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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Area of laws governing ownership of real and personal property}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2015}} {{property law}} '''Property law''' is the area of [[law]] that governs the various forms of [[ownership]] in [[real property]] (land) and [[personal property]]. Property refers to legally protected claims to resources, such as land and personal property, including [[intellectual property]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Merrill, Thomas W.|title=Property|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Smith, Henry E.|isbn=978-0-19-971808-5|location=New York|oclc=656424368}}</ref> Property can be exchanged through [[Contract|contract law]], and if property is violated, one could sue under [[Tort|tort law]] to protect it.<ref name=":0" /> The concept, idea or [[philosophy]] of [[property]] underlies all property law. In some [[jurisdiction]]s, historically all property was owned by the [[monarch]] and it devolved through [[feudal land tenure]] or other [[feudal]] systems of [[loyalty]] and [[fealty]]. ==Theory== The word ''property'', in everyday usage, refers to an object (or objects) owned by a person—a car, a book, or a cellphone—and the relationship the person has to it.<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |date=2020-04-05 }}</ref> In law, the concept acquires a more nuanced rendering. Factors to consider include the nature of the object, the relationship between the person and the object, the relationship between a number of people in relation to the object, and how the object is regarded within the prevailing political system. Most broadly and concisely, property in the legal sense refers to the rights of people in or over certain objects or things.<ref>Badenhorst, PJ, Juanita M. Pienaar, and Hanri Mostert. ''Silberberg and Schoeman's The Law of Property''. 5th Edition. Durban: LexisNexis/Butterworths, 2006, p. 9.</ref> Non-legally recognized or documented property rights are known as informal property rights. These informal property rights are non-codified or documented, but recognized among local residents to varying degrees. === Justifications and drawbacks of property rights === In capitalist societies with market economies, much of property is owned privately by persons or associations and not the government. Five general justifications have been given on [[private property]] rights:<ref name=":0" /> # Private property is an efficient way to manage resources in a decentralized basis, allowing expertise and specialization to develop with regard to the property. # Private property is a powerful incentive for owners to put it to productive use, because they stand to gain in the investment. # Private property allows exchanges and modifications. # Private property is an important source of individual autonomy, giving individuals independence and identity distinct from others. # Private property, being dispersed, allows individuals to exercise freedom, against others or against the government. Arguments in favor of limiting private property rights have also been raised:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Property, mainstream and critical positions|date=1978|publisher=University of Toronto Press|others=Macpherson, C. B. (Crawford Brough), 1911-1987.|isbn=0-8020-2305-3|location=Toronto|oclc=3706603}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> # Private property can be used in a way that is harmful to others, such as a factory owner causing loud noises in nearby neighborhoods. In economics, this is known as a [[Externality|negative externality]]. [[Nuisance]] laws and government regulations (such as [[zoning]]) have been used to limit an owners' right to use the property in certain ways. # Property can lead to [[Monopoly|monopolies]], giving the owner the power to unfairly extract advantages from others. Because of this, there are laws on [[Competition law|competition]] and antitrust. # Property can lead to the commodification of certain domains which people would prefer not to be commodified, such as social relations. # Private property gives individuals power, which can exacerbate over time and lead to too much inequality within a society. The propensity for inequality is justification of [[Redistribution of income and wealth|wealth redistribution]]. ===Natural rights and property=== In his ''[[Two Treatises of Government|Second Treatise on Government]]'', English philosopher [[John Locke]] asserted the right of an individual to own one part of the world, when, according to the [[Bible]], God gave the world to all humanity in common.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Locke, John|title=Second treatise of government|date=1980|publisher=Hackett Pub. Co|others=Macpherson, C. B. (Crawford Brough), 1911-1987.|isbn=0-915144-93-X|edition=1st|location=Indianapolis, Ind.|oclc=6278220}}</ref> He claimed that although persons belong to God, they own the fruits of their labor. When a person works, that labor enters into the object. Thus, the object becomes the property of that person. However, Locke conditioned property on the [[Lockean proviso]], that is, "there is enough, and as good, left in common for others". [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]] undertook a survey of the philosophical grounds of American property law in 1790 and 1791. He proceeds from two premises: “Every crime includes an injury: every injury includes a violation of a right.” (Lectures III, ii.) The government's role in protecting property depends upon an idea of right. Wilson believes that "man has a [[Natural rights and legal rights|natural right]] to his property, to his character, to liberty, and to safety.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/of-the-natural-rights-of-individuals/|title=Of the Natural Rights of Individuals {{!}} Teaching American History|website=teachingamericanhistory.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150821/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/of-the-natural-rights-of-individuals/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also indicates that “the primary and principal object in the institution of government... was... to acquire a new security for the possession or the recovery of those rights”.