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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regolamentazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Regolamentazione</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regolamentazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legge_Merlin_(1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legge_Merlin_(1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Legge Merlin</i> (1958)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legge_Merlin_(1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Result</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_concerns_over_street_prostitution_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_concerns_over_street_prostitution_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Growing concerns over street prostitution and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_concerns_over_street_prostitution_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.2</span> <span>Street prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Dealing with immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4.1</span> <span>Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legge_Carfagna_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legge_Carfagna_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Legge Carfagna</i> proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legge_Carfagna_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bill_1079" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_1079"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Bill 1079</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_1079-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Legislative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_ordinances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_ordinances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2008 ordinances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_ordinances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_discourses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_discourses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theoretical discourses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_discourses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical discourses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_discourses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underage_prostitution_(L._269/98)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underage_prostitution_(L._269/98)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Underage prostitution (L. 269/98)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underage_prostitution_(L._269/98)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assisting_migrant_people/women_in_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assisting_migrant_people/women_in_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assisting migrant people/women in prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assisting_migrant_people/women_in_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Migration and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_of_people/women_in_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_of_people/women_in_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Health of people/women in prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_of_people/women_in_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_inquiries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_inquiries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Government inquiries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_inquiries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, whether indoors in <a href="/wiki/Brothels" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothels">brothels</a> or controlled by third parties, is prohibited. Brothels were banned in 1958. A <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> often used to refer to street prostitutes in Italy is <i>Lucciole</i> (lit. "<a href="/wiki/Fireflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireflies">fireflies</a>"), while escorts are referred to as <i>Squillo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> referring to the sound of a ringing telephone, making it analogous to "<a href="/wiki/Call_girl" title="Call girl">call girl</a>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prostitute_from_Treviso,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg/200px-Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg/300px-Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg/400px-Prostitute_from_Treviso%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Prostitute in a brothel of <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prostitution thrived in Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> declared in 1358 that brothels were indispensable, and <a href="/wiki/Courtesans" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesans">courtesans</a> achieved high social status in Venice, particularly in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regolamentazione"><i>Regolamentazione</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regolamentazione"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Regolamentazione</i>, or the <i>regulation system of prostitution</i>, was established in 1861, with <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, modeled on the French Napoleonic system of <i><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_France#Regulation" title="Prostitution in France">Réglementation</a></i> and the Bureau des Moeurs (a government office tasked with regulating vice, which included officially registering prostitutes). An 1859 decree, by <a href="/wiki/Count_Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Camillo Benso di Cavour">Count Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> to aid the French army which supported the <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a> in their fight against Austria, authorized the opening of houses controlled by the state for the exercise of prostitution in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. On 15 February 1860, the decree was signed into law (referred to as <i>Legge Cavour</i>) with the enactment of the "Regulations of the Security Service on Prostitution". </p><p> A further law (<i>Legge Crispi</i>), adopted on 29 March 1888, prohibited the selling of food and drinks, and parties, dances, and songs in brothels, and banned such establishments near places of worship, schools, and kindergartens. It also provided that the shutters should always remain closed, which is the origin of the Italian expression "closed houses" (<i>case chiuse</i>). A further amendment was the <i>Legge Nicotera</i> of 1891. Under this system, prostitution in Italy was fully legal in private houses. A system of <i>sifilicomi</i> (hospitals for people/women in prostitution) was also set up, under the belief that they were the main sources of spreading <a href="/wiki/Venereal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal diseases">venereal diseases</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples,_Italy_1945_(2)_-_Prostitutes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg/300px-Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg/450px-Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg/600px-Interior_of_a_brothel_in_Naples%2C_Italy_1945_%282%29_-_Prostitutes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Prostitutes waiting for customers in a brothel of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></figcaption></figure><p> Although prostitutes found this regulated system oppressive, they developed ways to resist it. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist rule</a> (1922–1943), more restrictive measures were gradually introduced in 1923, 1933, and 1940. </p><p>Overall, the system was considered a failure, and as in other European countries with <i>Réglementation</i>, movement for its abolition started to grow from the late 19th century, supported by leftist and feminist groups. This <i>abolitionism</i> of the time is often considered confusing, since it has been applied to both the abolition of regulations restricting prostitution and the abolition of prostitution itself. However, these forces led to the introduction of a new system in Italy that abolished regulation, but not prostitution as such.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legge_Merlin_(1958)"><span id="Legge_Merlin_.281958.29"></span><i>Legge Merlin</i> (1958)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legge Merlin (1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Legge Merlin</i> (L75/1958)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the Merlin Law, named after its main author, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a> member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Lina_Merlin" title="Lina Merlin">Lina Merlin</a>), came into power on 20 September 1958. This law, still in force today, with very little changes, revoked the regulation system, banned brothels, and established a new criminal offence called "exploitation of prostitution" (<i>sfruttamento della prostituzione</i>), with the aim to punish <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring of sexual services</a>. Specifically, article 3.8 provides penalties for "any person who, in any way, promotes or exploits the prostitution of others" (<i>chiunque in qualsiasi modo favorisca o sfrutti la prostituzione altrui</i>). Article 3.3 lists a number of public places where prostitution is prohibited, such as houses, hotels, dance halls, and entertainment clubs. Article 5 prohibits solicitation (<i>libertinaggio</i>) "in a public place, or place open to the public, or soliciting in a scandolous or disturbing manner, or follows a person and invites them by acts or words".