CINXE.COM
RNA Society
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><title>RNA Society</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/themes/RNASociety/style.css?v=1715024662" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/xmlrpc.php" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700|Playfair+Display:900" rel="stylesheet"> <style> #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-p404_free_top_button .ab-icon:before { content: "\f103"; color:red; top: 2px; } </style> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <meta name="dlm-version" content="5.0.13"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RNA Society » Feed" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RNA Society » Comments Feed" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www2.rnasociety.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='titan-adminbar-styles-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/anti-spam/assets/css/admin-bar.css?ver=7.3.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css?ver=3.2.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-gdpr-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css?ver=3.2.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='meteor-slides-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/meteor-slides/css/meteor-slides.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-lightbox-swipebox-css' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/swipebox/swipebox.min.css?ver=2.4.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-law-info-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":[],"cookielist":[],"non_necessary_cookies":[],"ccpaEnabled":"","ccpaRegionBased":"","ccpaBarEnabled":"","strictlyEnabled":["necessary","obligatoire"],"ccpaType":"gdpr","js_blocking":"","custom_integration":"","triggerDomRefresh":"","secure_cookies":""}; var cli_cookiebar_settings = {"animate_speed_hide":"500","animate_speed_show":"500","background":"#FFF","border":"#b1a6a6c2","border_on":"","button_1_button_colour":"#000","button_1_button_hover":"#000000","button_1_link_colour":"#fff","button_1_as_button":"1","button_1_new_win":"","button_2_button_colour":"#333","button_2_button_hover":"#292929","button_2_link_colour":"#444","button_2_as_button":"","button_2_hidebar":"","button_3_button_colour":"#000","button_3_button_hover":"#000000","button_3_link_colour":"#fff","button_3_as_button":"1","button_3_new_win":"","button_4_button_colour":"#000","button_4_button_hover":"#000000","button_4_link_colour":"#62a329","button_4_as_button":"","button_7_button_colour":"#61a229","button_7_button_hover":"#4e8221","button_7_link_colour":"#fff","button_7_as_button":"1","button_7_new_win":"","font_family":"inherit","header_fix":"","notify_animate_hide":"1","notify_animate_show":"","notify_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-bar","notify_position_horizontal":"right","notify_position_vertical":"bottom","scroll_close":"","scroll_close_reload":"","accept_close_reload":"","reject_close_reload":"","showagain_tab":"","showagain_background":"#fff","showagain_border":"#000","showagain_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-again","showagain_x_position":"100px","text":"#000","show_once_yn":"","show_once":"10000","logging_on":"","as_popup":"","popup_overlay":"1","bar_heading_text":"","cookie_bar_as":"banner","popup_showagain_position":"bottom-right","widget_position":"left"}; var log_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www2.rnasociety.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js?ver=3.2.7" id="cookie-law-info-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/meteor-slides/js/jquery.cycle.all.js?ver=6.6.2" id="jquery-cycle-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/meteor-slides/js/jquery.metadata.v2.js?ver=6.6.2" id="jquery-metadata-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/meteor-slides/js/jquery.touchwipe.1.1.1.js?ver=6.6.2" id="jquery-touchwipe-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="meteorslides-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var meteorslidessettings = {"meteorslideshowspeed":"2000","meteorslideshowduration":"60000","meteorslideshowheight":"238","meteorslideshowwidth":"537","meteorslideshowtransition":"fade"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/meteor-slides/js/slideshow.js?ver=6.6.2" id="meteorslides-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/swipebox/jquery.swipebox.min.js?ver=2.4.8" id="responsive-lightbox-swipebox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4" id="underscore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/infinitescroll/infinite-scroll.pkgd.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="responsive-lightbox-infinite-scroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="responsive-lightbox-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var rlArgs = {"script":"swipebox","selector":"lightbox","customEvents":"","activeGalleries":true,"animation":true,"hideCloseButtonOnMobile":false,"removeBarsOnMobile":false,"hideBars":true,"hideBarsDelay":5000,"videoMaxWidth":1080,"useSVG":true,"loopAtEnd":false,"woocommerce_gallery":false,"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www2.rnasociety.