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeexAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |title=The Founders on God and Government|last1=Dreisbach|first1=Daniel L.|last2=Hall|first2=Mark D.|last3=Morrison|first3=Jeffry H.|date=2004-10-08|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742580466|language=en}}</ref> Wilson states that: “Property is the right or lawful power, which a person has to a thing.” He then divides the right into three degrees: possession, the lowest; possession and use; and, possession, use, and disposition – the highest. Further, he states: “Useful and skillful industry is the soul of an active life. But industry should have her just reward. That reward is property, for of useful and active industry, property is the natural result.” From this simple reasoning he is able to present the conclusion that exclusive, as opposed to communal property, is to be preferred. Wilson does, however, give a survey of communal property arrangements in history, not only in colonial [[Virginia]] but also ancient [[Sparta]]. === Property rights === There are two main views on the right to property, the traditional view and the [[bundle of rights]] view.<ref>Henry E. Smith, ''Exclusion Versus Governance: Two Strategies for Delineating Property Rights'', 31 J. Legal Stud. S453 (2002).</ref> The traditionalists believe that there is a core, inherent meaning in the concept of property, while the bundle of rights view states that the property owner only has bundle of permissible uses over the property.<ref name=":0" /> The two views exist on a spectrum and the difference may be a matter of focus and emphasis.<ref name=":0" /> [[William Blackstone]], in his ''[[Commentaries on the Laws of England]],'' wrote that the essential core of property is the right to exclude.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Blackstone, William|title=Commentaries on the laws of England, volume 2 : of the rights of things (1766)|date=14 July 2015|isbn=978-0-226-16294-2|location=Chicago|oclc=913869367}}</ref> That is, the owner of property must be able to exclude others from the thing in question, even though the right to exclude is subject to limitations.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penner, J. E. (James E.)|title=The idea of property in law|date=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-826029-6|location=Oxford|oclc=35620409}}</ref> By implication, the owner can use the thing, unless another restriction, such as zoning law, prevents it.<ref name=":0" /> Other traditionalists argue that three main rights define property: the right to exclusion, use and transfer.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Epstein, Richard Allen|title=Takings : private property and the power of eminent domain|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-86728-9|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=12079263}}</ref> An alternative view of property, favored by [[Legal realism|legal realists]], is that property simply denotes a [[bundle of rights]] defined by law and social policy.<ref name=":0" /> Which rights are included in the bundle known as property rights, and which bundles are preferred to which others, is simply a matter of policy.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore, a government can prevent the building of a factory on a piece of land, through zoning law or criminal law, without damaging the concept of property.<ref name=":0" /> The "bundle of rights" view was prominent in academia in the 20th century and remains influential today in American law.<ref name=":0" /> ==Priority== Different parties may claim a competing interest in the same property by mistake or by [[fraud]], with the claims being inconsistent of each other. For example, the party creating or transferring an interest may have a valid title, but may intentionally or negligently create several interests wholly or partially inconsistent with each other. A court resolves the dispute by adjudicating the priorities of the interests. ==Property rights and rights to people== Property rights are rights over things enforceable against all other persons. By contrast, [[contract]]ual rights are rights enforceable against particular persons. Property rights may, however, arise from a contract; the two systems of rights overlap. In relation to the sale of land, for example, two sets of legal relationships exist alongside one another: the contractual right to sue for damages, and the property right exercisable over the land. More minor property rights may be created by contract, as in the case of [[easements]], [[Covenant (law)|covenants]], and [[equitable servitudes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2855&context=wlulr#:~:text=Briefly%20defined%20these%20servitudes%20are,other%20may%20put%20his%20land. |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-09-11 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129212357/https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2855&context=wlulr#:~:text=Briefly%20defined%20these%20servitudes%20are,other%20may%20put%20his%20land. |url-status=live }}</ref> A separate distinction is evident where the rights granted are insufficiently substantial to confer on the nonowner a definable interest or right in the thing. The clearest example of these rights is the [[license]]. In general, even if licenses are created by a binding contract, they do not give rise to property interests. == Property rights and personal rights == Property rights are also distinguished from [[personal rights]]. Practically all contemporary [[societies]] acknowledge this basic [[ontological]] and [[ethic]]al distinction. In the past, groups lacking [[political power]] have often been disqualified from the benefits of property. In an extreme form, this has meant that people have become "objects" of property—legally "things" or [[Personal property|chattels]] (see [[slavery]].) More commonly, marginalized groups have been denied legal rights to own property. These include [[Jews]] in [[England]] and married women in [[Western societies]] until the late 19th century. The dividing line between personal rights and property rights is not always easy to draw. For instance, is one's [[reputation]] property that can be