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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-5f54d4d2-7221-4ad7-b6dd-77854abbad00"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-5f54d4d2-7221-4ad7-b6dd-77854abbad00"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Andrew Froehle</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834977"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834977/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898368/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834977/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure">Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American journal of physical anthropology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sap...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes to determine the effects of sex, age, and latitude (a proxy for climate, in humans only). BMR was normalized for body size using fat-free mass in humans and body mass in chimpanzees. We found no effect of sex in either species and no age effect in chimpanzees. In humans, juveniles differed significantly from adults (ANCOVA: P &lt; 0.001), and senescent adults differed significantly from adults younger than 50 years (P &lt; 0.001). Europeans differed significantly from tropical populations (P &lt; 0.001). On the basis of these observations, we derived new equations describing the relationship between BMR and body size, and used them to predict total daily energy expenditure (TEE) in four early hominin species. Our predictions concur with previous TEE estimates (i.e. Leonard and Robertson: Am J Phys Anthropol 102 (1997) 265-281), and support the conclusion that TEE...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="70b7cab38681724bdc4fd48c94e3ebaa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44898368,"asset_id":13834977,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898368/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834977"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834977"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834977; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834977]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834977']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834977, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "70b7cab38681724bdc4fd48c94e3ebaa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834977]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834977,"title":"Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes to determine the effects of sex, age, and latitude (a proxy for climate, in humans only). BMR was normalized for body size using fat-free mass in humans and body mass in chimpanzees. We found no effect of sex in either species and no age effect in chimpanzees. In humans, juveniles differed significantly from adults (ANCOVA: P \u0026lt; 0.001), and senescent adults differed significantly from adults younger than 50 years (P \u0026lt; 0.001). Europeans differed significantly from tropical populations (P \u0026lt; 0.001). On the basis of these observations, we derived new equations describing the relationship between BMR and body size, and used them to predict total daily energy expenditure (TEE) in four early hominin species. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834976"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence">Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle">Andrew Froehle</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardSherwood">Richard Sherwood</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gait & Posture</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834976"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834976"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834976; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834976]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834976]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834976; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834976']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834976, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834976]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834976,"title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Gait \u0026 Posture"},"translated_abstract":"Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:50.057-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703978,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":589708,"email":"d***n@wright.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Dana Duren","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"},{"id":2703980,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710030,"email":"r***s@wright.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Ramzi Nahhas","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"},{"id":2703982,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":33200754,"co_author_invite_id":710031,"email":"r***d@wright.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Richard Sherwood","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development"},{"id":5768,"name":"Adolescent Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent_Development"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models"},{"id":54961,"name":"Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth"},{"id":60256,"name":"Gait","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gait"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child"},{"id":73118,"name":"Walking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Walking"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":307156,"name":"Gait and Posture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gait_and_Posture"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors"},{"id":1144215,"name":"Lower Extremity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lower_Extremity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834975"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women">Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834975"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834975]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834975']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834975, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834975]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834975,"title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:49.340-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703975,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":484513,"email":"l***i@euclid.ucsd.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Loki Natarajan","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"},{"id":2703976,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":484514,"email":"l***n@ucsd.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Loki Natarajan","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"},{"id":2703987,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":32402447,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***n@ucsd.