Best Practices for Identifying Users

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18V3.75l.15-.2.6.45-.6-.45v-.001l.002-.001.002-.003.006-.009.02-.025.067-.081c.056-.067.137-.16.243-.27.212-.22.523-.513.935-.823A8.473 8.473 0 0114.377.76c1.603-.267 2.832-.137 3.68.075.423.106.748.23.974.335a3.608 3.608 0 01.37.196l.008.005.004.003.002.001.001.001L19 2zm-8.358 16.388z"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.307 2.29c.652-.163 1.673-.283 3.07-.05a6.973 6.973 0 013.048 1.297 6.235 6.235 0 01.825.739v11.74c-.821-.72-2.03-1.49-3.627-1.756-1.56-.26-2.748-.263-3.56-.195-.112.01-.216.02-.313.031V11H.25v5.04l.983-.327h.001l.032-.01c.033-.008.09-.023.168-.04.158-.032.41-.074.753-.103.688-.057 1.75-.06 3.19.18 1.316.22 2.313.879 2.991 1.5.338.31.591.606.758.82a4.86 4.86 0 01.224.314l.007.012h.001L10.75 18V3.75l-.15-.2L10 4l.6-.45v-.001l-.002-.001-.002-.003-.007-.009-.019-.025a5.64 5.64 0 00-.31-.351 7.734 7.734 0 00-.935-.823A8.473 8.473 0 005.623.76C4.02.493 2.791.623 1.943.835a5.61 5.61 0 00-.974.335 3.626 3.626 0 00-.37.196l-.008.005-.004.003-.002.001S.584 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data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/collect-pageviews-serverside/"> Collecting Pageviews on the Server Side </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/create-push-notification/"> Creating a Push Notification </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/cross-channel-tracking/"> Tracking Customers Across Channels and Devices </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/dynamic-coupon-program/"> Setting up a Dynamic Coupon Program to Reward Loyal Customers </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/forecast-with-sql/"> Forecasting LTV with SQL and Excel for E-Commerce </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/import-historical-data/"> Importing Historical Data </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/join-user-profiles/"> Joining User Profiles </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/measure-advertising-funnel/"> Measuring Your Advertising Funnel </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link 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3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5S2.15 1.5 3 1.5s1.5.65 1.5 1.5S3.8 4.5 3 4.5zM3 16c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5zM19 16c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5zM19 0c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5z"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.98 5.08l-3.1 3.1-1.06-1.06 3.1-3.1 1.06 1.06zM8.08 14.98l-3.05 3.05-1.06-1.06 3.05-3.05 1.06 1.06zM5.035 4.224l3.05 3.1-1.07 1.052-3.05-3.1 1.07-1.052zM14.726 13.965l3.05 3-1.052 1.07-3.05-3 1.052-1.07z" /> </svg> </span> <span class="flex__column">Connections</span> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a 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data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/page/"> Spec: Page </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/screen/"> Spec: Screen </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/track/"> Spec: Track </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/group/"> Spec: Group </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/identify/"> Spec: Identify </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion 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" data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/mobile-packaging-sdks/"> Packaging SDKs for Mobile Destinations </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/semantic/"> Spec: Semantic Events </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/b2b-saas/"> Spec: B2B SaaS </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/ecommerce/v2/"> Spec: Ecommerce Events </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/ecommerce-tracking-plan/"> Ecommerce Tracking Plans </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/video/"> Video Spec </a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--active menu-item--indicator" data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon menu-item__link--indicator flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/best-practices-identify/"> Best Practices for Identifying Users </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/best-practices-event/"> Best Practices for Event Calls </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--gray " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> Sources </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/"> Sources Overview </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/catalog/"> <div class="menu-item__icon menu-item__icon--small flex__column"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14 3c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H3c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v1h12V3zm-2-3H4c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1h10c0-.55-.45-1-1-1zm3 5H1c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v9c0 .55.45 1 1 1h14c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V6c0-.55-.45-1-1-1zm-3 6c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1V9h1v2h6V9h1v2z"/> </svg> </div> Sources Catalog </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/about-cloud-sources/"> Cloud Sources </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/debugger/"> Source Debugger </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/custom-domain/"> Segment-Managed Custom Domain </a> </li> <li 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00-.37.196l-.008.005-.004.003-.002.001S.584 1.376 1 2l-.416-.624-.334.223V5h1.5V2.467c.141-.056.327-.12.557-.177zm-.898.339l.001-.001H1.41zm7.95 15.76z"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.75 14.844v5.006l-8.843-1.106.186-1.488 7.157.894v-3.306h1.5z" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.75 18.29V15h-1.5v5.022l8.857-1.28-.214-1.484L2.75 18.29z" /> </svg> </span> <span class="flex__column">Guides</span> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/">An Introduction to Segment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/intro-impl/">For Developers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/intro-user/">For Data Users</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/intro-admin/">For Workspace Admins</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/filtering-data/">Filtering your Segment Data</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/duplicate-data/">Handling Duplicate Data</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/ignore-bots/">Internet Bots</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/segment-vs-tag-managers/">Segment vs. Tag Managers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/what-is-replay/">Replay</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/regional-segment/">Regional Segment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/guides/audiences-and-journeys/">Audiences and Journeys</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--gray " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> How-to Guides </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/"> How-to Guides Index </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/automated-multichannel-reengagement/"> Automating Multi-Channel Re-Engagement Campaigns </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/collect-on-client-or-server/"> Collecting Data on the Client or Server </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/collect-pageviews-serverside/"> Collecting Pageviews on the Server Side </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/create-push-notification/"> Creating a Push Notification </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/cross-channel-tracking/"> Tracking Customers Across Channels and Devices </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/dynamic-coupon-program/"> Setting up a Dynamic Coupon Program to Reward Loyal Customers </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/forecast-with-sql/"> Forecasting LTV with SQL and Excel for E-Commerce </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/import-historical-data/"> Importing Historical Data </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/join-user-profiles/"> Joining User Profiles </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/measure-advertising-funnel/"> Measuring Your Advertising Funnel </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/measure-marketing-roi/"> Measuring the ROI of Your Marketing Campaigns </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/migrate-from-other-tools/"> Migrating Code From Other Analytics Tools </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/segment-and-attribution/"> Segment's Role in Attribution </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/set-up-notifications-alerts/"> Setting Up Event-Triggered Notifications or Alerts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--gray " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> Usage and Billing </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/usage-and-billing/account-management/"> Account Management </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/usage-and-billing/billing/"> Billing and Account FAQs </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/usage-and-billing/mtus-and-throughput/"> MTUs, Throughput and Billing </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/guides/usage-and-billing/discounts-for-startups-npos/"> Discounts or Coupons </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li>  <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--highlight menu-item__link--icon flex flex--middle" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="menu-item__icon flex__column"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.5c-3.05 0-5.5 2.45-5.5 5.5s2.45 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5-2.45 5.5-5.5S14 5.5 11 5.5zm0 9.5c-2.2 0-4-1.8-4-4s1.8-4 4-4 4 1.8 4 4-1.8 4-4 4zM3 0C1.3 0 0 1.35 0 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5S2.15 1.5 3 1.5s1.5.65 1.5 1.5S3.8 4.5 3 4.5zM3 16c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5zM19 16c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5zM19 0c-1.65 0-3 1.35-3 3s1.35 3 3 3 3-1.35 3-3-1.35-3-3-3zm0 4.5c-.85 0-1.5-.65-1.5-1.5s.65-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.65 1.5 1.5-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5z"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17.98 5.08l-3.1 3.1-1.06-1.06 3.1-3.1 1.06 1.06zM8.08 14.98l-3.05 3.05-1.06-1.06 3.05-3.05 1.06 1.06zM5.035 4.224l3.05 3.1-1.07 1.052-3.05-3.1 1.07-1.052zM14.726 13.965l3.05 3-1.052 1.07-3.05-3 1.052-1.07z" /> </svg> </span> <span class="flex__column">Connections</span> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--green " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link flex" href="/docs/connections/">Overview</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--gray " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> The Segment Spec </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/"> Spec Overview </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/page/"> Spec: Page </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/screen/"> Spec: Screen </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/track/"> Spec: Track </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/group/"> Spec: Group </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/identify/"> Spec: Identify </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/alias/"> Spec: Alias </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/copilot/"> Spec: AI Copilot </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/common/"> Spec: Common Fields </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/mobile/"> Native Mobile Spec </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/native-mobile-spec/"> What is the native mobile spec? </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/mobile-packaging-sdks/"> Packaging SDKs for Mobile Destinations </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/semantic/"> Spec: Semantic Events </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/b2b-saas/"> Spec: B2B SaaS </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/ecommerce/v2/"> Spec: Ecommerce Events </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/ecommerce-tracking-plan/"> Ecommerce Tracking Plans </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/video/"> Video Spec </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/best-practices-identify/"> Best Practices for Identifying Users </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/spec/best-practices-event/"> Best Practices for Event Calls </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--gray " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> Sources </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" data-ref="accordion[body]"> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/"> Sources Overview </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/catalog/"> <div class="menu-item__icon menu-item__icon--small flex__column"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14 3c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H3c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v1h12V3zm-2-3H4c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1h10c0-.55-.45-1-1-1zm3 5H1c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v9c0 .55.45 1 1 1h14c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V6c0-.55-.45-1-1-1zm-3 6c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1V9h1v2h6V9h1v2z"/> </svg> </div> Sources Catalog </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/about-cloud-sources/"> Cloud Sources </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/debugger/"> Source Debugger </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/custom-domain/"> Segment-Managed Custom Domain </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/catalog/libraries/website/javascript/custom-proxy/"> Self-Managed Custom Proxy </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <a class="menu-item__link menu-item__link--icon flex" href="/docs/connections/sources/visual-tagger/"> Visual Tagger </a> </li> <li class="menu-item " data-accordion data-class-active="menu-item--active"> <button class="menu-item__link flex flex--middle flex--justify" data-ref="accordion[trigger]"> <span class="flex__column"> Schema </span> <div class="menu-item__chevron flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <svg width="8" height="5" viewBox="0 0 8 5" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .5c0-.28-.22-.5-.5-.5h-7a.495.495 