated with Odeon Cinemas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmalion-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pygmalion-1938.jpg/220px-Pygmalion-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pygmalion-1938.jpg/330px-Pygmalion-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pygmalion-1938.jpg/440px-Pygmalion-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scott_Sunderland_(actor)" title="Scott Sunderland (actor)">Scott Sunderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard" title="Leslie Howard">Leslie Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Hiller" title="Wendy Hiller">Wendy Hiller</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(1938_film)" title="Pygmalion (1938 film)">Pygmalion</a></i> (1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rising expenditure and over-optimistic expectations of expansion into the American market caused a financial crisis in 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an all-time high of 192 films were released in 1936. Of the 640 British production companies registered between 1925 and 1936, only 20 were still active in 1937. Moreover, the 1927 Films Act was up for renewal. The replacement Cinematograph Films Act 1938 provided incentives, via a "<a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Council" title="Cinematograph Films Council">quality test</a>", for UK companies to make fewer films, but of higher quality, and to eliminate the "quota quickies". Influenced by world politics, it encouraged American investment and imports. One result was the creation of <a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British</a>, an English subsidiary of the largest American studio, which produced four films before the war, including <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1939_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i> (1939). </p><p>The new venture was initially based at Denham Studios. Korda himself lost control of the facility in 1939 to the Rank Organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circumstances forced Korda's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> (1940), a spectacular fantasy film, to be completed in California, where Korda continued his film career during the war. </p><p>By now contracted to Gaumont British, Alfred Hitchcock had settled on the thriller genre by the mid-1930s with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a></i> (1934), <i><a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a></i> (1935) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes_(1938_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)">The Lady Vanishes</a></i> (1938). Lauded in Britain where he was dubbed "Alfred the Great" by <i><a href="/wiki/Picturegoer" title="Picturegoer">Picturegoer</a></i> magazine, Hitchcock's reputation was beginning to develop overseas, with a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> feature writer asserting; "Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not. <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchcock was then signed up to a seven-year contract by Selznick and moved to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The idea of a nation of devoted cinema-goers is inextricably linked with the number of classic films released during the war years. This was British cinema’s ‘golden age’, a period in which filmmakers such as Humphrey Jennings, David Lean, Powell and Pressburger, and Carol Reed came to the fore."<sup id="cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_Cinema-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> on 5 September 1939, two days after Britain declared war on Germany, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>’s letter protested against a government order to close all places of entertainment, including cinemas. ‘What agent of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> is it who has suggested that we should all cower in darkness and terror “for the duration”?’. Within two weeks of the order cinemas in the provinces were reopened, followed by <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a> within a month.<sup id="cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_Cinema-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, cinema admissions figures rose, to just over 1 billion for the year, and they continued rising to over 1.5 billion in 1943, 1944 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_Cinema-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Jennings" title="Humphrey Jennings">Humphrey Jennings</a> began his career as a documentary film maker just before the war, in some cases working in collaboration with co-directors. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Can_Take_It" class="mw-redirect" title="London Can Take It">London Can Take It</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Watt_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Watt (director)">Harry Wat</a>, 1940) detailed <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> while <i><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Britain" title="Listen to Britain">Listen to Britain</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Stewart_McAllister" title="Stewart McAllister">Stewart McAllister</a>, 1942) looked at the home front.<sup id="cite_ref-indep3909_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indep3909-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Film_Unit" title="Crown Film Unit">Crown Film Unit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-indep3909_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indep3909-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> took over the responsibilities of the GPO Film Unit in 1940. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rotha" title="Paul Rotha">Paul Rotha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cavalcanti" title="Alberto Cavalcanti">Alberto Cavalcanti</a> were colleagues of Jennings. British films began to make use of documentary techniques; Cavalcanti joined <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Went_the_Day_Well%3F" title="Went the Day Well?">Went the Day Well?</a></i> (1942), </p><p>Many other films helped to shape the popular image of the nation at war. Among the best known of these films are <i><a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a></i> (1942), <i><a href="/wiki/We_Dive_at_Dawn" title="We Dive at Dawn">We Dive at Dawn</a></i> (1943), <i><a href="/wiki/Millions_Like_Us" title="Millions Like Us">Millions Like Us</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_Ahead" title="The Way Ahead">The Way Ahead</a></i> (1944). The war years also saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger" title="Powell and Pressburger">The Archers</a> partnership between director Michael Powell and the Hungarian-born writer-producer <a href="/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger" title="Emeric Pressburger">Emeric Pressburger</a> with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Colonel_Blimp" title="The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp">The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Canterbury_Tale" title="A Canterbury Tale">A Canterbury Tale</a></i> (1944). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Two_Cities_Films" title="Two Cities Films">Two Cities Films</a>, an independent production company releasing their films through a Rank subsidiary, also made some important films, including the <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> and David Lean collaborations <i><a href="/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)" title="This Happy Breed (film)">This Happy Breed</a></i> (1944) and <i><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(1945_film)" title="Blithe Spirit (1945 film)">Blithe Spirit</a></i> (1945) as well as <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1944_film)" title="Henry V (1944 film)">Henry V</a></i> (1944). By this time, <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough</a> Studios were releasing their series of critically derided but immensely popular period melodramas, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_Grey" title="The Man in Grey">The Man in Grey</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Lady" title="The Wicked Lady">The Wicked Lady</a></i> (1945). New stars, such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood" title="Margaret Lockwood">Margaret Lockwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a>, emerged in the Gainsborough films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_cinema">Post-war cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the 1940s, the Rank Organisation became the dominant force behind British film-making, having acquired a number of British studios and the Gaumont chain (in 1941) to add to its Odeon Cinemas. Rank's serious financial crisis in 1949, a substantial loss and debt, resulted in the contraction of its film production.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Rank maintained an industry duopoly with ABPC (later absorbed by EMI) for many years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg/220px-Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg/330px-Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg/440px-Deborah_Kerr_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> as Sister Clodagh in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Narcissus" title="Black Narcissus">Black Narcissus</a></i> (1947)</figcaption></figure> <p>For the moment, the industry hit new heights of creativity in the immediate post-war years. Among the most significant films produced during this period were <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Encounter" title="Brief Encounter">Brief Encounter</a></i> (1945) and his Dickens adaptations <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations_(1946_film)" title="Great Expectations (1946 film)">Great Expectations</a></i> (1946) and <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(1948_film)" title="Oliver Twist (1948 film)">Oliver Twist</a></i> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Ken_Annakin" title="Ken Annakin">Ken Annakin</a>'s comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(1948_film)" title="Miranda (1948 film)">Miranda</a></i> (1948) starring <a href="/wiki/Glynis_Johns" title="Glynis Johns">Glynis Johns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a>'s thrillers <i><a href="/wiki/Odd_Man_Out" title="Odd Man Out">Odd Man Out</a></i> (1947) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a></i> (1949), and Powell and Pressburger's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Life_and_Death_(film)" title="A Matter of Life and Death (film)">A Matter of Life and Death</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Narcissus" title="Black Narcissus">Black Narcissus</a></i> (1947) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(1948_film)" title="The Red Shoes (1948 film)">The Red Shoes</a></i> (1948), the most commercially successful film of its year in the United States. Laurence Olivier's <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">Hamlet</a></i> (also 1948), was the first non-American film to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>. Ealing Studios (financially backed by Rank) began to produce their most celebrated comedies, with three of the best remembered films, <i><a href="/wiki/Whisky_Galore!_(1949_film)" title="Whisky Galore! (1949 film)">Whisky Galore</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_Hearts_and_Coronets" title="Kind Hearts and Coronets">Kind Hearts and Coronets</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Passport_to_Pimlico" title="Passport to Pimlico">Passport to Pimlico</a></i> (both 1949), being on release almost simultaneously. Their <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau film">portmanteau</a> horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_of_Night" title="Dead of Night">Dead of Night</a></i> (1945) is also particularly highly regarded. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Import_Duties_Act_1932" title="Import Duties Act 1932">Import Duties Act 1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> levied a 75% <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> on all film imports on 6 August 1947 which became known as Dalton Duty (after <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a> then the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>). The tax came into effect on 8 August, applying to all imported films, of which the overwhelming majority came from the United States; American film studio revenues from the UK had been in excess of US$68 million in 1946. The following day, 9 August, the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a> announced that no further films would be supplied to British cinemas until further notice. The Dalton Duty was ended on 3 May 1948 with the American studios again exported films to the UK though the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> prohibited US film companies from taking foreign exchange out of the nations their films played in.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Cinematograph Film Production (Special Loans) Act 1949, the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Finance_Corporation" title="National Film Finance Corporation">National Film Finance Corporation</a> (NFFC) was established as a British film funding agency. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eady_Levy" title="Eady Levy">Eady Levy</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Griffin_Eady" title="Wilfred Griffin Eady">Sir Wilfred Eady</a> was a tax on <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> receipts in the United Kingdom in order to support the British Film industry. It was established in 1950 coming into effect in 1957. A direct governmental payment to British-based producers would have qualified as a <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidy</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>, and would have led to objections from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American film</a> producers. An indirect levy did not qualify as a subsidy, and so was a suitable way of providing additional funding for the UK film industry whilst avoiding criticism from abroad. </p><p>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Theatre">National Film Theatre</a> was initially opened in a temporary building at the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>. It moved to its present location on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a> in London for the first <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a> on 16 October 1957 run by the BFI.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg/170px-Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg/255px-Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg/340px-Terry-Thomas_in_Where_Were_You_When_the_Lights_Went_Out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4455" data-file-height="5657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terry-Thomas" title="Terry-Thomas">Terry-Thomas</a> starred with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> in four films between 1957 and 1959. Their last film, <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_All_Right_Jack" title="I'm All Right Jack">I'm All Right Jack</a></i>, was the highest-grossing film at the British box office in 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1950s, the British industry began to concentrate on popular comedies and World War II dramas aimed more squarely at the domestic audience. The war films were often based on true stories and made in a similar low-key style to their wartime predecessors. They helped to make stars of actors like <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hawkins" title="Jack Hawkins">Jack Hawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_More" title="Kenneth More">Kenneth More</a>. Some of the most successful included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_(1953_film)" title="The Cruel Sea (1953 film)">The Cruel Sea</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)" title="The Dam Busters (film)">The Dam Busters</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colditz_Story" title="The Colditz Story">The Colditz Story</a></i> (1955) and <i><a href="/wiki/Reach_for_the_Sky" title="Reach for the Sky">Reach for the Sky</a></i> (1956). </p><p>The Rank Organisation produced some comedy successes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_(film)" title="Genevieve (film)">Genevieve</a></i> (1953). The writer/director/producer team of twin brothers <a href="/wiki/John_and_Roy_Boulting" class="mw-redirect" title="John and Roy Boulting">John and Roy Boulting</a> also produced a series of successful satires on British life and institutions, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Private%27s_Progress" title="Private's Progress">Private's Progress</a></i> (1956), and continuing with (among others) <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Law_(film)" title="Brothers in Law (film)">Brothers in Law</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Carlton-Browne_of_the_F.O." title="Carlton-Browne of the F.O.">Carlton-Browne of the F.O.