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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epsom_spa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epsom_spa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Epsom spa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epsom_spa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Horse racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Transport and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Residential development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Commerce and industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epsom_in_the_world_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epsom_in_the_world_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Epsom in the world wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epsom_in_the_world_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 National and local government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_and_local_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National and local government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_and_local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 UK parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 County council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borough_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borough_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Borough council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borough_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography and housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Public services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services_and_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services_and_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Emergency services and justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services_and_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Train </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-distance_footpath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-distance_footpath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Long-distance footpath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-distance_footpath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_and_Higher_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_and_Higher_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Further and Higher Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_and_Higher_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintained_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintained_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Maintained schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintained_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Independent schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Places of worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Places of worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-St_Martin's_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Martin's_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 St Martin's Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Martin's_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christ_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Christ Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Reformed_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Reformed_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 United Reformed Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Reformed_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_Joseph's_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Joseph's_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 St Joseph's Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Joseph's_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Public art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Podcasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rainbow_Leisure_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainbow_Leisure_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Rainbow Leisure Centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainbow_Leisure_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Association Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Tennis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_buildings_and_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_buildings_and_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable buildings and landmarks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_buildings_and_landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable buildings and landmarks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_buildings_and_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Ashley_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ashley_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 The Ashley Centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ashley_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashley_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashley_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Ashley House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashley_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly_Rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_Rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Assembly Rooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_Rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Clock Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_Eagle_Walk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_Eagle_Walk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Spread Eagle Walk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_Eagle_Walk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Town Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 War memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodcote_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodcote_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.8 Woodcote Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodcote_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_open_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_open_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Parks and open spaces </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parks_and_open_spaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parks and open spaces subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_open_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epsom_Common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epsom_Common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Epsom Common </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epsom_Common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epsom_Downs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epsom_Downs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Epsom Downs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epsom_Downs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horton_Country_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horton_Country_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Horton Country Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horton_Country_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounthill_Gardens_and_Rosebery_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounthill_Gardens_and_Rosebery_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Mounthill Gardens and Rosebery Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounthill_Gardens_and_Rosebery_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Recreation grounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Epsom</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="إبسوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبسوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اپسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اپسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Epsom (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Epsom (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اپسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Epsom (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Epsom (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%A1%EC%86%9C" title="엡솜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엡솜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B3" title="ເມືອງເອັບຊຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເມືອງເອັບຊຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsoma" title="Epsoma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epsoma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اپسوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اپسوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A0" title="エプソム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エプソム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Эпсом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпсом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epsom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Епсом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епсом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="اپسوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپسوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%99%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%A7%86" title="埃普索姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃普索姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q993164#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Epsom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Epsom&params=51_19_59_N_00_16_07_W_region:GB_type:city(31489)">51°19′59″N 00°16′07″W / 51.33306°N 0.26861°W / 51.33306; -0.26861</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Surrey, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mineral named after the town, see <a href="/wiki/Epsomite" title="Epsomite">Epsomite</a>. For the active ingredient of "Epsom salts", see <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium sulphate">magnesium sulphate</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Epsom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Epsom (disambiguation)">Epsom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Epsom</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_in_Epsom_(6980024124)_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg/240px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg/360px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg/480px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980024124%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="3425" /></a><div>Epsom Clock Tower, High Street</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrey_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epsom is located in Surrey"><img alt="Epsom is located in Surrey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surrey_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Surrey_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surrey_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Surrey_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surrey_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Surrey_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1081" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.098%;left:63.304%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Epsom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Epsom</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">18.04 km2 (6.97 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">31,489 (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-ons-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,746/km2 (4,520/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.326443~-0.279123&lvl=10&sp=Point.51.326443_-0.279123_Epsom&sty=s&style=s">TQ2060</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Shire county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Epsom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KT_postcode_area" title="KT postcode area">KT17, KT18, KT19</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01372</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police" title="Surrey Police">Surrey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Surrey Fire and Rescue Service">Surrey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_East_Coast_Ambulance_Service" title="South East Coast Ambulance Service">South East Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)">Epsom and Ewell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Surrey" title="List of places in Surrey">Surrey</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Epsom&params=51_19_59_N_00_16_07_W_region:GB_type:city(31489)">51°19′59″N 00°16′07″W / 51.33306°N 0.26861°W / 51.33306; -0.26861</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Epsom is a town in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England, about 14 miles (22 kilometres) south of <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>. The town is first recorded as Ebesham in the 10th century and its name probably derives from that of a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Saxon</a> landowner. The earliest evidence of human activity is from the mid-<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>, but the modern settlement probably grew up in the area surrounding St Martin's Church in the 6th or 7th centuries and the street pattern is thought to have become established in the <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Today the <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a> is dominated by the clock tower, which was erected in 1847–8. Like other nearby settlements, Epsom is located on the <a href="/wiki/Spring_line_settlement" title="Spring line settlement">spring line</a> where the permeable <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> meets the impermeable <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a>. Several tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Hogsmill_River" title="Hogsmill River">Hogsmill River</a> rise in the town and in the 17th and early 18th centuries, the spring on <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Common" title="Epsom Common">Epsom Common</a> was believed to have healing qualities. The mineral waters were found to be rich in Epsom salts, which were later identified as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium sulphate">magnesium sulphate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland">Charles II</a> was among those who regularly <a href="/wiki/Took_the_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Took the waters">took the waters</a> and several prominent writers, including <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a> recorded their visits. The popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a> declined rapidly in the 1720s as a result of competition from other towns, including <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a>. Organised horse racing on <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs" title="Epsom Downs">Epsom Downs</a> is believed to have taken place since the early 17th century. The popularity of Epsom grew as <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">The Oaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> were established in 1779 and 1780 respectively. The first <a href="/wiki/Grandstand" title="Grandstand">grandstand</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse" title="Epsom Downs Racecourse">racecourse</a> was constructed in 1829 and more than 127,000 people attended Derby Day in 1843. During the <a href="/wiki/1913_Epsom_Derby" title="1913 Epsom Derby">1913 Derby</a> the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a> sustained fatal injuries after being hit by <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>'s horse. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_railway_station" title="Epsom Town railway station">first railway station</a> in Epsom in 1847, coupled with the breakup of the Epsom Court estate, stimulated the development of the town. Today <a href="/wiki/Epsom_railway_station" title="Epsom railway station">Epsom station</a> is an important railway junction, where lines to <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">London Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">London Waterloo</a> diverge. Since 1946, the town has been surrounded on three sides by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a>, which severely limits the potential for expansion. Two <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">local nature reserves</a>, Epsom Common and <a href="/wiki/Horton_Country_Park" title="Horton Country Park">Horton Country Park</a>, are to the west of the centre and Epsom Downs, to the south, is a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Nature_Conservation_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Site of Nature Conservation Importance">Site of Nature Conservation Importance</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The first written record of a settlement at Epsom dates from the 10th century, when its name is given as Ebesham.<a href="#cite_note-Gover_1934_p74-2">[2]</a> It appears in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 as Evesham<a href="#cite_note-Surrey_Domesday-3">[3]</a> and in subsequent surviving documents as Ebbesham and Ebesam (12th century), Epsam (15th century), Ebbisham and Epsham (16th century) and Epsome (17th century). The first known use of the modern spelling Epsom is from 1718.<a href="#cite_note-Gover_1934_p74-2">[2]</a> The name "Epsom" is thought to derive from that of a <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> landowner, either as Ebba's ham or Ebbi's ham (where ham means home or settlement).<a href="#cite_note-Gover_1934_p74-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Brief_History-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a> Alternatively the name may come from ebbe, the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word for "flow", which may reference an <a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">intermittent stream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Swete_1860_p8-7">[6]</a> The first surviving record of land at <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Surrey" title="Horton, Surrey">Horton</a> is from a charter of 1178, in which the modern spelling is used. It is also recorded as Hortune (1263) and Hortone (1325). The name is thought to derive from the Old English words horh and tun and is generally agreed to mean a "muddy farm".<a href="#cite_note-Gover_1934_p74-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surrey#Climate" title="Surrey">Surrey § Climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_topography">Location and topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location and topography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="mapframe-multi-outer-container mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:300px"><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="15" data-lat="51.3333" data-lon="-0.2675" data-overlays="["_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/51.3333/-0.2675/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show town centre</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="13" data-lat="51.3333" data-lon="-0.2675" data-overlays="["_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/51.3333/-0.2675/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show whole town</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="11" data-lat="51.3333" data-lon="-0.2675" data-overlays="["_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/51.3333/-0.2675/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,51.3333,-0.2675,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Epsom&revid=1255617859&groups=_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Borough of Epsom and Ewell</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection,_Epsom,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg/220px-High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg/330px-High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg/440px-High_Street_at_the_Ashley_Road_and_Waterloo_Road_intersection%2C_Epsom%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5864" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption>The town centre crossroads, where Ashley and Waterloo Roads meet the High Street</figcaption></figure> Epsom is a town in north <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, approximately 13.5 mi (21.7 km) south of central London. It lies on the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/London_Basin" title="London Basin">London Basin</a> and the highest point in the parish at Epsom Downs is 155 m (509 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_datum" title="Ordnance datum">ordnance datum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p1-8">[7]</a> The High Street defines the main west–east axis of the town and runs roughly parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead_railway_station" title="Leatherhead railway station">Leatherhead</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sutton_(Surrey)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton (Surrey) railway station">Sutton</a> railway line. To the west of the town centre are two <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">local nature reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Common" title="Epsom Common">Epsom Common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horton_Country_Park" title="Horton Country Park">Horton Country Park</a>, both of which are owned and managed by the borough council.