0 00-.37.83l3.5 4c.09.1.22.17.37.17s.28-.07.37-.17l3.5-4C7.95.74 8 .63 8 .5z"/> </svg> </div> </button> <ul class="menu-item__body menu-item__body--nested" 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generation</a></li> <li><a href="#best-options-for-userids" class="mobile-menu-side__link">Best options for userIds</a></li> <li><a href="#when-to-call-identify" class="mobile-menu-side__link">When to call Identify</a></li> <li><a href="#soft-user-registration" class="mobile-menu-side__link">Soft User Registration</a></li> <li><a href="#full-user-registration" class="mobile-menu-side__link">Full User Registration</a></li> <li><a href="#merging-identified-and-anonymous-user-profiles" class="mobile-menu-side__link">Merging Identified and Anonymous user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="#user-profiles-in-warehouses" class="mobile-menu-side__link">User profiles in warehouses</a></li> <li><a href="#id-expiration-and-overwriting" class="mobile-menu-side__link">ID expiration and overwriting</a></li> <li><a href="#linking-server-and-client-generated-ids" class="mobile-menu-side__link">Linking server and client generated Ids</a></li> </ul> <hr class="mobile-menu-side__divider"> </div> <div class="markdown" data-headings-anchors> <p>The most important calls you make with Segment are the <a href="/docs/getting-started/02-simple-install/#step-2-identify-users">identify</a> and <a href="/docs/getting-started/02-simple-install/#step-3-track-actions">track</a> calls. When you use these calls together, you can attribute actions on your site or app to individuals, and gain a better understanding of their activities, identity, and use patterns over time. Tracking users with the identify and track calls reduces the number of <a href="/docs/guides/usage-and-billing/mtus-and-throughput/">Monthly Tracked Users</a> you are billed for.</p> <h2 id="identifying-users">Identifying users</h2> <p>The Identify call specifies a customer identity that you can reference across the customer’s lifetime. There are instances where you want to record information about a user that isn’t already known to you. An example of this might be, a user that visits your site and doesn’t register, but they do give you their email address through a newsletter email sign-up form. In this instance, you would record that email address as a trait, and for the identifier (ID), you would use anonymous ID.</p> <p>When you make an <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify">identify</a> call using Segment’s Analytics.js library, Segment saves the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> to the browser cookie, and writes all the user traits in <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>. If you’re using one of the Segment mobile libraries, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> and traits are stored in the device’s memory. This makes it possible to append the user’s data to all subsequent <a href="/docs/connections/sources/catalog/libraries/website/javascript#page">page calls</a> or <a href="/docs/connections/sources/catalog/libraries/website/javascript#track">track calls</a> for the user, so you can properly attribute those actions.</p> <p>If a user returns to your site after the <a href="#id-expiration-and-overwriting">cookie expires</a>, Analytics.js looks for an old ID in the user’s <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>, and if one is found, sets it as the user’s ID again in a new cookie. If the user clears their cookies <em>and</em> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>, all of the IDs are removed and the user gets a completely new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> when they next visit the page.</p> <p>Whenever possible, follow the Identify call with a Track event that records what caused the user to be identified.</p> <h2 id="anonymousid-generation">AnonymousId generation</h2> <p>If you’re using Segment’s browser or mobile libraries, the Segment SDK generates and sets a UUID as <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousID</code> at the user’s first visit to your site. That <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> is saved in the user’s cookie, as well as localStorage, and will stick with that user until the cache is cleared or a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reset</code> call is triggered.</p> <p>You can use the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> to link events performed by the user as they navigate around your website. When you track the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>, you can attribute activities over multiple days to the same user by collecting all of the activities with that ID. If a user chooses to register for your site, or log in to your app, you can Identify them, and still include their <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> in the event payload along with the new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>.</p> <p>If you use Segment’s server libraries, you must generate an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> manually. It can be any pseudo-unique identifier, for example, you might use a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">sessionId</code> from a backend server.</p> <h2 id="best-options-for-userids">Best options for userIds</h2> <p>Segment recommends that you use a unique user identifier (UUID) that won’t change for your <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>. A <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> should be a robust, static, unique identifier that you recognize a user by in your own database systems. Because these IDs are consistent across a customer’s lifetime, you should include a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> in Identify calls as often as you can. If you don’t have a userId, you need to include an anonymousId in your Identify call in order to record identifying information about your user.</p> <p>Ideally, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> could be a database ID. For example, if you’re using MongoDB it might be a row identifier and look something like <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">507f191e810c19729de860ea</code>. These can also be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a>s that you generate somewhere in your application. You can also use identifiers that you get from other tools - such as Shopify or Braze - however this approach can lead to extra complexity in your systems.</p> <p>Segment does <strong>not</strong> recommend using simple email addresses or usernames as a User ID, as these can change over time. Segment recommends that you use static IDs instead, so the IDs <em>never</em> change. When you use a static ID, you can still recognize the user in your analytics tools, even if the user changes their email address. And even better, you can link your analytics data with your own internal database.</p> <div class="premonition success"><div class="fa fa-check-square"></div><div class="content"><p><strong>Tip!</strong> Even though Segment doesn’t recommend using an email address or a username as a User ID, you can still send that identifying information in your Identify call as <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify#traits">traits</a>.