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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_534716667b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="KIEV, Les origines de la ville" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/"> 1. Les origines de la ville </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="KIEV, Évolution de la ville moderne" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/2-evolution-de-la-ville-moderne/"> 2. Évolution de la ville moderne </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="KIEV, Une ville dynamique" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/3-une-ville-dynamique/"> 3. Une ville dynamique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="KIEV, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>KIEV</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071510_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071510_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT019903" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Ukraine : carte administrative" href="/media/ukraine-carte-administrative-at019903/"><img id="AT019903" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/3/csm_at019903_101fb8ce16.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ukraine : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Ukraine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1364" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ukraine : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Biélorussie (ou Belarus) est un État totalement souverain depuis 1991 seulement. En outre, son territoire, dans sa forme actuelle, est très récent. Elle fut l'un des États fondateurs de l'Union soviétique et son espace, sa société et son économie portent encore les témoignages de plusieurs décennies de soviétisation. Elle se distingue, en Europe centrale et orientale, par l'abse..." title="Article : BIÉLORUSSIE" href="/encyclopedie/bielorussie/">Biélorussie</a>, aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Long de 2 285 kilomètres et drainant un bassin de 504 000 kilomètres carrés, le Dniepr (le Borysthène des anciens Grecs) se classe en Europe au quatrième rang derrière la Volga , le Danube et l'Oural ; mais son débit moyen à l'embouchure (1 700 m 3 /s) reste sensiblement inférieur à celui de la Petchora, de la Dvina du Nord et même de la Néva. Le Dniepr traverse successiveme..." title="Article : DNIEPR" href="/encyclopedie/dniepr/">Dniepr</a> et de la confluence proche avec le Pripiat et la Desna. Pour ces raisons, elle constitue un lieu d'étape sur les itinéraires reliant la mer Baltique et la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Vaste mer continentale située entre le sud-est de l'Europe et l'Asie Mineure, la mer Noire est délimitée par l' Ukraine au nord, la Russie au nord-est, la Géorgie à l'est, la Turquie au sud et la Bulgarie et la Roumanie à l'ouest.. La mer Noire occupe un large bassin qui jouit d'une position stratégique à l'extrême sud-est de l'Europe. Elle est reliée aux lointaine..." title="Article : MER NOIRE" href="/encyclopedie/mer-noire/">mer Noire</a>, mais aussi la Russie et le reste de l'Europe. Une telle situation ne lui valut pas que des bonnes fortunes. Le site de la ville est également remarquable. Le centre s'est initialement développé sur les collines de la rive droite du Dniepr, puis l'agglomération s'est étalée des deux côtés du fleuve.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071510_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071510_1"></i><h2>Les origines de la ville </h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC071510_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071510_1_0"></i><h3>Le site et la fondation</h3><p>Les origines de Kiev sont très anciennes. Les vestiges archéologiques indiquent que la région est peuplée depuis le Paléolithique supérieur. Dès 3000 avant J.-C., puis à l'époque de la culture de Cucuteni-Tripolje (fin du Néolithique), des tribus pratiquant l'agriculture et l'élevage s'installent sur le site actuel de Kiev. Les fouilles révèlent encore nombre d'artefacts datant des Âges du cuivre, du bronze et du fer. Les tribus de la région commercent alors avec les peuples nomades des steppes du Sud (Scythes, Sarmates, puis Khazars) et les colonies grecques bordant la mer Noire.