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 7 prohibited registration and mandatory health checks for prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamp09_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theory">Theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Merlin Law follows the standard abolitionist (abolishing regulation) view of prostitution control policy, prohibiting trafficking, exploitation, and aiding and abetting of prostitution. What remained legal was <a href="/wiki/Street_prostitution" title="Street prostitution">street prostitution</a>, or independent prostitution done by a prostitute in their own home. The law was promoted as an equality measure liberating women, but despite its good intentions to give more rights to prostitutes otherwise dependent on pimps, it was, and still remains to this day, a subject of intense debate. Among other points, the text of the law specifically refers to women (<i>donne</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamp09_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Result">Result</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of the law was to push women out into the <a href="/wiki/Street_prostitution" title="Street prostitution">streets</a>, which made them more visible, and into private homes.<sup id="cite_ref-carchedi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carchedi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law remained a subject of intense debate, with its defence being seen as a feminist issue, as some Marxists and most Catholics support it. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy,_1997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democracy (Italy, 1997)">Christian Democrats</a> repeatedly sought the repeal of the law since 1973, and they were joined in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a>. Repeal of the law would have re-opened brothels. At the same time, conservative women's groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federcasalinghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federcasalinghe (page does not exist)">Federcasalinghe</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pushed for more regulation, including as health checks, but these propositions were opposed by feminists. However, surveys consistently suggest that there is considerable public support for re-opening the <i>case chiuse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the founding of the <i>Comitato</i> (see Advocacy, below), attempts to change the law continued, with 22 bills introduced in the 1996-2001 legislative assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growing_concerns_over_street_prostitution_and_migration">Growing concerns over street prostitution and migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growing concerns over street prostitution and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Migration">Migration</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostitution in Italy became much more visible in the early 1990s with the increase of migration from <a href="/wiki/Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Africa">Western Africa</a> which had begun in the 1970s. The dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, and new immigration policies (such as <i>Legge Martelli</i> of 1990) contributed to a rapid influx of people in prostitution in 1989-1990 originating from former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> countries. A second wave of immigrant people/women in prostitution from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, arriving to Italy using <a href="/wiki/Tourist_visas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist visas">tourist visas</a> and staying in the country after they had expired (the so-called <i>clandestini</i>) ensued, followed by a third wave from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in 1993–1994. The fourth wave in 1995 also came from Nigeria and Albania, while in 1996–1998, even more migrants came from <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-carchedi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carchedi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian immigration laws became much more restrictive in 1998, with the enactment of the <i>Legge Turco-Napolitano</i> (40/98).<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-danna_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these migrants were women who took up prostitution with varying degrees of voluntarity, with some suffering coercion and debt bondage (<a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>), including under-aged girls. These issues of foreign nationals, coerced prostitution, and under-aged prostitutes have re-shaped the prostitution debate in Italy, as elsewhere around Europe, in recent years. Descriptions of the conditions of migrant women, particularly young women, on the streets, shifted the debate in the 1990s from the <i>Comitato'</i>s perception of prostitutes as independent and assertive women to that of victims of male violence.<sup id="cite_ref-carchedi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carchedi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One response of the local authorities in dealing with the problem was rescinding residence permits issued to foreign women found in the streets, and increased deportations of the <i>clandestini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Street_prostitution">Street prostitution</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Street prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With migration, street prostitution became more visible, the prostitutes being considered to now be mainly foreigners. In turn, this created another force driving public attitudes, which were community groups from urban neighbourhoods where street prostitution was most visible, particularly since the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-danna_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Municipalities have also tried to police people in prostitution themselves since 1994, which included targeting prostitution <a href="/wiki/Client_(prostitution)" title="Client (prostitution)">clients</a> by sending notices to their home addresses and confiscating their vehicles, although outright charging clients with aiding and abetting was blocked by a tribunal in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> in September 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing police activity became a national focus following the suicide of a client that year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another initiative was to create <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">tolerance zones</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>, the mainland of Venice, in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more tolerant approach has emerged from local authorities, based on the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a>" ("riduzione del danno").<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-road_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some municipal authorities have created confusion by erecting signs drawing attention to prostitution occurring in the neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dealing_with_immigration">Dealing with immigration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dealing with immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally proposed by international agencies, and approved by the European Union in 1996, the cause of protecting migrant prostitutes was taken up in Italy by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Paola_Colombo_Svevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Paola Colombo Svevo (page does not exist)">Maria Paola Colombo Svevo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994%E2%80%932002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian People's Party (1994–2002)">PPI</a>), President of Irene, an <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a>, and by other Catholic and lay NGOs such as <a href="/wiki/Caritas_(charity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritas (charity)">Caritas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it was always possible to request a residency permit on humanitarian grounds, this was not well known or utilized by foreign people in prostitution. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Livia_Turco" title="Livia Turco">Livia Turco</a>, the Minister of Social Affairs, introduced the first "Justice Permit" for trafficking victims who renounced their traffickers, as part of the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Lamberto Dini</a>'s immigration decree. However, Catholic organizations opposed the denunciation clause. The political initiative to address the situation of women migrants came from <a href="/wiki/Anna_Finocchiaro" title="Anna Finocchiaro">Anna Finocchiaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>), the Minister of Equal Opportunities. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a>), the Interior Minister, announced new measures in 1997 to deal with prostitution as an issue of urban safety, and there was little debate over his proposals, given widespread concerns over human trafficking. The main opposing viewpoint was that residence permits should be granted only on the condition of victims denouncing traffickers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What debate there was, was essentially confined to the position of women. The resulting legislation was the <i>Legge Turco-Napolitano</i> of 1998 (40/98).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the relatively weak and scattered women's movement was that victims should not be further victimized by having them expelled to their home country, or by putting them in a possibly life-threatening situation. </p><p>Measures adopted by the law included increased penalties for recruiting and trafficking, and allowing victims of trafficking to stay in the country under a "protection permit". The law envisioned that these permits would be administered by local police chiefs (<i>questori</i>) on humanitarian grounds, but this concerned NGOs because of the complexity of the procedures involved and the potential for abuse. The law also required the victim to enroll in training courses organized and by approved NGOs. The law also allocated funds for associations assisting these victims, but did require them to exit prostitution, although they were supposed to denounce it. The requirement for denunciation in the original Dini decree was removed. In advocating this, Turco was influenced by the Commission for Equal Opportunities, whose first president, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Marinucci" title="Elena Marinucci">Elena Marinucci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">PSI</a>), had embraced the aims of the Comitato and attempted to legislate this in 1987. </p><p>Amongst critics were the <i>Comitato</i> who objected to prostitution as something that women required to be protected from, without addressing stigmatization. However, Catholic organizations dominated the list of approved agencies, and followed this belief. However, the debates did distinguish between forced prostitution and a "free and conscious choice of the individual".