</a></i> (1958), and <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_All_Right_Jack" title="I'm All Right Jack">I'm All Right Jack</a></i> (1959). Starring in <i><a href="/wiki/School_for_Scoundrels_(1960_film)" title="School for Scoundrels (1960 film)">School for Scoundrels</a></i> (1960), the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> thought <a href="/wiki/Terry-Thomas" title="Terry-Thomas">Terry-Thomas</a> was "outstanding as a classic British <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bounder" class="extiw" title="wikt:bounder">bounder</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular comedy series included the "Doctor" series, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_in_the_House_(film)" title="Doctor in the House (film)">Doctor in the House</a></i> (1954). The series originally starred <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a>, probably the British industry's most popular star of the 1950s, though later films had <a href="/wiki/Michael_Craig_(actor)" title="Michael Craig (actor)">Michael Craig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Phillips" title="Leslie Phillips">Leslie Phillips</a> in leading roles. The <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry On (film series)">Carry On series</a> began in 1958 with regular instalments appearing for the next twenty years. The Italian director-producer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Zampi" title="Mario Zampi">Mario Zampi</a> also made a number of successful <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedies</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Laughter_in_Paradise" title="Laughter in Paradise">Laughter in Paradise</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Truth_(1957_film)" title="The Naked Truth (1957 film)">The Naked Truth</a></i> (1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/Too_Many_Crooks" title="Too Many Crooks">Too Many Crooks</a></i> (1958). <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a> had continued its run of successful comedies, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lavender_Hill_Mob" title="The Lavender Hill Mob">The Lavender Hill Mob</a></i> (1951) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladykillers_(1955_film)" title="The Ladykillers (1955 film)">The Ladykillers</a></i> (1955), but the company ceased production in 1958, after the studios had already been bought by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula_1958_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dracula_1958_a.jpg/220px-Dracula_1958_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dracula_1958_a.jpg/330px-Dracula_1958_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dracula_1958_a.jpg/440px-Dracula_1958_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a></i> (1958)</figcaption></figure> <p>Less restrictive censorship towards the end of the 1950s encouraged film producer <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Films</a> to embark on their series of commercially successful horror films. Beginning with adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kneale" title="Nigel Kneale">Nigel Kneale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction television">science fiction serials</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quatermass_Experiment" title="The Quatermass Experiment">The Quatermass Experiment</a></i> (1955) and <i><a href="/wiki/Quatermass_II" title="Quatermass II">Quatermass II</a></i> (1957), Hammer quickly graduated to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a></i> (1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a></i> (1958), both deceptively lavish and the first gothic horror films in colour. The studio turned out numerous sequels and variants, with English actors <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> being the most regular leads. <i><a href="/wiki/Peeping_Tom_(1960_film)" title="Peeping Tom (1960 film)">Peeping Tom</a></i> (1960), a now highly regarded thriller, with horror elements, set in the contemporary period, was badly received by the critics at the time, and effectively finished the career of Michael Powell, its director. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_realism">Social realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013,_Karlsbad,_Filmfestival,_Beyer,_Reiss,_Brousil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0710-0009-013%2C_Karlsbad%2C_Filmfestival%2C_Beyer%2C_Reiss%2C_Brousil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karel_Reisz" title="Karel Reisz">Karel Reisz</a> (centre) who was active in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a> and the 'British New Wave'</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> film makers attempted to produce <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realist</a> films (see also '<a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">kitchen sink realism</a>') attempted in commercial feature films released between around 1959 and 1963 to convey narratives about a wider spectrum of people in Britain than the country's earlier films had done. These individuals, principally <a href="/wiki/Karel_Reisz" title="Karel Reisz">Karel Reisz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson" title="Lindsay Anderson">Lindsay Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a>, were also involved in the short lived Oxford film journal <i><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(journal)" title="Sequence (journal)">Sequence</a></i> and the "<a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a>" documentary film movement. The 1956 statement of Free Cinema, the name was coined by Anderson, asserted: "No film can be too personal. The image speaks. Sounds amplifies and comments. Size is irrelevant. Perfection is not an aim. An attitude means a style. A style means an attitude." Anderson, in particular, was dismissive of the commercial film industry. Their documentary films included Anderson's <i><a href="/wiki/Every_Day_Except_Christmas" title="Every Day Except Christmas">Every Day Except Christmas</a></i>, among several sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford of Britain</a>, and Richardson's <i><a href="/wiki/Momma_Don%27t_Allow" title="Momma Don't Allow">Momma Don't Allow</a></i>. Another member of this group, <a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a>, made documentaries for the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor (UK TV series)">Monitor</a></i> arts series. </p><p>Together with future James Bond co-producer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Saltzman" title="Harry Saltzman">Harry Saltzman</a>, dramatist <a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a> and Tony Richardson established the company Woodfall Films to produce their early feature films. These included adaptations of Richardson's stage productions of Osborne's <i><a href="/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger_(1959_film)" title="Look Back in Anger (1959 film)">Look Back in Anger</a></i> (1959), with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(film)" title="The Entertainer (film)">The Entertainer</a></i> (1960) with <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, both from Osborne's own screenplays. Such films as Reisz's <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_and_Sunday_Morning_(film)" title="Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)">Saturday Night and Sunday Morning</a></i> (also 1960), Richardson's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Honey_(film)" title="A Taste of Honey (film)">A Taste of Honey</a></i> (1961), Schlesinger's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Kind_of_Loving_(film)" title="A Kind of Loving (film)">A Kind of Loving</a></i> (1962) and <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Liar_(film)" title="Billy Liar (film)">Billy Liar</a></i> (1963), and Anderson's <i><a href="/wiki/This_Sporting_Life" title="This Sporting Life">This Sporting Life</a></i> (1963) are often associated with a new openness about working-class life or previously taboo issues. </p><p>The team of <a href="/wiki/Basil_Dearden" title="Basil Dearden">Basil Dearden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Relph" title="Michael Relph">Michael Relph</a>, from an earlier generation, "probe[d] into the social issues that now confronted social stability and the establishment of the promised peacetime consensus".<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_London_(film)" title="Pool of London (film)">Pool of London</a></i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(film)" title="Sapphire (film)">Sapphire</a></i> (1959) were early attempts to create narratives about racial tensions and an emerging multi-cultural Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dearden and Relph's <i><a href="/wiki/Victim_(1961_film)" title="Victim (1961 film)">Victim</a></i> (1961), was about the blackmail of homosexuals. Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Wolfenden_report" title="Wolfenden report">Wolfenden report</a> of four years earlier, which advocated the decriminalising of homosexual sexual activity, this was "the first British film to deal explicitly with homosexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the New Wave film makers though, critical responses to Dearden's and Relph's work have not generally been positive.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1960s">The 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg/170px-Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg/255px-Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> (1962)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the 1960s progressed, American studios returned to financially supporting British films, especially those that capitalised on the "<a href="/wiki/Swinging_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinging London">swinging London</a>" image propagated by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine in 1966. Films like <i><a href="/wiki/Darling_(1965_film)" title="Darling (1965 film)">Darling</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knack_...and_How_to_Get_It" title="The Knack ...and How to Get It">The Knack ...and How to Get It</a></i> (both 1965), <i><a href="/wiki/Alfie_(1966_film)" title="Alfie (1966 film)">Alfie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Girl" title="Georgy Girl">Georgy Girl</a></i> (both 1966), all explored this phenomenon. <i><a href="/wiki/Blowup" title="Blowup">Blowup</a></i> (also 1966), and later <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Love_(film)" title="Women in Love (film)">Women in Love</a></i> (1969), showed female and then male full-frontal nudity on screen in mainstream British films for the first time. </p><p>At the same time, film producers Harry Saltzman and <a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli" title="Albert R. Broccoli">Albert R. Broccoli</a> combined sex with exotic locations, casual violence and self-referential humour in the phenomenally successful <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond (film series)">James Bond</a> series with <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> in the leading role. The first film <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a></i> (1962) was a <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">sleeper hit</a> in the UK and the second, <i><a href="/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_(film)" title="From Russia with Love (film)">From Russia with Love</a></i> (1963), a hit worldwide. By the time of the third film, <i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a></i> (1964), the series had become a global phenomenon, reaching its commercial peak with <i><a href="/wiki/Thunderball_(film)" title="Thunderball (film)">Thunderball</a></i> the following year. The series' success led to a <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy film</a> boom with many Bond imitations. Bond co-producer Saltzman also instigated a rival series of more realistic spy films based on the novels of <a href="/wiki/Len_Deighton" title="Len Deighton">Len Deighton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> starred as bespectacled spy <a href="/wiki/Harry_Palmer" title="Harry Palmer">Harry Palmer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ipcress_File_(film)" title="The Ipcress File (film)">The Ipcress File</a></i> (1965), and two sequels in the next few years. Other more downbeat espionage films were adapted from <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> novels, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_In_from_the_Cold_(film)" title="The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (film)">The Spy Who Came In from the Cold</a></i> (1965) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Affair" title="The Deadly Affair">The Deadly Affair</a></i> (1966). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png/220px-Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png/330px-Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png/440px-Dr._Strangelove_-_The_War_Room.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The war room in <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i> (1963) was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Adam" title="Ken Adam">Ken Adam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>American directors were regularly working in London throughout the decade, but several became permanent residents in the UK. Blacklisted in America, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a> had a significant influence on British cinema in the 1960s, particularly with his collaborations with playwright <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and leading man <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Servant_(1963_film)" title="The Servant (1963 film)">The Servant</a></i> (1963) and <i><a href="/wiki/Accident_(1967_film)" title="Accident (1967 film)">Accident</a></i> (1967). Voluntary exiles <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lester" title="Richard Lester">Richard Lester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> were also active in the UK. Lester had major hits with <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(film)" title="A Hard Day's Night (film)">A Hard Day's Night</a></i> (1964) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knack_...and_How_to_Get_It" title="The Knack ...and How to Get It">The Knack ...and How to Get It</a></i> (1965) and Kubrick with <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i> (1963) and <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968). While Kubrick settled in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> in the early 1960s and would remain in England for the rest of his career, these two films retained a strong American influence. Other films of this era involved prominent filmmakers from elsewhere in Europe, <i><a href="/wiki/Repulsion_(film)" title="Repulsion (film)">Repulsion</a></i> (1965) and <i>Blowup</i> (1966) were the first English language films of the Polish director <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> respectively. </p><p>Historical films as diverse as <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(1963_film)" title="Tom Jones (1963 film)">Tom Jones</a></i> (1963), and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1966_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)">A Man for All Seasons</a></i> (1966) benefited from the investment of American studios. Major films like <i><a href="/wiki/Becket_(1964_film)" title="Becket (1964 film)">Becket</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum</a></i> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1968_film)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a></i> (1968) were regularly mounted, while smaller-scale films, including <i><a href="/wiki/Accident_(1967_film)" title="Accident (1967 film)">Accident</a></i> (1967), were big critical successes. Four of the decade's <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> winners for best picture were British productions, including six <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscars</a> for the film musical <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!_(film)" title="Oliver! (film)">Oliver!</a></i> (1968), based on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i>. </p><p>After directing several contributions to the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wednesday_Play" title="The Wednesday Play">Wednesday Play</a></i> anthology series, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> began his feature film career with the social realist <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Cow" title="Poor Cow">Poor Cow</a></i> (1967) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i> (1969). Meanwhile, the controversy around <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watkins" title="Peter Watkins">Peter Watkins</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Game" title="The War Game">The War Game</a></i> (1965), which won the Best Documentary Film Oscar in 1967, but had been suppressed by the BBC who had commissioned it, would ultimately lead Watkins to work exclusively outside Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenda_Jackson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Glenda_Jackson.JPG/170px-Glenda_Jackson.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Glenda_Jackson.JPG/255px-Glenda_Jackson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Glenda_Jackson.JPG/340px-Glenda_Jackson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Glenda Jackson</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>American studios cut back on British productions, and in many cases withdrew from financing them altogether. Films financed by American interests were still being made, including <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes">The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes</a></i> (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. </p><p>More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg" title="Nicolas Roeg">Nicolas Roeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cammell" title="Donald Cammell">Donald Cammell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Performance_(film)" title="Performance (film)">Performance</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devils_(film)" title="The Devils (film)">The Devils</a></i> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah" title="Sam Peckinpah">Sam Peckinpah</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i> (1971), and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> (1971) starring <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McDowell" title="Malcolm McDowell">Malcolm McDowell</a> as the leader of a gang of thugs in a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> future Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Go-Between_(1971_film)" title="The Go-Between (1971 film)">The Go-Between</a></i> (1971), which won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Now" title="Don't Look Now">Don't Look Now</a></i> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hodges" title="Mike Hodges">Mike Hodges</a>' gangster drama <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Carter" title="Get Carter">Get Carter</a></i> (1971) starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> returned to Britain to shoot <i><a href="/wiki/Frenzy" title="Frenzy">Frenzy</a></i> (1972), Other productions such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Winston" title="Young Winston">Young Winston</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(1977_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)">A Bridge Too Far</a></i> (1977) met with mixed commercial success. The British <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> cycle associated with Hammer Film Productions, <a href="/wiki/Amicus_Productions" title="Amicus Productions">Amicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigon_British_Film_Productions" title="Tigon British Film Productions">Tigon</a> drew to a close, despite attempts by Hammer to spice up the formula with added nudity and gore. Although some attempts were made to broaden the range of British horror films, such as with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(1973_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wicker Man (1973 film)">The Wicker Man</a></i> (1973), these films made little impact at the box office, In 1976, British Lion, who produced <i>The Wicker Man</i>, were finally absorbed into the film division of <a href="/wiki/EMI_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Films">EMI</a>, who had taken over ABPC in 1969. The duopoly in British cinema exhibition, via Rank and now EMI, continued. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Sir_Peter_Ustinov_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4845" data-file-height="4947" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> (pictured in 1986) starred as <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)" title="Death on the Nile (1978 film)">Death on the Nile</a></i> (1978)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1970s, the government reduced its funding of the National Film Finance Corporation so the NFFC started to operate as a consortium, including with banks, which led to them using more commercial criteria for funding British films rather than focusing on quality or new talent, moving to fund films based on TV shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Up_Pompeii_(film)" title="Up Pompeii (film)">Up Pompeii</a></i> (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other British producers, including Hammer, turned to television for inspiration, and big screen versions of popular sitcoms like <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Buses_(film)" title="On the Buses (film)">On the Buses</a></i> (1971) and <i><a href="/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son_(film)" title="Steptoe and Son (film)">Steptoe and Son</a></i> (1972) proved successful with domestic audiences, the former had greater domestic box office returns in its year than the Bond film, <i><a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" title="Diamonds Are Forever (film)">Diamonds Are Forever</a></i> and in 1973, an established British actor Roger Moore was cast as Bond in, <i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">Live and Let Die</a></i>, it was a commercial success and Moore would continue the role for the next 12 years. Low-budget British <a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">sex comedies</a> included the <i>Confessions of ...</i> series starring <a href="/wiki/Robin_Askwith" title="Robin Askwith">Robin Askwith</a>, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Window_Cleaner" title="Confessions of a Window Cleaner">Confessions of a Window Cleaner</a></i> (1974). More elevated comedy films came from the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> team, also from television. Their two most successful films were <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975) and <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i> (1979), the latter a major commercial success, probably at least in part due to the controversy at the time surrounding its subject. </p><p>Some American productions did return to the major British studios in 1977–79, including the original <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> (1977) at <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> (1978) at <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i> (1979) at <a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton</a>. Successful adaptations were made in the decade of the <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> novels <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)" title="Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)">Murder on the Orient Express</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)" title="Death on the Nile (1978 film)">Death on the Nile</a></i> (1978). The entry of <a href="/wiki/Lew_Grade" title="Lew Grade">Lew Grade</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/ITC_Entertainment" title="ITC Entertainment">ITC</a> into film production in the latter half of the decade brought only a few box office successes and an unsustainable number of failures </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Attenborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Richard_Attenborough.jpg/170px-Richard_Attenborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Richard_Attenborough.jpg/255px-Richard_Attenborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Richard_Attenborough.jpg/340px-Richard_Attenborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, only 31 British films were made,<sup id="cite_ref-FF12-03_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF12-03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 50% decline from the previous year and the lowest number since 1914, and production fell again in 1981 to 24 films.<sup id="cite_ref-FF12-03_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF12-03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry suffered further blows from falling cinema attendances, which reached a record low of 54 million in 1984, and the elimination of the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Eady_Levy" title="Eady Levy">Eady Levy</a>, a tax concession, in the same year. The concession had made it possible for an overseas based film company to write off a large amount of its production costs by filming in the UK – this was what attracted a succession of big-budget American productions to British studios in the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These factors led to significant changes in the industry, with the profitability of British films now "increasingly reliant on secondary markets such as video and television, and <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> ... [became] a crucial part of the funding equation."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the removal of the levy, <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex cinemas</a> were introduced to the United Kingdom with the opening of a ten-screen cinema by <a href="/wiki/AMC_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="AMC Cinemas">AMC Cinemas</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Point,_Milton_Keynes" title="The Point, Milton Keynes">The Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> in 1985 and the number of screens in the UK increased by around 500 over the decade leading to increased attendances of almost 100 million by the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-amc_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amc-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s soon saw a renewed optimism, led by smaller independent production companies such as <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions" title="Merchant Ivory Productions">Merchant Ivory Productions</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg/170px-Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg/255px-Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg/340px-Terry_Gilliam_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>Handmade Films, which was partly owned by <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, was originally formed to take over the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i>, after EMI's <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delfont" title="Bernard Delfont">Bernard Delfont</a> (Lew Grade's brother) had pulled out. Handmade also bought and released the gangster drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Good_Friday" title="The Long Good Friday">The Long Good Friday</a></i> (1980), produced by a Lew Grade subsidiary, after its original backers became cautious. Members of the Python team were involved in other comedies during the decade, including <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>'s fantasy films <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> (1981) and <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> (1985), the black comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Withnail_%26_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Withnail & I">Withnail & I</a></i> (1987), and <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>'s hit <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fish_Called_Wanda" title="A Fish Called Wanda">A Fish Called Wanda</a></i> (1988), while <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> starred in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Private_Function" title="A Private Function">A Private Function</a></i> (1984), from <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>'s first screenplay for the cinema screen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goldcrest producer <a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> has been described as "the nearest thing to a mogul that British cinema has had in the last quarter of the 20th century."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Puttnam, a generation of British directors emerged making popular films with international distribution. Some of the talent backed by Puttnam — <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hudson" title="Hugh Hudson">Hugh Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lyne" title="Adrian Lyne">Adrian Lyne</a> — had shot commercials; Puttnam himself had begun his career in the advertising industry. When Hudson's <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i> (1981) won 4 Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, its writer <a href="/wiki/Colin_Welland" title="Colin Welland">Colin Welland</a> declared "the British are coming!".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i> (1982), another Goldcrest film, picked up a Best Picture Oscar, it looked as if he was right. </p><p>It prompted a cycle of period films – some with a large budget for a British film, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s final film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India_(film)" title="A Passage to India (film)">A Passage to India</a></i> (1984), alongside the lower-budget <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions" title="Merchant Ivory Productions">Merchant Ivory</a> adaptations of the works of <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1985_film)" title="A Room with a View (1985 film)">A Room with a View</a></i> (1986). But further attempts to make 'big' productions for the US market ended in failure, with Goldcrest losing its independence after <i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_(1985_film)" title="Revolution (1985 film)">Revolution</a></i> (1985) and <i><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(film)" title="Absolute Beginners (film)">Absolute Beginners</a></i> (1986) were commercial and critical flops. Another Goldcrest film, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Joff%C3%A9" title="Roland Joffé">Roland Joffé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mission_(1986_film)" title="The Mission (1986 film)">The Mission</a></i> (also 1986), won the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>, but did not go into profit either. Joffé's earlier <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields</a></i> (1984) had been both a critical and financial success. These were Joffé's first two feature films and were amongst those produced by Puttnam. </p><p>Mainly outside the commercial sector, film makers from the new commonwealth countries had begun to emerge during the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Ov%C3%A9" title="Horace Ové">Horace Ové</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pressure_(1976_film)" title="Pressure (1976 film)">Pressure</a></i> (1975) had been funded by the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> as was <i><a href="/wiki/A_Private_Enterprise" title="A Private Enterprise">A Private Enterprise</a></i> (1974), these being the first <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian British">Asian British</a> films, respectively. The 1980s however saw a wave of new talent, with films such as <a href="/wiki/Franco_Rosso" title="Franco Rosso">Franco Rosso</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(1980_film)" title="Babylon (1980 film)">Babylon</a></i> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Menelik_Shabazz" title="Menelik Shabazz">Menelik Shabazz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Burning_an_Illusion_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning an Illusion (1981)">Burning an Illusion</a></i> (1981) and <a href="/wiki/Po-Chih_Leong" title="Po-Chih Leong">Po-Chih Leong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ping_Pong_(1986_film)" title="Ping Pong (1986 film)">Ping Pong</a></i> (1986; one of the first films about Britain's Chinese community). Many of these films were assisted by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, which had an official remit to provide for "minority audiences." Commercial success was first achieved with <i><a href="/wiki/My_Beautiful_Laundrette" title="My Beautiful Laundrette">My Beautiful Laundrette</a></i> (1985). Dealing with racial and gay issues, it was developed from <a href="/wiki/Hanif_Kureishi" title="Hanif Kureishi">Hanif Kureishi</a>'s first film script. <i>My Beautiful Laundrette</i> features <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a> in a leading role. Day-Lewis and other young British actors who were becoming stars, such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Roth" title="Tim Roth">Tim Roth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Everett" title="Rupert Everett">Rupert Everett</a>, were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Brit_Pack_(actors)" title="Brit Pack (actors)">Brit Pack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the involvement of Channel 4 in film production, talents from television moved into feature films with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frears" title="Stephen Frears">Stephen Frears</a> (<i>My Beautiful Laundrette</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)" title="Mike Newell (director)">Mike Newell</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_with_a_Stranger" title="Dance with a Stranger">Dance with a Stranger</a></i> (1985). <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a>, who had been working in the US, was encouraged back to the UK to make <i><a href="/wiki/Hope_and_Glory_(film)" title="Hope and Glory (film)">Hope and Glory</a></i> (1987). Channel Four also became a major sponsor of the British Film Institute's Production Board, which backed three of Britain's most critically acclaimed filmmakers: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_England_(film)" title="The Last of England (film)">The Last of England</a></i>, 1987), <a href="/wiki/Terence_Davies" title="Terence Davies">Terence Davies</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Distant_Voices,_Still_Lives" title="Distant Voices, Still Lives">Distant Voices, Still Lives</a></i>, 1988), and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Greenaway" title="Peter Greenaway">Peter Greenaway</a>; the latter of whom gained surprising commercial success with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Draughtsman%27s_Contract" title="The Draughtsman's Contract">The Draughtsman's Contract</a></i> (1982) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cook,_the_Thief,_His_Wife_%26_Her_Lover" title="The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover">The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover</a></i> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Woolley" title="Stephen Woolley">Stephen Woolley</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/Palace_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Pictures">Palace Pictures</a> also produced some successful films, including <a href="/wiki/Neil_Jordan" title="Neil Jordan">Neil Jordan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Company_of_Wolves" title="The Company of Wolves">The Company of Wolves</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(1986_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona Lisa (1986 film)">Mona Lisa</a></i> (1986), before collapsing amid a series of unsuccessful films. Amongst the other British films of the decade were <a href="/wiki/Bill_Forsyth" title="Bill Forsyth">Bill Forsyth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gregory%27s_Girl" title="Gregory's Girl">Gregory's Girl</a></i> (1981) and <i><a href="/wiki/Local_Hero_(film)" title="Local Hero (film)">Local Hero</a></i> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gilbert" title="Lewis Gilbert">Lewis Gilbert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Educating_Rita_(film)" title="Educating Rita (film)">Educating Rita</a></i> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Yates" title="Peter Yates">Peter Yates</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dresser_(1983_film)" title="The Dresser (1983 film)">The Dresser</a></i> (1983) and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s directorial debut, <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1989_film)" title="Henry V (1989 film)">Henry V</a></i> (1989). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/170px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/255px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg/340px-Hugh_Grant_Cannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1997_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1997 Cannes Film Festival">1997 Cannes Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to the 1980s, investment in film production rose dramatically. In 1989, annual investment was a meagre £104 million. By 1996, this figure had soared to £741 million.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the dependence on finance from television broadcasters such as the BBC and Channel 4 meant that budgets were often low and indigenous production was very fragmented: the film industry mostly relied on Hollywood inward investment. According to critic Neil Watson, it was hoped that the £90 million apportioned by the new <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a> into three franchises (The Film Consortium, Pathé Pictures, and DNA) would fill the gap, but "corporate and equity finance for the UK film production industry continues to be thin on the ground and most production companies operating in the sector remain hopelessly under-capitalised."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These problems were mostly compensated by <a href="/wiki/PolyGram_Filmed_Entertainment" title="PolyGram Filmed Entertainment">PolyGram Filmed Entertainment</a>, a film studio whose British subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Working_Title_Films" title="Working Title Films">Working Title Films</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a>-scripted comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeral" title="Four Weddings and a Funeral">Four Weddings and a Funeral</a></i> (1994). It grossed $244 million worldwide and introduced <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> to global fame, led to renewed interest and investment in British films, and set a pattern for British-set romantic comedies, including <i><a href="/wiki/Sliding_Doors" title="Sliding Doors">Sliding Doors</a></i> (1998) and <i><a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)" title="Notting Hill (film)">Notting Hill</a></i> (1999). Other Working Titles films included <i><a href="/wiki/Bean_(film)" title="Bean (film)">Bean</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(film)" title="Elizabeth (film)">Elizabeth</a></i> (1998) and <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Corelli%27s_Mandolin_(film)" title="Captain Corelli's Mandolin (film)">Captain Corelli's Mandolin</a></i> (2001). PFE was eventually sold and merged with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> in 1999, the hopes and expectations of "building a British-based company which could compete with Hollywood in its home market [had] eventually collapsed."