</p><p>La légende consignée dans <em>Le Récit des temps passés</em> (<span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup> s.) attribue la construction de la ville au prince des Poliane, Ki, aidé de ses deux frères. Telle serait l'origine du toponyme Kiev. La ville est aussi mentionnée par des historiens et des géographes byzantins, germains et arabes. L'archéologie a, pour sa part, montré que la fondation de Kiev remonte au <span class="pc">vi</span><sup>e</sup> ou au <span class="pc">vii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC071510_1_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071510_1_1"></i><h3>La première capitale de la Russie kiévienne</h3><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990760" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kiev (Ukraine)" href="/media/kiev-ukraine-ph990760/"><img id="PH990760" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/7/csm_ph990760_3feb49cee3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kiev (Ukraine) - crédits : Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Dniepr à Kiev, capitale de l'Ukraine." data-copyright="Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="687" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kiev (Ukraine) </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les Varègues s'emparent de Kiev au milieu du <span class="pc">ix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, puis forment une élite dirigeante avec les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les peuples slaves, dont le nom n'est mentionné pour la première fois qu'en 500 après J.-C., ont constitué au cours du Moyen Âge de puissants États tels la principauté de Grande-Moravie, la Russie kiévienne, le royaume de Pologne , le grand-duché de Lituanie , le royaume de Serbie .. Membres de la grande famille indoeuropéenne, ils sont apparus tardivement sur la scène de l'histoir..." title="Article : SLAVES" href="/encyclopedie/slaves/">Slaves</a>. Kiev connaît un essor rapide grâce à son emplacement favorable : un site défensif sur les hautes rives du Dniepr, au cœur d'une riche région agricole, entouré de villes slaves plus anciennes. Vers 882, le prince <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'OLEG, prince de Kiev (882-912 ou 922). Sous ce nom, la Chronique des temps passés (compilation des xi e - xii e s.) a conservé le souvenir du chef varègue, parent de Rurik, qui a imposé son pouvoir (d'après la Chronique , en qualité de tuteur du jeune prince Igor) à Kiev et sur tout le bassin du Dniepr (dernier quart du ix e s.). Soucieux d'assurer un débouché éco..." title="Article : OLEG, prince de Kiev (882-912 ou 922)" href="/encyclopedie/oleg/">Oleg,</a> déjà maître de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les premières mentions de Novgorod, dont le nom signifie « ville neuve », remontent au ix e siècle ; située sur le Volkhov, près du lac Ilmen, au nord de la voie commerciale reliant « les Varègues aux Grecs », la cité de Novgorod est l'un des deux centres de la Russie kiévienne. Très tôt, des tendances séparatistes à l'égard de Kiev s'y font jour ; un début d'autonomie ..." title="Article : NOVGOROD" href="/encyclopedie/novgorod/">Novgorod</a>, s'empare de Kiev pour en faire la capitale du premier État slave oriental : la Russie kiévienne. La ville développe un commerce florissant le long du Dniepr, au sud vers Byzance et au nord vers la Baltique. Ses marchands se rendent même jusque sur les rives de la Caspienne et en Asie centrale.</p><p>En 988, l'introduction du christianisme à Kiev renforce son rôle de centre spirituel. La cathédrale Sainte-Sophie, la laure Kievo-Petchersk (monastère des Catacombes) et les ruines de la Porte d'or reflètent encore la splendeur de la ville à son apogée. Elle est alors réputée pour ses arts, les mosaïques et les fresques de ses églises et son excellente maîtrise du travail de l'argent. Figurant parmi les plus grandes villes d'Europe, Kiev noue des relations diplomatiques avec Byzance, l'Angleterre, la France ou encore la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Suède est restée plus longtemps que les autres pays scandinaves dépourvue d'histoire écrite. Les temps archaïques, sur lesquels la documentation se limite aux données de l'archéologie, de l'épigraphie runique et de quelques traditions plus ou moins mythiques consignées dans les pays étrangers, s'y prolongent jusqu'au milieu du xii e siècle.. Ainsi s'expliquent les incertitudes q..." title="Article : SUÈDE" href="/encyclopedie/suede/">Suède</a>. Selon certains voyageurs, elle compte déjà des dizaines de milliers d'habitants.</p><p>La ville est cependant affaiblie par plusieurs guerres contre les tribus nomades qui règnent sur les steppes du Sud (Khazars, Petchenègues, puis Polovtsy). Mais les luttes intestines incessantes entre les principautés de la Russie kiévienne font davantage de ravages encore. En 1169, le prince <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ANDRÉ BOGOLIOUBSKI (1111 env.-1174), grand-prince de Vladimir (1157-1174). Fils du prince Iouri (Georges) Dolgorouki et d'une princesse polovtsienne, André Bogolioubski est élevé dans la principauté de Rostov-Souzdal où règne son père. Contre son gré, il doit participer à des expéditions lointaines qui procurent à Iouri le titre de prince de Kiev . Mais, dès 1155, André..." title="Article : ANDRÉ BOGOLIOUBSKI (1111 env.