<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Effect">Effect</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the law was not explicitly targeted at prostitution, its implementation was. Despite gender neutral language, the implementation focused on young female victims of trafficking, which was driven by populist media imagery. The new law did little to stem the debate. When the government led by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a> was elected later that year in October 1998 three women ministers from three political parties (<a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Laura_Balbo" title="Laura Balbo">Laura Balbo</a> (Equal Opportunities), <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Russo_Jervolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Russo Jervolino">Rosa Russo Jervolino</a> (Internal Affairs) and Livia Turco (Social Affairs) announced they would look at new proposals on battling trafficking and defending the dignity of women. </p><p>The result was a new prominence for Anna Finocchiaro's consultative body, the Inter-ministerial Table for the Fight against Trafficking (in February 1998) with wide representation. Finocchiaro had declared "Trafficking in women is a new and very serious problem that we have to combat primarily with the punishment for reduction into slavery, instead of using the Merlin law". In March 1999, the ministers announced new, more severe, penalties for exploitation, and new rules for protecting those who renounced prostitution. Available statistics for 1998 reported 342 known victims, 37 percent of whom were minors, predominantly originating from Albania, Nigeria and <a href="/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FR Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a>. A total of 242 permits were granted in 1999 and 600 in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legge_Carfagna_proposal"><i>Legge Carfagna</i> proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legge Carfagna proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2008, although there were no laws against <a href="/wiki/Street_prostitution" title="Street prostitution">street prostitution</a>, other laws concerning public order and decency could be used to regulate it, and some places had local ordinances enacted against street prostitution. Attempts were regularly made to criminalize outdoor prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bill_1079">Bill 1079</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bill 1079"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a new bill outlawing street prostitution<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Mara_Carfagna" title="Mara Carfagna">Mara Carfagna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minister for Equal Opportunities,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approved by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consiglio_dei_ministri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consiglio dei ministri (page does not exist)">Consiglio dei ministri</a> on 11 September.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope">Scope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill is framed as an amendment to the Legge Merlin of 20 February 1958, No 75 by providing for penalties for the act of prostitution, solicitation, or availing oneself of sexual services in a place open to the public (Art. 1). Article 2 amends article 600 bis of the penal code to provide penalties for recruiting, inducing, promoting, using, managing, organizing, controlling, or profiting from the sexual services of a person under 18, or for those promising any kind reward for a sexual act with a person between 14 and 18. It also provides for repatriation of foreign minors engaging in prostitution. Article 3 deals with organized crime, penalizing conspiracy to exploit prostitution via article 416 of the penal code. Article 4 provides no new resources and repeals article 5 of the Legge Merlin, which it replaces, prohibiting <i>libertinaggio</i> (solicitation constituting offence or harassment) subject to up to 15 days imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill (S.1079) was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Senate</a>, where it has been debated in committee in conjunction with a group of related bills (19 March 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In interviews with <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gente_(rivista)" class="extiw" title="it:Gente (rivista)">Gente</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(rivista)" class="extiw" title="it:Panorama (rivista)">Panorama</a>, Carfagna stated that she was declaring war on prostitution<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticised opponents who proposed <i>quartieri a luci rosse</i> (red light districts).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains firmly on the agenda of the <a href="/wiki/Berlusconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a> government, despite the prostitution scandals that continue to be associated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been achieved by packaging anti-prostitution measures into security packages, frustrated by the slow passage of the actual legislation. As with previous attempts this has attracted much criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill is opposed by the Catholic Church, people in prostitution <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> harm reduction advocates<sup id="cite_ref-road_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feminist groups,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> human rights and immigrant groups,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lawyers<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to be a matter of both popular and academic debate.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carfagna believes it is necessary to combat trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_ordinances">2008 ordinances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2008 ordinances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Domestic Security regulations of 24 July 2008 (L.125/08) gave mayors judicial power to declare anything that might endanger the security and decorum of their cities an emergency. Under these powers, people/women in prostitution and clients have been subjected to ordinances that permit municipal police to administer fines. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Security_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Security Law (page does not exist)">Public Security Law</a> enables police chiefs to expel persons from a city in which they do not officially reside. EU citizens are subject to fines while non-EU citizens may be placed in detention centres and deported. The Comitato reports a breakdown in relationships between NGOs and authorities and between NGOs and people/women in prostitution, an avoidance of health services and an increase in criminal activity. While enforcement varies by region and over time, the immediate effect has been the expected and desired one of clearing the streets (at least temporarily) and displacing people/women in prostitution to remote areas. Indoors prostitution has increased, and quality of life in general has deteriorated. Unprotected sex has increased due to reduced ability to negotiate. Stigmatization and vulnerability have increased, as has a greater reliance on social services. As noted in other countries, as soon as police activity is reduced, older prostitution patterns reappear.<sup id="cite_ref-tamp09_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 April 2011, the Italian Constitutional Court with the Sentence n. 115/2011 decided that this kind of Mayors' Ordinances must have time and space limits and urgent conditions to be issued. So, the simple exercise of street prostitution could be no more persecuted by this kind of local bills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostitution is legal (it is not mentioned in the Penal Code), and brothels and pimping are illegal. Single people/women in prostitution from apartments are "tolerated". Loitering is permitted, but soliciting ("unabashedly inviting clients on the street") is illegal. Migrants with work or residence permits may be in prostitution, and police cannot revoke residence permits and begin deportation procedures, as they tried failing by the Italian laws. </p><p>Work permits can be issued to migrant dancers in entertainment clubs for one year in a single workplace. Prostitution is forbidden, but nude dancing is tolerated. Suspicions of sexual encounters lead to club closures.<sup id="cite_ref-tamp09_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a fiscal law in 2006 (art. 36 paragraph 34 bis of Law 248/2006), prostitution has got taxed on the same way for every legal money earned, as the Highest Court has declared many times. The last one of these Judgments was carried out in 2016 (n. 22413/2016), and people in prostitution must have their activity registered, paying taxes as all free professionals. </p><p>European Parliament resolution of 14 September 2023 on the regulation of prostitution in the EU: its cross-border implications and impact on gender equality and women’s rights (2022/2139(INI)) stated that "UN and EU agreed upon language is prostitution and people/women in prostitution". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_law">Case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2010 court decision created a new precedent that clients who did not pay the person in prostitution would be considered guilty of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was considered a major breakthrough for prostitutes' rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_discourses">Theoretical discourses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theoretical discourses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three main debates which have occupied the public, media, and policy makers are<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Allowing victims of trafficking to stay in the country (see <a href="#Dealing_with_immigration_(Legge_Turco-Napolitano_L40/98)">Immigration</a>)</li> <li>Criminalization of clients of prostituted children under 18 (see <a href="#Underage_workers">Underage workers</a>)</li> <li>Assisting people/women in prostitution, including victims of trafficking. (see <a href="#Assisting_migrant_sex_workers">Assisting migrant sex workers</a>)</li></ul> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/TAMPEP" title="TAMPEP">TAMPEP</a> report on the legislations and policies regarding prostitution in Europe, in Italy, the dominant frames are prostitution as violence, force, organized crime, a threat to public security and order, and driving demand for migration and trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-tamp09_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actors">Actors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amongst the political actors were the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centri_antiviolenza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centri antiviolenza (page does not exist)">Centri antiviolenza</a></i> (Anti-violence centres), and women's shelters who advocated for victims of trafficking to stay in the country even if they did not denounce their exploiters, in keeping with their vision that women are best empowered by allowing them to determine their own course of action. </p><p>The women's movement has been divided between those who saw prostitution as exploitation and those who saw it as work. In general, the movement has not prioritized prostitution, giving it mid-level importance, and saw it as a cultural issue, and did not trust the State as an intervenor. On this issue, Catholic organizations have been part of a hostile backlash to feminism, as is the fascist right. For example, the mayor of Bologna cut all funding to women's shelters. </p><p>The women's movement denounced prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy of fining clients of street prostitutes, which has started to be implemented in the early 1990s, by city mayors, has been approved by part of the feminist movement (blaming clients for the existence of prostitution is a common discourse among both feminists and Catholics),<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but opposed by other women who felt this policy further victimized the women. </p><p>Amongst the ongoing debates surrounding prostitution in Italy are the legal scholars who advocate "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diritto_leggero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diritto leggero (page does not exist)">diritto leggero</a>", the concept that the State should intervene only minimally in matters considered the free choice of the individual. There was a trend towards supporting normalization. A prominent advocate for this position has been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberta_Tatafiore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberta Tatafiore (page does not exist)">Roberta Tatafiore</a>, chief editor of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noidonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noidonne (page does not exist)">Noidonne</a></i> ("Us Women").<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regard to legal issues, feminists in general have supported the Merlin law, which banned brothels and regulation; and stood for decriminalization, with the exception of exploitation by third parties (pimps). </p><p>In the centre-left government of <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a>, the policy system was reasonably open, and the dominant approach matched that of the women's movement, in moving ahead with "protection".<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clients">Clients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shift in emphasis from people in prostitution to clients in 1994, when mayors ordered police to fine clients, was welcomed by Catholics and feminists. In Bologna in 1998, the <i>Case delle donne per non-subire violenze</i>, the <i>Comitato</i>, and MIT, a transsexual organization, left the city's co-ordinating committee on prostitution in protest, believing that any repression worsened people in prostitution conditions. There was also a feeling that criminalizing clients prevented them reporting abuse or collaborating with authorities. </p><p>The issue was raised again in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Russo_Iervolino" title="Rosa Russo Iervolino">Jervolino</a>, proposing amending the Merlin Law to stiffen penalties for exploitation. <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a>, Minister of Institutional Reforms, suggested that instead the client should be penalized, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Di_Pietro" title="Antonio Di Pietro">Antonio Di Pietro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_Di_Pietro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista Di Pietro">Lista Di Pietro</a>) introduced a bill into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Senate">Senate</a>, but raised the ire of politicians, in particular Livia Turco, who emphasised that prostitution should be decriminalized, and only "true abuse" be penalized. She and Laura Balbo also received representation from the <i>Comitato</i> against this. This debate occurred during meetings of a parliamentary commission into prostitution, where there were frequent references to under-age foreign prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underage_prostitution_(L._269/98)"><span id="Underage_prostitution_.28L._269.2F98.29"></span>Underage prostitution (L. 269/98)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Underage prostitution (L. 269/98)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partly connected to this was the emergence of a need to criminalize clients using under-age people/women in prostitution. Engaging in sexual activity with someone under 14 was already classified as statutory rape, but that still left many under-age people/women in prostitution. While the age of consent is 14, paying to engage in sexual activities with teenagers between 14 and 17 years old, regardless of consent, is a crime punished with imprisonment from one to six years. Reports of underage people/women in prostitution has been a persistent concern in Italy as elsewhere, although in Italy it often appeared framed as homosexual molestation of male minors. </p><p>In 1996, two female politicians, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Serafini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Serafini (page does not exist)">Anna Serafini</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daria_Bonfietti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daria Bonfietti (page does not exist)">Daria Bonfietti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">DS</a>), introduced legislation to penalize the use of under-age people/women in prostitution, responding to a series of international forces, including Programme of Action Against Sexual Exploitation of Children for Commercial Purposes (Stockholm 1996), <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ECPAT" title="ECPAT">ECPAT</a>. They received the support of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Russo_Iervolino" title="Rosa Russo Iervolino">Rosa Russo Jervolino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of the Interior">Minister of Internal Affairs</a>. This initiative unified a number of legislative proposals. </p><p>The media reported abuse and murders (particularly an 8-year-old boy in Ostia in 1998,)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> internet child pornography and sex tourism, with the terminology shifting from 'teenager' to 'child', and frequently conflated 'women and children' as equally vulnerable. Parliament responded rapidly and the Penal Code was amended<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to deal with sexual contact with minors or possession of child pornography with no opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was, however, division over the issue of the defence of ignorance, the final decision being it was not a defence. One feminist MP, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersilia_Salvato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersilia Salvato (page does not exist)">Ersilia Salvato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">RC</a>), complained about the rushed legislation, and abstained. Because Italian law prohibits gender discrimination (another legacy of <a href="/wiki/Lina_Merlin" title="Lina Merlin">Lina Merlin</a>), the language was neutral, although not the effect. It was, however, considered impossible to enforce, since it would require the pesron in prostitution to lay the complaint. The issue was never on the agenda of the women's movement, not even by the shelters, and who played no part in the debate, nor did the Equal Opportunities Minister (Anna Finocchiaro). Nor was the policy environment receptive to feminist input, since the Government was anxious to be seen to be responding to media and moral panic on <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Mussolini" title="Alessandra Mussolini">Alessandra Mussolini</a>’s husband was scheduled to appear at court for a <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">child prostitution</a> trial in 2015. In 2013, around 50 men—among them professionals, priests, and politicians—were accused of paying two teenage girls from <a href="/wiki/Parioli" title="Parioli">Parioli</a>, aged 14 and 15, for sexual services in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_(Italian_TV_series)" title="Baby (Italian TV series)">Baby</a></i> is loosely based on the real-life story of the two high school girls in Rome involved in an underage prostitution ring (the "Baby Squillo" scandal) in 2013–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assisting_migrant_people/women_in_prostitution"><span id="Assisting_migrant_people.2Fwomen_in_prostitution"></span>Assisting migrant people/women in prostitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assisting