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tax incentives allowed American producers to increasingly invest in UK-based film production throughout the 1990s, including films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire_(film)" title="Interview with the Vampire (film)">Interview with the Vampire</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film)" title="Mission: Impossible (film)">Mission: Impossible</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_film)" title="The Mummy (1999 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1999). Miramax also distributed <a href="/wiki/Neil_Jordan" title="Neil Jordan">Neil Jordan</a>'s acclaimed thriller <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_Game" title="The Crying Game">The Crying Game</a></i> (1992), which was generally ignored on its initial release in the UK, but was a considerable success in the United States. The same company also enjoyed some success releasing the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> period drama <i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_April_(1992_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanted April (1992 film)">Enchanted April</a></i> (1992) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film)" title="The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)">The Wings of the Dove</a></i> (1997). </p><p>Among the more successful British films were the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Ivory">Merchant Ivory</a> productions <i><a href="/wiki/Howards_End_(film)" title="Howards End (film)">Howards End</a></i> (1992) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)" title="The Remains of the Day (film)">The Remains of the Day</a></i> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(1993_film)" title="Shadowlands (1993 film)">Shadowlands</a></i> (1993), and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s Shakespeare adaptations. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">The Madness of King George</a></i> (1994) proved there was still a market for British <a href="/wiki/Costume_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume drama">costume dramas</a>, and other period films followed, including <i><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_(film)" title="Sense and Sensibility (film)">Sense and Sensibility</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1995_film)" title="Restoration (1995 film)">Restoration</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Emma_(1996_theatrical_film)" title="Emma (1996 theatrical film)">Emma</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Brown">Mrs. Brown</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Basil_(film)" title="Basil (film)">Basil</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love" title="Shakespeare in Love">Shakespeare in Love</a></i> (1998) and <i><a href="/wiki/Topsy-Turvy" title="Topsy-Turvy">Topsy-Turvy</a></i> (1999). </p><p>After a six-year hiatus for legal reasons the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond</a> films returned to production with the 17th Bond film, <i><a href="/wiki/GoldenEye" title="GoldenEye">GoldenEye</a></i>. With their traditional home <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a> fully booked, a new studio was created for the film in a former <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> aero-engine factory at <a href="/wiki/Leavesden_Film_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavesden Film Studios">Leavesden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> emerged as a significant figure in British cinema in the 1990s, with a series of films financed by Channel 4 about working and middle class life in modern England, including <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Sweet_(film)" title="Life Is Sweet (film)">Life Is Sweet</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Naked_(1993_film)" title="Naked (1993 film)">Naked</a></i> (1993) and his biggest hit <i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_%26_Lies_(film)" title="Secrets & Lies (film)">Secrets & Lies</a></i> (1996), which won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at Cannes. </p><p>Other new talents to emerge during the decade included the writer-director-producer team of <a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(screenwriter)" title="John Hodge (screenwriter)">John Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Macdonald_(producer)" title="Andrew Macdonald (producer)">Andrew Macdonald</a> responsible for <i><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Grave_(1994_film)" title="Shallow Grave (1994 film)">Shallow Grave</a></i> (1994) and <i><a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)" title="Trainspotting (film)">Trainspotting</a></i> (1996). The latter film generated interested in other "regional" productions, including the Scottish films <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Faces_(film)" title="Small Faces (film)">Small Faces</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Ratcatcher_(film)" title="Ratcatcher (film)">Ratcatcher</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Joe" title="My Name Is Joe">My Name Is Joe</a></i> (1998). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg/150px-David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg/225px-David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg/300px-David_Heyman1_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Heyman" title="David Heyman">David Heyman</a>, who produced all eight instalments of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> film series</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first decade of the 21st century was a relatively successful one for the British film industry. Many British films found a wide international audience due to funding from BBC Films, Film 4 and the UK Film Council, and some independent production companies, such as Working Title, secured financing and distribution deals with major American studios. Working Title scored three major international successes, all starring Hugh Grant and Colin Firth, with the romantic comedies <i><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridget Jones's Diary (film)">Bridget Jones's Diary</a></i> (2001), which grossed $254 million worldwide; the sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones:_The_Edge_of_Reason" title="Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason">Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason</a></i>, which earned $228 million; and Richard Curtis's directorial debut <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Actually" title="Love Actually">Love Actually</a></i> (2003), which grossed $239 million. The most successful of all, <a href="/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd" title="Phyllida Lloyd">Phyllida Lloyd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(film)" title="Mamma Mia! (film)">Mamma Mia!</a></i> (2008), grossed $601 million. </p><p>The new decade saw a major new film series in the Harry Potter films, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> in 2001. <a href="/wiki/David_Heyman" title="David Heyman">David Heyman</a>'s company Heyday Films has produced seven sequels, with the final title released in two parts – <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</a></i> in 2010 and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a></i> in 2011. All were filmed at Leavesden Studios in England.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aardman Animations' <a href="/wiki/Nick_Park" title="Nick Park">Nick Park</a>, the creator of Wallace and Gromit and the Creature Comforts series, produced his first feature-length film, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Run" title="Chicken Run">Chicken Run</a></i> in 2000. Co-directed with Peter Lord, the film was a major success worldwide and one of the most successful British films of its year. Park's follow up, <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit" title="Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit">Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit</a></i> was another worldwide hit: it grossed $56 million at the US box office and £32 million in the UK. It also won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-KeiraKnightleyByAndreaRaffin2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/68th_Venice_International_Film_Festival" title="68th Venice International Film Festival">68th Venice International Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However it was usually through domestically funded features throughout the decade that British directors and films won awards at the top international film festivals. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom" title="Michael Winterbottom">Michael Winterbottom</a> won the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for <i><a href="/wiki/In_This_World" title="In This World">In This World</a></i>. In 2004, Mike Leigh directed <i><a href="/wiki/Vera_Drake" title="Vera Drake">Vera Drake</a></i>, an account of a housewife who leads a double life as an abortion provider in 1950s London. The film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 2006 Stephen Frears directed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)">The Queen</a></i> based on the events surrounding the death of Princess Diana, which won the Best Actress prize at the Venice Film Festival and Academy Awards and the BAFTA for Best Film. In 2006, Ken Loach won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival with his account of the struggle for Irish Independence in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_the_Barley_(film)" title="The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)">The Wind That Shakes the Barley</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright" title="Joe Wright">Joe Wright</a>'s adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel <i><a href="/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)" title="Atonement (2007 film)">Atonement</a></i> was nominated for 7 Academy Awards, including Best Film and won the Golden Globe and BAFTA for Best Film. <i><a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a></i> was filmed entirely in Mumbai with a mostly Indian cast, though with a British director (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>), producer (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Colson" title="Christian Colson">Christian Colson</a>), screenwriter (<a href="/wiki/Simon_Beaufoy" title="Simon Beaufoy">Simon Beaufoy</a>) and star (Dev Patel)—the film was all-British financed via Film4 and Celador. It has received worldwide critical acclaim. It has won four Golden Globes, seven BAFTA Awards and eight Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Film. <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i>, which tells the story of King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>'s attempts to overcome his speech impediment, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hooper_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Hooper (director)">Tom Hooper</a> and filmed almost entirely in London. It received four Academy Awards (including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Screenplay) in 2011. </p><p>The start of the 21st century saw Asian British cinema assert itself at the box office, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/East_Is_East_(1999_film)" title="East Is East (1999 film)">East Is East</a></i> (1999) and continuing with <i><a href="/wiki/Bend_It_Like_Beckham" title="Bend It Like Beckham">Bend It Like Beckham</a></i> (2002). Other notable British Asian films from this period include <i><a href="/wiki/My_Son_the_Fanatic" title="My Son the Fanatic">My Son the Fanatic</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Ae_Fond_Kiss_..._(film)" title="Ae Fond Kiss ... (film)">Ae Fond Kiss...</a> (2004)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night_(2006_film)" title="Mischief Night (2006 film)">Mischief Night</a> (2006)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_(2004_film)" title="Yasmin (2004 film)">Yasmin</a></i> (2004) and <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Lions" title="Four Lions">Four Lions</a></i> (2010). Some argue it has brought more flexible attitudes towards casting Black and Asian British actors, with <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Gee" title="Robbie Gee">Robbie Gee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naomie_Harris" title="Naomie Harris">Naomie Harris</a> take leading roles in <i><a href="/wiki/Underworld_(2003_film)" title="Underworld (2003 film)">Underworld</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/28_Days_Later" title="28 Days Later">28 Days Later</a></i> respectively. </p><p>2005 saw the emergence of The <a href="/wiki/British_Urban_Film_Festival" title="British Urban Film Festival">British Urban Film Festival</a>, a timely addition to the film festival calendar, which recognised the influence of urban and black films on UK audiences and consequently began to showcase a growing profile of films in a genre previously not otherwise regularly seen in the capital's cinemas. Then, in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/Kidulthood" title="Kidulthood">Kidulthood</a></i>, a film depicting a group of teenagers growing up on the streets of West London, had a limited release. This was successfully followed up with a sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Adulthood_(2008_film)" title="Adulthood (2008 film)">Adulthood</a></i> (2008) that was written and directed by actor <a href="/wiki/Noel_Clarke" title="Noel Clarke">Noel Clarke</a>. The success of <i>Kidulthood</i> and <i>Adulthood</i> led to the release of several other films in the 2000s and 2010s such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bullet_Boy" title="Bullet Boy">Bullet Boy</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Lyrics" title="Life and Lyrics">Life and Lyrics</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intent" title="The Intent">The Intent</a></i> (2016), its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intent_2:_The_Come_Up" title="The Intent 2: The Come Up">The Intent 2: The Come Up</a></i> (2018), <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Story" title="Blue Story">Blue Story</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rocks_(film)" title="Rocks (film)">Rocks</a></i> (both 2019), all of starred Black-British actors. </p><p>Like the 1960s, this decade saw plenty of British films directed by imported talent. The American <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> shot <i><a href="/wiki/Match_Point" title="Match Point">Match Point</a></i> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three later films in London. The Mexican director <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> helmed <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> (2004) and <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i> (2006); New Zealand filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> made <i><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_(film)" title="Bright Star (film)">Bright Star</a></i> (2009), a film set in 19th century London; Danish director <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Winding_Refn" title="Nicolas Winding Refn">Nicolas Winding Refn</a> made <i><a href="/wiki/Bronson_(film)" title="Bronson (film)">Bronson</a></i> (2008), a biopic about the English criminal <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gordon_Peterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gordon Peterson">Michael Gordon Peterson</a>; the Spanish filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Fresnadillo" title="Juan Carlos Fresnadillo">Juan Carlos Fresnadillo</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/28_Weeks_Later" title="28 Weeks Later">28 Weeks Later</a></i> (2007), a sequel to a British horror film; and two <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> adaptations were also directed by foreigners—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_(film)" title="The Constant Gardener (film)">The Constant Gardener</a></i> by the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles" title="Fernando Meirelles">Fernando Meirelles</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_Tailor_Soldier_Spy_(film)" title="Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)">Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy</a></i> by the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Alfredson" title="Tomas Alfredson">Tomas Alfredson</a>. The decade also saw English actor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a> became the new James Bond with <i><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a></i>, the 21st entry in the official Eon Productions series. </p><p>Despite increasing competition from film studios in Australia and Eastern Europe, British studios such as <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leavesden_Film_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavesden Film Studios">Leavesden</a> remained successful in hosting major productions, including <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Neverland_(film)" title="Finding Neverland (film)">Finding Neverland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Closer_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closer (2004 film)">Closer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/United_93_(film)" title="United 93 (film)">United 93</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)">Sweeney Todd</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Mr._Fox_(film)" title="Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)">Fantastic Mr. Fox</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)" title="Robin Hood (2010 film)">Robin Hood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class" title="X-Men: First Class">X-Men: First Class</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hugo_(film)" title="Hugo (film)">Hugo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(film)" title="War Horse (film)">War Horse</a></i>. </p><p>In February 2007, the UK became home to Europe's first DCI-compliant fully <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital multiplex cinemas</a> with the launch of Odeon Hatfield and Odeon Surrey Quays (in London), with a total of 18 digital screens. </p><p>In November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> completed the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden">Leavesden Film Studios</a>, becoming the first Hollywood studio since the 1940s to have a permanent base in the UK, and announced plans to invest £100 million in the site.