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Common-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCP-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse" title="Epsom Downs Racecourse">Epsom Downs Racecourse</a> is on Epsom Downs, an area of chalk <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">downland</a> to the south of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Downs_BC-11">[10]</a> Within the ancient parish boundaries are two settlements which were once part of Epsom. Horton, to the west of the centre, is the former location of five psychiatric hospitals, which were redeveloped to provide housing in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Horton-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Langley_Vale" title="Langley Vale">Langley Vale</a>, a small village to the south of the racecourse, was predominantly developed in the first half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Like many of the towns and villages between <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, Epsom is a <a href="/wiki/Strip_parish" title="Strip parish">strip parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_line_settlement" title="Spring line settlement">spring line settlement</a>. The areas to the south and east of the town lie on the <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Group" title="Chalk Group">chalk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> and the centre, north and west are on the <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a>. Separating the two, and running in parallel bands along a north–south axis, are narrow <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thanet_Formation" title="Thanet Formation">Thanet Sands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Group" title="Lambeth Group">Lambeth Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p1-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geology_map-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_1849-15">[14]</a> The chalk is a natural <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hogsmill_River" title="Hogsmill River">Hogsmill River</a> rise at several points along the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">permeable</a> and impermeable rock types. During the late 17th and early 18th century, the spring on Epsom Common was thought to have healing properties and the waters were later found to be rich in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulphate</a>, which became known as "<a href="/wiki/Epsomite" title="Epsomite">Epsom salts</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lee_1849-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The earliest evidence of human activity in Epsom is from the mid-<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>. Remains of pits, ditches and post holes in Long Grove Road indicate that the area north of the town centre was used for agriculture in prehistoric times, which may suggest the presence of an established settlement nearby.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Pottery <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a> and worked <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flints</a>, found on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Manor_Hospital,_Epsom" title="Manor Hospital, Epsom">Manor Hospital</a> site in Horton, show that human activity continued into the early <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Stater#Non-Greek_staters" title="Stater">staters</a> (coins) from this period have been found in the area.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a> Although the route of <a href="/wiki/Stane_Street_(Chichester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stane Street (Chichester)">Stane Street</a>, the road between <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a>, passes immediately to the east of St Martin's Church, there is not thought to have been a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> settlement there.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2008-20">[19]</a> Archaeological evidence of Roman activity has been found to the north of the present town centre: A <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, which may have been connected to the 1st- and 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Common" title="Ashtead Common">Ashtead Common</a>, was discovered during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/West_Park_Hospital,_Epsom" title="West Park Hospital, Epsom">West Park Hospital</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp2-4-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> There may also have been a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> at Epsom Court.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Brief_History-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlement at Epsom was most likely established in the late 6th or early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp2-4-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a> It would have been administered as part of <a href="/wiki/Copthorne_Hundred" title="Copthorne Hundred">Copthorne Hundred</a> and was probably located close to the site of the present St Martin's Church, which is built on a <a href="/wiki/Hillock" title="Hillock">knoll</a> of chalk at the base of the North Downs.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp2-4-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nail_1965-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 2]</a> Saxon burials have been excavated at two sites to the east of the modern town centre, close to the church.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendant</a>, depicting a bearded male wearing a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, was discovered in the same area in the 1960s. The pendant is thought to have originated from the Mediterranean in the 7th century and its discovery suggests that high-status individuals were living in or travelling though Epsom in the Anglo-Saxon period.<a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The origins of the modern town centre are obscure, but the principal road pattern may have developed during the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, a <a href="/wiki/Nucleated_village" title="Nucleated village">nucleated village</a> is thought to have been founded at the west end of the present High Street.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a> The 1840 <a href="/wiki/Tithe_map" title="Tithe map">tithe map</a> shows a series of narrow, regular <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">plots</a> along the north side of the High Street, which would be consistent with a planned, medieval settlement.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> Epsom was held by <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">Chertsey Abbey</a> from Anglo-Saxon times until the first half of the 16th century. The earliest surviving charter confirming the ownership of the town is from 967, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">King Edgar</a>, although the settlement is thought to have been granted to the abbey in 727.<a href="#cite_note-Malden_1911_pp271-278-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[note 3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, Epsom appears as Evesham and is listed as including two <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a> (valued at 10<a href="/wiki/British_shilling_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="British shilling coin">s</a>), two churches, 24 acres (10 hectares) of <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadow</a> and sufficient <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> for 20 <a href="/wiki/Hog_(swine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog (swine)">hogs</a>. It rendered £17 per year in 1086. The residents included 34 villagers, 4 smallholders and 6 <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Surrey_Domesday-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Domesday-31">[28]</a> The manor of Horton was also held by Chertsey Abbey during the medieval period. Although there are few surviving early documents relating to the settlement, an early 15th century charter indicates that it included 168 acres (68 hectares) of land, of which 60 acres (24 ha) was pasture. The Durdans estate may also have belonged to Horton.<a href="#cite_note-Malden_1911_pp271-278-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 4]</a> There are references in historical documents to a manor of Brettgrave, also held by the abbey, which appears to have been considered part of Horton by the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Malden_1911_pp271-278-29">[27]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> granted Epsom to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)" title="Nicholas Carew (courtier)">Nicholas Carew</a> in 1537, but two years later his property was forfeit when he was executed for his alleged involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Conspiracy" title="Exeter Conspiracy">Exeter Conspiracy</a>. The manor was part of the <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">Honour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court</a> from 1597 until 1554, when it was granted to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Carew_(MP_for_Castle_Rising)" title="Francis Carew (MP for Castle Rising)">Francis Carew</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp5-7-33">[29]</a> After 1611, Epsom was briefly held by the Darcy family and was then sold to Anne Mynne, the widow of George Mynne, who had bought the manor of Horton. Both manors were inherited by her daughter, Elizabeth, who in 1648 married Richard Evelyn, the brother of the diarist, <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>. Richard Evelyn died in 1670, but Elizabeth ran the estate until her death in 1692, when the land was split up.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp5-7-33">[29]</a> For much of the 18th century, Epsom was held by the Parkhurst family and thereafter the lordship passed through a succession of owners before it was purchased by the borough council in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp5-7-33">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period#Local_government" title="Tudor period">Reforms during the Tudor period</a> reduced the importance of <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial courts</a> and the day-to-day administration of towns became the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a> of the parish church.<a href="#cite_note-Kümin_1996_pp250-255-34">[30]</a> The Epsom Vestry appears to have operated as a <a href="/wiki/Vestry#Select_vestry" title="Vestry">select vestry</a>, to which members of the gentry were appointed or <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p19-35">[31]</a> There was little change in local government structure over the subsequent three centuries, until the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a> transferred responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">poor relief</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a>, whose local powers were delegated to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">poor law union</a> in 1836. The Epsom Union was made responsible for workhouses in around a dozen parishes in the area, all of which were consolidated into a workhouse on the Dorking Road, now the site of Epsom Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p24-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p26-37">[33]</a> A Local Board of Health, with responsibility for sanitation, sewerage and drinking water supply, was formed in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_p32-38">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Surrey_County_Council" title="Surrey County Council">Surrey County Council</a> and was followed by an <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">1894 Act</a> that created the Epsom Urban District Council (UDC). The UDC area was expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">Ewell</a> in 1933<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp71-73-39">[35]</a> and the enlarged authority was awarded borough status in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> In 1951 the <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parish</a> had a population of 30,860.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epsom_spa">Epsom spa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epsom spa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_Well_(geograph_5921667).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg/170px-Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg/255px-Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg/340px-Epsom_Well_%28geograph_5921667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The wellhead marking the site of the original Epsom Well was constructed in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> By tradition, the discovery of spa water is attributed to Henry Wicker, a farmer who, in 1618, noticed that his cows refused to drink from a slow spring on Epsom Common.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp43-45-44">[40]</a> However, the distinct <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a> of the local water had already been recognised in the preceding decades: In 1603, local physicians had noted that the local water contained "bitter purging salt"<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp27-28-45">[41]</a> and, in late-<a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan times</a>, it was thought that bathing in a pond to the west of the town centre could cure <a href="/wiki/Skin_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin ulcer">ulcers</a> and other disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp43-45-44">[40]</a> The first facilities for visitors were provided in 1621, when a wall was built around the spring and a shed erected for invalids.<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp27-28-45">[41]</a> The first authentic account of the spa dates from 1629, when Abram Booth, of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, visited Epsom and described how "[p]eople coming there took a few glasses of the mentioned water – which has a taste different from ordinary water – after which walking up and down, these had in our opinion very good effect".<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp27-28-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp11-12-46">[42]</a> During the mid-17th century, several prominent individuals travelled to the spring, including <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, who after his visit in 1654, boiled some of the water and noted that a "flakey" <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, "the colour of bay-salt", was left behind.<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp27-28-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> visited in both 1663 and 1667<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_p48-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 6]</a> and the theologian, <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a>, took the waters in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp43-45-44">[40]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration of the monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland">Charles II</a> was a regular visitor<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_p50-53">[47]</a> and it was at Epsom that he met the actress, <a href="/wiki/Nell_Gwyn" title="Nell Gwyn">Nell Gwyn</a>, who became his <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp11-12-46">[42]</a> Other royal patrons included <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">Prince George</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">prince consort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp60-61-54">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Assembly_Rooms,_Epsom_(geograph_3267278).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg/220px-The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg/330px-The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg/440px-The_Assembly_Rooms%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_3267278%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption>The Assembly Rooms, High Street</figcaption></figure> Despite the popularity of the spring on the Common, several early visitors were critical of their experience at Epsom. The writer, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Osborne" title="Dorothy Osborne">Dorothy Osborne</a>, who visited in 1653, complained that the water had to stand overnight to allow the sediment to settle before drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp34-36-55">[49]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a> noted that Epsom was "not a quick spring", that it was often "drank drye" and to make up the deficiency, "the people do often carry water from the Common wells to fill this in a morning; this they have found out in which makes the water weake and of little operation - unless you can have it first from the well before they can have put in any other".<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp34-36-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiennes_1888_289-56">[50]</a> The popularity of Epsom continued to increase in the final decades of the 17th century and a regular coach service from London was established in 1684.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp16-17-57">[51]</a> In the 1690s, John Parkhurst, Lord of the Manor of Epsom, began to develop the town into a spa resort.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp43-45-44">[40]</a> The Assembly Rooms in the High Street were constructed in 1692 and a new well was sunk to the west of South Street. By 1707, a local businessman and <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>, John Livingstone, had opened a bowling green, <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gaming rooms</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">ballroom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp16-17-57">[51]</a> In the mid-1720s, the popularity of Epsom experienced a rapid decline, driven partly by the economic consequences of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">bursting of the South Sea Bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp60-61-54">[48]</a> There was also competition from other spa towns, including Bath and Tunbridge Wells,<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p18-58">[52]</a> and, by the 1750s, synthetic Epsom salts were being manufactured commercially.<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_p48-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[note 7]</a> Attempts were made in the 1760s to revive the spa, but these efforts were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp60-61-54">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Horse racing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg/220px-Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg/330px-Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg/440px-Jean_Louis_Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_1821_Derby_at_Epsom" title="The 1821 Derby at Epsom">The 1821 Derby at Epsom</a> (1821) by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse" title="Epsom Downs Racecourse">Epsom Downs Racecourse</a></div> The earliest horse races on Epsom Downs are thought to have been held in the early 17th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, the sport was sufficiently popular and well known that, in May 1648, <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">royalist</a> forces were able to assemble on the Downs under the pretence of organising a race, before marching together to <a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a>. Following the Restoration of the monarchy, there was a further increase in the popularity of racing as Epsom became established as a spa town.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp108-109-61">[54]</a> The Irish philosopher, <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>, noted the suitability of the Downs for sport, writing in 1711 that the land was "covered with grass finer than Persian carpets… for sheep-walks, riding, hunting, racing, shooting, with games of most sorts for exercise of the body or recreation of the mind… they are no where else to be paralleled".<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p90-62">[55]</a> The earliest formal races were run on an uphill course from <a href="/wiki/Carshalton" title="Carshalton">Carshalton</a> to Epsom and were primarily a test of stamina rather than speed.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p90-62">[55]</a> By the mid-18th century a 4-mile straight course had been established, starting at Banstead and finishing at the top of the Downs at Epsom. Heats were run in the mornings, before a break for lunch, which was followed by the final run offs in the late afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-Hunn_1973_p40-63">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg/220px-Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg/330px-Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg/440px-Diomed_by_John_Nost_Sartorius_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diomed" title="Diomed">Diomed</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Nost_Sartorius" title="John Nost Sartorius">John Nost Sartorius</a> (1755–1828). Diomed was the winner of <a href="/wiki/1780_Epsom_Derby" title="1780 Epsom Derby">the first Derby in 1780</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">The Oaks</a> was established in 1779 and was named after the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_12th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby">12th Earl of Derby</a> at Banstead.