</p> </div></div> <h2 id="when-to-call-identify">When to call Identify</h2> <p>You should make an Identify call in the following situations:</p> <ul> <li>When the user provides any identifying information (such as a newsletter sign-up with email and name)</li> <li>When first you create a user (and so it is assigned a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>)</li> <li>When a user changes information in their profile</li> <li>When a user logs in</li> <li><em>(Optional)</em> Upon loading any pages that are accessible by a logged in user</li> </ul> <h2 id="soft-user-registration">Soft User Registration</h2> <p>An anonymous user visits the site for the very first time. The home page has the analytics.js tracking snippet loaded in its header. When the page loads, this sets off the default Page call to Segment. The Segment SDK generates and sets <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">page</span><span class="p">({</span> <span class="na">path</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">/</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">Home Page</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">url</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">https://somesite.com/</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">})</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <p>You can see in this full page event, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> is populated, and the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> is null.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">anonymousId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">bd077b70-816b-448b-ae79-2f5f7d856513</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">context</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ip</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">0.0.0.0</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">library</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">name</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">analytics.js</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">version</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">3.11.4</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">locale</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">en-US</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Home Page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.com</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userAgent</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Mozilla/5.0</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">integrations</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">messageId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ajs-84d32beb4273e661a2257bfef41c4964</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">originalTimestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">properties</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Home Page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.com</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">receivedAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">sentAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">timestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">type</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">null</span> <span class="p">}</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <p>The user signs up for an email newsletter and fills out the form giving you their first and last name, as well as their email address. At this point, you will fire off an Identify call. You won’t yet assign them a user ID in this example, but you can still grab these traits about them.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">identify</span><span class="p">({</span> <span class="na">firstName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">Joe</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">lastName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">Visitor</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">jvisitor@thissite.com</span><span class="dl">'</span> <span class="p">});</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <p>You’ll notice the Identify call contains no <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>. These traits will be associated to the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> that is available in the user’s cookie and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">anonymousId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">bd077b70-816b-448b-ae79-2f5f7d856513</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">context</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ip</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">0.0.0.0</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">library</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">name</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">analytics.js</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">version</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">3.11.4</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">locale</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">en-US</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Email Signup</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.email</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userAgent</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Mozilla/5.0</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">integrations</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">messageId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ajs-84d32beb4273e661a2257bfef41c4964</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">originalTimestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">properties</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Home Page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.com</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">receivedAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">sentAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">timestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">traits</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">email</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">jvisitor@thissite.com</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">first_name</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Joe</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">last_name</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Visitor</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">type</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">null</span> <span class="p">}</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <h2 id="full-user-registration">Full User Registration</h2> <p>An anonymous visitor registers for an account and becomes a known user. The account creation process allows you to assign a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> from your production database and capture additional traits. For this example, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> that is assigned is “123abc”. This is when you’ll want to fire an Identify call with this user’s newly assigned <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> and additional traits.