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> published in December 2013 found that of the 613 tracked British films released between 2003 and 2010 only 7% made a profit. Films with low budgets, those that cost below £500,000 to produce, were even less likely to gain a return on outlay. Of these films, only 3.1% went into the black. At the top end of budgets for the British industry, under a fifth of films that cost £10million went into profit.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg/170px-Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg/255px-Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Idris_Elba_2007_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Idris_Elba" title="Idris Elba">Idris Elba</a> in 2007. He is one of the top 20 highest-grossing actors in North America, as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 July 2010 it was announced that the UK Film Council, which was the main body responsible for the development of promotion of British cinema during the 2000s, would be abolished, with many of the abolished body's functions being taken over by the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. Actors and professionals, including <a href="/wiki/James_McAvoy" title="James McAvoy">James McAvoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Blunt" title="Emily Blunt">Emily Blunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Postlethwaite" title="Pete Postlethwaite">Pete Postlethwaite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damian_Lewis" title="Damian Lewis">Damian Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Spall" title="Timothy Spall">Timothy Spall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barber_(director)" title="Daniel Barber (director)">Daniel Barber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a>, campaigned against the council's abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move also led American actor and director <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (who had filmed <i><a href="/wiki/Hereafter_(film)" title="Hereafter (film)">Hereafter</a></i> in London) to write to the British <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a> in August 2010 to protest the decision to close the council. Eastwood warned Osborne that the closure could result in fewer foreign production companies choosing to work in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grass-roots online campaign was launched<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a petition established by supporters of the council. </p><p>Countering this, a few professionals, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Winner" title="Michael Winner">Michael Winner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Fellowes" title="Julian Fellowes">Julian Fellowes</a>, supported the Government's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other organisations responded positively. </p><p>At the closure of the UK Film Council on 31 March 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that "The UKFC's entire annual budget was a reported £3m, while the cost of closing it down and restructuring is estimated to have been almost four times that amount."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian010411_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian010411-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the UKFC's last films, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i>, is estimated to have cost $15m to make and grossed $235m, besides winning several <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. UKFC invested $1.6m for a 34% share of net profits, a valuable stake that will pass to the British Film Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg/170px-Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg/255px-Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg/340px-Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> directed several of the early 21st century's most critically and commercially successful films.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2012, Warner opened the re-developed Leavesden studio for business.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commercially successful British directors in recent years are <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengrass" title="Paul Greengrass">Paul Greengrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)" title="Mike Newell (director)">Mike Newell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Yates" title="David Yates">David Yates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012, at Pinewood Studios to visit film-related businesses, UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> said that his government had bold ambitions for the film industry: "Our role, and that of the BFI, should be to support the sector in becoming even more dynamic and entrepreneurial, helping UK producers to make commercially successful pictures that rival the quality and impact of the best international productions. Just as the British Film Commission has played a crucial role in attracting the biggest and best international studios to produce their films here, so we must incentivise UK producers to chase new markets both here and overseas."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film industry remains an important earner for the British economy. According to a UK Film Council press release of 20 January 2011, £1.115 billion was spent on UK film production during 2010. A 2014 survey suggested that British-made films were generally more highly rated than Hollywood productions, especially when considering low-budget UK productions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2022, director <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> expressed a negative sentiment of the British film industry in recent years, stating that "I am not sure we are great filmmakers, to be absolutely honest. As a nation, our two artforms are <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, in a middle-class sense, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, because we are extraordinary at it."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BFI's published figures reported £6.27 billion spent on film and high-end television production in 2022, with domestic UK film spend at £173.6 million. While the total spend was at a record high for the UK, the independent UK filmmaking spend decreased by 31% since 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK film industry was affected by the <a href="/wiki/2023_SAG-AFTRA_strike" title="2023 SAG-AFTRA strike">2023 SAG-AFTRA strike</a> with 80% of behind-the-scenes workers surveyed stating that their jobs had been affected.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_cinema">Art cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg/220px-BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg/330px-BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg/440px-BFI_London_IMAX_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_IMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="London IMAX">London IMAX</a> cinema</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it had been funding British experimental films as early as 1952, the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>'s foundation of a production board in 1964—and a substantial increase in public funding from 1971 onwards—enabled it to become a dominant force in developing British art cinema in the 1970s and 80s: from the first of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Douglas" title="Bill Douglas">Bill Douglas</a>'s Trilogy <i>My Childhood</i> (1972), and of <a href="/wiki/Terence_Davies" title="Terence Davies">Terence Davies</a>' Trilogy <i>Childhood</i> (1978), via <a href="/wiki/Peter_Greenaway" title="Peter Greenaway">Peter Greenaway</a>'s earliest films (including the surprising commercial success of <i>The Draughtsman's Contract</i> (1982)) and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a>'s championing of the New Queer Cinema. The first full-length feature produced under the BFI's new scheme was <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mollo" title="Andrew Mollo">Andrew Mollo</a>'s <i>Winstanley</i> (1975), while others included <i>Moon Over the Alley</i> (1975), <i>Requiem for a Village</i> (1975), the openly avant-garde <i>Central Bazaar</i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Pressure_(1976_film)" title="Pressure (1976 film)">Pressure</a></i> (1975) and <i>A Private Enterprise</i> (1974) – the last two being, respectively, the first British Black and Asian features. </p><p>The release of Derek Jarman's <i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(1978_film)" title="Jubilee (1978 film)">Jubilee</a></i> (1978) marked the beginning of a successful period of UK <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art cinema</a>, continuing into the 1980s with filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/Sally_Potter" title="Sally Potter">Sally Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_McMullen_(film_director)" title="Ken McMullen (film director)">Ken McMullen</a>, and producers like <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Richards" title="Stewart Richards">Stewart Richards</a>, with success at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. Unlike the previous generation of British film makers who had broken into directing and production after careers in the theatre or on television, the Art Cinema Directors were mostly the products of Art Schools. Many of these filmmakers were championed in their early career by the <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Makers_Cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="London Film Makers Cooperative">London Film Makers Cooperative</a> and their work was the subject of detailed theoretical analysis in the journal <i>Screen Education</i>. Peter Greenaway was an early pioneer of the use of computer generated imagery blended with filmed footage and was also one of the first directors to film entirely on high definition video for a cinema release. </p><p>With the launch of <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Film4" title="Film4">Film on Four</a> commissioning strand, Art Cinema was promoted to a wider audience. However, the Channel had a sharp change in its commissioning policy in the early 1990s and Greenaway and others were forced to seek European co-production financing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_technology">Film technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg/170px-Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg/255px-Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg/340px-Vue_cinema_London_2011_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="3294" /></a><figcaption>Vue cinema, <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, British studios established a reputation for great special effects in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i> (1979), and <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i> (1989). Some of this reputation was founded on the core of talent brought together for the filming of <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968) who subsequently worked together on series and feature films for <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Anderson" title="Gerry Anderson">Gerry Anderson</a>. Thanks to the Bristol-based <a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a>, the UK is still recognised as a world leader in the use of stop-motion animation. </p><p>British special effects technicians and production designers are known for creating visual effects at a far lower cost than their counterparts in the US, as seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> (1981) and <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> (1985). This reputation has continued through the 1990s and into the 21st century with films such as the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond (film series)">James Bond</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i> (2000) and the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> franchise. </p><p>From the 1990s to the present day, there has been a progressive movement from traditional film opticals to an integrated <a href="/wiki/Digital_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital film">digital film</a> environment, with special effects, cutting, colour grading, and other post-production tasks all sharing the same all-digital infrastructure. The London-based <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> company <a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Webber" title="Tim Webber">Tim Webber</a> the <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">visual effects supervisor</a>, have worked on some of the most technically and artistically challenging projects, including, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i> (2008) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a></i> (2013), with new techniques involved in <i>Gravity</i> realized by Webber and the Framestore team taking three years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The availability of high-speed internet has made the British film industry capable of working closely with U.S. studios as part of globally distributed productions. As of 2005, this trend is expected to continue with moves towards (currently experimental) digital distribution and projection as mainstream technologies. The British film <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Not_a_Love_Song_(film)" title="This Is Not a Love Song (film)">This Is Not a Love Song</a></i> (2003) was the first to be <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streamed</a> live on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> at the same time as its cinema <a href="/wiki/Premiere" title="Premiere">premiere</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a>, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a>, are the British equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc260201_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc260201-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Cinema of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Cinema of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cine-variety" title="Cine-variety">Cine-variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hollywood and the United Kingdom">Hollywood and the United Kingdom</a> – British source material in American films, US studio subsidiaries in the UK, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British films">List of British films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_actors" title="List of British actors">List of British actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_directors" title="List of British film directors">List of British film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_studios" title="List of British film studios">List of British film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinema_of_the_world" title="List of cinema of the world">List of cinema of the world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom">List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_film" title="London in film">London in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Film_School" title="London Film School">London Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cinema chains in the United Kingdom">UK cinema chains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-screens_uis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-screens_uis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-screens_uis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225516/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5542">"Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+8%3A+Cinema+Infrastructure+-+Capacity&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distributors_uis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distributors_uis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225508/http://data.uis.unesco.org/">"Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+6%3A+Share+of+Top+3+distributors+%28Excel%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FReportFolders%2FreportFolders.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-production_uis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-production_uis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225519/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5545">"Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5545">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1%3A+Feature+Film+Production+-+Genre%2FMethod+of+Shooting&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adm_gross_uis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adm_gross_uis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225511/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5538">"Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+11%3A+Exhibition+-+Admissions+%26+Gross+Box+Office+%28GBO%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-statistical-yearbook-2018.pdf">"Statistical Yearbook 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BFI</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528130725/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-statistical-yearbook-2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=Statistical+Yearbook+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bfi.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fbfi.