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp111-112-64">[57]</a> The race, for three-year-old <a href="/wiki/Filly" title="Filly">fillies</a>, was shorter than those that had taken place in previous years and was run over a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) course. <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> was first run the following year, as a shorter race of 1 mi (1.6 km) for three-year-old <a href="/wiki/Colt_(horse)" title="Colt (horse)">colts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hunn_1973_p45-65">[58]</a> but was increased to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 mi (2.4 km) in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-Brannan_2004_p6-66">[59]</a> As early as 1793, the crowds associated with Derby Day were causing congestion on local roads and, in 1843, more than 127,000 people attended the race. Formal royal patronage began in 1840 with the visit of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and horses owned by her son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, won the event in 1896, 1900 and 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p95-67">[60]</a> The world's first <a href="/wiki/Live_broadcast" title="Live broadcast">live</a> <a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">outside broadcast</a> was filmed at the 1931 Derby by the <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird Television Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hunn_1973_p141-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1913_Epsom_Derby" title="1913 Epsom Derby">1913 Derby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison#Fatal_injury_at_the_Derby" title="Emily Davison">sustained fatal injuries</a> after being hit by <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>'s horse, Anmer.<a href="#cite_note-Tanner_2013_pp214-215-70">[63]</a> The incident occurred at Tattenham Corner, the final curve before the finishing straight, after she ducked under the <a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">guard rail</a> and ran onto the course.<a href="#cite_note-Tanner_2013_pp214-215-70">[63]</a> Davison was knocked unconscious and was taken to Epsom Cottage Hospital, where she died four days later on 8 June 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Morley_1988_p103-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanner_2013_pp284-285-72">[65]</a> The inquest into her death took place at Epsom on 10 June.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> A road close to Tattenham Corner is named "Emily Davison Drive" in her honour<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> and a statue of the suffragette was installed in Epsom High Street in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando_2021-77">[70]</a> The first permanent building on Epsom Downs is thought to have been a rubbing house, where horses could be brushed down and washed after racing. Parts of the Rubbing House pub, which now occupies the site, date from 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p8-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> Until the early 19th century, facilities for race attendees were limited to temporary wood and canvas structures and construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Grandstand" title="Grandstand">grandstand</a> did not begin until 1829.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p8-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p103-80">[73]</a> The Queen's Stand, which incorporates a conference centre, was completed in 1992<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p8-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p103-80">[73]</a> and the current grandstand was opened in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_and_communications">Transport and communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transport and communications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-885px; top:-2293px; width:2800px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London,_England_(24_Miles_around)_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extract from Mogg's Twenty Four Miles Round London, 1820 showing the turnpike road through Epsom"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg/2800px-1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="2800" height="3038" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg/4200px-1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5425" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London,_England_(24_Miles_around)_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg/2800px-1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="2800" height="3038" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg/4200px-1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London%2C_England_%2824_Miles_around%29_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5425" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1820_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London,_England_(24_Miles_around)_-_Geographicus_-_London24-mogg-1820.jpg" title="File:1820 Mogg Pocket or Case Map of London, England (24 Miles around) - Geographicus - London24-mogg-1820.jpg"> </a></div>Extract from Mogg's Twenty Four Miles Round London, 1820 showing the turnpike road through Epsom</div> </div></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a>, there appears to have been no systematic planning of transport infrastructure in the local area for over a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>. The section of Stane Street to the west of the modern town centre remained in use through the Anglo-Saxon period and is referred to as the Portway in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. The section of the Roman road to the south of Epsom is thought to have been blocked by the enclosure of <a href="/wiki/Woodcote_Park" title="Woodcote Park">Woodcote Park</a> in the mid-12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nail_1965-24">[23]</a> Visitors to the spa were able to reach Epsom by carriage during the 17th century, although the <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpikes</a> to London and <a href="/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a> were not constructed until 1755.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_Town_station_(postcard).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg/220px-Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg/330px-Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg/440px-Epsom_Town_station_%28postcard%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_railway_station" title="Epsom Town railway station">Epsom Town</a> station building (LBSCR), photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> The first railway line to reach Epsom was the <a href="/wiki/London,_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway" title="London, Brighton and South Coast Railway">London, Brighton and South Coast Railway</a> (LBSCR), which opened <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_railway_station" title="Epsom Town railway station">a railway station in the Upper High Street</a> in 1847. Services initially ran to Croydon, where there was a junction with the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line" title="Brighton Main Line">Brighton Main Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp29-31-85">[78]</a> The line between <a href="/wiki/Epsom_railway_station" title="Epsom railway station">Epsom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead_railway_station" title="Leatherhead railway station">Leatherhead</a> was opened by the independent Epsom and Leatherhead Railway Company on 1 February 1859. It was initially constructed as a single-track line and services were run by the <a href="/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway" title="London and South Western Railway">London and South Western Railway</a> (LSWR). The LSWR's own line via <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Park_railway_station" title="Worcester Park railway station">Worcester Park</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimbledon railway station">Wimbledon</a> was completed two months later, allowing trains from Epsom to reach <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vardey_1988_pp168-169-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuttard_1995_pp85-90-87">[80]</a> The LBSCR extended its line westwards to meet that of the LSWR in August of the same year, allowing it to run services to Leatherhead.<a href="#cite_note-Cockman_Marshall_1988_p128-88">[81]</a> Two branch lines serving the race course opened to <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_railway_station" title="Epsom Downs railway station">Epsom Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tattenham_Corner_railway_station" title="Tattenham Corner railway station">Tattenham Corner</a> in 1865 and 1901 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp29-31-85">[78]</a> Although both the LSWR and LBSCR ran services along the line to Leatherhead, the two companies maintained separate stations in Epsom for 70 years. Following the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)" title="Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway</a> in 1923, a decision was taken to combine the two on a single site. The LBSCR station was closed in 1929 and the LSWR station was reconstructed to increase the number of platforms to four, so that all trains passing though the town could serve it.<a href="#cite_note-Cockman_Marshall_1988_p128-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[note 8]</a> The changes coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">electrification</a> of the lines to London Waterloo and London Victoria in 1925 and 1929 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p68-92">[84]</a> These improvements resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Season_ticket" title="Season ticket">season tickets</a> sold and stimulated the growth of the town from a population of 18,804 in 1921 to 27,089 in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-Cockman_Marshall_1988_p138-93">[85]</a> A regular postal service between Epsom and London was established in 1678. Initially the service ran three times per week,<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> but ran daily from 1683.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> The current Post Office in the High Street opened in 1897 and a sorting office in East Street opened in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> The first automatic <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> in the UK was opened in the town in May 1912, replacing a manual exchange dating from 1905. The system used <a href="/wiki/Strowger_switch" title="Strowger switch">switching equipment</a> designed by the American inventor, <a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a>, and had provision for a maximum of 500 <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_development">Residential development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Residential development">edit</a>]</div> Epsom is unusual among Surrey towns, in that it underwent considerable expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a> As the spa developed in the 1670s, merchants from London started to construct their own mansions on the outskirts of the town. These <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> buildings were generally made from bricks produced at the <a href="/wiki/Brickfield" title="Brickfield">brickfield</a> on the Common. The demand for labourers brought incomers with new skills, who began to boost the local economy. The construction of a small row of shops at the junction of the High Street and South Street led to the establishment of a market in 1680 and, in 1692, two London <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a> developed the site further by building their own houses.<a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-4000px; top:-1040px; width:5500px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epsom in 1816"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg/5500px-OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="5500" height="3667" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7170" data-file-height="4780" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg/5500px-OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="5500" height="3667" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7170" data-file-height="4780" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:OS_old_series_1_63360_8.jpg" title="File:OS old series 1 63360 8.jpg"> </a></div>Epsom in 1816</div> </div></div> By 1800, Epsom had over 400 houses and this number increased to 600 by the middle of the century.<a href="#cite_note-EUS_2003-19">[18]</a> In the 1860s, plans were put forward to improve the drainage on the Common and to build houses on it, but were dropped due to local objections. Following the enclosure of the common fields to the south of the town centre in 1869, housebuilding commenced along Burgh Heath, College and Worple Roads. At around the same time, houses for the working classes were constructed in the area between the two railway lines to Sutton and Wimbledon.<a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a> In the final decade of the 19th century, Epsom Court, to the north of the town centre, was divided and sold for development and, over the next twenty years, <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced houses</a> were built on the land.<a href="#cite_note-White_Harte_1992_intro-23">[22]</a> Shops on Waterloo Road and houses in Chase Road were built from 1928 and the Copse Edge Avenue estate was begun in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1992_p7-98">[90]</a> The award of borough status to the council in 1937, allowed it to take over running of 1500 council houses that had been built between 1920 and 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1992_p8-99">[91]</a> The 1944 <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Plan" title="Greater London Plan">Greater London Plan</a> designated land on three sides of the town centre as part of the protected <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a>, which severely limited the scope for urban expansion to the east, west and south.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Since limited development of <a href="/wiki/Langley_Vale" title="Langley Vale">Langley Vale</a> and the Epsom Wells estate had taken place in the early 1930s, these areas were not placed into the Green Belt and housebuilding continued into the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p79-101">[93]</a> In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Cluster" title="Epsom Cluster">Epsom Cluster</a> of psychiatric hospitals in Horton was redeveloped to provide around 1850 new homes.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Horton-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce_and_industry">Commerce and industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commerce and industry">edit</a>]</div> From much of its early history, Epsom was primarily an <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">agricultural</a> settlement. The two common fields attached to the medieval manor, Woodcote (350 acres (140 ha)) and Smith Hatch (500 acres (200 ha)), were divided into strips, which were assigned to residents of the town.<a href="#cite_note-White_1928_pp54-55-102">[94]</a> In the 15th century, sheep farming became increasingly important and a wool fair was held in June each year until the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-White_1928_pp54-55-102">[94]</a> There was also an annual pleasure fair which took place in July.<a href="#cite_note-White_1928_pp54-55-102">[94]</a> The right to hold a market at Epsom was granted to Elizabeth Evelyn by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and the charter was renewed by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> in 1685.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp5-6-103">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a> of the common fields was completed in 1869, bringing to an end the <a href="/wiki/Open-field_system" title="Open-field system">open-field system</a> in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p27-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[note 9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street,_Epsom,_Surrey,_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg/220px-High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg/330px-High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg/440px-High_Street%2C_Epsom%2C_Surrey%2C_England_-_very_early_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The High Street in the early 1900s</figcaption></figure> Brick and tile manufacturing took place on Epsom Common until the end of the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-Harte_2017_pp75-76-107">[98]</a> and between 1830 and 1938 at a site on Kiln Lane.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_pp26-27-108">[99]</a> In the 19th century, chalk was quarried and converted to lime at a site in College Road.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_pp26-27-108">[99]</a> Mineral water and fruit juices were bottled in the town by the Randalls company from 1884, which traded from premises in South Street until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_pp29-30-109">[100]</a> In the 19th century, there were two breweries in Epsom - WG Bradley and Son in South Street and Pagden's in Church Street.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_pp29-30-109">[100]</a> Dorling's Printworks was established in the town in the 1820s and for many years printed <a href="/wiki/Racecard" title="Racecard">racecards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochures</a> for the Derby, before its closure in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_pp29-30-109">[100]</a> Today, one of the largest private employers in the town is the engineering consultancy firm <a href="/wiki/Atkins_(company)" title="Atkins (company)">Atkins</a>, which moved to Epsom in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epsom_in_the_world_wars">Epsom in the world wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epsom in the world wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG/220px-UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG/330px-UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG/440px-UPS_Epsom_High_Street_Sep_19th_1914.JPG 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>New recruits in Epsom High Street, 19 September 1914</figcaption></figure> In September 1914, Epsom became a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> town. Two battalions of the university and Public Schools Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> were billeted in the town and underwent training in Rosebery Park and on Epsom Downs.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_pp9-10-111">[102]</a> Some of the racecourse buildings were converted to become a war hospital and, in January 1915, 20,000 soldiers were assembled on the Downs for an inspection by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg/220px-Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg/330px-Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg/440px-Postcard_of_Woodcote_Park_during_the_First_World_War_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from the Royal Fusiliers at Woodcote Park in 1915</figcaption></figure> Woodcote Park Camp was built to house the soldiers of the Royal Fusiliers in late 1914 and early 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_pp9-10-111">[102]</a> The 350-acre (140 ha) site was considered suitable as it was close to London.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_p7-114">[105]</a> The first soldiers took up residence in February 1915, but the camp was vacated by the Brigade when it was dispatched to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> three months later.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_pp9-10-111">[102]</a> Between May 1915 and August 1916 the camp became a convalescent hospital for Commonwealth soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_pp13-14-115">[106]</a> It was handed over to Canadian Forces in July 1916 and remained under their control until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Essen_1991_pp17-18-116">[107]</a> Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the Canadian soldiers were slow to be repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-Shortland_1998_p5-117">[108]</a> On 17 June 1919, a group of 400 <a href="/wiki/Epsom_riot" title="Epsom riot">attacked</a> Epsom Police station, injuring <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">Station Sergeant</a> Thomas Green, who died the following day.<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> At a trial in July 1919, five men were found guilty of riotous assembly<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> and were imprisoned until November of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Shortland_1998_p5-117">[108]</a> By the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> in September 1939, public <a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">air raid shelters</a> had been constructed at Rosebery Park and Clay Hill Green.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a> Later in the war, large shelters were provided at Ashley Road, to the south of the town centre, and at Epsom Downs.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp75-78-121">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[note 10]</a> Over the course of the war around 440 <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">high-explosive bombs</a> were dropped on the borough, 33 people were killed and nearly 200 houses were destroyed. Towards the end of the conflict, 30 <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a> landed in the area, including one, in July 1944, which destroyed the Ashley Road Police Station.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp75-78-121">[112]</a> During the Second World War, the defence of the town was largely in the hands of the 56th Surrey battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crook_2000_p25-124">[114]</a> who were trained by a company of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Guards" title="Welsh Guards">Welsh Guards</a> at Epsom Racecourse.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p77-125">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crook_2000_p30-126">[116]</a> Throughout the borough there were 55 <a href="/wiki/Air_Raid_Precautions_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom">Air Raid Precautions (ARP)</a> posts, staffed by up to 140 paid air raid wardens and 560 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p75-127">[117]</a> In mid-1940, the Outer London Defence Line A was constructed through Epsom, running along Christchurch Road, the High Street and Alexandra Road.