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">identify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">`123abc`</span><span class="p">,{</span> <span class="na">phone</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">555-555-5555</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">address</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="na">street</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">6th Street</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">city</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">San Fransisco</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">state</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">CA</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">postalCode</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">94103</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="na">country</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">US</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">});</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <p>After you fire the Identify call with the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>, you’ll notice that the payload now has both a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> <em>and</em> an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> attributed to the user.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">anonymousId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">bd077b70-816b-448b-ae79-2f5f7d856513</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">context</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ip</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">0.0.0.0</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">library</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">name</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">analytics.js</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">version</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">3.11.4</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">locale</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">en-US</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Email Signup</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.email</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userAgent</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Mozilla/5.0</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">integrations</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">messageId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">ajs-84d32beb4273e661a2257bfef41c4964</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">originalTimestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">properties</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">path</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">/</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">referrer</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">search</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">title</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Home Page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">url</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">https://somesite.com</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">receivedAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">sentAt</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">timestamp</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">2020-04-23T22:38:48.55Z</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">traits</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">phone</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">555-555-5555</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">address</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">street</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">6th Street</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">city</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">San Fransisco</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">state</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">CA</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">postalCode</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">94103</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">country</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">'</span><span class="s1">US</span><span class="dl">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">},</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">type</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">page</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">userId</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">123abc</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="p">}</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <h2 id="merging-identified-and-anonymous-user-profiles">Merging Identified and Anonymous user profiles</h2> <p>The illustration below shows a timeline with a user’s interactions on a website, including sample API calls above that show Segment calls, and the user’s <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>.</p> <p><img src="images/identify-bp-1.png" alt="This timeline illustration shows three points at which a user interacts with a website (visits homepage, signs up for newsletter, and clicks demo request button) and the corresponding API calls Segment makes for each step" /></p>  <p>When the user first visits a page, Analytics.js automatically assigns the user an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> and saves it to the user’s <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>. As the user interacts with the site, for example clicking around to different pages, Analytics.js includes this <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> and some <a href="/docs/connections/spec/common#context">contextual information</a> with each Page and Track call. The contextual information might be the user’s <a href="/docs/connections/spec/common#context-fields-automatically-collected">IP address, browser, and more</a>.</p> <p>When a user signs up to create an account on the website, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">.identify("userId")</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">.track(“Signed Up”)</code> events fire, in that order. You pull the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> unique to the user from your systems, and send it to the Segment library so you can label that user’s later events with their ID. The later Track call (“Signed Up”) contains both the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> <em>and</em> the automatically-collected <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> for the user, and any other information you capture about them - such as their first name, last name, and email address.