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<html> <head><title>MICROSCOPY-NANOSCOPY</title> <meta name="keywords" content="lasers,tunable,dye,physics,oscillators,resonators, books,optics,dirac,interference,dispersion,dispersive,diffraction,prisms,tunable lasers,dye lasers, multiple-prism,beam-expanders,gratings,quantum,electronics,linewidth,solid-state, interferometry,interferometers,imaging, duarte, macquarie, australian, institute, optical, society, america"> </head> <center> <table width=700 border = 0 bordercolorlight = "#ffffff" bordercolordark = "#000000"> <tr><th bgcolor = "#000023"><a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/lasers33.jpg" align = left border = 0></a>Interferometric Optics</a> </table> </center> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="experiment-5.css"></link> <body link = "#ff9933" vlink = "#ff9933" background = "OpticsJournal-33.jpg"> <center><h1>TUNABLE LASER MICROSCOPY VIA EXTREMELY EXPANDED (3000:1) BEAMS </h1></center> <center><h1>Since 1987 </h1></center> <center><h2>Nanoscopy utilizes quantum interferometric calculations</h2></center> These are some references on microscopy, and related techniques, for applications in optics, biological sciences, and medicine. The following terminology is discussed in the given references: <ul> <li>Citology <li>Interferometry (N-Slit Interferometer) <li>Interferometric Microdensitometer <li><a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com/diracoptics.htm">Interferometric Microscopy</a> <li>Interferometric Nanoscopy <li>Structural Analysis <li>Microscopy <li>Microdensitometry </ul> <center><h1>Extremely expanded laser beam illumination (up to 3000:1)</h1></center> <center><h2>Synonym: Extremely elongated Gaussian beam illumination</h2></center> <center><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/tla.htm"><img src = "http://www.interferometricoptics.com/FJ DUARTE-LASERS NSLI.jpg"></a></center> Optical architecture for the multiple-prism beam expander microscope/microdensitometer (MPBEM). The beam incident on the object can be, for example, 25-60 mm wide X 20 &#181m high. This is an extremely elongated beam (in the plane of propagation) with a width to height ratio in the range of 1000:1 to 3000:1. The MPBEM has a dual optical mode of operation and can also be configured as a pure <a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com/NSLI.htm">N-slit laser interferometer (NSLI)</a> (for reviews see <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications</a>). The use of light beams extremely elongated in one plane (25-60 mm) and extremely thin (10-30 &#181m) in the orthogonal plane was introduced for microscopy and microdensitometry applications in 1987 with a US Patent issued in 1993. This type of one-dimensionally beam-expanded illumination for microscopy has also become known as light sheet illumination and selective plane illumination. Resolution into the nanometer regime can be extended via <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/diracoptics.htm">interferometric calculations</a>. The 1991 and 1993 papers also reported, for the first time, on the use of quantum mechanics techniques, via Dirac's notation, in the field of imaging. These papers further illustrated the prediction of measured interferograms using interferometric equations derived using Dirac's quantum notation. <center><h2>References</h2></center> <ul> <li><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00340-023-08021-y">F. J. Duarte and I. E. Olivares, N-slit quantum interferometers in the nanometer domain, Appl. Phys. B 129, 88 (2023)</a>. <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/FQE.htm">F. J. Duarte, Fundamentals of Quantum Entanglement, 2nd Edn (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 2022)</a>. </ul> <center><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/FQE.htm"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/FJ Duarte FQE 2nd Edn 2022(b).jpg"></a> </center> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/FQE.htm">F. J. Duarte, Fundamentals of Quantum Entanglement (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 2019)</a>. </ul> <center><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/FQE.htm"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/FJ Duarte FQE Cover 4.jpg"></a> </center> <ul> <li>F. J. Duarte, Organic molecules in photonics, cancer phototherapy, and neurophotonics, in Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy R. R. Alfano and L. Shi (Eds.) (Elsevier, New York, 2019). <li>F. J. Duarte, Interferometric imaging, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications, 3rd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2016) Chapter 10.</a> <li>F. J. Duarte, Tunable laser microscopy, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications, 3rd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2016) Chapter 9.</a> <li>B. J. Orr et al., Spectroscopic applications of tunable optical parametric oscillators, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications, 3rd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2016) Chapter 2.</a> </ul> <center><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/tla.htm"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/FJ DUARTE-LASERS TLA3rd.png"></a></center> <ul> <li>F. J. Duarte, Interferometric imaging, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications, 2nd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapter 12.</a> <li>J. L. Thomas and W. Rudolph, Biological microscopy with ultrashort laser pulses, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications, 2nd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapter 8.</a> <li>C. S. Kwok and K. Y. Lee, Microdensitometer system with micrometer resolution for reading radiochromic films, US Patent 6927859 (2005). <li>J. Sawinski and W. Denk, Miniature random-access fiber scanner for in vivo multiphoton imaging, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 034701 (2007). <li>J. H. Nieuwenhuis, G. W. Lubking, and M. J. Vellekoop, Apparatus for determining the shape and/or size of little particles, US Patent 7295310 (2007). <li>U. Siegner, M. Achermann, and U. Keller, Spatially resolved femtosecond spectroscopy beyond the diffraction limit, Meas. Sci. Technol. 12, 1847-1857 (2001). <li>W. E. Ortyn, L. R. Piloco, and J. W. Hayenga, Cytological system illumination integrity checking apparatus and method, US Patent 6011861 (2000). <li>B. A. Nechay, U. Siegner, M. Achermann, H. Bielefeldt, and U. Keller, Femtosecond pump-probe near-field optical microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 2758-2764 (1999). <li>A. P. Sliski, CCD X-ray microdensitometer system, US Patent 5623139 (1997). <li><a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/dirac.htm">F. J. Duarte, Interference, diffraction, and refraction, via Dirac's notation, Am. J. Phys. 65, 637-640 (1997)</a>. <li>J. Chrastil, Spectrophotometric method for structural analysis of organic compounds, polymers, nucleotides, and peptides, US Patent 5550630 (1996). <li>F. J. Duarte, Interferometric imaging, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications</a>, F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1995) pp. 153-178. <li>F. J. Duarte, Electro-optical interferometric microdensitometer system, US Patent 5255069 (1993). <li>F. J. Duarte, On a generalized interference equation and interferometric measurements, Opt. Commun. 103, 8-14 (1993). <li>F. J. Duarte, Dispersive dye lasers, in <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/hpdl.htm">High Power Dye Lasers</a>, F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991) pp. 7-43. <li>F. J. Duarte, Beam shaping with telescopes and multiple-prism beam expanders, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, P30 (1987). <li>F. J. Duarte, Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for pulse compression in ultrafast dye lasers, Opt. Quantum Electron. 19, 223-229 (1987). <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/fjduarte.htm"> F. J. Duarte</a> and J. A. Piper, Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers, Opt. Commun. 43, 303-307 (1982). </ul> <center><a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com/diracoptics.htm"><h2>Dirac Optics</h3></a></center> Key words: citology, imaging, interferometry, interferometric microdensitometer, interferometric microscopy, interferometric nanoscopy, structural analysis, microscopy, microdensitometry, multiple-prism beam expansion, multiple-prism pulse compression, multiple-prism dispersion theory, quantum, quantum imaging. <center> <a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/oj2.jpg"></a> <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/tll.jpg" ></a> <a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/lasers33.jpg" ></a> Page published on the 5th of July, 2009.</h4> Last updated on the 17th of May, 2023. </html>