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p35-128">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_local_government">National and local government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National and local government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_parliament">UK parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: UK parliament">edit</a>]</div> The town is in the parliamentary constituency of <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)">Epsom and Ewell</a> and has been represented <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">at Westminster</a> since July 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Maguire" title="Helen Maguire">Helen Maguire</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_council">County council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: County council">edit</a>]</div> Councillors are elected to <a href="/wiki/Surrey_County_Council" title="Surrey County Council">Surrey County Council</a> every four years. The town is divided between two <a href="/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom">wards</a>: "Epsom Town & Downs" and "Epsom West".<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borough_council">Borough council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Borough council">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_in_Epsom_(6980053288).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg/220px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg/330px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg/440px-Spring_in_Epsom_%286980053288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_Hall" title="Epsom Town Hall">Epsom Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Epsom is divided between five wards, each of which elects three councillors to <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell Borough Council</a>. The five wards are: "Stamford", "Court", "Town", "College" and "Woodcote".<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> Since 1995, the Borough of Epsom and Ewell has been <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">twinned</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise" title="Chantilly, Oise">Chantilly</a> in northern France.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography_and_housing">Demography and housing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demography and housing">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 Census</a>, the combined population of the college, Court, Stamford, Town and Woodcote wards was 31,489.<a href="#cite_note-ons-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2011 Census Households </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ward</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Households</th> <th>% Owned outright</th> <th>% Owned with a loan</th> <th>hectares<a href="#cite_note-ons-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>College</td> <td>5,873</td> <td>2,248</td> <td>41.1</td> <td>35.9</td> <td>316 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Court</td> <td>6,830</td> <td>2,567</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>39.8</td> <td>213 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stamford</td> <td>6,088</td> <td>2,348</td> <td>38.5</td> <td>43.7</td> <td>436 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Town</td> <td>6,979</td> <td>3,154</td> <td>27</td> <td>29.1</td> <td>136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woodcote</td> <td>5,719</td> <td>2,286</td> <td>41.4</td> <td>37.9</td> <td>703 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regional average</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>35.1</td> <td>32.5</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2011 Census Homes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ward</th> <th>Detached</th> <th>Semi-detached</th> <th>Terraced</th> <th>Flats and apartments</th> <th>Caravans/temporary/mobile homes/houseboats</th> <th>Shared between households<a href="#cite_note-ons-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>College</td> <td>1,040</td> <td>425</td> <td>144</td> <td>622</td> <td>0</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Court</td> <td>160</td> <td>721</td> <td>947</td> <td>738</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stamford</td> <td>707</td> <td>995</td> <td>300</td> <td>346</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Town</td> <td>237</td> <td>849</td> <td>455</td> <td>1,584</td> <td>2</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woodcote</td> <td>1,111</td> <td>513</td> <td>232</td> <td>430</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> The public <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a> supply to Epsom began in 1839,<a href="#cite_note-Tarplee_Gas_Electricity-135">[125]</a> when the Epsom and Ewell Gas Company purchased land on East Street for the town <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a>. Initially <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> was transported by road from <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a>, but was delivered by train following the opening of the railway in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-Bouchard_gas-136">[126]</a> Gas-powered street lighting was installed in the town centre by 1840.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_water-137">[127]</a> The Epsom and Ewell Gas Company was amalgamated with the Wandsworth and Putney Gas Light & Coke Company and the Mitcham and Wimbledon District Gas Light Company in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Bouchard_gas-136">[126]</a> The Epsom <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">waterworks</a> were established on East Road in 1853. By 1870, there were at least two wells on the site, which supplied water to the town.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> Until the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> was disposed of in <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspits</a>, however the high <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> in the town often lead to drinking water becoming contaminated.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_water-137">[127]</a> The pond in the centre of High Street, which had become polluted with waste, was filled in 1854 under the direction of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Local_board_of_health" title="Local board of health">local board of health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage system</a> was created the same year, which included the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">sewage farm</a> on Hook Road (then known as Kingston Lane). A comprehensive drainage plan was produced in 1895, after the formation of Epsom UDC, and arrangements were made to share the Leatherhead sewage <a href="/wiki/Outfall" title="Outfall">outfall</a>. The site of the sewage farm was redeveloped and is now the Longmead Industrial Estate.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_water-137">[127]</a> Under the Water Act 1973, control of the water supply passed to the Thames Valley Water Authority, which was privatised to become <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water" title="Thames Water">Thames Water</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p22-140">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">electricity generating station</a> was opened in 1902 in Depot Road. Initially it was capable of generating 220 kW of power, but by the time of its closure in 1939, its <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">installed capacity</a> was 2 MW.<a href="#cite_note-Tarplee_Gas_Electricity-135">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_1999_p113-142">[132]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_(Supply)_Act_1926" title="Electricity (Supply) Act 1926">Electricity (Supply) Act 1926</a>, Epsom was connected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a>, initially to a 33 kV <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">supply ring</a>, which linked the town to <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, Leatherhead, Dorking and Reigate. In 1939, the ring was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> main via a 132 kV <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">substation</a> at Leatherhead.<a href="#cite_note-Tarplee_Gas_Electricity-135">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_1999_p118-143">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_services_and_justice">Emergency services and justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Emergency services and justice">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/County_Courts_Act" title="County Courts Act">County Courts Act 1848</a>, a courthouse was built in Epsom.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_1996-144">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/County_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="County Court">County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court">Magistrates' Courts</a> closed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a> Epsom Police Station was opened in Church Street in July 1963. The Epsom force had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> since 1829, but was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police" title="Surrey Police">Surrey Police</a> in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_1996-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg/220px-Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg/330px-Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg/440px-Epsom_fire_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_472250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Epsom Fire Station, Church Street</figcaption></figure> Epsom is thought to have acquired a "manual" <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engine</a> in around the 1760s. It was operated by volunteers and was kept at the clock tower in the High Street. The first full-time <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">brigade</a> was established in 1870 and, by the end of the century, was based on Waterloo Road. The current fire station in Church Street was opened in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Fire_authority" title="Fire authority">fire authority</a> for Epsom is Surrey County Council and the <a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">statutory fire service</a> is <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Surrey Fire and Rescue Service">Surrey Fire and Rescue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> Epsom Ambulance Station is run by the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Coast_Ambulance_Service" title="South East Coast Ambulance Service">South East Coast Ambulance Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Cottage_Hospital" title="Epsom Cottage Hospital">Epsom Cottage Hospital</a>, the first hospital in Epsom, was opened in Pikes Hill in 1873. It moved to Hawthorne Place in 1877 and, in 1889, a new building was constructed in Alexandra Road to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria#Diamond_Jubilee" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_NHS_our_story-150">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a>, died at the hospital after being hit by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a>'s horse at the <a href="/wiki/1913_Epsom_Derby" title="1913 Epsom Derby">1913 Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morley_1988_p103-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanner_2013_pp284-285-72">[65]</a> Epsom Cottage Hospital officially closed in 1988, however the premises are used today as a community hospital offering physiotherapy and rehabilitation services.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Hospital" title="Epsom Hospital">Epsom Hospital</a> was built by the Poor Law Guardians adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> on Dorking Road in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_NHS_our_story-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p44-152">[142]</a> It was made the responsibility of Surrey County Council in 1930<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p69-153">[143]</a> and became part of the NHS in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_NHS_our_story-150">[140]</a> Since April 1999, it has been run by Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, following a merger between the Epsom Health Care and St Helier NHS Trusts.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> Epsom Hospital has an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">A&E department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG/220px-St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG/330px-St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG/440px-St_ebba%27s_admin_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Ebba%27s_Hospital" title="St Ebba's Hospital">St Ebba's Hospital</a>, designed by William Clifford Smith, was opened in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Cluster" title="Epsom Cluster">Epsom Cluster</a> was a group of five <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric hospitals">psychiatric hospitals</a>, built to the west of Epsom on land purchased by <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Cluster_EEHE-157">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Manor_Hospital,_Epsom" title="Manor Hospital, Epsom">Manor Asylum</a> was the first to be opened in 1899<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> and the fifth, <a href="/wiki/West_Park_Hospital,_Epsom" title="West Park Hospital, Epsom">West Park Asylum</a>, was fully completed in June 1924, having been used by the Canadian Military during WWI.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Horton_Light_Railway" title="Horton Light Railway">light railway</a> was constructed to deliver building materials and coal to the construction sites.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> Clean water was supplied from a borehole and a power station was constructed to provide electricity to the five institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Cluster_EEHE-157">[147]</a> All of the hospitals closed during the 1990s and 2000s and their sites have since been redeveloped for housing.<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Cluster_EEHE-157">[147]</a> As of 2021, the town has three GP practices.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bus">edit</a>]</div> Epsom is linked by a number of bus routes to surrounding towns and villages in north Surrey and south London. Operators serving the town include Falcon Buses, <a href="/wiki/London_United_Busways" title="London United Busways">London United</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_London" title="Go-Ahead London">Go-Ahead London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SCC_Bus-162">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Train">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_railway_station" title="Epsom railway station">Epsom railway station</a> is a short distance to the north of the town centre and is managed by <a href="/wiki/Southern_(Govia_Thameslink_Railway)" title="Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)">Southern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Railway_Station-163">[153]</a> The current station building was opened in 2013, following a three-year, £20M redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> It is served by trains to <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">London Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge</a> via <a href="/wiki/Sutton_railway_station_(London)" title="Sutton railway station (London)">Sutton</a>, to <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">London Waterloo</a> via <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_station" title="Wimbledon station">Wimbledon</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Horsham_railway_station" title="Horsham railway station">Horsham</a> via <a href="/wiki/Dorking_railway_station" title="Dorking railway station">Dorking</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Guildford_railway_station" title="Guildford railway station">Guildford</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bookham_railway_station" title="Bookham railway station">Bookham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Railway_Station-163">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[note 11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-distance_footpath">Long-distance footpath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Long-distance footpath">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Down_Link" title="Thames Down Link">Thames Down Link</a> long-distance footpath between <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill_%26_Westhumble_railway_station" title="Box Hill & Westhumble railway station">Box Hill</a> runs through Horton Country Park and across Epsom Common.<a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_and_Higher_Education">Further and Higher Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further and Higher Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_the_Creative_Arts,_Epsom_Campus_(July_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg/220px-University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg/330px-University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg/440px-University_of_the_Creative_Arts%2C_Epsom_Campus_%28July_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>University for the Creative Arts, Epsom campus</figcaption></figure> The Epsom <a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">campus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="University for the Creative Arts">University for the Creative Arts</a> was founded as the Epsom Technical Institute & School of Art in 1896. The original building in Church Street was designed by John Hatchard-Smith in the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Architecture" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance style</a> and was financed by public subscription.<a href="#cite_note-169">[158]</a> It moved to new premises in Ashley Road in 1973<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p84-170">[159]</a> and merged with the West Surrey College of Art and Design<a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a> to form the Surrey Institute of Art and Design in 1994. The combined institution was granted <a href="/wiki/University_college" title="University college">university college</a> status in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a> In 2005, it merged with the Kent Institute of Art and Design to become the University for the Creative Arts.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laine_Theatre_Arts" title="Laine Theatre Arts">Laine Theatre Arts</a> is an independent <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> college, founded by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Laine" title="Betty Laine">Betty Laine</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Laine_about_us-175">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laine_Comet-176">[165]</a> It prepares students for careers in professional <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> and teaches the core skills of dance, singing and acting.<a href="#cite_note-Laine_about_us-175">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">Alumni</a> include <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Beckham" title="Victoria Beckham">Victoria Beckham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Laine_Comet-176">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Ellis" title="Kerry Ellis">Kerry Ellis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Foster_2013-178">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Richards_(actor)" title="Ben Richards (actor)">Ben Richards</a><a href="#cite_note-Foster_2013-178">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hadland" title="Sarah Hadland">Sarah Hadland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintained_schools">Maintained schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Maintained schools">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_High_School" title="Blenheim High School">Blenheim High School</a> opened in 1997<a href="#cite_note-180">[169]</a> and it became an <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academy</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-181">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyn_School" title="Glyn School">Glyn School</a> was founded as the Epsom County School in 1927<a href="#cite_note-Proctor_Glyn-182">[171]</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school#England" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p84-170">[159]</a> It was renamed Glyn Grammar School in 1954, after <a href="/wiki/Glyn_baronets" title="Glyn baronets">Sir Arthur Glyn</a>, the first chairman of the school <a href="/wiki/School_governor" title="School governor">Governing Body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Proctor_Glyn-182">[171]</a> It became a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">comprehensive school</a> in 1976 and its name changed again to Glyn/ADT School of Technology in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p84-170">[159]</a> The school gained academy status in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosebery_School_for_Girls" title="Rosebery School for Girls">Rosebery School</a> was opened in 1921 as the Epsom County Secondary School for Girls.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p74-184">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p69-185">[174]</a> In 1927, it moved to its current site on land donated by Lord Rosebery, acquiring its present name at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p74-184">[173]</a> It became an academy in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> Both Glyn School and Rosberry School are part of the multi-academy trust GLF Schools<a href="#cite_note-187">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_schools">Independent schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Independent schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_College_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Epsom_College_main_building.jpg/220px-Epsom_College_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Epsom_College_main_building.jpg/330px-Epsom_College_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Epsom_College_main_building.jpg/440px-Epsom_College_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Epsom College</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_College" title="Epsom College">Epsom College</a> was founded in 1851 as the Medical Benevolent College by the physician, <a href="/wiki/John_Propert" title="John Propert">John Propert</a>. The school buildings were opened in 1855 by <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> and the first cohort of 100 pupils were all sons of medics.