</p> <p>The example below shows an Identify call including user traits. It uses a database ID (<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">97980cfea0067</code>) as the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">identify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">97980cfea0067</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Peter Gibbons</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//user trait</span> <span class="na">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">peter@example.com</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//user trait</span> <span class="na">plan</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">premium</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="c1">//user trait</span> <span class="p">});</span> </code></pre></div></div> <p>For a Track call, information about this event is stored either in the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">context</code> field or in the event <a href="/docs/connections/spec/track#properties">properties</a>. The example below shows a Track call including properties that tell you about the user.</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">track</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Signed Up</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="na">userId</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">97980cfea0067</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//event property</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">Peter Gibbons</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//event property</span> <span class="na">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">peter@example.com</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">//event property</span> <span class="na">plan</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">premium</span><span class="dl">"</span> <span class="c1">//event property</span> <span class="p">});</span> </code></pre></div></div> <p>Additionally, Analytics.js adds a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">message_id</code> and <a href="/docs/connections/spec/common#timestamp-overview">four timestamps</a> to the call.</p> <p>Now, as the user interacts with your site and different buttons or links that you track using Segment, their <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> are sent with each subsequent tracking API call.</p> <h3 id="userid-merge-examples">UserId merge examples</h3> <p>Let’s go through some more scenarios to explain how an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> is assigned and how it might be merged with a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>.</p> <h4 id="scenario-1---multi-day-single-device">Scenario #1 - Multi-day, single device</h4> <p>If a user clicks on an ad and is directed to a webpage, they are assigned an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>. While this user is anonymous, they navigate to different pages and click around on the website. Say they come back two days later from the same device, sign up, and are assigned a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> from your database.</p> <p><img src="images/identify-bp-2.png" alt="This timeline illustration shows four points at which a user interacts with a website (visits homepage, clicks button, visits page again, and signs up) and the corresponding API calls Segment makes at each point" /></p> <p>For simplicity, we’re assuming that the user has <em>not</em> cleared their cookies or <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code>, where the original <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> is stored. If they had, they’d be assigned a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> when they visited the website, and the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> they got when they register on the website would <em>not</em> be attached to the activities tracked with the old <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>.</p> <h4 id="scenario-2---multi-day-multi-device-single-login">Scenario #2 - Multi-day, multi-device, single login</h4> <p>In this scenario, the person uses both a web browser, and a mobile application to interact with your site. In each case, they are assigned a different <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>. In this scenario, the user signs up on the web browser, so Segment assigns their <em>web</em> session a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>. However, because they do not log in on the mobile application, Segment cannot tie the mobile activity to this specific user. Their mobile application activity remains anonymous unless they log in on the mobile application.</p> <p><img src="images/identify-bp-3.png" alt="This timeline illustration shows two parallel paths: one for a user logging in to a desktop site, and one for an anonymous mobile app user, and the API calls Segment makes to identify the users" /></p> <h4 id="scenario-3---multi-day-multi-device-multiple-logins">Scenario #3 - Multi-day, multi-device, multiple logins</h4> <p>Similar to the previous scenario, the user accessed both your website and mobile application, and also logged in on both. In this case, both sessions on the web and mobile app receive the user’s <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>, so Segment can tie the anonymous activity on both web and mobile to this user.</p> <p><img src="images/identify-bp-4.png" alt="This timeline illustration shows two parallel paths: one for a user logging in to a desktop site, and one for a user logging into a mobile app, and the API calls Segment makes to identify the users" /></p> <h2 id="user-profiles-in-warehouses">User profiles in warehouses</h2> <p>Your data warehouse has a schema for each of your Segment sources. User information is stored in two tables in your source schemas - the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">identifies</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">users</code> table.</p> <p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">identifies</code> table contains all of your identify events, and the timestamps for these events. Every time you make an Identify call, Segment adds the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>, any updated or added user traits from the call, as well as the timestamp of when the call was made. Your <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">identifies</code> table is your first stop when you have questions about users and their traits.</p> <p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">users</code> table contains only unique Identify method calls, and is a collation of the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">identifies</code> table. The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">users</code> table is the single source of truth for a user’s most up-to-date traits.</p> <p>These tables only contain information about a user <em>once they have been identified.</em> However, you can still find information about an <em>anonymous</em> user on the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">pages</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">screens</code>, and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">tracks</code> tables, as well as the individual track event tables.</p> <h2 id="id-expiration-and-overwriting">ID expiration and overwriting</h2> <p>The Segment ID cookie is set with a one year expiration. However, there are some ways an ID can be reset or overwritten:</p> <ul> <li>If you call <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reset</code> during a user’s browser session, it removes both their <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>, which means the user generates a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> on the next visit.