commercially exploited by affording property rights to it? The question of the proprietary character of personal rights is particularly relevant in the case of rights over human tissue, [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] and other body parts. In the [[United States]], a "[[quasi-property]]" interest has been explicitly declared in the [[dead body]]. Also in the United States, it has been recognised that people have an alienable proprietary "[[right of publicity]]" over their "persona". The patent/patenting of [[biotechnology|biotechnological]] processes and products based on [[human]] [[genetic material]] may be characterised as creating property in human life. A particularly difficult question is whether people have rights to [[intellectual property]] developed by others from their [[wikt:body parts|body parts]]. In the pioneering case on this issue, the [[Supreme Court of California]] held in ''[[Moore v. Regents of the University of California]]'' (1990) that individuals do not have such a property right. == Classification == Property law is characterised by a great deal of historical continuity and technical [[terminology]]. The basic distinction in common law systems is between real property (land) and personal property (chattels). Before the mid-19th century, the principles governing the transfer of real property and personal property on an [[intestacy]] were quite different. Though this dichotomy does not have the same significance anymore, the distinction is still fundamental because of the essential differences between the two categories. An obvious example is the fact that land is immovable, and thus the rules that govern its use must differ. A further reason for the distinction is that legislation is often drafted employing the traditional terminology. The division of land and chattels has been criticised as being not satisfactory as a basis for categorising the principles of property law since it concentrates attention not on the proprietary interests themselves but on the objects of those interests.<ref>Felix Cohen, "Dialogue on Private Property" (1954) ''Rutgers LR'' 357.</ref> Moreover, in the case of [[Fixture (property law)|fixtures]], chattels which are affixed to or placed on land may become part of the land. Real property is generally sub-classified into: # corporeal hereditaments – tangible real property (land) # incorporeal hereditaments – intangible real property such as an easement of way Although a [[tenancy]] involves rights to real property, a [[leasehold estate]] is typically considered personal property, being derived from [[contract law]]. In the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system, the distinction is between movable and immovable property, with movable property roughly corresponding to personal property, while immovable property corresponding to [[real estate]] or real property, and the associated rights, and obligations thereon. == Possession == The concept of [[Possession (law)|possession]] developed from a legal system whose principal concern was to avoid civil disorder. The general principle is that a person in possession of land or goods, even as a wrongdoer, is entitled to take action against anyone interfering with the possession unless the person interfering is able to demonstrate a superior right to do so. In England, the [[Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977]] has significantly amended the law relating to wrongful interference with goods and abolished some longstanding remedies and doctrines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disposal Goods Tenancy Terminated Abandoned Property {{!}} Articles {{!}} Insights {{!}} Shoosmiths Lawyers |url=https://www.shoosmiths.com/insights/articles/disposal-goods-tenancy-terminated-abandoned-property-8270 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.shoosmiths.com |language=en}}</ref> == Transfer of property == The term "transfer of property" means an act by which a living person, company, or state conveys property, in present or in future, to one or more other living persons, to himself and one or more other living persons, to the state, or to a private company. The transfer of property can be consensual or non-consensual, and to transfer property is to perform such an act. === Consensual transfers === The most common method of acquiring an interest in property is as the result of a consensual transaction with the previous owner, for example, a [[sales|sale]], a [[gift]], or through [[inheritance]]. In law, an inheritor is a person who is entitled to receive a share of the heritor's (the person who died) property, subject to the rules of inheritance in the [[jurisdiction]] of which the heritor was a citizen or where the heritor died or owned property at the time of death. Dispositions by [[Will contract|will]] may also be regarded as consensual transactions, since the effect of a will is to provide for the distribution of the deceased person's property to nominated beneficiaries. A person may also obtain an interest in property under a [[Trust law|trust]] established for his or her benefit by the owner of the property. === Non-consensual transfers === It is also possible for property to pass from one person to another independently of the consent of the property owner. For example, this occurs when a person dies [[intestate]], goes [[bankrupt]], or has the property taken in execution of a court judgment. There are cases when a person is legally capable of owning property, but is not capable of maintaining and dealing with it (such as paying property taxes). This is the case for young children and mentally handicapped individuals. The state deems them incompetent in their capacity to deal with property. Thus, they must be appointed a legal guardian to deal with the property on the incompetent individual's behalf. In cases where the individual cannot find a legal guardian to deal with the property, the property is put up for sale and the incompetent individual is involuntarily deprived of such property. [[Tax sale]]s are another process by which individuals can be forcibly deprived of their private property. A tax sale is the forced sale of property by the state due to unpaid taxes on that property. The property is typically auctioned off as a tax sale by the local government