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fbfi-statistical-yearbook-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FF12-03-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FF12-03_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF12-03_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF12-03_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/facts/fact2.html">"BFI Screenonline: UK Feature Films Produced 1912–2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231537/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/facts/fact2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BFI+Screenonline%3A+UK+Feature+Films+Produced+1912%E2%80%932023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Ffacts%2Ffact2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514093259/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors"</a>. British Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Directors%27+Top+Ten+Directors&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fsightandsound%2Ftopten%2Fpoll%2Fdirectors-directors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html">"Powell, Michael (1905–1990)"</a>. British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016214930/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808160709/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Victorian+Cinema&rft.atitle=Walter+Robert+Booth&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fwalterbooth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19423951">"World's first colour moving pictures discovered"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914164531/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19423951">Archived</a> 14 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 12 September 2012. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2018" class="citation book cs1">McKernan, Luke (2018). <i>Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897–1925</i>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859892964" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859892964"><bdi>978-0859892964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Urban%3A+Pioneering+the+Non-Fiction+Film+in+Britain+and+America%2C+1897%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0859892964&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2016" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Ted (31 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2016/03/the-earliest-film-adaptation-of-alice-in-wonderland-from-1903.html">"The First Film Adaptation of Alice in Wonderland (1903)"</a>. <i>Open Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517062332/http://www.openculture.com/2016/03/the-earliest-film-adaptation-of-alice-in-wonderland-from-1903.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Culture&rft.atitle=The+First+Film+Adaptation+of+Alice+in+Wonderland+%281903%29&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fthe-earliest-film-adaptation-of-alice-in-wonderland-from-1903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmdistributorsassociation.com/about-us/what-we-do/">"FDA - What We Do"</a>. <i>Film Distributors’ Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327183226/https://filmdistributorsassociation.com/about-us/what-we-do/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Distributors%E2%80%99+Association&rft.atitle=FDA+-+What+We+Do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmdistributorsassociation.com%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-we-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstel_Eforgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Estel Eforgan (30 June 2010). <i>Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vallentine_Mitchell" title="Vallentine Mitchell">Vallentine Mitchell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-971-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-971-6"><bdi>978-0-85303-971-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leslie+Howard%3A+The+Lost+Actor&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85303-971-6&rft.au=Estel+Eforgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times48-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times48_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times48_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The British Film Industry". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 21 January 1948. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+British+Film+Industry&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1948-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html">"Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977)"</a>. British Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808161146/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaplin%2C+Charles+%281889%E2%80%931977%29&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F462570%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2001" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Patricia (2001). <i>British Film Studios: An Illustrated History</i>. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Film+Studios%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Pierre2009" class="citation book cs1">St. Pierre, Paul Matthew (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvxgFdRJ66kC&pg=PA79"><i>Music Hall Mimesis in British Film, 1895–1960: On the Hall on the Screen</i></a>. Associated University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4191-0"><bdi>978-0-8386-4191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Hall+Mimesis+in+British+Film%2C+1895%E2%80%931960%3A+On+the+Hall+on+the+Screen&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Associated+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4191-0&rft.aulast=St.+Pierre&rft.aufirst=Paul+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvxgFdRJ66kC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_AllenS._Ishii-Gonzalès2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Allen; S. Ishii-Gonzalès (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFEYI_wNKAcC"><i>Hitchcock: Past and Future</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27525-5"><bdi>978-0-415-27525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%3A+Past+and+Future&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27525-5&rft.au=Richard+Allen&rft.au=S.+Ishii-Gonzal%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFEYI_wNKAcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonChibnall2013" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Alan; Chibnall, Steve (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8SRjwJqwukC&pg=PA43"><i>Historical Dictionary of British Cinema</i></a>. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810880269" title="Special:BookSources/9780810880269"><bdi>9780810880269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+British+Cinema&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD+and+Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810880269&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Chibnall%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8SRjwJqwukC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2003–2014" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Lou (2003–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460815/">"Associated British Picture Corporation (1933-70)"</a>. <i>BFI screenonline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121835/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460815/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI+screenonline&rft.atitle=Associated+British+Picture+Corporation+%281933-70%29&rft.date=2003%2F2014&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F460815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren (2001), pp. 57, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren (2001), pp. 26, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Duguid, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/445836/index.html">"Korda and Empuire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927163953/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/445836/index.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Brooke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459165/index.html">"Sabu (1924–1963)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808162056/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459165/index.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bourne_(writer)" title="Stephen Bourne (writer)">Stephen Bourne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446731/index.html">"Robeson, Paul (1898–1976)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808152040/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446731/index.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-film-institute">"British Film Institute – GOV.UK"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 31 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118150317/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-film-institute">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Film+Institute+%E2%80%93+GOV.UK&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fbritish-film-institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Street <i>British National Cinema</i>, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren (2001), pp. 29, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leff, Leonard J., <i>The Rich and Strange Collaboration of Alfred Hitchcock and David O. Selznick in Hollywood</i>. University of California Press, 1999, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_Cinema-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_Cinema_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/2810/1/Glancy,_Going_to_the_pictures.pdf">"Going to the pictures: British cinema and the Second World War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Study" title="School of Advanced Study">School of Advanced Study</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020000727/https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/2810/1/Glancy,_Going_to_the_pictures.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Going+to+the+pictures%3A+British+cinema+and+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsas-space.sas.ac.uk%2F2810%2F1%2FGlancy%2C_Going_to_the_pictures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indep3909-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indep3909_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indep3909_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Gilbert2009" class="citation news cs1">Gerard Gilbert (3 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html">"Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902144115/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+World+War+II+films+were+more+than+just+propaganda&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.au=Gerard+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Ffeatures%2Fbritains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren (2001), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/reference/law/british_film_import_duty.htm">"British film import duty 1948-49"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502211553/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/reference/law/british_film_import_duty.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+film+import+duty+1948-49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2Freference%2Flaw%2Fbritish_film_import_duty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/variety208-1957-10#page/n93/mode/1up">"10-Day London Fest Films Preems Oct. 16"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 9 October 1957. p. 14 – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=10-Day+London+Fest+Films+Preems+Oct.+16&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1957-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fvariety208-1957-10%23page%2Fn93%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/487382/">"School for Scoundrels (1959)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213060426/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/487382/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenonline&rft.atitle=School+for+Scoundrels+%281959%29&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F487382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim O'Sullivan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/456049/index.html">"Dearden, Basil (1911-1971)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019142109/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/456049/index.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline, citing the <i>Reference Guide to British and Irish Film Directors</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Daniels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/475521/index.html">"Pool of London (1950)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022074507/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/475521/index.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ogidi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/440288/">"Sapphire (1959)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923053751/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/440288/">Archived</a> 23 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Duguid, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/444107/index.html">"Victim (1961)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006183745/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/444107/index.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)" title="David Thomson (film critic)">David Thomson</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Biographical Dictionary of Film">A New Biographical Dictionary of Film</a></i>, London: Little, Brown, 2002, p. 213, and (for a defence) Brian McFarlane (ed.), <i>The Encyclopedia of British Film</i>, 2003, London: Methuen/BFI, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empireonline.com/100britishfilms/film.asp?film=11">"The 100 Best British Films Ever"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723025531/http://www.empireonline.com/100britishfilms/film.asp?film=11">Archived</a> 23 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Empire. Retrieved 5 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1974" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Derek (5 September 1974). "The film industry seeks another reprieve". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+film+industry+seeks+another+reprieve&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1974-09-05&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1304135/index.html">"BFI Screenonline: Channel 4 and Film"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029174304/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1304135/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BFI+Screenonline%3A+Channel+4+and+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F1304135%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amc-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amc_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104014126/http://www.amccinemas.co.uk/about-amc/a-uk-story/">"AMC CINEMAS® BRINGS THE MULTIPLEX TO THE UNITED KINGDOM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amccinemas.co.uk/about-amc/a-uk-story/">the original</a> on 4 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMC+CINEMAS%C2%AE+BRINGS+THE+MULTIPLEX+TO+THE+UNITED+KINGDOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amccinemas.co.uk%2Fabout-amc%2Fa-uk-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad2010" class="citation news cs1">Hoad, Phil (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/11/multiplex-cinemas-the-point-milton-keynes">"How multiplex cinemas saved the British film industry 25 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506185812/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/11/multiplex-cinemas-the-point-milton-keynes">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+multiplex+cinemas+saved+the+British+film+industry+25+years+ago&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Fnov%2F11%2Fmultiplex-cinemas-the-point-milton-keynes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Brooks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/499846/">"HandMade Films"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111031539/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/499846/">Archived</a> 11 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BFI screenonline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/470271/">"BFI Screenonline: Puttnam, Lord David"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040133/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/470271/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BFI+Screenonline%3A+Puttnam%2C+Lord+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F470271%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/may/05/this-weeks-new-theatre-and-dance">"This week's new theatre and dance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314074352/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/may/05/this-weeks-new-theatre-and-dance">Archived</a> 14 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, Marlow, and in 1985 we saw the retirement of Roger Moore from the role of Bond after <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_View_to_a_kill(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A View to a kill(film) (page does not exist)">A View to a kill</a></i>,at the age of 58.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/12/07/gary-oldman-talks-tinker-tailor-soldier-spy-batman-retirement.html">"Gary Oldman Talks 'Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy,' 'Batman' Retirement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031135913/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/12/07/gary-oldman-talks-tinker-tailor-soldier-spy-batman-retirement.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyja, Eddie (ed.); 'BFI Film and Television Handbook 1999', London: BFI, 1998; p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, Neil, "Hollywood UK", in <i>British Cinema of the 90s</i>, London: BFI Publishing, 2000, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, "Hollywood UK", p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-200m-film-studio-boost-for-uk-1580727.html">"£200m film studio boost for UK"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 7 November 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119134313/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-200m-film-studio-boost-for-uk-1580727.