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Margaret Schoeninger","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834974/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898370/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834974/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure">Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25eebcac647293c212b587c71f773bfc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44898370,"asset_id":13834974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898370/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834974, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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BMR was normalized for body size using fat-free mass in humans and body mass in chimpanzees. We found no effect of sex in either species and no age effect in chimpanzees. In humans, juveniles differed significantly from adults (ANCOVA: P \u003c 0.001), and senescent adults differed significantly from adults younger than 50 years (P \u003c 0.001). Europeans differed significantly from tropical populations (P \u003c 0.001). On the basis of these observations,","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2006,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":44898370},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834974/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:49.148-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703986,"work_id":13834974,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":32402447,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***n@ucsd.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Margaret Schoeninger","title":"Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44898370,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898370/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a20160419-28092-gj29ew.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898370/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44898370/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a20160419-28092-gj29ew-libre.pdf?1461102790=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1732981247\u0026Signature=M7t5jzMVfYR5QhJpYS-C7GuHj6z5vWuK9~~YecihwFsPVJqxeoxk-j-sYuu41uuq4odWFKRHQ~0V9AhDeaqcXZ9KeimxmTjaJc7MAiulGhDUFJo2IImuLGpLuH1an95goIBN2zJA6sbIohacpQ08lry2EWwhZXj4dhEl8S1-KKT5DWqnxjG7lpzWwRIXdSZwC~SVXiECyXQ2xxzevcLXszw2cwMsFE3Tfk09uOvmUqlSEaY6N3Kch-HMhxl40nlm8X~d7cI7y7IxnHOW7wPlH~fN78UKKuJff~WNx0pYVVZYz4UgLMmc54Vco51sPxdIVBb1s09MQj~3W4XnrdYLFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[{"id":44898370,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898370/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a20160419-28092-gj29ew.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898370/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44898370/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a20160419-28092-gj29ew-libre.pdf?1461102790=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1732981247\u0026Signature=M7t5jzMVfYR5QhJpYS-C7GuHj6z5vWuK9~~YecihwFsPVJqxeoxk-j-sYuu41uuq4odWFKRHQ~0V9AhDeaqcXZ9KeimxmTjaJc7MAiulGhDUFJo2IImuLGpLuH1an95goIBN2zJA6sbIohacpQ08lry2EWwhZXj4dhEl8S1-KKT5DWqnxjG7lpzWwRIXdSZwC~SVXiECyXQ2xxzevcLXszw2cwMsFE3Tfk09uOvmUqlSEaY6N3Kch-HMhxl40nlm8X~d7cI7y7IxnHOW7wPlH~fN78UKKuJff~WNx0pYVVZYz4UgLMmc54Vco51sPxdIVBb1s09MQj~3W4XnrdYLFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":13701,"name":"Climate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism"},{"id":42996,"name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology"},{"id":164264,"name":"Body Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Size"},{"id":311472,"name":"Pan troglodytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pan_troglodytes"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood">Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anth...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834973,"title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},"translated_abstract":"Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:49.060-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703973,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710028,"email":"m***j@wright.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Maja Sešelj","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703977,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":589708,"email":"d***n@wright.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Dana Duren","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703979,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710030,"email":"r***s@wright.edu","display_order":7340032,"name":"Ramzi Nahhas","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703981,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":33200754,"co_author_invite_id":710031,"email":"r***d@wright.edu","display_order":7864320,"name":"Richard Sherwood","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":13723,"name":"Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Anthropology"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":42996,"name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant"},{"id":139532,"name":"Bone Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Density"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834972]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834972']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834972, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b50ddff0eb028300d207ceebc8e2293a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834972]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834972,"title":"Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Researchers have hypothesized that nasal morphology, both in archaic Homo and in recent humans, is influenced by body mass and associated oxygen consumption demands required for tissue maintenance. Similarly, recent studies of the adult human nasal region have documented key differences in nasal form between males and females that are potentially linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, composition, and energetics. To better understand this potential developmental and functional dynamic, we first assessed sexual dimorphism in the nasal cavity in recent humans to determine when during ontogeny male-female differences in nasal cavity size appear. Next, we assessed whether there are significant differences in nasal/body size scaling relationships in males and females during ontogeny. Using a mixed longitudinal sample we collected cephalometric and anthropometric measurements from n 5 20 males and n 5 18 females from 3.0 to 20.01 years of age totaling n 5 290 observations. We found that males and females exhibit similar nasal size values early in ontogeny and that sexual dimorphism in nasal size appears during adolescence. Moreover, when scaled to body size, males exhibit greater positive allometry in nasal size compared to females. This differs from patterns of sexual dimorphism in overall facial size, which are already present in our earliest age groups. Sexually dimorphic differences in nasal development and scaling mirror patterns of ontogenetic variation in variables associated with oxygen consumption and tissue maintenance. This underscores the importance of considering broader systemic factors in craniofacial development and may have important implications for the study of patters craniofacial evolution in the genus Homo. 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2159560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2159560/Applying_new_approaches_to_modeling_diet_and_status_Isotopic_evidence_for_commoner_resilience_and_elite_variability_in_the_Classic_Maya_lowlands"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30502218/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2159560/Applying_new_approaches_to_modeling_diet_and_status_Isotopic_evidence_for_commoner_resilience_and_elite_variability_in_the_Classic_Maya_lowlands">Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle">Andrew Froehle</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://iastate.academia.edu/AndrewSomerville">Andrew D Somerville</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, Mar 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. This pap...