migrant people/women in prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Migrant_sex_work" title="Migrant sex work">Migrant sex work</a></div> <p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Italy">Chamber of Deputies</a> ordered an "Inquiry to increase knowledge about the social and sanitary aspects of prostitution"<sup id="cite_ref-commission99_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commission99-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to concerns about foreign people/women in prostitution on the streets. Anna Finocchiaro, the Minister of Equal Opportunities, was a key player in this, as was the Justice Commission President Marida Bolognesi (DS). The Inquiry interviewed many stakeholders during six hearings, but there was relatively little representation from the women's movement. The main framework was the idea that foreigners were "invading" the streets of Italy, as a public order issue. This was a heavily gendered debate. In the end, the commission adopted three principles – harm reduction, education of clients, and the importance of upholding the Merlin law. The deliberations included proposing a law to finance local government programmes to assist people/women in prostitution with protection permits. At the same time, the three women ministers were promoting education campaigns in the countries of origin of migrant people/women in prostitution (e. g., Nigeria, Eastern Europe), while other programmes assisted police in their responsibilities regarding permits were initiated, and help lines set up, while 8 million euros were allocated to NGOs to carry out their responsibilities under article 18 of the Turco-Napolitano Act. </p><p>There was little feminist input into this discussion, with the exception of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsa_Antonioni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsa Antonioni (page does not exist)">Elsa Antonioni</a> of the Anti-violence shelter, who stressed the continuity between sex for money and sex for free, pointing to the vulnerability of people/women in prostitution civil rights (e. g., their children could be taken into care). This was not pursued, although the strong role of the Equal Opportunities Ministry can be seen as an insider women's voice.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-commission99_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commission99-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An influential group of people/women in prostitution is the <i>Comitato</i> – Committee for the Civil Rights of Prostitutes (Comitato per i Diritti Civili delle Prostitute, or CDCP), formed in 1983 in response to violent attacks on people/women in prostitution and run by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carla_Corso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carla Corso (page does not exist)">Carla Corso</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia_Covre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pia Covre (page does not exist)">Pia Covre</a> from their national offices in Pordenone.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their campaigns include trafficking prevention, people/women in prostitution rights, and campaigning for decriminalization and an end to stigmatization. Their demands saw a number of bills introduced in parliament, which, despite support from three leftist parties, were unsuccessful. However, attempts to change the law continue in parliament. The Comitato has been one of the major women's voices in prostitution debates in Italy, at least in comparison with the women's movement overall, and worked closely with the women's shelters. Their position of minimum interference was shared with both the women's movement and the policy agencies. This has only been partially successful. A frequent target has been the provisions of the Merlin Law that punish those involved, of which Livia Turco was a prominent political voice. Positioned against this cause has been the law-and-order agenda of both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.<sup id="cite_ref-danna04_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg/220px-10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg/330px-10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg/440px-10.3010_Torino-nightlife.v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Prostitute talking to a potential customer in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Accurate estimates of the numbers of people/women in prostitution in any particular country are hard to obtain, and prone to error and bias. </p><p>A 2008 report stated that were some 100,000 prostitutes in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-itmag091008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itmag091008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 it was stated that the total number of people in prostitution was 70,000.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian Statistics Institute stated the number of street people in prostitution in 1998 was 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-dantuono_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dantuono-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_and_tourism">Migration and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Migration and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2009 report from <a href="/wiki/TAMPEP" title="TAMPEP">TAMPEP</a> estimated that the percentage of foreign people/women in prostitution in Italy had reached 90%, an increase from previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that report only Spain was found to have such a high percentage of migrants in the trade, although most Western European countries reported a majority of workers were migrants. This was in contrast with the former Communist countries, where the reverse is true – most people/women in prostitution being of national origin. </p><p>Claims about trafficking vary widely and are difficult to verify. Estimates vary from 7%<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 100%<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of migrant people/women in prostitution. The 2009 US State Department report on Human Rights states "In 2008, according to the Ministry of Interior, 4,350 persons were charged with trafficking in persons and pandering."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clampdowns by authorities often result in displacement of the trade across borders, such as that with Austria and Switzerland where brothels are legal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, it was estimated that 65% of people in prostitution are on the streets and 35% in private residences or clubs. 20% were stated to be minors and 10% to have been forced into prostitution by criminal gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-itmag091008_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itmag091008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However lines between street and indoor prostitution are often blurred, for instance by street people/women in prostitution using vans.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_of_people/women_in_prostitution"><span id="Health_of_people.2Fwomen_in_prostitution"></span>Health of people/women in prostitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health of people/women in prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1997/1998 study of 142 street prostitutes from Rome (102 women, 40 transsexual women) showed that most respondents (95%) reported always using condoms with clients. 8% of the women and 2% of the transsexual women reported injectable drug use. 38% of the women with a stable partner used contraceptives, while 33% of them had had a voluntary abortion in the previous year. 38% of the women and 80% of the transsexual women had had checks for STDs in the last year. HIV-prevalence was 6% among women, and 20% amongst transsexual women. 4/6 positive women and 1/8 of the positive transsexual women used injectable drugs. 5/6 HIV-positive women were Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, of 558 people in prostitution attending a STD clinic in Bologna between 1995 and 1999, only 1.6% tested positive for HIV. The authors concluded that "prostitutes do not have a prominent role in the transmission and diffusion of STDs"<sup id="cite_ref-dantuono_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dantuono-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this opponents of prostitution continue to claim they are sources of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_Party_(Italy)" title="Love Party (Italy)">Love Party (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">Prostitution in ancient Rome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leggi e Memorie Venete sulla Prostituzione</i>. Lorenji, Venice 1872</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&q=prostitution+italy&pg=PA441"><i>Mary Gibson: Prostitution and the State in Italy, 1860–1915</i></a>. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563081316" title="Special:BookSources/9781563081316"><bdi>9781563081316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Gibson%3A+Prostitution+and+the+State+in+Italy%2C+1860%E2%80%931915&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781563081316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZArPH0nFGo0C%26q%3Dprostitution%2Bitaly%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120061105/http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/images/stories/documenti_vari/UserFiles/L_20-2-1958_n75.pdf">"Legge 75/58 20 February 1958 "Abolizione della regolamentazione della prostituzione e lotta contro lo sfruttamento della prostituzione altrui" (detta "Legge Merlin")"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/images/stories/documenti_vari/UserFiles/L_20-2-1958_n75.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+75%2F58+20+February+1958+%22Abolizione+della+regolamentazione+della+prostituzione+e+lotta+contro+lo+sfruttamento+della+prostituzione+altrui%22+%28detta+%22Legge+Merlin%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdocumenti_vari%2FUserFiles%2FL_20-2-1958_n75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">1) che in luogo pubblico od aperto al pubblico, invitano al libertinaggio in modo scandaloso o molesto; 2) che seguono per via le persone, invitandole con atti o parole al libertinaggio</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danna04-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna04_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Danna2004" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Danna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbAUdBR2f5sC&q=%22daniela+danna%22&pg=PA165"><i>The never-ending debate, in Outshoorn J (ed.)