-1174), grand-prince de Vladimir (1157-1174)" href="/encyclopedie/andre-bogolioubski/">André Bogolioubski</a> de Rostov-Souzdal s'empare ainsi de Kiev et la met à sac. La cité, dont le déclin commence à la fin du <span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, ne résiste pas à la montée en puissance des Mongols au siècle suivant. En 1238, une armée conduite par Batu, petit-fils de Gengis khan, envahit la Russie kiévienne et, après<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" 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title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/"> Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Russie, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Russie, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/russie-histoire/"> Russie, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie urbaine" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-urbaine/"> Géographie urbaine </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Villes d'Europe"> <a title="Classification : Villes d'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-urbaine/villes-d-europe/"> Villes d'Europe </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071510_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT019903" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Ukraine : carte administrative" href="/media/ukraine-carte-administrative-at019903/"> <img id="AT019903" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/3/csm_at019903_101fb8ce16.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ukraine : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Ukraine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1364" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ukraine : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990760" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kiev (Ukraine)" href="/media/kiev-ukraine-ph990760/"> <img id="PH990760" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/7/csm_ph990760_3feb49cee3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kiev (Ukraine) - crédits : Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Dniepr à Kiev, capitale de l'Ukraine." data-copyright="Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="687" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kiev (Ukraine) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jerry Alexander/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH140304" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Manifestation à Kiev, février 2014 " href="/media/manifestation-a-kiev-fevrier-2014-ph140304/"> <img id="PH140304" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/6/csm_ph140304_093641e8c4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Manifestation à Kiev, février 2014 - crédits : Alexey Furman/ EPA" data-description="Le face-à-face entre les forces de sécurité (au premier plan) et les manifestants ukrainiens qui demandent depuis trois mois le départ du président Ianoukovitch, sur la place de l'Indépendance (Maïdan) à Kiev, le 19 février 2014, fait une centaine de victimes." data-copyright="Alexey Furman/ EPA" width="1024" height="681" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Manifestation à Kiev, février 2014 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alexey Furman/ EPA </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071510_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/andre-bogolioubski/"> <span class="rg">ANDRÉ BOGOLIOUBSKI </span><span class="rm">(1111 env.-1174), grand-prince de Vladimir (1157-1174)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Wladimir VODOFF</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">423 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils du prince Iouri (Georges) Dolgorouki et d'une princesse polovtsienne, André Bogolioubski est élevé dans la principauté de Rostov-Souzdal où règne son père. Contre son gré, il doit participer à des expéditions lointaines qui procurent à Iouri le titre de prince de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a>. Mais,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/babi-yar/"> <span class="rg">BABI YAR</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michael BERENBAUM</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">860 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BABI YAR" href="/encyclopedie/babi-yar/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Babi Yar, près de Kiev, Ukraine - crédits : Pyotr Sivkov/ TASS/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/7/csm_pa085252_56800a0afd.