</li> <li>If the user manually clears their cookies and local storage, they generate a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> on the next visit.</li> <li>If you invoke any call before you set an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>, Segment automatically sets the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> first. This means if you explicitly set an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>, you might give the user two <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>s or overwrite an existing one.</li> <li>If you fetch the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> using <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">analytics.user().anonymousId()</code> before one is set, Segment generates and sets an <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> rather than returning <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">null</code>.</li> <li>If you call <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">analytics.identify()</code> with a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> that is different from the currently cached <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>, this can overwrite the existing one and cause attribution problems.</li> <li>If you generate a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> on a server library, and pass it from the server to the browser, this could overwrite the user’s existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>.</li> </ul> <div class="premonition info"><div class="fa fa-info-circle"></div><div class="content"><p>Remember, if a user has multiple devices, they can have different <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>s on each different device.</p> </div></div> <h2 id="linking-server-and-client-generated-ids">Linking server and client generated Ids</h2> <p>If you’re tracking on the client and on the server, the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> can be retrieved from <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localStorage</code> on the client and passed to the server. You can access a user’s anonymousId using the following call:</p> <div class="language-js highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nx">analytics</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">user</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="nf">anonymousId</span><span class="p">()</span> </code></pre></div></div>  <p>If you’re identifying on the server, then you will want to pass the user ID from the server to the client using an Identify call with the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>. That will allow the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> to be aliased with the existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code> and stored in the cookie in localStorage. With that, all previous anonymous activity and all subsequent activity is associated to the newly generated <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>, as well as existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">anonymousId</code>s.</p> <p>There are some advantages to sending details about your users directly from your server once the user registers. Server library <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify">Identify calls</a> are invisible to the end user, making them more secure, and much more reliable. Or, if you want to send user data that is sensitive or which you don’t want to expose to the client, then you can make an Identify call from the server with all the traits you know about the user. More about <a href="/docs/guides/how-to-guides/collect-on-client-or-server/#not-stored-in-your-database">collecting data on the client or server</a> in Segment’s documentation.</p> <h3 id="aliasing-from-a-server-library">Aliasing from a server library</h3> <p>If you plan to track anonymous visitors from the browser and only make <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify">Identify calls</a> from your server libraries, Kissmetrics and Mixpanel might require that you make an <a href="/docs/connections/spec/alias">Alias call</a> to link the records. The Alias call links client-side anonymous visitors with server-identified users. This isn’t recommended, but if you do this, read the <a href="/docs/connections/destinations/catalog/kissmetrics/#aliasing-new-users-server-side">Kissmetrics</a> and <a href="/docs/connections/destinations/catalog/mixpanel/#alias-using-cloud-mode">Mixpanel</a> specific <a href="/docs/connections/spec/alias">alias</a> docs.</p> <h3 id="common-questions">Common questions</h3> <p>There are a few things that might cause your numbers to be off.</p> <h4 id="missing-sign-ups">Missing sign-ups</h4> <p>The most common problem people run into when tracking new user signups client-side is that only a portion of their new users are showing up in reports.</p> <p>This is usually caused by the page redirecting or reloading before the tracking calls get a chance to run. Segment recommends that you make those calls from a welcome page after the user registers, rather than trying to squeeze in the tracking calls on the sign-up page itself.</p> <h4 id="anonymous-history-is-lost">Anonymous history is lost</h4> <p>This is usually only an issue in <a href="/docs/connections/destinations/catalog/mixpanel#alias">Mixpanel</a>, since it’s the only destination that requires a call to <a href="/docs/connections/spec/alias">alias</a> in the browser to link anonymous browsing history to a new identified user.</p> <p>Remember that for destinations that require aliasing, you must make the <a href="/docs/connections/spec/alias">Alias call</a> before you make the <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify">Identify call</a> for that user. Even if you make an <a href="/docs/connections/spec/identify">Identify call</a> from a server library, it can’t happen before the client-side <a href="/docs/connections/spec/alias">alias</a>.</p> <h4 id="can-you-update-a-userid">Can you update a userId?</h4> <p>Unfortunately, there is no way to change an existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> within Segment. Historical data with an existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> remains the same, and a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> will not replace the existing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> in Segment event call logs. For downstream destinations, consult the corresponding docs about user profile behaviors when using a new <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code>.</p> <p>Changing a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> is incredibly hard to do, as that is a fundamental part of analytics. While some downstream analytics tools let you change a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">userId</code> once set, others don’t and the process will be different for each tool.</p> </div> <p class="last-modified">This page was last modified: 15 Mar 2024</p> <hr> <div class="flex flex--wrap waffle waffle--large waffle--xxlarge@medium"> <div class="flex__column flex__column--12 flex__column--4@medium flex"> <div class="feedback-box flex flex--stack flex--justify waffle waffle--large@medium"> <div class="flex__column flex__column--shrink"> <div class="feedback-box__content"> <h3>Need support?</h3> <p>Questions? Problems? Need more info? 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