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp41-42-189">[178]</a> By 1865, the school roll had grown to 300 and had been opened to those able to pay fees.<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a> The Grade II-listed chapel, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">St Luke</a>, was built in 1857<a href="#cite_note-EC_history-191">[180]</a> and was enlarged by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blomfield" title="Arthur Blomfield">Arthur Blomfield</a> in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-192">[181]</a> Girls were first admitted to the school in 1976<a href="#cite_note-EC_history-191">[180]</a> and Epsom College became fully coeducational in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Scadding_2004_pp130-131-193">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingswood_House_School" title="Kingswood House School">Kingswood House School</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory school</a> to the west of the town centre. It was founded in 1899 and moved to its present site on West Hill in 1920. Since the 1960s it has operated exclusively as a <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day school</a>. Girls were admitted for the first time in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-194">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Places of worship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Epsom_and_Ewell" title="List of places of worship in Epsom and Ewell">List of places of worship in Epsom and Ewell</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_Martin's_Church">St Martin's Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: St Martin's Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Martin_of_Tours,_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg/220px-St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg/330px-St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg/440px-St_Martin_of_Tours%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1143885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>St Martin's Church, Epsom<a href="#cite_note-196">[note 12]</a></figcaption></figure> The Domesday Book entry for Epsom includes two churches,<a href="#cite_note-Epsom_Domesday-31">[28]</a> one of which is thought to have been on the site of the present St Martin's Church.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p10-197">[185]</a> The oldest part of the current building is the <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a>, which dates from around 1450. Much of the remainder of the church dates from a rebuilding in 1824, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>, which were added by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Nicholson,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Nicholson, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Nicholson</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> The 15th century <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spire</a> was damaged in a storm in 1947 and was subsequently demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p31-199">[187]</a> Following the 1824 rebuilding, many of the memorials from the medieval church were reinstalled in the new church, including several by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p25-200">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp67-69-201">[189]</a> The parish chest, made from carved Spanish mahogany, is reputed to contain wood recovered from ships of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp67-69-201">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-StM_internal-202">[190]</a> The church also holds a copy of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bible_errata#King_James" title="Bible errata">vinegar bible</a> of 1717.<a href="#cite_note-StM_internal-202">[190]</a> The east window, by the local designer F.A. Oldaker, shows <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Christ the Light of the World</a>, in the style of <a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">the painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p29-203">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ_Church">Christ Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Christ Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church,_Christ_Church_Road,_Epsom_Common_(NHLE_Code_1289540)_(August_2013)_(1)_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg/170px-Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg/255px-Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg/340px-Christ_Church%2C_Christ_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_Common_%28NHLE_Code_1289540%29_%28August_2013%29_%281%29_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Christ Church, Epsom Common</figcaption></figure> Christ Church was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_ease" title="Chapel of ease">chapel of ease</a> to St Martin's in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp73-74-204">[192]</a> Initially a temporary structure was provided until the first permanent building was opened in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-Christ_Church-205">[193]</a> In July 1874, Epsom parish was divided into two, with the western half becoming the new parish of Epsom Common.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp73-74-204">[192]</a> The chapel of ease became the parish church, but was considered too small for the <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp73-74-204">[192]</a> Its replacement, the present church, was designed in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic revival</a> style by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blomfield" title="Arthur Blomfield">Arthur Blomfield</a> and opened in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Christ_Church-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHLE_Christ_Church-206">[194]</a> It is constructed from flint with stone dressings and there is a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>. The tower and south aisle were added in 1879 and 1887 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE_Christ_Church-206">[194]</a> The chancel arch is decorated with a <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">angels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Christ_Church-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHLE_Christ_Church-206">[194]</a> beneath which is the <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, which was erected 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p62-207">[195]</a> The alabaster <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>, contains figurative scenes in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> and the east wall is decorated with panels depicting the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">four Evangelists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE_Christ_Church-206">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> dates from 1880 and was originally in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Surbiton" title="St Andrew's Church, Surbiton">St Andrew's Church, Surbiton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE_Christ_Church-206">[194]</a> The interior of the church was reordered between 1987 and 1995 to increase the versatility of the nave.<a href="#cite_note-Christ_Church-205">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Reformed_Church">United Reformed Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Reformed Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_United_Reformed_Church,_Church_Road,_Epsom_(August_2013)_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG/220px-Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG/330px-Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG/440px-Epsom_United_Reformed_Church%2C_Church_Road%2C_Epsom_%28August_2013%29_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>United Reformed Church, Church Road</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a> began meeting in small groups at Ewell, before establishing themselves at Epsom in around 1688.<a href="#cite_note-Cary_1988_pp2-3-208">[196]</a> The Dissenting community flourished in the town in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and, in 1720, the first purpose-built meeting house was constructed on Church Street.<a href="#cite_note-Cary_1988_pp7-8-209">[197]</a> As the population of the town decreased in the later 18th century, the congregation declined and the meeting house appears to have been sold by 1803, but remained in use for worship.<a href="#cite_note-Cary_1988_pp13-14-210">[198]</a> A new, Gothic revival <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">congregational church</a> was opened in 1905 on the same site.<a href="#cite_note-Cary_1988_pp13-14-210">[198]</a> Much of the church, including the roof and organ, was destroyed in fire in 1961, but the building was rebuilt two years later. It was renamed Epsom United Reformed Church in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Cary_1988_pp31-33-211">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_Joseph's_Catholic_Church">St Joseph's Catholic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: St Joseph's Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic parish of St Joseph, traces its origins to 1859, when the congregation began to meet regularly for mass in the parlour of a house in Stanley Villas.<a href="#cite_note-McInally_1998_p2-212">[200]</a> The first permanent church, in Heathcote Road, was completed in 1866 and was constructed of local red brick with <a href="/wiki/Bath_stone" title="Bath stone">Bath stone</a> dressings.<a href="#cite_note-McInally_1998_p6-213">[201]</a> It was extended in 1930<a href="#cite_note-McInally_1998_pp16-19-214">[202]</a> and the west end was rebuilt between 1959 and 1961,<a href="#cite_note-McInally_1998_p22-23-215">[203]</a> but by 1996 it had become clear that it was inadequate for the size of the congregation. Land in St Margaret's Drive was purchased from the county council and construction of a new church began in 1999. The old church was demolished in 2000 and its replacement opened in April 2001.<a href="#cite_note-StJoseph-216">[204]</a> The new church was dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Cormac Murphy-O'Connor">Cormac Murphy-O'Connor</a> in May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Constable_002.jpg/220px-John_Constable_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Constable_002.jpg/330px-John_Constable_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Constable_002.jpg/440px-John_Constable_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>View at Epsom (1809) by John Constable</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Wells" title="Epsom Wells">Epsom Wells</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">restoration comedy</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1642 – 1692), is one of a series of plays set in English spa towns. It received its first performance in 1673 at the <a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Company" title="Duke's Company">Duke's Theatre</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a> A revival of the play in the 1690s included new <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> by the composer, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_(play)" title="Epsom Downs (play)">Epsom Downs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/City_comedy" title="City comedy">comic play</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a> (born 1942), is set at the 1977 Epsom Derby. It received its first performance in 1977 at <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">The Roundhouse</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Epsom Choral Society was founded in 1922 by the publisher, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Sumner_Milford" title="Humphrey Sumner Milford">Humphrey Milford</a>. His son, the composer <a href="/wiki/Robin_Milford" title="Robin Milford">Robin Milford</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. The choir has <a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">commissioned</a> works from the British <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_McDowall" title="Cecilia McDowall">Cecilia McDowall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Willcocks" title="Jonathan Willcocks">Jonathan Willcocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> Epsom Symphony Orchestra for amateur musicians was founded in 1951 and gives four concerts each year at the Epsom Playhouse.<a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a> The Epsom & Ewell Silver Band is based in Epsom. It is a traditional <a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">British brass band</a> and was founded in 1910 as the Banstead Silver Band.<a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Paintings">edit</a>]</div> The landscape painter, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> (1776–1837), visited Epsom regularly between 1806 and 1812. His works include several depictions of the town, including View at Epsom (1809), held by <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">The Tate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a> The gallery also owns paintings of horse racing taking place on the Downs, including works by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Munnings" title="Alfred Munnings">Alfred Munnings</a> (1878–1959)<a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a> (1819–1909).<a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_1821_Derby_at_Epsom" title="The 1821 Derby at Epsom">The 1821 Derby at Epsom</a> (1821) by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a> (1791–1824) is held by <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">The Louvre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[217]</a> Paintings of <a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_Palace" title="Nonsuch Palace">Nonsuch Palace</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Danckerts" title="Hendrick Danckerts">Hendrick Danckerts</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1625–1680),<a href="#cite_note-230">[218]</a> and of the view from Epsom Downs, by William Henry David Birch (1895–1968), are held by <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_Hall" title="Epsom Town Hall">Epsom Town Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art">Public art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg/170px-John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg/255px-John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg/340px-John_Gilpin_as_Spectre_de_la_Rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Spectre de la Rose by Tom Merrifield<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Gilpin-232">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">statuette</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptor">sculptor</a> Tom Merrifield was erected outside the Playhouse in 1999. It depicts the <a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">dancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gilpin_(dancer)" title="John Gilpin (dancer)">John Gilpin</a>, performing the <a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">title role</a> of <a href="/wiki/Le_Spectre_de_la_rose" title="Le Spectre de la rose">Le Spectre de la rose</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Vaudoyer" title="Jean-Louis Vaudoyer">Jean-Louis Vaudoyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Gilpin-232">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[221]</a> Evocation of Speed, a bronze sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Boyt" title="Judy Boyt">Judy Boyt</a>, was installed at Epsom Square in 2002. It depicts two horses - <a href="/wiki/Diomed" title="Diomed">Diomed</a>, the winner of the first Derby in 1780 and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(horse)" title="Galileo (horse)">Galileo</a>, the winner of the 2001 race. The depictions of the two riders show how the clothing worn by <a href="/wiki/Jockey" title="Jockey">jockeys</a> has changed over time.<a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a> A statue of Emily Davison by the artist <a href="/wiki/Christine_Charlesworth" title="Christine Charlesworth">Christine Charlesworth</a>, was installed in the marketplace in 2021, following a campaign by volunteers from the Emily Davison Memorial Project.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando_2021-77">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Playhouse" title="Epsom Playhouse">Epsom Playhouse</a> opened in 1984 as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Ashley_Centre" title="The Ashley Centre">The Ashley Centre</a> development. It has two performance spaces:<a href="#cite_note-Williamson_1983-235">[223]</a> The main auditorium seats a maximum of 450.<a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a> The Myers Studio, which has an <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> floor plan, seats 80 and is suited to smaller-scale drama, comedy and jazz performances.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson_1983-235">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcasts">Podcasts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Podcasts">edit</a>]</div> British comedy podcast <a href="/wiki/My_Dad_Wrote_a_Porno" title="My Dad Wrote a Porno">My Dad Wrote a Porno</a> sets the second episode of its third season, Epsom Hall, in the eponymous building.<a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainbow_Leisure_Centre">Rainbow Leisure Centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Rainbow Leisure Centre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre,_Epsom_(July_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_Rainbow_Centre%2C_Epsom_%28July_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow Leisure Centre</figcaption></figure> The current Rainbow Leisure Centre opened in 2003, replacing the original facility which dated from the 1930s. The centre includes <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pools</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Dance_studio" title="Dance studio">dance studios</a> and a sports hall with four <a href="/wiki/Badminton_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Badminton court">badminton courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a> In 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">spa</a> facility was added as part of an extensive refurbishment, during which the <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">gym</a> equipment was also upgraded.<a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a> The centre is managed by <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Leisure_Limited" title="Greenwich Leisure Limited">Greenwich Leisure Limited</a> (GLL) under their "Better" brand.<a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_Football">Association Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Association Football">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_%26_Ewell_F.C." title="Epsom & Ewell F.C.">Epsom & Ewell F.C.</a> traces its origins to the Epsom Juniors Cricket Club, founded in March 1918.<a href="#cite_note-EFC_Hist-243">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a> A year later the team began to play football and was a founder member of the Sutton & District League in 1920. The team changed its name to Epsom Town F.C. in 1922 and played its <a href="/wiki/Home_(sports)" title="Home (sports)">home games</a> at the Horton Hospital Sports Ground. The club became Epsom F.C. in 1934 and adopted its current name in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-EFC_Hist-243">[231]</a> Since the start of the 2020/21 season, the club has been based at Fetcham Grove, the <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead_F.C." title="Leatherhead F.C.">Leatherhead F.C.</a> stadium.<a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_Cricket_Club_(July_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/220px-Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/330px-Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/440px-Epsom_Cricket_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Epsom Cricket Club ground</figcaption></figure> The earliest reference to <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> being played in the town is from 1711 and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Cricket_Club" title="Epsom Cricket Club">Epsom Cricket Club</a> is thought to have been founded in around 1800. During the early 19th century, matches appear to have taken place on the Downs and also at Stamford Green on Epsom Common. By 1860, the club had established a new ground on Woodcote Road, on land belonging to Edward Richard Northey, and plays its home games there today.