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%C2%A3200m+film+studio+boost+for+UK&rft.date=1995-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpounds-200m-film-studio-boost-for-uk-1580727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/travel/studio-tour-casts-spells-like-harry-potter.html">"Studio Tour Casts Spells Just Like Harry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523095552/http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/travel/studio-tour-casts-spells-like-harry-potter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Studio+Tour+Casts+Spells+Just+Like+Harry&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F01%2Ftravel%2Fstudio-tour-casts-spells-like-harry-potter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bradshaw2006" class="citation news cs1">Peter Bradshaw (6 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/jan/06/1">"Match Point"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316110121/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/jan/06/1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Match+Point&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft.au=Peter+Bradshaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2006%2Fjan%2F06%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/2005/12/28/movies/28matc.html">"London Calling, With Luck, Lust and Ambition"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 28 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718003125/http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/12/28/movies/28matc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=London+Calling%2C+With+Luck%2C+Lust+and+Ambition&rft.date=2005-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F28%2Fmovies%2F28matc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/nov/09/warner-bros-leavesden-studios">"Warner Bros buys Harry Potter studios in £100m boost for UK films"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118044413/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/nov/09/warner-bros-leavesden-studios">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros+buys+Harry+Potter+studios+in+%C2%A3100m+boost+for+UK+films&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2010%2Fnov%2F09%2Fwarner-bros-leavesden-studios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-warner-britain-idUKTRE6A73MW20101108">"Warner to purchase and invest £100 million in film studio"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 8 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Warner+to+purchase+and+invest+%C2%A3100+million+in+film+studio&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-warner-britain-idUKTRE6A73MW20101108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Beaumont-Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/03/7-percent-british-film-profit-bfi-study">"Only a small fraction of British films turn a profit, BFI study finds"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103112745/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/03/7-percent-british-film-profit-bfi-study">Archived</a> 3 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 3 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627001804/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/?view=Actor&sort=sumgross&p=.htm">"People Index – Actors: Total Gross"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/?view=Actor&sort=sumgross&p=.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=People+Index+%E2%80%93+Actors%3A+Total+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fpeople%2F%3Fview%3DActor%26sort%3Dsumgross%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/7926836/British-film-industry-will-suffer-if-the-Government-closes-the-UK-Film-Council.html">"British film industry will suffer if the Government closes the UK Film Council"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226134237/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/7926836/British-film-industry-will-suffer-if-the-Government-closes-the-UK-Film-Council.html">Archived</a> 26 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 5 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestforfilm.com/film-news/mr-hunt-give-me-a-future-harry-brown-director-supports-our-campaign">"Daniel Barber condemns UK Film Council abolition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723194707/http://bestforfilm.com/film-news/mr-hunt-give-me-a-future-harry-brown-director-supports-our-campaign/">Archived</a> 23 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 29 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126092316/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10911948">"Clint Eastwood writes plea to save UK Film Council"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 9 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10911948">the original</a> on 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Clint+Eastwood+writes+plea+to+save+UK+Film+Council&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-10911948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoard2010" class="citation news cs1">Shoard, Catherine (9 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/09/clint-eastwood-film-council">"Clint Eastwood joins fight to save UK Film Council"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922211103/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/09/clint-eastwood-film-council">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Clint+Eastwood+joins+fight+to+save+UK+Film+Council&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft.aulast=Shoard&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Faug%2F09%2Fclint-eastwood-film-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestforfilm.com/film-blog/save-the-uk-film-council">Online campaign to save the UK Film Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723194715/http://bestforfilm.com/film-blog/save-the-uk-film-council/">Archived</a> 23 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 27 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFchild2010" class="citation news cs1">child, Ben (11 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/11/michael-winner-uk-film-council">"Michael Winner berates UK Film Council supporters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307183058/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/11/michael-winner-uk-film-council">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Michael+Winner+berates+UK+Film+Council+supporters&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.aulast=child&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Faug%2F11%2Fmichael-winner-uk-film-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellowes2010" class="citation news cs1">Fellowes, Julian (12 August 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/7941224/Cut-the-Film-Council-and-end-this-1970s-navel-gazing.html">"Cut the Film Council and end this 1970s navel-gazing"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/7941224/Cut-the-Film-Council-and-end-this-1970s-navel-gazing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cut+the+Film+Council+and+end+this+1970s+navel-gazing&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.aulast=Fellowes&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2F7941224%2FCut-the-Film-Council-and-end-this-1970s-navel-gazing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2010" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Donald (20 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/theticket/2010/0820/1224277220500.html">"Pros and cons of dumping UK film council"</a>. <i>Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021212825/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/theticket/2010/0820/1224277220500.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Pros+and+cons+of+dumping+UK+film+council&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Ftheticket%2F2010%2F0820%2F1224277220500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian010411-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian010411_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Child, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/apr/01/uk-film-council-british-institute-bfi">"Fade out from the UK Film Council ... to the British Film Institute"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201180234/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/apr/01/uk-film-council-british-institute-bfi">Archived</a> 1 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 1 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Macnab, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screendaily.com/territories/uk-ireland/kings-speech-bfi-gets-kings-ransom/5024247.article">"King's Speech: BFI gets king's ransom?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720172946/http://www.screendaily.com/territories/uk-ireland/kings-speech-bfi-gets-kings-ransom/5024247.article">Archived</a> 20 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Screen Daily</i>, 24 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/christopher-nolan-interstellar-critics-making-760897">"Christopher Nolan on 'Interstellar' Critics, Making Original Films and Shunning Cellphones and Email (Q&A)"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 3 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117111636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/christopher-nolan-interstellar-critics-making-760897">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christopher+Nolan+on+%27Interstellar%27+Critics%2C+Making+Original+Films+and+Shunning+Cellphones+and+Email+%28Q%26A%29&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Frace%2Fchristopher-nolan-interstellar-critics-making-760897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18403116">"Warner Bros opens revamped UK film studio"</a>. BBC. 12 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625100836/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18403116">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros+opens+revamped+UK+film+studio&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-18403116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856">Statistical Yearbook 2011: 7.3 UK directors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615221043/http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856">Archived</a> 15 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UK Film Council. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pm-uk-film-industry/">"PM backs 'dynamic and entrepreneurial' UK film industry"</a>. Number 10. 11 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030103641/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pm-uk-film-industry/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PM+backs+%27dynamic+and+entrepreneurial%27+UK+film+industry&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fpm-uk-film-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2022" class="citation news cs1">Hines, Dominique (7 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/am-not-sure-great-film-161226200.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I am not sure we are great film-makers,' Danny Boyle slams the British film industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130172305/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/am-not-sure-great-film-161226200.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=%27I+am+not+sure+we+are+great+film-makers%2C%27+Danny+Boyle+slams+the+British+film+industry&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fam-not-sure-great-film-161226200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630145122/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/official-2022-statistics">"Official 2022 statistics reveal a record £6.27 billion film and high-end television production spend in the UK"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. 2 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/official-2022-statistics">the original</a> on 30 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=Official+2022+statistics+reveal+a+record+%C2%A36.27+billion+film+and+high-end+television+production+spend+in+the+UK&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fofficial-2022-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619133503/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-66871083">"Hollywood strikes: UK film industry workers hit by US dispute"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-66871083">the original</a> on 19 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hollywood+strikes%3A+UK+film+industry+workers+hit+by+US+dispute&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-66871083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Roddick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/tim-webber-the-man-who-put-sandra-bullock-in-space-8804917.html">"Tim Webber: the man who put Sandra Bullock in space"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122140458/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/tim-webber-the-man-who-put-sandra-bullock-in-space-8804917.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i>, 17 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li>Aldgate, Anthony and Richards Jeffrey. 2002. <i>Best of British: Cinema and Society from 1930 to the Present</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a></li> <li>Babington, Bruce; Ed. 2001.<i>British Stars and Stardom</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press</li> <li>Chibnall, Steve and Murphy, Robert; Eds. 1999. <i>British Crime Cinema</i>. London: Routledge</li> <li>Cook, Pam. 1996. <i>Fashioning the Nation: Costume and Identity in British Cinema</i>. London BFI</li> <li>Curran, James and Porter, Vincent; Eds. 1983. <i>British Cinema History</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Durgnat1970" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Durgnat (1970). <i>A Mirror for England: British Movies from Austerity to Affluence</i>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09503-2"><bdi>978-0-571-09503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mirror+for+England%3A+British+Movies+from+Austerity+to+Affluence&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-571-09503-2&rft.au=Raymond+Durgnat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harper, Sue. 2000. <i>Women in British Cinema: Mad Bad and Dangerous to Know</i>. London: Continuum</li> <li>Higson, Andrew. 1995. <i>Waving the Flag: Constructing a National Cinema in Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press</li> <li>Higson, Andrew. 2003. <i>English Heritage, English Cinema</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Hill, John. 1986. <i>Sex, Class and Realism</i>. London: BFI</li> <li>Landy, Marcia. 1991. <i>British Genres: Cinema and Society, 1930–1960</i>. Princeton University Press</li> <li>Lay, Samantha. 2002. <i>British Social Realism</i>. London: Wallflower</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_McFarlaneAnthony_Slide2003" class="citation book cs1">Brian McFarlane; Anthony Slide (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbr0000unse"><i>The encyclopedia of British film</i></a></span>. Methuen Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-77301-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-77301-9"><bdi>0-413-77301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+British+film&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-413-77301-9&rft.au=Brian+McFarlane&rft.au=Anthony+Slide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofbr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Monk, Claire and Sargeant, Amy. 2002. <i>British Historical Cinema</i>. London Routledge</li> <li>Murphy, Robert; Ed. 2001. <i>British Cinema Book 2nd Edition</i>. London: BFI</li> <li>Perry, George. 1988. <i>The Great British Picture Show</i>. Little Brown, 1988.</li> <li>Richards, Jeffrey. 1997. <i> Films and British national identity / From Dickens to Dad's Army </i>. Manchester University Press</li> <li>Street, Sarah. 1997. <i>British National Cinema</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_Tasker2002" class="citation book cs1">Yvonne Tasker (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftycontemporar0000unse"><i>50 Contemporary Filmmakers</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18974-3"><bdi>978-0-415-18974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Contemporary+Filmmakers&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18974-3&rft.au=Yvonne+Tasker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiftycontemporar0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pre–World War II</dt></dl> <ul><li>Low, Rachael. 1985. <i>Film Making in 1930s Britain</i>. London: George, Allen and Unwin</li> <li>Rotha, Paul. 1973. <i>Documentary diary; an informal history of the British documentary film, 1928–1939</i>, New York: Hill and Wang</li> <li>Swann, Paul. 2003. <i>The British Documentary Film Movement, 1926–1946</i>. Cambridge University Press</li></ul> <dl><dt>World War II</dt></dl> <ul><li>Aldgate, Anthony and Richards, Jeffrey 2nd Edition. 1994. <i>Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</li> <li>Barr, Charles; Ed. 1986. <i>All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema</i>. London: British Film Institute</li> <li>Murphy, Robert. 2000. <i>British Cinema and the Second World War</i>. London: Continuum</li> <li>[fr] Rousselet, Francis <i>Et le Cinéma Britannique entra en guerre ...</i>, Cerf-Corlet, 2009, 240pp.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Post-War</dt></dl> <ul><li>Friedman, Lester; Ed. 1992. <i>British Cinema and Thatcherism</i>. London: UCL Press</li> <li>Geraghty, Christine. 2000. <i>British Cinema in the Fifties: Gender Genre and the New Look</i>. London Routledge</li> <li>Gillett, Philip. 2003. <i>The British Working Class in Postwar Film</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press</li> <li>Murphy, Robert; Ed. 1996. <i>Sixties British Cinema</i>. London: BFI</li> <li>Shaw, Tony. 2001. <i>British Cinema and the Cold War</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Brown, Geoff. 2000. <i>Something for Everyone: British film Culture in the 1990s</i>.</li> <li>Brunsdon, Charlotte. 2000. <i>Not Having It All: Women and Film in the 1990s</i>.</li> <li>Murphy, Robert; Ed. 2000. <i>British Cinema of the 90s</i>. London: BFI</li></ul> <dl><dt>Cinema and government</dt></dl> <ul><li>Dickinson, Margaret and Street, Sarah. 1985. <i>Cinema and the State: The Film industry and the British Government, 1927–84</i>. London: BFI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Miller" title="Toby Miller">Miller, Toby</a>. 2000. <i>The Film Industry and the Government: Endless Mr Beans and Mr Bonds?