</i></a>. Italy: The Politics of Prostitution Cambridge UP. pp. 165–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521540698" title="Special:BookSources/9780521540698"><bdi>9780521540698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+never-ending+debate%2C+in+Outshoorn+J+%28ed.%29&rft.place=Italy&rft.pages=165-184&rft.pub=The+Politics+of+Prostitution+Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521540698&rft.au=Daniela+Danna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbAUdBR2f5sC%26q%3D%2522daniela%2Bdanna%2522%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamp09-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tamp09_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamp09_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamp09_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamp09_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamp09_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116062644/http://tampep.eu/documents/Sexworkmigrationhealth_final.pdf">"Sexwork|Migration|Health TAMPEP 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tampep.eu/documents/Sexworkmigrationhealth_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexwork%26%23124%3BMigration%26%23124%3BHealth+TAMPEP+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftampep.eu%2Fdocuments%2FSexworkmigrationhealth_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3.3 chiunque, essendo proprietario, gerente o preposto a un albergo, casa mobiliata, pensione, spaccio di bevande, circolo, locale da ballo, o luogo di spettacolo, o loro annessi e dipendenze o qualunque locale aperto al pubblico od utilizzato dal pubblico, vi tollera abitualmente la presenza di una o più persone che, all'interno del locale stesso, si dànno alla prostituzione (hotel, mobile home, retirement, canteen, club, meeting rooms dance, or place of entertainment)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carchedi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carchedi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carchedi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carchedi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarchedi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Carchedi, Francesco (1 January 2000). "Considerations on foreign prostitution in Italy. A background picture". <i>Papers. Revista de Sociologia</i>. <b>60</b>: 85–97. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.627.6510">10.1.1.627.6510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5565%2Frev%2Fpapers%2Fv60n0.1033">10.5565/rev/papers/v60n0.1033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers.+Revista+de+Sociologia&rft.atitle=Considerations+on+foreign+prostitution+in+Italy.+A+background+picture&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.627.6510%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5565%2Frev%2Fpapers%2Fv60n0.1033&rft.aulast=Carchedi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsahead.com/preview/2008/09/20/italy-20-september-2008-houses-of-prostitution-closed-50-years-ago/index.php">Houses of prostitution closed 50 years ago under"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811022235/https://www.newsahead.com/preview/2008/09/20/italy-20-september-2008-houses-of-prostitution-closed-50-years-ago/index.php">Archived</a> 11 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Merlin Law. Newsahead 20 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donne.it/">"Federcasalinghe"</a>. Donne.it. 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federcasalinghe&rft.pub=Donne.it&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donne.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608002936/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/life-style/italians-favor-reopening-brothels">"Italians favor reopening brothels. Italy July 5, 2008"</a>. Italymag.co.uk. 5 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/life-style/italians-favor-reopening-brothels">the original</a> on 8 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italians+favor+reopening+brothels.+Italy+July+5%2C+2008&rft.pub=Italymag.co.uk&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymag.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Flife-style%2Fitalians-favor-reopening-brothels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danna-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danna_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danna_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanna2001" class="citation book cs1">Danna, Daniela (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509054440/http://www.danieladanna.it/Street%20prostitution%20and%20public%20policies%20in%20Milan.pdf"><i>Street prostitution and public policies in Milan, Italy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428099478">428099478</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danieladanna.it/Street%20prostitution%20and%20public%20policies%20in%20Milan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+prostitution+and+public+policies+in+Milan%2C+Italy&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428099478&rft.aulast=Danna&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danieladanna.it%2FStreet%2520prostitution%2520and%2520public%2520policies%2520in%2520Milan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonini L.(ed) Sesso in acquisto. Una ricerca sui clienti della prostituzione. Edizioni Unicopli, Milano 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/politics/name-and-shame-combat-prostitution">"'Name and shame' to combat prostitution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524104947/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/politics/name-and-shame-combat-prostitution">Archived</a> 24 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Italy</i>, 29 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribunal of Perugia, 2 September 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mafai M. Riaprite quelle case. <i>La Republica</i>, 15 September 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Signorelli A, Treppete M. Services in the window: a manual for intervention in the world of migrant prostitution. Asterios, Trieste 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803232854/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/emilia-romagna/bologna-red-light-proposal-causes-stir">"Bologna red-light proposal causes stir Italy Aug 20 2007"</a>. Italymag.co.uk. 20 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/emilia-romagna/bologna-red-light-proposal-causes-stir">the original</a> on 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bologna+red-light+proposal+causes+stir+Italy+Aug+20+2007&rft.pub=Italymag.co.uk&rft.date=2007-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymag.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Femilia-romagna%2Fbologna-red-light-proposal-causes-stir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-road-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-road_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-road_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheroadonlus.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=256&Itemid=9">"Comunicato:No al disegno di legge sulla prostituzione"</a>. On the Road. Associazione Onlus Sept 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/04/05/2010-04-05_prostitutes_in_the_area_street_sign_has_locals_confused_in_northern_italian_town.html">"Prostitutes in the area! Street sign has locals confused in Northern Italian town"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. New York. 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Prostitutes+in+the+area%21+Street+sign+has+locals+confused+in+Northern+Italian+town&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2010%2F04%2F05%2F2010-04-05_prostitutes_in_the_area_street_sign_has_locals_confused_in_northern_italian_town.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finocchiaro A. Prefazione, in Carchedi 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/98040l.htm">"Legge 6 marzo 1998, n. 40. "Disciplina dell'immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero." pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 59 del 12 marzo 1998 – Supplemento Ordinario n. 40"</a>. Camera.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+6+marzo+1998%2C+n.+40.+%22Disciplina+dell%27immigrazione+e+norme+sulla+condizione+dello+straniero.%22+pubblicata+nella+Gazzetta+Ufficiale+n.+59+del+12+marzo+1998+%E2%80%93+Supplemento+Ordinario+n.+40&rft.pub=Camera.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F98040l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiorensoli MP. (ed.) <i>Donne ch'avete intelletto d'amore. Confronto e riflessioni sulla prostituzione a partire da un punto di vista di donne</i> (Proceedings of the Conference at Modena, 7 November 1998) Rome: Il pese delle donne, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegis.com/news/afp/2002/af021292.html">"Italy-prostitution: Italy poised to sweep away street prostitution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222132452/http://www.aegis.com/NEWS/AFP/2002/AF021292.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFP, 21 December 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519095629/http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=758%3Amisure-contro-la-prostituzione&catid=65%3Adossier&Itemid=177">"Disegno Di Legge Recante Misure Contro La Prostituzione"</a>. Pariopportunita.gov.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=758:misure-contro-la-prostituzione&catid=65:dossier&Itemid=177">the original</a> on 19 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disegno+Di+Legge+Recante+Misure+Contro+La+Prostituzione&rft.pub=Pariopportunita.gov.