<a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Hockey">edit</a>]</div> Epsom Hockey Club is a <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> club that competes in the <a href="/wiki/London_Hockey_League" title="London Hockey League">London Hockey League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Counties_Hockey_Association" title="Southern Counties Hockey Association">South East Hockey League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[235]</a> It is thought to have been founded in around 1900 and was well established by the 1909/10 season. Initially, home games were played at the Court Recreation Ground, but the club established a permanent base in Woodcote Road after the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennis">Tennis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tennis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_Tennis_Club_(July_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/220px-Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/330px-Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg/440px-Epsom_Tennis_Club_%28July_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3343" data-file-height="2507" /></a><figcaption>Epsom Tennis Club</figcaption></figure> Epsom Lawn Tennis Club was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> club in the 1850s, based at Woodcote House. By the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> became the more important sport and in 1913 the club had five <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis courts</a> and three croquet courts. The last remaining croquet court was converted to a <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">grass tennis court</a> in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> Epsom and Ewell Harriers is a club for <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> athletes, based at the Poole Road Track in Ewell.<a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a> Epsom Cycling Club was founded in 1891 and is one of the oldest in the country. The club arranges organised rides and regular <a href="/wiki/Time_trial" title="Time trial">time trials</a> in the local area.<a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutton_%26_Epsom_RFC" title="Sutton & Epsom RFC">Sutton and Epsom Rugby Football Club</a> was founded in 1881 and their main ground is at Rugby Lane, <a href="/wiki/Cheam" title="Cheam">Cheam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_buildings_and_landmarks">Notable buildings and landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notable buildings and landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ashley_Centre">The Ashley Centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: The Ashley Centre">edit</a>]</div> Construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Ashley_Centre" title="The Ashley Centre">The Ashley Centre</a> was proposed in the late 1970s, following concerns that the <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> sector of the local economy was in decline.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp92-93-253">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping centre</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/RHWL" title="RHWL">Humphrey Wood</a> and the building makes extensive use of steel, glass and marble. A <a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">multistorey car park</a> and an office block were included in the scheme, in addition to 23,000 m2 (250,000 sq ft) of retail space.<a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a> The centre was opened by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on 24 October 1984<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp92-93-253">[241]</a> and is named after the adjacent Ashley Road.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_2019-255">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashley_House">Ashley House</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ashley House">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashley_House,_Epsom_(geograph_1879145).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg/220px-Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg/330px-Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg/440px-Ashley_House%2C_Epsom_%28geograph_1879145%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Ashley House</figcaption></figure> Ashley House is named after Mary Ashley, a former resident who lived at the property until 1849.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p112-256">[244]</a> The three-storey, brick townhouse was constructed in the late 1760s and is protected by a Grade II* listing. It features an <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam-style</a> central doorcase with a composite <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds" title="Tower of the Winds">Tower of the Winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic columns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_Rooms">Assembly Rooms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Assembly Rooms">edit</a>]</div> The Assembly Rooms building was constructed in around 1692, when the spa was at the height of it popularity. It functioned as a meeting place and included a tavern, <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bowling_green" title="Bowling green">bowling green</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockpit</a>, in which fighting <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cocks</a> were set against each other for <a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">sport</a>, were also part of the same complex.<a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetherspoon-259">[247]</a> Following the decline of the spa in the first half of the 18th century, much of the building was converted to shops and to housing for private families.<a href="#cite_note-Wetherspoon-259">[247]</a> Since April 2002, the Assembly Rooms has operated as a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Wetherspoons" title="Wetherspoons">Wetherspoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock_Tower">Clock Tower</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Clock Tower">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">foundation stone</a> for the Clock Tower was laid in November 1847, following the demolition of the watch house which had stood on the site since the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Clock_Tower-261">[249]</a> The 70-foot-tall (21-metre)<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Clock_Tower-261">[249]</a> tower, designed by James Butler and Henry Hodge,<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p30-262">[250]</a> is constructed from red and grey brick with <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> dressings.<a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a> Initially four <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">lion sculptures</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Caen_stone" title="Caen stone">Caen stone</a> were positioned at each corner of the base, however by 1902 they had been replaced by electric lanterns, which were replaced, in 1920, by the current globe lights. In the same year, the base of the tower was extended to the east and west to provide toilet facilities.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Clock_Tower-261">[249]</a> Several public events and civic ceremonies have taken place in the area at the base of the tower, including the official granting of the foundation <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> of the Borough of Epsom and Ewell in September 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp71-73-39">[35]</a> In March 2023, following many discussions, the clock tower received a full LED lighting upgrade allowing the tower to change colour.<a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_Eagle_Walk">Spread Eagle Walk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Spread Eagle Walk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_in_Epsom_(7126105551).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg/220px-Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg/330px-Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg/440px-Spring_in_Epsom_%287126105551%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Spread Eagle Walk</figcaption></figure> The Spread Eagle Walk shopping centre was constructed as a coaching inn in the late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p9-265">[253]</a> The main hotel building has two storeys with an attic and basement. The external <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> finish and <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash windows</a> are later additions.<a href="#cite_note-266">[254]</a> The distinctive black eagle sculptures above the two porticos are thought to date from the mid-late 19th century. The inn traded as a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a> until around 1990, when it closed for renovation.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Spread_Eagle-267">[255]</a> The driveway into the former stables was converted into the main entrance to the shopping centre<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p15-268">[256]</a> and in 1994 the main building was occupied by Lester Bowden outfitters,<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Spread_Eagle-267">[255]</a> which had been founded by Arthur Bowden at start of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p15-268">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_Hall">Town Hall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Town Hall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Town_Hall" title="Epsom Town Hall">Epsom Town Hall</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Georgian_style_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Georgian style (Great Britain)">neo-Georgian</a> Epsom Town Hall, designed by Hubert Moore Fairweather and William Alfred Pite, was opened in March 1934.<a href="#cite_note-riba-269">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[258]</a> The building has served as the headquarters of Epsom UDC, Epsom Borough Council and, since 1974, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom and Ewell Borough Council">Epsom and Ewell Borough Council</a>. The New Town Hall was opened in 1992 and is connected to the older building by covered walkways.<a href="#cite_note-Harte_2005_pp111-112-271">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_memorials">War memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: War memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Cross_of_Sacrifice_in_the_CWGC_section_at_Epsom_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Commonwealth War Graves Memorial, Epsom Cemetery</figcaption></figure> Epsom War Memorial at Epsom Cemetery was erected in 1921 to commemorate the 256 residents of Epsom and Ewell who had died in the First World War. The memorial consists of a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and the gates are dedicated to the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st Battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>, who were billeted in Epsom before the opening of the Woodcote Park camp.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE_war_memorial-272">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-EEBC_war_memorial-273">[261]</a> Following the end of the Second World War, an additional inscription was added to commemorate those who had died between 1939 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE_war_memorial-272">[260]</a> The Commonwealth War Graves Memorial was erected in Epsom Cemetery in 1925. It consists of a cross, behind which is a screen wall on which names of 148 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> soldiers are inscribed.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_war_memorial-273">[261]</a> The majority of those commemorated died in the hospitals of the Epsom Cluster.<a href="#cite_note-274">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodcote_Park">Woodcote Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Woodcote Park">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg/220px-WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg/330px-WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg/440px-WoodcotePark_1816_Hassell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Woodcote Park (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1816) engraving by <a href="/wiki/John_Hassell" title="John Hassell">John Hassell</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Woodcote_Park" title="Woodcote Park">Woodcote Park</a> was created as a hunting park in the mid-12th century by the abbot of Chertsey Abbey. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in the mid-16th century, the park was briefly held by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)" title="Nicholas Carew (courtier)">Sir Nicholas Carew</a>, before being annexed to the <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">Honour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Woodcote-275">[263]</a> In the mid-17th century, the land was inherited by Elizabeth Mynne, wife of Richard Evelyn, for whom the first mansion house was constructed. The building included decorative features by the sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons" title="Grinling Gibbons">Grinling Gibbons</a>, and a ceiling by the painter, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Verrio" title="Antonio Verrio">Antonio Verrio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp104-106-276">[264]</a> In 1715, the estate was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore</a>, who commissioned <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ware" title="Isaac Ware">Isaac Ware</a> to rebuild the mansion in the French <a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a> style. Some of the features of the original house were reused, including the Verrio ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp104-106-276">[264]</a> Shortly before his death, Calvert engaged <a href="/wiki/John_Vardy" title="John Vardy">John Vardy</a> to design a <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a> stone frontage.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Woodcote-275">[263]</a> Following long periods of ownership by the Tessier and Brooks families during the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp104-106-276">[264]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club" title="Royal Automobile Club">Royal Automobile Club</a> (R.A.C.) purchased Woodcote Park in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p83-277">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[266]</a> Many of the historic interiors were not required by the R.A.C. and were removed<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Woodcote-275">[263]</a> and sold at auction. In 1927, wood <a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">panelling</a> and other decorations in the style of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale" title="Thomas Chippendale">Thomas Chippendale</a>, from one of the <a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">drawing rooms</a>, were installed in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts at Boston, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[267]</a> The mansion was destroyed by fire in August 1934,<a href="#cite_note-280">[268]</a> but within two years had been rebuilt with an identical exterior appearance.<a href="#cite_note-EEHE_Woodcote-275">[263]</a> Today the 350-acre (140 ha) site features two 18-hole <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>, sports and spa facilities, as well as restaurants and guest accommodation. The club also houses a fleet of heritage <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, owned by the R.A.C.<a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_open_spaces">Parks and open spaces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Parks and open spaces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epsom_Common">Epsom Common</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Epsom Common">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_Common,_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg/220px-Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg/330px-Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg/440px-Epsom_Common%2C_Great_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1054352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Great Pond, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Common" title="Epsom Common">Epsom Common</a></figcaption></figure> During the medieval period, Epsom Common was the manorial waste land<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Common-9">[8]</a> and, in the 12th century, the monks of Chertsey Abbey built the Great Pond to rear fish.<a href="#cite_note-282">[270]</a> The first cottages had been built around the edges of the common by 1679 and by the mid-18th century there were over 30, mostly on the land around Stamford Green.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp50-51-283">[271]</a> The Common was purchased by Epsom Urban District Council (UDC) in 1935 and its successor body, the Borough Council, continues to own and manage it today. Together with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Common" title="Ashtead Common">Ashtead Common</a>, Epsom Common comprises a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Nature Reserve">Local Nature Reserve</a>. The 176-hectare (430-acre) site has a range of distinctive habitats and is a breeding ground for 59 bird species.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Common-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epsom_Downs">Epsom Downs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Epsom Downs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs" title="Epsom Downs">Epsom Downs</a> and the neighbouring Walton Downs are to the south east of the town and together comprise 240 hectares (600 acres) of chalk <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">downland</a>. The Downs are owned by Epsom Racecourse and are managed by a board of Conservators under the framework of the Epsom and Walton Downs Regulation Act 1984. A number of rare plants are present, including <a href="/wiki/Phyteuma_orbiculare" title="Phyteuma orbiculare">round-headed rampion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesium_humifusum" title="Thesium humifusum">bastard-toadflax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrasia" title="Euphrasia">chalk hill eyebright</a>. The area provides a habitat for bird species including the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_skylark" title="Eurasian skylark">Eurasian skylark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[272]</a> Since 2013, Epsom Downs has been a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Nature_Conservation_Interest" title="Site of Nature Conservation Interest">Site of Nature Conservation Importance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horton_Country_Park">Horton Country Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Horton Country Park">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm,_Nilgai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg/220px-Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg/330px-Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg/440px-Hobbledown_Children%27s_Farm%2C_Nilgai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai</a> at Hobbledown Children's Farm, Horton Country Park</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Horton_Country_Park" title="Horton Country Park">Horton Country Park</a> was created in 1973 from two farms belonging to the Epsom Cluster of psychiatric hospitals and is owned and managed by the Borough Council.<a href="#cite_note-HCP-10">[9]</a> Around 152 hectares (380 acres) have been designated a <a href="/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Nature Reserve">Local Nature Reserve</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a> The country park includes areas of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">ancient woodland</a> and provides a habitat for a wide range of mammal, bird and insect species including the <a href="/wiki/European_green_woodpecker" title="European green woodpecker">green woodpecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HCP-10">[9]</a> It also contains a <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf course</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_facility" title="Equestrian facility">equestrian centre</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">children's farm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p89-287">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p33-288">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounthill_Gardens_and_Rosebery_Park">Mounthill Gardens and Rosebery Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Mounthill Gardens and Rosebery Park">edit</a>]</div> Mounthill Gardens, south west of the town centre, was formed from the grounds of two adjacent houses, both purchased by Epsom UDC in 1950. The smaller house, Rosebank, had been bombed during the Second World War and was subsequently demolished by the council. The larger house, Mounthill, was used as offices for a time, before it too was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-291">[note 13]</a> The two hectares (5 acres) of steeply sloping land surrounding the two buildings was converted into a public park that opened in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Mounthill-289">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2020-290">[278]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosebery_Park,_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg/220px-Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg/330px-Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg/440px-Rosebery_Park%2C_Epsom_-_geograph.co.uk_-_3981517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>The lake in Rosebery Park</figcaption></figure> Rosebery Park, to the south of the town centre, was presented to Epsom UDC in 1913 by Lord Rosebery as "proof of [his] deep and abiding affection" for the town. Rosebery's wish was for the creation of "a public pleasure ground for the resort and recreation of the inhabitants of Epsom." Work to create the formal areas of the park had begun by the outbreak of the First World War, including the enlargement of an existing pond to create the lake. Non-landscaped areas were converted into <a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">allotments</a> during the two world wars. Today the 4.5-hectare (11-acre) park is owned and managed by the Borough Council.