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. This paper investigates the degree to which status, as defined by grave goods and tomb construction, influenced dietary patterns of elites and commoners throughout the Classic Period (200–900/1000 AD) of the southern lowlands. We compile a database (N = 102) of previously-published stable isotope ratios (δ13C collagen, δ13C apatite, and δ15N collagen) from Maya bone mineral and collagen, and interrogate these data through two new isotopic modeling techniques: a simple carbon isotope model (Kellner and Schoeninger, 2007; Froehle et al., 2010) and a multivariate isotope model (Froehle et al., 2012). We find that Maya elite diet varied significantly through time in terms of maize consumption and trophic level, while commoner diet remained remarkably stable. These findings provide new information relevant to studies of ancient Maya class structure and to studies of subsistence strategies of the pre-Columbian Americas.► We compile a dataset of previously-published Maya stable isotope ratios δ13Cco, δ13Cap, δ15Nco. ► We investigate the data with two models: a simple carbon and a multivariate isotope model. ► Variables of social status and temporal association are explored. ► Maya commoner diets change little through time, while elite diets significantly vary.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e719b1110d0ef2ccf2c32494855b1526" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30502218,"asset_id":2159560,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30502218/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2159560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2159560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2159560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2159560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2159560]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2159560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2159560']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2159560, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e719b1110d0ef2ccf2c32494855b1526" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2159560]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2159560,"title":"Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. 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class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834977"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834977/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898368/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834977/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure">Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American journal of physical anthropology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sap...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes to determine the effects of sex, age, and latitude (a proxy for climate, in humans only). BMR was normalized for body size using fat-free mass in humans and body mass in chimpanzees. We found no effect of sex in either species and no age effect in chimpanzees. In humans, juveniles differed significantly from adults (ANCOVA: P &lt; 0.001), and senescent adults differed significantly from adults younger than 50 years (P &lt; 0.001). Europeans differed significantly from tropical populations (P &lt; 0.001). On the basis of these observations, we derived new equations describing the relationship between BMR and body size, and used them to predict total daily energy expenditure (TEE) in four early hominin species. Our predictions concur with previous TEE estimates (i.e. Leonard and Robertson: Am J Phys Anthropol 102 (1997) 265-281), and support the conclusion that TEE...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="70b7cab38681724bdc4fd48c94e3ebaa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44898368,"asset_id":13834977,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898368/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834977"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834977"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834977; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834977]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834977']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834977, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "70b7cab38681724bdc4fd48c94e3ebaa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834977]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834977,"title":"Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies reporting basal metabolic rate (BMR) data for Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes to determine the effects of sex, age, and latitude (a proxy for climate, in humans only). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834976"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence">Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle">Andrew Froehle</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardSherwood">Richard Sherwood</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gait & Posture</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834976"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834976"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834976; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834976]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834976]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834976; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834976']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834976, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834976]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834976,"title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Gait \u0026 Posture"},"translated_abstract":"Walking gait is generally held to reach maturity, including walking at adult-like velocities, by 7-8 years of age. Lower limb length, however, is a major determinant of gait, and continues to increase until 13-15 years of age. This study used a sample from the Fels Longitudinal Study (ages 8-30 years) to test the hypothesis that walking with adult-like velocity on immature lower limbs results in the retention of immature gait characteristics during late childhood and early adolescence. There was no relationship between walking velocity and age in this sample, whereas the lower limb continued to grow, reaching maturity at 13.2 years in females and 15.6 years in males. Piecewise linear mixed models regression analysis revealed significant age-related trends in normalized cadence, initial double support time, single support time, base of support, and normalized step length in both sexes. Each trend reached its own, variable-specific age at maturity, after which the gait variables\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; relationships with age reached plateaus and did not differ significantly from zero. Offsets in ages at maturity occurred among the gait variables, and between the gait variables and lower limb length. The sexes also differed in their patterns of maturation. Generally, however, immature walkers of both sexes took more frequent and relatively longer steps than did mature walkers. These results support the hypothesis that maturational changes in gait accompany ongoing lower limb growth, with implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating movement-related disorders and injuries during late childhood and early adolescence.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834976/Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:50.057-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703978,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":589708,"email":"d***n@wright.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Dana Duren","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"},{"id":2703980,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710030,"email":"r***s@wright.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Ramzi Nahhas","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"},{"id":2703982,"work_id":13834976,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":33200754,"co_author_invite_id":710031,"email":"r***d@wright.