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D758%3Amisure-contro-la-prostituzione%26catid%3D65%3Adossier%26Itemid%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4733570.ece">"Former showgirl Mara Carfagna comes under fire for anti-prostitution law"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <i>The Times</i>, 12 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/273614/topless-model-turned-italian-minister-condemns-prostitution.html">"Topless model turned Italian minister condemns prostitution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211528/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/273614/topless-model-turned-italian-minister-condemns-prostitution.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Marie Claire</i>, 12 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035158/http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Itemid=70">"The Minister's message"</a>. 22 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Itemid=70">the original</a> on 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minister%27s+message&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D152%26Itemid%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/">"Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunità"</a>. Pariopportunita.gov.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dipartimento+per+le+Pari+Opportunit%C3%A0&rft.pub=Pariopportunita.gov.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035152/http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=757:prostituzione-via-libera-al-disegno-di-legge&catid=45:comunicati-stampa&Itemid=226">"Prostituzione, via libera al disegno di legge"</a>. 22 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=757:prostituzione-via-libera-al-disegno-di-legge&catid=45:comunicati-stampa&Itemid=226">the original</a> on 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prostituzione%2C+via+libera+al+disegno+di+legge&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariopportunita.gov.it%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D757%3Aprostituzione-via-libera-al-disegno-di-legge%26catid%3D45%3Acomunicati-stampa%26Itemid%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/119721/Italy-Street-prostitution-a-crime">"Italy: Street prostitution a crime"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181854/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/119721/Italy-Street-prostitution-a-crime">Archived</a> 12 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. GMA News, 9 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/crime/italy-moves-against-street-walkers">"Italy moves against street walkers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915043737/http://italymag.co.uk/italy/crime/italy-moves-against-street-walkers">Archived</a> 15 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Italy, 12 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Ddliter/32460.htm">"Senate: 16th legislature"</a>. Senato.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate%3A+16th+legislature&rft.pub=Senato.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senato.it%2Fleg%2F16%2FBGT%2FSchede%2FDdliter%2F32460.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlamento.openpolis.it/singolo_atto/24247">"Open Parlomento S.1079"</a>. Parlamento.openpolis.it. 13 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Parlomento+S.1079&rft.pub=Parlamento.openpolis.it&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlamento.openpolis.it%2Fsingolo_atto%2F24247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1017:qho-dichiarato-guerra-alla-prostituzioneq&catid=56:interviste-e-articoli&Itemid=123">"Ho dichiarato guerra all prostiuzione"</a> <i>Gente</i>, 29 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/images/stories/documenti_vari/UserFiles/Interviste_articoli_Carf/panorama19092008.pdf">"Ma niente quartieri a luci rosse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120061105/http://www.pariopportunita.gov.it/images/stories/documenti_vari/UserFiles/Interviste_articoli_Carf/panorama19092008.pdf">Archived</a> 20 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Panorama</i>, 25 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/05/berlusconi-government-ban-prostitution">Berlusconi government to ban street prostitution</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>, 5 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onewoman.it/07/11/2010/decreto-mara-carfagna-scatta-la-caccia-alle-prostitute/">"Decreto Mara Carfagna: scatta la caccia alle prostitute"</a>. <i>One Woman</i>, 7 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109014439/http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/93579/decreto-carfagna-e-contro-ammalato">"Prostituzione:"Il decreto Carfagna è contro i malati di Aids"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Giornalettismo.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/93579/decreto-carfagna-e-contro-ammalato/">the original</a> on 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prostituzione%3A%22Il+decreto+Carfagna+%C3%A8+contro+i+malati+di+Aids%22&rft.pub=Giornalettismo.com&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giornalettismo.com%2Farchives%2F93579%2Fdecreto-carfagna-e-contro-ammalato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtalkproject.net/?p=184">"Italy: New Anti-Prostitution Law Criminalises Street Sex Workers x:talk"</a>. Xtalkproject.net. 27 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+New+Anti-Prostitution+Law+Criminalises+Street+Sex+Workers+x%3Atalk&rft.pub=Xtalkproject.net&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xtalkproject.net%2F%3Fp%3D184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ogo.noblogs.org/post/2008/09/24/le-donne-corpi-che-non-contano">"le donne: corpi che non contano"</a> OGO, 24 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucciole.org/content/view/395/14/">Striscione femminista per Diritti prostitute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901153722/http://www.lucciole.org/content/view/395/14/">Archived</a> 1 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lucciole 13 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrofernandes.it/Carfagna%20giuridiche.pdf">Osservazioni sul disegno di legge N. 1079 in materia di Prostitzione</a> Associazione Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione (ASGI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiolegalemandolesi.it/diritto-penale/misure-contro-la-prostituzione/">"Studio Legale Mandolesi"</a>. Studiolegalemandolesi.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studio+Legale+Mandolesi&rft.pub=Studiolegalemandolesi.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiolegalemandolesi.it%2Fdiritto-penale%2Fmisure-contro-la-prostituzione%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labdif.org/?p=729">Incontro seminariale: “Le nuove misure contro la prostituzione”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010934/http://www.labdif.org/?p=729">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> LabDiF 29 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prontoconsumatore.it/index.php/notizie-ed-approfondimenti/49/30977-il-ministro-carfagna-contro-la-prostituzione.html">"Il Ministro Carfagna contro la prostituzione."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722045212/http://www.prontoconsumatore.it/index.php/notizie-ed-approfondimenti/49/30977-il-ministro-carfagna-contro-la-prostituzione.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Prontoconsumatore, 24 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeinitaly.com/node/19233">Clients who don't pay prostitutes 'Guilty of Rape'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309205524/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/node/19233">Archived</a> 9 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Life in Italy, 9 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ca-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOutshoorn2004" class="citation book cs1">Outshoorn, Joyce (8 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbAUdBR2f5sC&q=%22daniela+danna%22&pg=PA165"><i>The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the …</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521540698" title="Special:BookSources/9780521540698"><bdi>9780521540698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Prostitution%3A+Women%27s+Movements%2C+Democratic+States+and+the+%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft.isbn=9780521540698&rft.aulast=Outshoorn&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbAUdBR2f5sC%26q%3D%2522daniela%2Bdanna%2522%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatafiore R. Sesso al lavoro. 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Nodo50.org. 23 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laura+Agustin%3A+How+to+move+street+prostitution+indoors+and+across+borders%3A+Italy+and+Switzerland.+Border+Thinking+on+Migration%2C+Trafficking+and+Commercial+Sex&rft.pub=Nodo50.org&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodo50.org%2FLaura_Agustin%2Fhow-to-move-street-prostitution-indoors-italy-and-switzerland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/Laura_Agustin/dans-la-camionnette-money-sex-exchange-inside-vans-italy-france">"Dans la camionnette: Money-sex exchange inside vans: Italy, France Laura Agustin: Border Thinking on Migration, Trafficking and Commercial Sex"</a>. Nodo50.org. 2 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dans+la+camionnette%3A+Money-sex+exchange+inside+vans%3A+Italy%2C+France+Laura+Agustin%3A+Border+Thinking+on+Migration%2C+Trafficking+and+Commercial+Sex&rft.pub=Nodo50.org&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodo50.org%2FLaura_Agustin%2Fdans-la-camionnette-money-sex-exchange-inside-vans-italy-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersterDavoliCamposeragnaValeri2001" class="citation journal cs1">Verster, A.; Davoli, M.; Camposeragna, A.; Valeri, C.; Perucci, C. A. (June 2001). "Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviour among street prostitutes in Rome, 1997-1998". <i>AIDS Care</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 367–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540120120044017">10.1080/09540120120044017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11397338">11397338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12132927">12132927</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1024301">1024301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Care&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+HIV+infection+and+risk+behaviour+among+street+prostitutes+in+Rome%2C+1997-1998&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-372&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12132927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11397338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540120120044017&rft.aulast=Verster&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Davoli%2C+M.