to payoff the delinquent taxes on that property. One could make the argument that, given the presence of property taxes, an individual never truly owns a piece of property; they rent it from the government. Property can also pass from one person to the state independently of the consent of the property owner through the state's power of [[eminent domain]]. Eminent domain refers to the ability of the state to buyout private property from individuals at their will in order to use the property for public use. Eminent domain requires the state to "justly compensate" the property owner for the acquisition of their land. The practice dates back to at least the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=History Of The Federal Use Of Eminent Domain|url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/history-federal-use-eminent-domain|access-date=2020-12-18|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054156/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/history-federal-use-eminent-domain|url-status=live}}</ref> Common examples include buying land from individuals in order for the state to build public roads, transportation systems, governmental buildings, and to construct certain public goods. The state also uses its eminent domain power for large urban renewal projects by which it will buy out large portions of typically poor housing areas in order to rebuild it. Eminent domain also consists of enabling the state to condemn certain real estate construction and development rights for various reasons. One must meet location specific regulatory standards and building codes in order to construct on property. The general rule for stairs (in the US) is 7-11 (a 7-inch rise and 11 inch run). More exactly, no more than 7 3/4 inches for the riser (vertical) and a minimum of 10 inches for the tread (horizontal or step). Failure to meet these regulatory standards can result in an inability to receive state building permits, state destruction of property, legal fines, and increased liability. KELO V. NEW LONDON (04-108) 545 U.S. 469 (2005) was a pivotal case that increased the scope of the eminent domain power of the state. The U.S. supreme court ruled that private property could be condemned by the state ''and'' transferred to a private company.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kelo v. New London (Syllabus)|date=23 June 2005|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-108.ZS.html|volume=545|pages=469|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-18|archive-date=2020-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212181301/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-108.ZS.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Legal successor === In property law, economics and finance, the term "legal successor" may refer to a legally established successor of property rights ([[inheritance]], [[interest]]) or in terms of liabilities ([[debt]]). In the case of [[bankruptcy]] of a [[lender]], the legal successor in interest has the right to collect the debt.<ref>[https://www.moneymanagement.org/blog/what-happens-if-your-lender-goes-under "What Happens if Your Lender Goes Under?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120214820/https://www.moneymanagement.org/blog/what-happens-if-your-lender-goes-under |date=2021-11-20 }}, by Louis DeNicola, [[Money Management International]], 4/9/2021</ref> == Lease == Historically, [[lease]]s served many purposes, and the regulation varied according to intended purposes and the economic conditions of the time. Leaseholds, for example, were mainly granted for [[agriculture]] until the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, when the growth of cities made the leasehold an important form of landholding in [[urban area]]s. The modern law of [[landlord]] and [[leasehold estate|tenant]] in common law jurisdictions retains the influence of the common law and, particularly, the ''[[laissez-faire]]'' philosophy that dominated the law of [[contract]] and the law of property in the 19th century. With the growth of [[consumerism]], the law of [[consumer protection]] recognised that common law principles assuming equal bargaining power between parties may cause unfairness. Consequently, reformers have emphasised the need to assess residential tenancy laws in terms of protection they provide to tenants. Legislation to protect tenants is now common. == Ownership == === Single individuals === Property can mostly be owned by any single human. However, many jurisdictions have some stipulations that limit property-owning capacity. The two main limiting factors include citizenship and competency of maintaining property. In many countries, non-citizens cannot own property or are limited greatly in their capacity to own property. The United States allows foreign entities to buy and own property. But the United States does have stipulations surrounding tribal land owned by the indigenous Native Americans. Incompetent individuals also cannot own property, at least without a legal guardian. Incompetent individuals consist largely of children and the cognitively impaired. They are legally recognized and allowed to own property, but they cannot deal with it without the consent of their legal guardians. Children do not have the capacity to pay property taxes. === Groups === All western legal systems allow for a number of different forms of group ownership of property. Group ownership in property law is referred to as co-tenancy, or concurrent ownership. Two or more owners of a property are referred to as co-owners. ==== Concurrent owners ==== In U.S. common law, property can be owned by many different people and parties. Property can be shared by an infinitely divisible number of people. There are three types of [[concurrent estate]]s, or ways people can jointly own property: joint tenancy, tenancy in common, or tenancy by entirety. ==== Joint Tenancy ==== In joint tenancy, each owner of the property has an undivided interest in it along with full and complete ownership. Each owner in joint tenancy has the full right to occupy and use all of it. If one owner dies in joint tenancy, then the other owner takes control of the deceased owner's