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Richard Sherwood","title":"Age-related changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Age_related_changes_in_spatiotemporal_characteristics_of_gait_accompany_ongoing_lower_limb_linear_growth_in_late_childhood_and_early_adolescence","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development"},{"id":5768,"name":"Adolescent Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent_Development"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models"},{"id":54961,"name":"Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth"},{"id":60256,"name":"Gait","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gait"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child"},{"id":73118,"name":"Walking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Walking"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":307156,"name":"Gait and Posture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gait_and_Posture"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors"},{"id":1144215,"name":"Lower Extremity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lower_Extremity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834975"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women">Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834975"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834975]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834975']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834975, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834975]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834975,"title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"Postmenopausal women experience an age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a risk factor for energy imbalance and metabolic disease. Exercise, because of its association with greater lean tissue mass and other factors, has the potential to mediate REE decline, but the relation between exercise and REE in postmenopausal women is not well characterized. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is positively associated with REE and can counter the effects of age and menopause. It involves a cross-sectional sample of 31 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-72 years) with habitual exercise volumes at or above levels consistent with current clinical recommendations. Subjects kept exercise diaries for 4 weeks that quantified exercise activity and were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and REE. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for associations between EEE, age, body composition, and REE. There was a significant positive relation between EEE and lean tissue mass (fat-free mass and fat-free mass index). The relation between REE and EEE remained significant even after controlling for lean tissue mass. These results support the hypothesis that exercise is positively associated with REE and can counter the negative effects of age and menopause. They also indicate a continuous relation between exercise and REE across ranges of exercise, from moderate to high. Exercise at levels that are at or above current clinical guidelines might, in part, ameliorate the risk for energy imbalance and metabolic disease because of its positive relation with REE.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834975/Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:49.340-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703975,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":484513,"email":"l***i@euclid.ucsd.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Loki Natarajan","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"},{"id":2703976,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":484514,"email":"l***n@ucsd.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Loki Natarajan","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"},{"id":2703987,"work_id":13834975,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":32402447,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***n@ucsd.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Margaret Schoeninger","title":"Moderate to high levels of exercise are associated with higher resting energy expenditure in community-dwelling postmenopausal women"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Moderate_to_high_levels_of_exercise_are_associated_with_higher_resting_energy_expenditure_in_community_dwelling_postmenopausal_women","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834974/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898370/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834974/Intraspecies_variation_in_BMR_does_not_affect_estimates_of_early_hominin_total_daily_energy_expenditure">Intraspecies variation in BMR does not affect estimates of early hominin total daily energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25eebcac647293c212b587c71f773bfc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44898370,"asset_id":13834974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898370/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834974; 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BMR was normalized for body size using fat-free mass in humans and body mass in chimpanzees. We found no effect of sex in either species and no age effect in chimpanzees. In humans, juveniles differed significantly from adults (ANCOVA: P \u003c 0.001), and senescent adults differed significantly from adults younger than 50 years (P \u003c 0.001). Europeans differed significantly from tropical populations (P \u003c 0.001). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood">Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anth...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13834973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13834973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13834973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13834973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13834973,"title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},"translated_abstract":"Growth, development, and decline of the human skeleton are of central importance to physical anthropology. All processes of skeletal growth (longitudinal growth as well as gains and losses of bone mass) are subjected to environmental and genetic influences. These influences, and their relative contributions to the phenotype, can be asserted at any stage of life. We present here the gross phenotypic and genetic landscapes of four skeletal traits, and show how they vary across the life span. Phenotypic sex differences are found in bone diameter and cortical index (a ratio of cortical thickness over bone diameter) at a very early age and continue throughout most of life. Sexual dimorphism in summed cortical thickness and bone length, however, is not evident until shortly after the pubertal growth spurt. Genetic contributions (heritability) to these skeletal phenotypes are generally moderate to high. Bone length and bone diameter (which both scale with body size) tend to have the highest heritability, with heritability of bone length fairly stable across ages (with a notable dip in early childhood) and that of bone diameter peaking in early childhood. The bone traits summed cortical thickness and cortical index that may better reflect bone mass, a more plastic phenomenon, have slightly lower genetic influences, on average. Results from our phenotypic and genetic landscapes serve three key purposes: 1) demonstration of the integrated nature of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of skeletal form, 2) identification of periods of bone\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s relative sensitivity to genetic and environmental influences, 3) and stimulation of hypotheses predicting the effects of exposure to environmental variables on the skeleton, given variation in the underlying genetic architecture.