&rft.au=Camposeragna%2C+A.&rft.au=Valeri%2C+C.&rft.au=Perucci%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309070719/http://www.vivereassisi.it/index.php?articolo_id=265588&page=articolo">"Rosi (PdL), pugno duro contro i clienti delle prostitute"</a>. Vivere Assisi. 14 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivereassisi.it/index.php?page=articolo&articolo_id=265588">the original</a> on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosi+%28PdL%29%2C+pugno+duro+contro+i+clienti+delle+prostitute&rft.pub=Vivere+Assisi&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivereassisi.it%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Darticolo%26articolo_id%3D265588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amandacastleman.com/mary.html">Mary, Mary quite contrary Italy struggles to come to grips with the Madonna-whore complex. Amanda Castleman Continental Drift Spring 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214061044/http://www.amandacastleman.com/mary.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013152135/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/italy.html#8">International Encyclopedia of Sexuality: Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caritasitaliana.it/materiali/convegni/prostituzione_tratta/leonini.pdf">Luisa Leonini. IL SEX BUSINESS NELLA SOCIETÀ CONTEMPORANEA. Convegno Prostituzione e tratta a 50 anni dalla legge Merlin e a 10 anni dall'art. 18 D.Lgs. 286/98 Roma, 21 novembre 2008</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiscitelli2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piscitelli, Adriana (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-026X2007000300014">"Sexo tropical em um país europeu: migração de brasileiras para a Itália no marco do 'turismo sexual' internacional"</a> [Tropical sex in a european country: Brazilian women's migration to Italy in the frame of international sex tourism]. <i>Revista Estudos Feministas</i> (in Portuguese). <b>15</b> (3): 717–744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-026X2007000300014">10.1590/S0104-026X2007000300014</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1957417601">1957417601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Estudos+Feministas&rft.atitle=Sexo+tropical+em+um+pa%C3%ADs+europeu%3A+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+brasileiras+para+a+It%C3%A1lia+no+marco+do+%27turismo+sexual%27+internacional&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=717-744&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0104-026X2007000300014&rft.aulast=Piscitelli&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0104-026X2007000300014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProstitution+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000132/http://www-pub.naz.edu:9000/~cmnewell/history.htm">Illegal immigration in Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051114/http://www.segretariatosociale.rai.it/link/link_utili/tratta_prostituzione/indirizzi.html">Social Action Department – Prostitution and Trafficking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223003047/http://femminismo-a-sud.noblogs.org/post/2008/01/04/bocca-di-rosa-stavolta-non-parte">Feminismo a sud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173323/http://tampep.eu/documents/positionpaper_migrationsexworkers_it.pdf">TAMPEP position on migration and sex work 2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emn.sarenet.es/Downloads/download.do;jsessionid=492CCFB3EA255095963D1CD97259D717?fileID=139">The Evolution of Italian Immigration policy. Immigration legislation, 1986–2002 An inadequate policy for a major issue. European Migration Network 2003</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_inquiries">Government inquiries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government inquiries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indagine conoscitiva sugli aspetti sociali e sanitari della prostituzione, Camera dei deputati, Commissione XII (affari sociali) 1999, pp. VIII-160, Euro 6,71 (IC13022) </p> <ul><li>Audizione del Comitato per i diritti civili delle prostitute e dei rappresentanti delle organizzazioni sindicali 1-6e documento conclusivo (28 luglio 1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/104155/104597-commissione-affari-sociali-audizione-del-ministro-per-le-pari-opportunita-anna-finocchiaro-in-merit">Audizione del Ministro per le pari opportunita' Anna Finocchiaro 16 luglio 1998</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/112120/112688-xii-commissione-permanente-affari-sociali-indagine-conoscitiva-sugli-aspetti-sociali-e-sanitari-del">Audizione dei rappresentanti del tavolo di coordinamento nazionale sulla prostituzione e sulla tratta, nonchè dei rappresenta 13 gennaio 1999</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Italy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sandro Bellassai, <i>La legge del desiderio. Il progetto Merlin e l'Italia degli anni Cinquanta</i>, Rome, Carocci 2006.</li> <li>Romano Canosa/Isabella Colonnello, <i>Storia della prostituzione in Italia dal quattrocento alla fine del settecento</i>, Rome 1989.</li> <li>Mary Gibson, <i>Prostitution and the State in Italy, 1860–1915</i>. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henriques" title="Fernando Henriques">Fernando Henriques</a>, <i>Prostitution and Society</i>. Macgibbon and Kee, London 1963.</li> <li>Malte König: <i>Der Staat als Zuhälter. Die Abschaffung der reglementierten Prostitution in Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien im 20. Jahrhundert</i>, De Gruyter, Berlin 2016 (reviewed by Julia Brüggemann in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol17reviews/vol17no121bruggemann.pdf">H-France Review, July 2017</a>).</li> <li>Malte König: <i>Prostitution and Infection: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives on Italian Health Policy (1922-1958)</i>, in: «Journal of Modern Italian Studies», 23.5, 2018, pp. 557-572.</li> <li>Tamar Pitch, <i>La sessualità, le norme, lo Stato. Il dibattito sulla legge Merlin</i>, in: «Memoria: rivista di storia delle donne», 17, 1986, pp. 24–41.</li> <li>Vittoria Serafini, <i>Prostituzione e legislazione repubblicana: l’impegno di Lina Merlin</i>, in: «Storia e problemi contemporanei», 10.20, 1997, pp. 105–119.</li> <li>Molly Tambor, <i>Prostitutes and Politicians: The Women’s Rights Movement in the Legge Merlin Debates</i>, in: Penelope Morris (ed.), Women in Italy, 1945-1960: An Interdisciplinary Study, New York, Palgrave Macmillan 2006, pp. 131–145.</li> <li>Bruno P.F. Wanrooij, <i>"The Thorns of Love". Sexuality, Syphilis and Social Control in Modern Italy</i>, in: Roger Davidson/Lesley A. Hall (ed.), <i>Sex, Sin and Suffering. Veneral Disease and European Society since 1870</i>, London/New York 2001, pp. 137–159.</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prostitution_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prostitution_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Europe" title="Prostitution in Europe">Prostitution in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Albania" title="Prostitution in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Armenia" title="Prostitution in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Austria" title="Prostitution in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Azerbaijan" title="Prostitution in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belarus" title="Prostitution in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Bulgaria" title="Prostitution in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Croatia" title="Prostitution in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cyprus" title="Prostitution in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prostitution in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Denmark" title="Prostitution in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Estonia" title="Prostitution in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Finland" title="Prostitution in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_France" title="Prostitution in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Prostitution in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Iceland" title="Prostitution in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kazakhstan" title="Prostitution in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Latvia" title="Prostitution in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Lithuania" title="Prostitution in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Luxembourg" title="Prostitution in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malta" title="Prostitution in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Moldova" title="Prostitution in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Monaco" title="Prostitution in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_North_Macedonia" title="Prostitution in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Poland" title="Prostitution in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Turkey" title="Prostitution in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kosovo" title="Prostitution in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/21px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/42px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alt%3Dicon" title="Alt=icon"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg/19px-Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg/29px-Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg/38px-Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Prostitution" title="Portal:Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Umbrella-159361.svg/17px-Umbrella-159361.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Umbrella-159361.svg/26px-Umbrella-159361.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Umbrella-159361.svg/34px-Umbrella-159361.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="738" 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