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"45b8b4591a","preview":false,"postId":7132,"scriptExtension":false}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/js/front.js?ver=2.4.8" id="responsive-lightbox-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/7132" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www2.rnasociety.org/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.rnasociety.org%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.rnasociety.org%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css"> span.oe_textdirection { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; direction: rtl; } span.oe_displaynone { display: none; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var $j = jQuery.noConflict(); (function($){ $(document).ready(function(){ $('.funding-use-option').on('click', function(){ console.log('hello'); $('.funding-use-option').removeClass('selected'); $(this).addClass('selected'); $('textarea.how-funds-will-be-used').html($(this).html().replace(/(<([^>]+)>)/gi, "")); $('.funding-option-extras').css('display','none'); if( $(this).attr('id') == 'funding-option-a' ){ $('.option-a-extra').fadeIn(); } if( $(this).attr('id') == 'funding-option-b' ){ $('.option-b-extra').fadeIn(); } if( $(this).attr('id') == 'funding-option-c' ){ $('.option-c-extra').fadeIn(); } }); }); })($j); </script> <style> textarea { width:100%; height:50px; } .funding-application-form-field { font-weight:bold; margin:24px 0; } .funding-option-extras { display:none; } .funding-use-option { cursor:pointer; padding:10px; margin:10px; border:1px solid #ccc; } .funding-use-option:hover, .funding-use-option.selected { background-color:#e5e5e5; } .funding-use-option.selected { font-weight:bold; } #wrapper2018 { font-size:16px; font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; font-weight:400; line-height:1.63; color:#311f16; } #header2018 { background-image:url(https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/themes/RNASociety/images/rna2025/header-bg-art.jpg); width:100%; height:567px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:50% 50%; } #header2018_inner, #main2018, #footer2018_inner { width:90%; max-width:1206px; margin:0 auto; } #header2018_inner .back_link { justify-content:flex-end; display:flex; height:114px; } #header2018_inner a#back_link { height:114px; width:124px; overflow:hidden; text-indent:-9999px; display:block; background-image:url('https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/themes/RNASociety/images/rna2025/rna-logo.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:auto 114px; text-decoration:none; margin-left:0; transition:all 0.2s ease-out; } #header2018_inner a#back_link:hover { opacity:0.8; } #header2018_inner #header-banner-img { padding-right:3.135%; position:relative; z-index:1; } #header2018_inner #header-banner-img img { max-width:100%; height:auto; } #main2018 { position:relative; z-index:2; } #primary2018 { background-color:#024F95; width:21.1%; float:left; margin-top:66px; font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; } #access2018 { padding:0 27px; margin:66px 0; } #access2018 a { text-transform:uppercase; color:#FFF; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold; padding:13px 0; display:block; text-decoration:none; } #access2018 a:hover, #access2018 li.current-menu-item a { opacity:0.8; } #access2018 ul { border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff; padding:13px 0; } #container2018 { width:75.4%; float:right; padding:56px 0; } #container2018 h1 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight:900; font-size:63px; letter-spacing:3.2px; color:#024F95; text-transform:uppercase; line-height:1; padding-bottom:26px; margin:0 0 30px 0; position:relative; } #container2018 h1:after { content:''; position:absolute; width:200px; height:1px; background-color:#024F95; bottom:0; left:0; } #container2018 h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight:900; color:#024F95; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:21px; letter-spacing:3.2px; margin:24px 0; } .organizer { margin:0 0 24px 0; } #footer2018 { background-image:url(https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/themes/RNASociety/images/rna2025/footer-bg.jpg); width:100%; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:50% 50%; min-height:319px; padding:35px 0; } #footer2018 #footer-left { width:54%; float:left; border-right:1px solid #fff; color:#fff; font-size:26px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight:900; padding:90px 3% 106px 0; box-sizing:border-box; } #footer2018 #footer-right { width:44%; float:left; padding:20px 0 20px 4.8%; box-sizing:border-box; color:#fff; } #footer2018 .copyright { font-size:12px; } #footer2018 a:link { color: #fff; } a, a:link, a:active, a:visited { color:#024F95; } a:hover { color:#29497E; } .chad-expandable, .chad-expandable:first-child { border-color:#024F95; } .chad-ei:before, .chad-ei:after { background-color:#024F95; } .col50 { width:50%; float:left; padding-right:2%; box-sizing:border-box; margin-bottom:24px; } .entry-content input[type=checkbox] { margin-right:5px; width:20px; height:20px; position:relative; bottom:-3px; } .wpcf7-list-item label span { font-size:16px; font-weight:700; color:#000; } .three-images { width:100%; display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:flex-end; } .three-images img { max-width:33%; height:auto; } .pink-btn { display:inline-block; padding:6px 12px; background-color:#C9065E; border:1px solid #C9065E; color:#fff!important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; transition:all 0.2s ease-out; } .pink-btn:hover { opacity:0.8; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var $j = jQuery.noConflict(); $j(document).ready(function(){ }); </script> <script> (function($){ $(document).ready(function(){ $('.chad-ei').on('click', function(){ $(this).siblings('.chad-econtent').toggle('fast'); $(this).parent('div').toggleClass('active'); }); $('.wpcf7-submit').on('click', function(){ console.log('hello'); scroll_to_something( $(this), 300 ); }); }); function scroll_to_something(something, above) { if (something.length) { var pos = something.offset().top - above; $("html, body").animate( { scrollTop: pos, }, 500 ); } } })($j) </script> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="home page-template page-template-page_rna2025 page-template-page_rna2025-php page page-id-7132 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-290"><script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-96704155-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <div id="wrapper2018" class="hfeed"> <div id="header2018"> <div id="header2018_inner"> <div class="back_link"><a id="back_link" href="http://www.rnasociety.org"> </a></div> <div id="header-banner-img"><img src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/themes/RNASociety/images/rna2025/header-art-v4.png" width="1143" height="607" /></div> </div> </div><!-- #header2018 --> <div id="main2018"> <div id="primary2018" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <div id="access2018" role="navigation"> <div class="skip-link screen-reader-text"><a href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a></div> <div class="menu-header"><ul id="menu-rna-2025" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-7135" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-7132 current_page_item menu-item-7135"><a href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7142" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7142"><a href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/conferences/rna-2025/meeting-information/">Meeting Information</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7155"><a href="https://www2.rnasociety.org/conferences/rna-2025/lodging/">Lodging</a></li> </ul></div> </div><!-- #access --> <!--<div style="margin-top:30px;"><a href="http://www.rnasociety.org/conference-sub-sites/rna-2012-workshop-suggestions/"><img src="/images/suggest_a_workshop.gif" /></a></div>--> </div><!-- #primary .widget-area --> <div id="container2018"> <div id="content2018" role="main"> <div id="post-7132" class="post-7132 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <h1>Welcome</h1> <p>The 30th Annual Meeting of the RNA Society will be held in San Diego, California from May 27 to June 1, 2025.</p> <p><strong>Organizers:</strong><br /> Katrin Karbstein, Vanderbilt University, USA<br /> Atlanta Cook, University of Edinburgh, UK<br /> Anita H. Corbett, Emory University, USA<br /> Jorgen Kjems, Aarhus University, Denmark<br /> Zefeng Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China</p> <p>Registration to open early January 2025.</p> <p>In the meantime, plan to make the most of your time at RNA 2025 and reserve a room at the Town and Country Resort!</p> <p><a class="pink-btn" href="https://book.passkey.com/go/RNA2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Today</a></p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </div><!-- #post-## --> </div><!-- #content --> </div><!-- #container --> <div class="clear_both"> </div> </div><!-- #main --> <div id="footer2018" role="contentinfo"> <div id="footer2018_inner"> <div id="footer-left">Questions about RNA 2025? Please contact us!</div> <div id="footer-right"> <p><strong>RNA 2025</strong><br /> c/o Simple Meetings<br /> PO Box 692<br />Medina, WA 98039<br /><br /> <strong>Phone:</strong> +1.503.489.8884 <br /> <strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:rna2025@rnasociety.org">rna2025@rnasociety.org</a></p> <p class="copyright">Copyright © 2024 RNA Society</p> </div> </div> </div><!-- #footer2018 --> </div><!-- #wrapper2018 --> <!