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13834973/Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:49.060-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":32927957,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":2703973,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710028,"email":"m***j@wright.edu","display_order":4194304,"name":"Maja Sešelj","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703977,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":589708,"email":"d***n@wright.edu","display_order":6291456,"name":"Dana Duren","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703979,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":710030,"email":"r***s@wright.edu","display_order":7340032,"name":"Ramzi Nahhas","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"},{"id":2703981,"work_id":13834973,"tagging_user_id":32927957,"tagged_user_id":33200754,"co_author_invite_id":710031,"email":"r***d@wright.edu","display_order":7864320,"name":"Richard Sherwood","title":"Skeletal growth and the changing genetic landscape during childhood and adulthood"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Skeletal_growth_and_the_changing_genetic_landscape_during_childhood_and_adulthood","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":32927957,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Froehle","page_name":"AndrewFroehle","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-07-09T03:44:21.824-07:00","display_name":"Andrew Froehle","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":13723,"name":"Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Anthropology"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":42996,"name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant"},{"id":139532,"name":"Bone Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Density"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13834972"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834972/Ontogenetic_scaling_of_the_human_nose_in_a_longitudinal_sample_Implications_for_genus_Homo_facial_evolution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44898369/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13834972/Ontogenetic_scaling_of_the_human_nose_in_a_longitudinal_sample_Implications_for_genus_Homo_facial_evolution">Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b50ddff0eb028300d207ceebc8e2293a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44898369,"asset_id":13834972,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44898369/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13834972"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13834972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13834972; 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Similarly, recent studies of the adult human nasal region have documented key differences in nasal form between males and females that are potentially linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, composition, and energetics. To better understand this potential developmental and functional dynamic, we first assessed sexual dimorphism in the nasal cavity in recent humans to determine when during ontogeny male-female differences in nasal cavity size appear. Next, we assessed whether there are significant differences in nasal/body size scaling relationships in males and females during ontogeny. Using a mixed longitudinal sample we collected cephalometric and anthropometric measurements from n 5 20 males and n 5 18 females from 3.0 to 20.01 years of age totaling n 5 290 observations. We found that males and females exhibit similar nasal size values early in ontogeny and that sexual dimorphism in nasal size appears during adolescence. Moreover, when scaled to body size, males exhibit greater positive allometry in nasal size compared to females. This differs from patterns of sexual dimorphism in overall facial size, which are already present in our earliest age groups. Sexually dimorphic differences in nasal development and scaling mirror patterns of ontogenetic variation in variables associated with oxygen consumption and tissue maintenance. This underscores the importance of considering broader systemic factors in craniofacial development and may have important implications for the study of patters craniofacial evolution in the genus Homo. 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2159560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2159560/Applying_new_approaches_to_modeling_diet_and_status_Isotopic_evidence_for_commoner_resilience_and_elite_variability_in_the_Classic_Maya_lowlands"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30502218/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2159560/Applying_new_approaches_to_modeling_diet_and_status_Isotopic_evidence_for_commoner_resilience_and_elite_variability_in_the_Classic_Maya_lowlands">Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFroehle">Andrew Froehle</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://iastate.academia.edu/AndrewSomerville">Andrew D Somerville</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, Mar 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. This pap...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. This paper investigates the degree to which status, as defined by grave goods and tomb construction, influenced dietary patterns of elites and commoners throughout the Classic Period (200–900/1000 AD) of the southern lowlands. We compile a database (N = 102) of previously-published stable isotope ratios (δ13C collagen, δ13C apatite, and δ15N collagen) from Maya bone mineral and collagen, and interrogate these data through two new isotopic modeling techniques: a simple carbon isotope model (Kellner and Schoeninger, 2007; Froehle et al., 2010) and a multivariate isotope model (Froehle et al., 2012). We find that Maya elite diet varied significantly through time in terms of maize consumption and trophic level, while commoner diet remained remarkably stable. These findings provide new information relevant to studies of ancient Maya class structure and to studies of subsistence strategies of the pre-Columbian Americas.► We compile a dataset of previously-published Maya stable isotope ratios δ13Cco, δ13Cap, δ15Nco. ► We investigate the data with two models: a simple carbon and a multivariate isotope model. ► Variables of social status and temporal association are explored. ► Maya commoner diets change little through time, while elite diets significantly vary.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e719b1110d0ef2ccf2c32494855b1526" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30502218,"asset_id":2159560,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30502218/download_file?st=MTczMjk5OTA3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2159560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2159560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2159560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2159560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2159560]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2159560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2159560']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2159560, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e719b1110d0ef2ccf2c32494855b1526" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2159560]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2159560,"title":"Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: Isotopic evidence for commoner resilience and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Classic Maya states were characterized by a high degree of socioeconomic stratification. 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