interest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Tenancy|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/joint_tenancy|access-date=2020-12-18|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201222005/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/joint_tenancy|url-status=live}}</ref> ===== Tenancy in Common<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenancy in Common|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_in_common|access-date=2020-12-18|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421204100/http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_in_common|url-status=live}}</ref> ===== In tenancy in common, the shares of ownership can be equal or unequal in size. One person may own a larger share of the property than another. Even if owners own an unequal amount of shares, all owners still have the right to use all of the property. If one owner dies, their share of the property is transferred to the designated individual in their will contract. ===== Tenancy by the Entirety<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenancy by the Entirety|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_by_the_entirety|access-date=2020-12-18|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010945/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_by_the_entirety|url-status=live}}</ref> ===== In tenancy by the entirety, each owner of the property has an undivided interest in it along with full and complete ownership. Each spouse has the full right to occupy and use all of the property. It is only available to married couples. A spouse cannot transfer their interest in the property without the consent of the other spouse. If the couple divorces and goes to court, a judge is granted wide discretion on how to divide the share interests of the property in common-law jurisdictions. ==== Corporate owners ==== Corporations are legal non-human entities that are entitled to property rights just as an individual human is. A corporation has legal power to use and possess property just as a fictitious legal human would. However, a corporation isn't a single human, it is the collective will of a group of people who provide a service or build a good. With many agent in play, there are many different and opposing interests in play with respect to ownership. The majority of property is now owned by corporations. They were created under general incorporation statutes that allow such fictitious legal persons to have property rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 U.S. Code § 362 - Basis to corporations|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/362|access-date=2020-12-18|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228031734/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/362|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== State owners ==== The community, or the state, can have many different roles concerning property: facilitator, protector, and owner. In capitalist market economies, the state largely serves as a mediator that facilitates and enforces private property laws. Communist ideals oppose private property laws. [[Communism]] / Marxism advocates for full state / public ownership of property. "Private property has made us so stupid and one-sided that an object is only ''ours'' when we have it – when it exists for us as capital, or when it is directly possessed, eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, etc., – in short, when it is ''used'' by us" (Marx).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844|year=1844}}</ref> However, it is important to note that many Marxist–Leninist societies such as China and the dissolved Soviet Union have forms of private property laws. In the United States, "the federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four major federal land management agencies administer 606.5 million acres of this land (as of September 30, 2018). They are the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI) and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. A fifth agency, the Department of Defense (excluding the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), administers 8.8 million acres in the United States (as of September 30, 2017), consisting of military bases, training ranges, and more. Together, the five agencies manage about 615.3 million acres, or 27% of the U.S. land base. Many other agencies administer the remaining federal acreage."<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 21, 2020|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|access-date=December 18, 2020|archive-date=January 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Claim club]] * [[Conversion (law)]] * [[Detinue]] * [[Escheat]] * [[Ius in re]] * [[Rei vindicatio]] * [[Replevin]] * [[Torrens title]] * [[Trover]] * [[Infectious invalidity]] === Property law in different jurisdictions === * [[Property Law in Ghana|Ghanaian property law]] * [[Property law in the United States|United States property law]] * [[English property law]] * [[Scots property law]] * [[South African property law]] * [[Australian property law]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Library resources box}} * [[AA Berle]], 'Property, Production and Revolution' (1965) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1120512 65 Columbia Law Review 1] * [[AA Berle]], 'Family Lawsuits Over Real Property' (2012) [http://www.wagensellerlaw.com/practice-area/real-estate-litigation-attorney/family-lawsuits-over-real-property-4-things-to-keep-in-mind/ Los Angeles Article Review on Real Property 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625153924/http://www.wagensellerlaw.com/practice-area/real-estate-litigation-attorney/family-lawsuits-over-real-property-4-things-to-keep-in-mind/ |date=2016-06-25 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |author=Jeremy Waldron |author-link=Jeremy Waldron |date=2004-09-06 |title=Property(Moveable and Immoveable Property) |url=http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/property/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]}} {{Property navbox}} {{Law}} {{Real estate}} {{English criminal law navbox}} {{Natural resources}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Property law| ]] [[Category:Common law legal systems]] [[Category:Common law]] </textarea><div 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