--googleoff: all--><div id="cookie-law-info-bar" data-nosnippet="true"><span>This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. <a role='button' class="cli_settings_button" style="margin:5px 20px 5px 20px">Cookie settings</a><a role='button' data-cli_action="accept" id="cookie_action_close_header" class="medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cookie_action_close_header cli_action_button wt-cli-accept-btn" style="margin:5px">ACCEPT</a></span></div><div id="cookie-law-info-again" data-nosnippet="true"><span id="cookie_hdr_showagain">Privacy & Cookies Policy</span></div><div class="cli-modal" data-nosnippet="true" id="cliSettingsPopup" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cliSettingsPopup" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="cli-modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="cli-modal-content cli-bar-popup"> <button type="button" class="cli-modal-close" id="cliModalClose"> <svg class="" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"></path></svg> <span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Close</span> </button> <div class="cli-modal-body"> <div class="cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-privacy-overview"> <h4>Privacy Overview</h4> <div class="cli-privacy-content"> <div class="cli-privacy-content-text">This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.</div> </div> <a class="cli-privacy-readmore" aria-label="Show more" role="button" data-readmore-text="Show more" data-readless-text="Show less"></a> </div> </div> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0 cli-tab-section-container"> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="necessary" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Necessary </a> <div class="wt-cli-necessary-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary" data-id="checkbox-necessary" checked="checked" /> <label class="form-check-label" for="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary">Necessary</label> </div> <span class="cli-necessary-caption">Always Enabled</span> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="necessary"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="non-necessary" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Non-necessary </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-non-necessary" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-non-necessary" checked='checked' /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-non-necessary" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Non-necessary</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="non-necessary"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-footer"> <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-tab-footer wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions"> <a id="wt-cli-privacy-save-btn" role="button" tabindex="0" data-cli-action="accept" class="wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn">SAVE & ACCEPT</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay"></div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay"></div> <!--googleon: all--><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/www2.rnasociety.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="dlm-xhr-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var dlmXHRtranslations = {"error":"An error occurred while trying to download the file. Please try again.","not_found":"Download does not exist.","no_file_path":"No file path defined.","no_file_paths":"No file paths defined.","filetype":"Download is not allowed for this file type.","file_access_denied":"Access denied to this file.","access_denied":"Access denied. You do not have permission to download this file.","security_error":"Something is wrong with the file path.","file_not_found":"File not found."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="dlm-xhr-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ const dlmXHR = {"xhr_links":{"class":["download-link","download-button"]},"prevent_duplicates":true,"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www2.rnasociety.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; dlmXHRinstance = {}; const dlmXHRGlobalLinks = "https://www2.rnasociety.org/download/"; const dlmNonXHRGlobalLinks = []; dlmXHRgif = "https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/images/spinner.gif"; const dlmXHRProgress = "1" /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/assets/js/dlm-xhr.min.js?ver=5.0.13" id="dlm-xhr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="dlm-xhr-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ document.addEventListener("dlm-xhr-modal-data", function(event) { if ("undefined" !== typeof event.detail.headers["x-dlm-tc-required"]) { event.detail.data["action"] = "dlm_terms_conditions_modal"; event.detail.data["dlm_modal_response"] = "true"; }}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6Lc9664UAAAAANPQfdakH0HHjXWgmYE-eQit3rcX&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6Lc9664UAAAAANPQfdakH0HHjXWgmYE-eQit3rcX","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www2.rnasociety.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> </body> </html>