</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Moran1996" class="citation book cs1">Albert Moran (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmpolicy00albe_0"><i>Film Policy: International, National, and Regional Perspectives</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09791-8"><bdi>978-0-415-09791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Policy%3A+International%2C+National%2C+and+Regional+Perspectives&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09791-8&rft.au=Albert+Moran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmpolicy00albe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bafta.org">British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britmovie.co.uk/">Britmovie|Home of British Films</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powell-pressburger.org/">Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geocities.ws/linwood/cine/Cinema%20Britain1/intro.html">British Cinema in the 50's and 60's </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_British_films" title="Lists of British films">Films by year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_before_1920" title="List of British films before 1920">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1920" title="List of British films of 1920">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1921" title="List of British films of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1922" title="List of British films of 1922">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1923" title="List of British films of 1923">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1924" title="List of British films of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1925" title="List of British films of 1925">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1926" title="List of British films of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1927" title="List of British films of 1927">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1928" title="List of British films of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1929" title="List of British films of 1929">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1930" title="List of British films of 1930">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1931" title="List of British films of 1931">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1932" title="List of British films of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1933" title="List of British films of 1933">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1934" title="List of British films of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1935" title="List of British films of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1936" title="List of British films of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1937" title="List of British films of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1938" title="List of British films of 1938">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1939" title="List of British films of 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1940" title="List of British films of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1941" title="List of British films of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1942" title="List of British films of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1943" title="List of British films of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1944" title="List of British films of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1945" title="List of British films of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1946" title="List of British films of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1947" title="List of British films of 1947">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1948" title="List of British films of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1949" title="List of British films of 1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1950" title="List of British films of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1951" title="List of British films of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1952" title="List of British films of 1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1953" title="List of British films of 1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1954" title="List of British films of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1955" title="List of British films of 1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1956" title="List of British films of 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1957" title="List of British films of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1958" title="List of British films of 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1959" title="List of British films of 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1960" title="List of British films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1961" title="List of British films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1962" title="List of British films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1963" title="List of British films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1964" title="List of British films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1965" title="List of British films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1966" title="List of British films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1967" title="List of British films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1968" title="List of British films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1969" title="List of British films of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1970" title="List of British films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1971" title="List of British films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1972" title="List of British films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1973" title="List of British films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1974" title="List of British films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1975" title="List of British films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1976" title="List of British films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1977" title="List of British films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1978" title="List of British films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1979" title="List of British films of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1980" title="List of British films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1981" title="List of British films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1982" title="List of British films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1983" title="List of British films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1984" title="List of British films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1985" title="List of British films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1986" title="List of British films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1987" title="List of British films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1988" title="List of British films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1989" title="List of British films of 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1990" title="List of British films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1991" title="List of British films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1992" title="List of British films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1993" title="List of British films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1994" title="List of British films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1995" title="List of British films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1996" title="List of British films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1997" title="List of British films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1998" title="List of British films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1999" title="List of British films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2000" title="List of British films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2001" title="List of British films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2002" title="List of British films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2003" title="List of British films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2004" title="List of British films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2005" title="List of British films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2006" title="List of British films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2007" title="List of British films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2008" title="List of British films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2009" title="List of British films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2010" title="List of British films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2011" title="List of British films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2012" title="List of British films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2013" title="List of British films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2014" title="List of British films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2015" title="List of British films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2016" title="List of British films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2017" title="List of British films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2018" title="List of British films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2019" title="List of British films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2020" title="List of British films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2021" title="List of British films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2022" title="List of British films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2023" title="List of British films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2024" title="List of British films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production companies<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_studios" title="List of British film studios">studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Film" title="BBC Film">BBC Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Talk_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Talk Productions">Big Talk Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Lion_Films" title="British Lion Films">British Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Films" title="DNA Films">DNA Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Negative_(VFX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Negative (VFX)">Double Negative (VFX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_Productions" title="Eon Productions">Eon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4_Productions" title="Film4 Productions">Film4 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyday_Films" title="Heyday Films">Heyday Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginarium" title="The Imaginarium">The Imaginarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_Pictures" title="Jellyfish Pictures">Jellyfish Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Films" title="London Films">London Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcross_Studios" title="Longcross Studios">Longcross Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Smith_Entertainment" title="Mister Smith Entertainment">Mister Smith Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_9_Films" title="Number 9 Films">Number 9 Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Pictures">Palace Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Pictures" title="Passion Pictures">Passion Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Group" title="Pinewood Group">Pinewood Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorded_Picture_Company" title="Recorded Picture Company">Recorded Picture Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Free_Productions" title="Scott Free Productions">Scott Free Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncopy_Inc." title="Syncopy Inc.">Syncopy Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_Films" title="Thin Man Films">Thin Man Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Films" title="Vertigo Films">Vertigo Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Leavesden" title="Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden">Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_Films" title="Warp Films">Warp Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Studios" title="Wimbledon Studios">Wimbledon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Title_Films" title="Working Title Films">Working Title Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicus_Productions" title="Amicus Productions">Amicus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">Associated British Picture Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Films" title="Astra Films">Astra Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Dominions_Imperial_Studios" title="British and Dominions Imperial Studios">British and Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Instructional_Films" title="British Instructional Films">British Instructional Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Films_Company" title="British National Films Company">British National Films Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_Film_Service" title="Butcher's Film Service">Butcher's Film Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Film_Company" title="Clarendon Film Company">Clarendon Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryanston_Films_(UK)" title="Bryanston Films (UK)">Bryanston Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Danzigers" title="The Danzigers">The Danzigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Films" title="Eros Films">Eros Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._B._Samuelson_Productions" title="G. B. Samuelson Productions">G. B. Samuelson Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_Studios" title="Gate Studios">Gate Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halas_and_Batchelor" title="Halas and Batchelor">Halas and Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemdale_Film_Corporation" title="Hemdale Film Corporation">Hemdale Film Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepworth_Pictures" title="Hepworth Pictures">Hepworth Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Film_Company" title="Ideal Film Company">Ideal Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Company" title="London Film Company">London Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancunian_Films" title="Mancunian Films">Mancunian Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Park_Studios" title="Merton Park Studios">Merton Park Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation">The Rank Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">Rock Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southall_Studios" title="Southall Studios">Southall Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoll_Pictures" title="Stoll Pictures">Stoll Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempean_Films" title="Tempean Films">Tempean Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigon_British_Film_Productions" title="Tigon British Film Productions">Tigon British Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Films" title="Warwick Films">Warwick Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodfall_Film_Productions" title="Woodfall Film Productions">Woodfall Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolf_%26_Freedman_Film_Service" title="Woolf & Freedman Film Service">Woolf & Freedman Film Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">British horror cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_melodramas" title="Gainsborough melodramas">Gainsborough melodramas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_National_Archive" title="BFI National Archive">BFI National Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_Southbank" title="BFI Southbank">BFI Southbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="British Society of Cinematographers">British Society of Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Film_Foundation" title="Children's Film Foundation">Children's Film Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Exhibitors%27_Association" title="Cinema Exhibitors' Association">Cinema Exhibitors' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen" title="Northern Ireland Screen">Northern Ireland Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Film_Council" title="UK Film Council">UK Film Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_actors" title="List of British actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_directors" title="List of British film directors">Directors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom">Box office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards" title="British Independent Film Awards">British Independent Film Awards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(franchise)" title="Carry On (franchise)">Carry On</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Film censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Act_1927" title="Cinematograph Films Act 1927">Cinematograph Films Act 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eady_Levy" title="Eady Levy">Eady Levy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Video_Charts" title="UK Video Charts">Home Video Charts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Look_at_Life_(film_series)" title="Look at Life (film series)">Look at Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_film" title="London in film">London in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Live" title="National Theatre Live">National Theatre Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecinema" title="Telecinema">Telecinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cinema of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_Cinema_Chains" title="Template:UK Cinema Chains"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_Cinema_Chains" title="Template talk:UK Cinema Chains"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_Cinema_Chains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK Cinema Chains"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema chains in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cineworld" title="Cineworld">Cineworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_International" title="Vue International">Vue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller & regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Cinemas" title="Curzon Cinemas">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman_Cinemas" title="Everyman Cinemas">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Multiplex_Cinemas" title="Irish Multiplex Cinemas">IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Cinemas" title="Merlin Cinemas">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniplex_Cinemas" title="Omniplex Cinemas">Omniplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturehouse_Cinemas" title="Picturehouse Cinemas">Picturehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_Cinemas,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel Cinemas, UK">Reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showcase_Cinemas" title="Showcase Cinemas">Showcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_Cinemas" title="The Light Cinemas">The Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental<br />& transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1255209956">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1255209956</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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