<a href="#cite_note-292">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_Rosebery-293">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation_grounds">Recreation grounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Recreation grounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg/220px-Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg/330px-Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg/440px-Alexandra_Recreation_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1115941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra Recreation Ground</figcaption></figure> Alexandra Recreation Ground was opened in 1901 on land previously owned by Chertsey Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p52-294">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Rec-295">[282]</a> The land was purchased by Epsom UDC in response to a public <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Rec-295">[282]</a> and was intended for local residents to use for sporting activities.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_1992_p52-294">[281]</a> During WWI, the football pitches were ploughed and the land was used to grow potatoes. An adjacent chalk pit was filled in 1933 and is now the site of the children's playground.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_Rec-295">[282]</a> The Court Recreation Ground, to the north of the town centre, is the largest recreation ground in the borough. The land was acquired between 1924 and 1926 and a bowling green was created in 1934. The ground has an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">artificial turf</a> sports pitch, five football pitches and three tennis courts.<a href="#cite_note-296">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notable residents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Epsom" title="List of people from Epsom">List of people from Epsom</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Mapp" title="Sally Mapp">Sally Mapp</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1706–1737) <a href="/wiki/Bonesetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonesetter">bonesetter</a><a href="#cite_note-Swete_1860_pp77-79-297">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parkhurst_(lexicographer)" title="John Parkhurst (lexicographer)">John Parkhurst</a> (1728–1797) academic, clergyman and <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographer</a> – lived in Epsom and is commemorated in a memorial by John Flaxman in St Martin's Church.<a href="#cite_note-299">[286]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Boucher" title="Jonathan Boucher">Jonathan Boucher</a> (1738–1804) clergyman, teacher, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> – was vicar of Epsom from 1784 until his death.<a href="#cite_note-300">[287]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Isabella Beeton</a> (1836–1865) (Mrs Beeton) journalist, editor, writer - lived in Epsom for much of her childhood.<a href="#cite_note-301">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a> (1847–1929) <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> MP – lived at The Durdans to the south of the town.<a href="#cite_note-303">[290]</a></li> <li>General Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Grant (British Army officer)">Charles Grant</a> (1877–1950), senior military officer, son-in-law of Lord Rosebery – died at The Durdans.<a href="#cite_note-304">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">James Chuter Ede</a> (1882–1965) <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> MP – was the first mayor of the Borough of Epsom and Ewell.<a href="#cite_note-305">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wisdom" title="Norman Wisdom">Norman Wisdom</a> (1915–2010) actor, comedian, singer-songwriter<a href="#cite_note-Times_Manors-306">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[294]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hampson" title="Frank Hampson">Frank Hampson</a> (1918–1985) <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illustrator" title="Illustrator">illustrator</a> – worked at studios in College Road.<a href="#cite_note-308">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harte_2005_p90-309">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Challis" title="John Challis">John Challis</a> (1942–2021) actor, most famous for portraying <a href="/wiki/Boycie" title="Boycie">Terrance Aubrey "Boycie" Boyce</a> in the long-running <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> sitcom <a href="/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses" title="Only Fools and Horses">Only Fools and Horses</a>, was raised in Epsom.<a href="#cite_note-310">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> (b. 1944) musician and record producer – spent his formative years at Epsom, where he learned to play the guitar.<a href="#cite_note-Times_Manors-306">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[298]</a></li> <li>Dame <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Gillan" title="Cheryl Gillan">Cheryl Gillan</a> (1952-2021), <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a> 2010-2012, lived in Epsom shortly before her death.<a href="#cite_note-312">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_White" title="Jimmy White">Jimmy White</a> (b. 1962) <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> player<a href="#cite_note-Times_Manors-306">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Davis" title="Warwick Davis">Warwick Davis</a> (b. 1970) actor, comedian – born in Epsom and attended Laine Theatre Arts<a href="#cite_note-314">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Garfield" title="Andrew Garfield">Andrew Garfield</a> (b. 1983) actor<a href="#cite_note-316">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wicks_(coach)" title="Joe Wicks (coach)">Joe Wicks</a> (b. 1985) fitness coach, TV presenter, social media personality and author – born and educated in Epsom.<a href="#cite_note-318">[305]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsomite" title="Epsomite">Epsom salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Epsom and Ewell">Grade II* listed buildings in Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Surrey" title="List of public art in Surrey">List of public art in Surrey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Although identity of the landowner is uncertain, it has been suggested that Ebba was a 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">South Saxon</a> queen.<a href="#cite_note-Home_1901_pp26-27-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The meeting place of Copthorne Hundred has been suggested to be marked by an earthwork and ancient hedge at the southern end of Woodcote Park, close to <a href="/wiki/Langley_Vale" title="Langley Vale">Langley Vale</a>. The earthwork is denoted as the Nutshambles on a map of <a href="/wiki/Ashtead" title="Ashtead">Ashtead</a> dating from 1638.<a href="#cite_note-Nail_1965-24">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> There is some doubt as to the authenticity of the Anglo-Saxon charters of Chertsey Abbey, as many are only available as later medieval copies.<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp2-4-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The manor of Horton was sold to the Trotter family in the 1780s and was later purchased by the Rev'd John Frederick Browning and his wife Ethelred. Their son, who had inherited the estate, died in 1842, and it was bought by Henry Willis. By 1896, a major part of the land had come into the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Fowell_Buxton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Fowell Buxton, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton</a>, who sold 1,000 acres (400 ha) to the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> for the construction of the group of psychiatric hospitals, known as the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Cluster" title="Epsom Cluster">Epsom Cluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EEBC_Horton-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Pepys records a first visit to Epsom on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1663/July#26th_(Lord's-day)" class="extiw" title="s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1663/July">Sunday 26 July 1663</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys#Diary" title="Samuel Pepys">Diary</a>: "Up and to the Wells, where great store of citizens, which was the greatest part of the company, though there were some others of better quality. I met many that I knew, and we drank each of us two pots and so walked away, it being very pleasant to see how everybody turns up his tail, here one and there another, in a bush, and the women in their quarters the like. Thence I walked with Creed to Mr. Minnes's house, which has now a very good way made to it, and thence to Durdans and walked round it and within the Court Yard and to the Bowling-green, where I have seen so much mirth in my time; but now no family in it (my Lord Barkeley, whose it is, being with his family at London), and so up and down by Minnes's wood, with great pleasure viewing my old walks, and where Mrs. Hely and I did use to walk and talk..."<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Pepys records a second visit to Epsom on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1667/July#14th_(Lord's_day)" class="extiw" title="s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1667/July">Sunday 14 July 1667</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys#Diary" title="Samuel Pepys">Diary</a>: "We got to Epsum by eight o'clock, to the well; where much company, and there we 'light, and I drank the water: they did not, but do go about and walk a little among the women, but I did drink four pints, and had some very good stools by it. Here I met with divers of our town, among others with several of the tradesmen of our office, but did talk but little with them, it growing hot in the sun, and so we took coach again and to the towne, to the King's Head, where our coachman carried us, and there had an ill room for us to go into, but the best in the house that was not taken up. Here we called for drink, and bespoke dinner; and hear that my Lord Buckhurst and Nelly are lodged at the next house, and Sir Charles Sidly with them and keep a merry house. Poor girl! I pity her; but more the loss of her at the King's house... By and by... we took coach and to take the ayre, there being a fine breeze abroad; and I went... to the well, and there filled some bottles of water to carry home with me; and there talked with the two women that farm the well, at 12l. per annum, of the lord of the manor, Mr. Evelyn... [So] the women and W. Hewer and I walked upon the Downes, where a flock of sheep was... So to our coach, and through Mr. Minnes's wood, and looked upon Mr. Evelyn's house; and so over the common, and through Epsum towne to our inne... [So] paid our reckoning, and took coach, it being about seven at night, and passed and saw the people walking with their wives and children to take the ayre, and we set out for home, the sun by and by going down, and we in the cool of the evening all the way with much pleasure home... Anon it grew dark, and as it grew dark we had the pleasure to see several glow-wormes, which was mighty pretty..."<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The English scientist, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a>, published a method for making synthetic Epsom salts in 1695.<a href="#cite_note-Osbourne_Weaver_1996_pp34-36-55">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> A similar process occurred at Leatherhead, where, in 1927, the LSWR station closed and the track layout was altered so that all trains could use the LSBCR-built station.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knowles_1998-90">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Epsom was one of the last settlements in the country to have its common fields enclosed. In comparison, the common fields of Ewell and Ashtead were enclosed in 1802<a href="#cite_note-Abdy_2001_p27-104">[96]</a> and 1838 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1991-105">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Although construction of the Ashley Road shelter is officially recorded as starting in 1941, it has been suggested that parts were built as early as 1937 and that it was originally intended for use as a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Epsom Downs racecourse is served by <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_railway_station" title="Epsom Downs railway station">Epsom Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tattenham_Corner_railway_station" title="Tattenham Corner railway station">Tattenham Corner</a> railway stations, both of which are in the <a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Borough of Reigate and Banstead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The church is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[184]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> The Sadlers Court retirement apartments opened in 1998 on the site of the former Mounthill House.<a href="#cite_note-Mounthill-289">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2020-290">[278]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ons-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ons_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ons_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ons_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ons_1-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk">Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030211201309/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk">Archived</a> 11 February 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">United Kingdom Census 2011</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> Retrieved 20 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gover_1934_p74-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gover_1934_p74_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gover_1934_p74_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gover_1934_p74_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gover_1934_p74_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoverMawerStenton1969">Gover, Mawer & Stenton 1969</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-Surrey_Domesday-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Surrey_Domesday_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Surrey_Domesday_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715015325/http://www.gwp.enta.net/surrnames.htm">"Surrey Domesday Book"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwp.enta.net/surrnames.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrey+Domesday+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwp.enta.net%2Fsurrnames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEHE_Brief_History-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEHE_Brief_History_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEHE_Brief_History_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedBouchard2009" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Peter; Bouchard, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eehe.org.uk/?p=29582">"A brief history of Epsom and Ewell"</a>. Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102103653/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=29582">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Epsom+and+Ewell&rft.pub=Epsom+and+Ewell+History+Explorer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bouchard%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feehe.org.uk%2F%3Fp%3D29582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Home_1901_pp26-27-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Home_1901_pp26-27_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHome1901">Home 1901</a>, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Swete_1860_p8-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Swete_1860_p8_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwete1860">Swete 1860</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdy_2001_p1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_p1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_p1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdy2001">Abdy 2001</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-EEBC_Common-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Common_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Common_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Common_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/parks/local-nature-reserves/Epsom%20Common%20Local%20nature%20reserve%20information%202020_0.pdf">"Epsom Common"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608210114/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/parks/local-nature-reserves/Epsom%20Common%20Local%20nature%20reserve%20information%202020_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epsom+Common&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresidents%2Fvenues-sport-and-leisure-facilities%2Fparks%2Flocal-nature-reserves%2FEpsom%2520Common%2520Local%2520nature%2520reserve%2520information%25202020_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCP-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCP_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCP_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCP_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/parks/local-nature-reserves/Horton%20Country%20Park%20leaflet%20June%202016.pdf">"Horton Country Park"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520152623/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/parks/local-nature-reserves/Horton%20Country%20Park%20leaflet%20June%202016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horton+Country+Park&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresidents%2Fvenues-sport-and-leisure-facilities%2Fparks%2Flocal-nature-reserves%2FHorton%2520Country%2520Park%2520leaflet%2520June%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epsom_Downs_BC-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Epsom_Downs_BC_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-open-space-hire/Epsom-and-Walton-Downs/Epsom%20and%20Walton%20Downs%20Map%20and%20Information.pdf">"Epsom & Walton Downs: Map and Information"</a> (PDF). Epsom and Ewell Borough Council. 2 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610082300/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-open-space-hire/Epsom-and-Walton-Downs/Epsom%20and%20Walton%20Downs%20Map%20and%20Information.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epsom+%26+Walton+Downs%3A+Map+and+Information&rft.pub=Epsom+and+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresidents%2Fvenues-open-space-hire%2FEpsom-and-Walton-Downs%2FEpsom%2520and%2520Walton%2520Downs%2520Map%2520and%2520Information.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEBC_Horton-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Horton_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Horton_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEBC_Horton_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/planning/historic-environment/HospitalClusterCA.pdf">"Epsom 'Hospitals Cluster' Conservation Areas: Character appraisal and management proposals"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801121725/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/planning/historic-environment/HospitalClusterCA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2021. 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Epsom & Ewell History Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194126/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=29830">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. 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Surrey Archaeological Collections. 92: 161–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1069347">10.5284/1069347</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605151304/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_92%2FSurrey_Arch_Vol_92_161-170.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=An+archaeological+excavation+at+Long+Grove+Road%2C+Epsom&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=161-170&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1069347&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_92%2FSurrey_Arch_Vol_92_161-170.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2000" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, M.J. 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Surrey County Archaeological Unit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605151306/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-726-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fepsom%2Fepsom_eus_report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2021. 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Surrey Archaeological Collections. 94. Surrey Archaeological Society: 225–250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102535/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_94%2Fsurreyac094_225-249_hall.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=The+archaeological+evidence+for+the+route+of+Stane+Street+from+Mickleham+Downs+to+London+Road%2C+Ewell&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=225-250&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hall+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_94%2Fsurreyac094_225-249_hall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdy_2001_pp2-4-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_pp2-4_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_pp2-4_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_pp2-4_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_pp2-4_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdy2001">Abdy 2001</a>, pp. 2–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodchild2000" class="citation journal cs1">Goodchild, R.G. 