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le grand ravin de Babi Yar, situé à la limite septentrionale de la ville de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a>, en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on excepte la Russie, l'Ukraine est le plus vaste pays d'Europe. C'est aussi un des plus peuplés. En raison de sa situation géographique, l’Ukraine fut longtemps un État tampon , aux confins d'aires d'influences politiques et culturelles variées, voire antagonistes, comme l'atteste par exemple la géographie religieuse, linguistique et électorale. Ces influences resurgissent au déb..." title="Article : UKRAINE" href="/encyclopedie/ukraine/">Ukraine</a>, servit de charnier pour des victimes principalement juives que des groupes de S.S. allemands tuèrent entre 1941 et 1943. Après un premier massacre de Juifs à Babi Yar, le lieu continua de servir...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bielorussie/#c42975"> <span class="rg">BIÉLORUSSIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Olga BELOVA</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Yann RICHARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 818 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BI&Eacute;LORUSSIE" href="/encyclopedie/bielorussie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Biélorussie : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/5/csm_at002404_02d4640054.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...n'est pas une création du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Son histoire est déjà ancienne. Les premières principautés locales apparurent au sein de la principauté de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a>, à la fin du <span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, notamment autour de Polotsk. Dès cette époque, les villes de Pinsk, Slutsk et Turov, et dans une moindre mesure celle de... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/christianisation-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale-reperes-chronologiques/"> <span class="rg">CHRISTIANISATION DE L'EUROPE CENTRALE ET ORIENTALE - </span><span class="rm">(repères chronologiques)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Vincent GOURDON</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">314 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p><strong>Environ 800 </strong> Création de l'archevêché de Nin en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Croatie, qui était l'une des six républiques fédérées de Yougoslavie , a proclamé son indépendance le 25 juin 1991. Ce petit pays (56 610 km 2 ) de 4,29 millions d'habitants (recensement de 2011), à la charnière culturelle de l'Europe centrale, de la Méditerranée et des Balkans, a souhaité intégrer l'Union européenne.. Le premier royaume croate connu date du x e siècle. ..." title="Article : CROATIE" href="/encyclopedie/croatie/">Croatie</a>.</p><p><strong>863 </strong> Cyrille et Méthode, missionnaires dépêchés par Byzance, sont reçus à la cour du roi des Moraves, Ratislav. Ils traduisent les Saintes Écritures en slavon.</p><p><strong>864 </strong> Baptême de Boris I<sup>er</sup>, tsar de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Lors du recensement de 2011 , la Bulgarie comptait 7 351 000 habitants pour une superficie de 110 912 kilomètres carrés, soit la plus faible densité des Balkans (71 hab./km 2 ). Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de Bulgares ont émigré en Occident depuis la chute du communisme en novembre 1989. Occupée pendant cinq siècles par les Ottomans, ravagée par les guerres balkaniques et le..." title="Article : BULGARIE" href="/encyclopedie/bulgarie/">Bulgarie</a>.</p><p><strong>869 </strong> Un an après...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/kiev/"> Afficher les 15 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071510_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VARÈGUES" href="/index/varegues/"> <span class="rg">VARÈGUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POLONO-LITUANIENNE RÉPUBLIQUE" href="/index/republique-polono-lituanienne/"> <span class="rg">POLONO-LITUANIENNE </span><span class="pc">RÉPUBLIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : UKRAINE, histoire" href="/index/ukraine-histoire/"> <span class="rg">UKRAINE, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POLOGNE, histoire, de 1500 à 1763" href="/index/pologne-histoire-de-1500-a-1763/"> <span class="rg">POLOGNE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1500 à 1763</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RUSSIE, histoire, des origines à 1801" href="/index/russie-histoire-des-origines-a-1801/"> <span class="rg">RUSSIE, </span><em class="it">histoire, des origines à 1801</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RUSSIE, histoire, de 1801 à 1917" href="/index/russie-histoire-de-1801-a-1917/"> <span class="rg">RUSSIE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1801 à 1917</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : URSS, histoire" href="/index/urss-histoire/"> <span class="rg">URSS, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LITUANIE, histoire" href="/index/lituanie-histoire/"> <span class="rg">LITUANIE, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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