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Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPs+near+Epsom&rft.pub=National+Health+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fservice-search%2Ffind-a-gp%2Fresults%2FEpsom%3Flatitude%3D51.33317021974096%26longitude%3D-0.2669861789410312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCC_Bus-162"><a href="#cite_ref-SCC_Bus_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/roads-and-transport/buses-and-other-transport/bus-timetables/dorking-leatherhead-epsom-and-banstead">"Banstead, Epsom, Dorking and Leatherhead bus timetables"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banstead%2C+Epsom%2C+Dorking+and+Leatherhead+bus+timetables&rft.pub=Surrey+County+Council&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surreycc.gov.uk%2Froads-and-transport%2Fbuses-and-other-transport%2Fbus-timetables%2Fdorking-leatherhead-epsom-and-banstead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Railway_Station-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Railway_Station_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Railway_Station_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southernrailway.com/travel-information/plan-your-journey/station-information/stations/epsom-surrey">"Epsom"</a>. 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Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608110815/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=28916">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. 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Retrieved 17 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Parish&rft.pub=St+Joseph%27s+Church&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-josephs-epsom.org.uk%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarre2003">Carre 2003</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrr2020">Orr 2020</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Lennep1965">Van Lennep 1965</a>, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBarfield2005" class="citation web cs1">Baker, John; Barfield, Steve (3 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=16703">"Epsom Downs"</a>. 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Epsom Choral Society. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221045806/http://www.epsomchoral.org.uk/history.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Epsom+Choral+Society&rft.pub=Epsom+Choral+Society&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsomchoral.org.uk%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsomsymphony.co.uk">"Welcome to Epsom Symphony Orchestra"</a>. 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Epsom Symphony Orchestra. 9 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082952/http://www.epsomsymphony.co.uk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Epsom+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsomsymphony.co.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eesb.org.uk/band.php">"Epsom and Ewell Silver Band"</a>. www.eesb.org.uk. 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Epsom and Ewell Borough Council. 2 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610082300/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-open-space-hire/Epsom-and-Walton-Downs/Epsom%20and%20Walton%20Downs%20Map%20and%20Information.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epsom+%26+Walton+Downs%3A+Map+and+Information&rft.pub=Epsom+and+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresidents%2Fvenues-open-space-hire%2FEpsom-and-Walton-Downs%2FEpsom%2520and%2520Walton%2520Downs%2520Map%2520and%2520Information.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth2016" class="citation web cs1">Howarth, Peter (10 November 2016) [6 June 2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/EpsomandWaltonDownsHabitatManagementPlan.pdf">"Epsom & Walton Downs: Habitat Management Plan 2015-2020"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804141443/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/residents/venues-sport-and-leisure-facilities/EpsomandWaltonDownsHabitatManagementPlan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epsom+%26+Walton+Downs%3A+Habitat+Management+Plan+2015-2020&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresidents%2Fvenues-sport-and-leisure-facilities%2FEpsomandWaltonDownsHabitatManagementPlan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteLNRDetail.aspx?SiteCode=L1009732&SiteName=&countyCode=41&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">"Horton Country Park"</a>. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003046/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteLNRDetail.aspx?SiteCode=L1009732&SiteName=&countyCode=41&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horton+Country+Park&rft.series=Local+Nature+Reserves&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk%2FSiteLNRDetail.aspx%3FSiteCode%3DL1009732%26SiteName%3D%26countyCode%3D41%26responsiblePerson%3D%26SeaArea%3D%26IFCAArea%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdy_2001_p89-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Abdy_2001_p89_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdy2001">Abdy 2001</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakefield_1997_p33-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Wakefield_1997_p33_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWakefield1997">Wakefield 1997</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mounthill-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mounthill_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mounthill_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Mounthill%20Gardens%20Accessibility%20version.pdf">"Mounthill Gardens"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608210115/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Mounthill%20Gardens%20Accessibility%20version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mounthill+Gardens&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fbusiness%2FRangers%2FMounthill%2520Gardens%2520Accessibility%2520version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_2020-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_2020_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_2020_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedMorgan2020" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Peter; Morgan, Roger (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eehe.org.uk/?p=62160">"Mounthill Gardens: A tale of two estates"</a>. Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125190849/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=62160">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mounthill+Gardens%3A+A+tale+of+two+estates&rft.pub=Epsom+and+Ewell+History+Explorer&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feehe.org.uk%2F%3Fp%3D62160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Rosebery%20Park%20Accessibility%20version.pdf">"Rosebery Park"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622160255/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Rosebery%20Park%20Accessibility%20version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosebery+Park&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fbusiness%2FRangers%2FRosebery%2520Park%2520Accessibility%2520version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_Rosebery-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_Rosebery_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2020" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Roger (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eehe.org.uk/?p=62262">"Rosebery Park"</a>. Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630032058/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=62262">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. 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Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622160255/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Alexandra%20Accessibility%20version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Recreation+Ground&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fbusiness%2FRangers%2FAlexandra%2520Accessibility%2520version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Court%20Recreation%20Ground%20Accessibility%20Version.pdf">"Court Recreation Ground"</a> (PDF). Epsom & Ewell Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608210114/https://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/business/Rangers/Court%20Recreation%20Ground%20Accessibility%20Version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+Recreation+Ground&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsom-ewell.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fbusiness%2FRangers%2FCourt%2520Recreation%2520Ground%2520Accessibility%2520Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swete_1860_pp77-79-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Swete_1860_pp77-79_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwete1860">Swete 1860</a>, pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25029">"Mrs Sarah Mapp (Crazy Sally)"</a>. Epsom & Ewell History Explorer. 21 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205342/https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25029">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mrs+Sarah+Mapp+%28Crazy+Sally%29&rft.pub=Epsom+%26+Ewell+History+Explorer&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feehe.org.uk%2F%3Fp%3D25029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Haigh, John D. "Parkhurst, John (1728-1797)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Comet&rft.atitle=Comedy+legend+leaves+Epsom+flat+for+good&rft.date=2007-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surreycomet.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1619398.comedy-legend-leaves-epsom-flat-for-good%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarah" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Varah, Chad. "Hampson, Frank (1918–1985)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31192">10.1093/ref:odnb/31192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hampson%2C+Frank+%281918%E2%80%931985%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31192&rft.aulast=Varah&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Harte_2005_p90-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Harte_2005_p90_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarte2005">Harte 2005</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedazzari" class="citation web cs1">Sedazzari, Matteo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zani.co.uk/film-tv/item/3268-john-challis-aka-boycie-from-only-fools-and-horses-talks-to-zani">"John Challis AKA Boycie from Only Fools and Horses talks to ZANI"</a>. zani.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212012/https://www.zani.co.uk/film-tv/item/3268-john-challis-aka-boycie-from-only-fools-and-horses-talks-to-zani">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zani.co.uk&rft.atitle=John+Challis+AKA+Boycie+from+Only+Fools+and+Horses+talks+to+ZANI&rft.aulast=Sedazzari&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zani.co.uk%2Ffilm-tv%2Fitem%2F3268-john-challis-aka-boycie-from-only-fools-and-horses-talks-to-zani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Alec (18 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/seven-musicians-pop-stars-you-16274126">"Seven musicians and pop stars you may not know have links to Epsom and Ewell"</a>. Surrey Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126152831/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/seven-musicians-pop-stars-you-16274126">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Live&rft.atitle=Seven+musicians+and+pop+stars+you+may+not+know+have+links+to+Epsom+and+Ewell&rft.date=2019-05-18&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getsurrey.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsurrey-news%2Fseven-musicians-pop-stars-you-16274126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsAdam_Lusher2012" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Robert and Adam Lusher (14 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/road-and-rail-transport/9015543/Cabinet-minister-Cheryl-Gillan-sells-home-near-route-of-HS2.html">"Cabinet minister Cheryl Gillan sells home near route of HS2"</a>. The Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909071143/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/road-and-rail-transport/9015543/Cabinet-minister-Cheryl-Gillan-sells-home-near-route-of-HS2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cabinet+minister+Cheryl+Gillan+sells+home+near+route+of+HS2&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Adam+Lusher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Froad-and-rail-transport%2F9015543%2FCabinet-minister-Cheryl-Gillan-sells-home-near-route-of-HS2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatharu2015" class="citation news cs1">Matharu, Hardeep (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/12876734.snooker-whirlwind-jimmy-whites-house-to-be-auctioned-but-hes-not-leaving-epsom/">"Snooker Whirlwind Jimmy White's house to be auctioned - but he's not leaving Epsom"</a>. Sutton & Croydon Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205410/https://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/12876734.snooker-whirlwind-jimmy-whites-house-to-be-auctioned-but-hes-not-leaving-epsom/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sutton+%26+Croydon+Guardian&rft.atitle=Snooker+Whirlwind+Jimmy+White%27s+house+to+be+auctioned+-+but+he%27s+not+leaving+Epsom&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Matharu&rft.aufirst=Hardeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourlocalguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2F12876734.snooker-whirlwind-jimmy-whites-house-to-be-auctioned-but-hes-not-leaving-epsom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilber2011" class="citation news cs1">Gilber, Gerard (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/size-matters-warwick-davis-no-small-talent-2372841.html">"Size matters: Warwick Davis is no small talent"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527064946/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/size-matters-warwick-davis-is-no-small-talent-2372841.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Size+matters%3A+Warwick+Davis+is+no+small+talent&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Gilber&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fprofiles%2Fsize-matters-warwick-davis-no-small-talent-2372841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder2022" class="citation news cs1">Ryder, Liam (30 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/warwick-davis-quiet-life-epsom-23832310">"Warwick Davis' quiet life in Epsom - from growing up in Surrey to lucky Star Wars break"</a>. Surrey Live. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Live&rft.atitle=Warwick+Davis%27+quiet+life+in+Epsom+-+from+growing+up+in+Surrey+to+lucky+Star+Wars+break&rft.date=2022-04-30&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getsurrey.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fwarwick-davis-quiet-life-epsom-23832310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe-Keyzer2014" class="citation news cs1">De-Keyzer, Amy (10 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/amazing-spider-man-star-andrew-garfield-6948035">"Spider-Man star Andrew Garfield on his early acting days in Surrey"</a>. Surrey Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303083804/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/amazing-spider-man-star-andrew-garfield-6948035">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Live&rft.atitle=Spider-Man+star+Andrew+Garfield+on+his+early+acting+days+in+Surrey&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.aulast=De-Keyzer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getsurrey.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ffilm-news%2Famazing-spider-man-star-andrew-garfield-6948035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Patrick (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/andrew-garfield-interview-under-silver-lake-kardashian-lgbt-spiderman-social-network-a8825126.html">"Andrew Garfield: 'The Kardashian effect is sick-inducing'"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819181319/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/andrew-garfield-interview-under-the-silver-lake-kardashian-lgbt-spiderman-social-network-a8825126.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Andrew+Garfield%3A+%27The+Kardashian+effect+is+sick-inducing%27&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Ffeatures%2Fandrew-garfield-interview-under-silver-lake-kardashian-lgbt-spiderman-social-network-a8825126.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2022" class="citation news cs1">O'Brien, Christy (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/joe-wicks-early-life-epsom-24045154">"Joe Wicks' early life in Epsom where he grew up with his parents' mental health struggles"</a>. Surrey Live. Retrieved 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Live&rft.atitle=Joe+Wicks%27+early+life+in+Epsom+where+he+grew+up+with+his+parents%27+mental+health+struggles&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getsurrey.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fjoe-wicks-early-life-epsom-24045154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdy2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdy, Charles (2001). Epsom Past. Bognor Regis: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-6-077180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-6-077180-4"><bdi>978-18-6-077180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom+Past&rft.place=Bognor+Regis&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-18-6-077180-4&rft.aulast=Abdy&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey1718" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">Aubrey, John</a> (1718). The natural history and antiquities of the county of Surrey: Begun in the year 1673, and continued to the present time. Vol. 2. London: E. Curll.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+and+antiquities+of+the+county+of+Surrey%3A+Begun+in+the+year+1673%2C+and+continued+to+the+present+time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+Curll&rft.date=1718&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1992" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Patricia, ed. (1992). Around Epsom in old photographs. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-0122-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-0122-5"><bdi>0-7509-0122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+Epsom+in+old+photographs&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7509-0122-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrannan2004" class="citation book cs1">Brannan, Laurie, ed. (2004). The Vodafone Book of Derby Quotations. Crowthorne: Sportsguide Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-954-47102-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-954-47102-4"><bdi>0-954-47102-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vodafone+Book+of+Derby+Quotations&rft.place=Crowthorne&rft.pub=Sportsguide+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-954-47102-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarre2003" class="citation book cs1">Carre, A (2003). Epsom Catholic Churches Past and Present in Pictures. Epsom: John St Joseph's Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom+Catholic+Churches+Past+and+Present+in+Pictures&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=John+St+Joseph%27s+Church&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carre&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryCary1988" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Phyllis; Cary, Winifred (1988). Into the fourth century: History of Epsom United Reformed Church. Epsom: Epsom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+fourth+century%3A+History+of+Epsom+United+Reformed+Church&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=Epsom&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft.au=Cary%2C+Winifred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockmanMarshall1988" class="citation book cs1">Cockman, George; Marshall, John, eds. (1988). Old views of Epsom town. Steyning: West Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+views+of+Epsom+town&rft.place=Steyning&rft.pub=West+Printing&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker1999" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Glenys (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sihg.org.uk/books/SurreyIndPast.pdf">Surrey's Industrial Past</a> (PDF). Guildford: Surrey Industrial History Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-239188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-239188-3"><bdi>978-0-95-239188-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809141851/http://www.sihg.org.uk/books/SurreyIndPast.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrey%27s+Industrial+Past&rft.place=Guildford&rft.pub=Surrey+Industrial+History+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-95-239188-3&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Glenys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sihg.org.uk%2Fbooks%2FSurreyIndPast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrook2000" class="citation book cs1">Crook, Paul (2000). Surrey Home Guard. Midhurst: Middleton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901-70657-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901-70657-5"><bdi>1-901-70657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrey+Home+Guard&rft.place=Midhurst&rft.pub=Middleton+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-901-70657-5&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssen1991" class="citation book cs1">Essen, R.I. (1991). Epsom's Military Camp. Epsom: Pullingers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902424-05-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902424-05-X"><bdi>0-902424-05-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom%27s+Military+Camp&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=Pullingers+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-902424-05-X&rft.aulast=Essen&rft.aufirst=R.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssen1992" class="citation book cs1">Essen, R.I. (1992). Thirties Epsom. Epsom: Pullingers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-42406-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-42406-8"><bdi>0-902-42406-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirties+Epsom&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=Pullingers+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-902-42406-8&rft.aulast=Essen&rft.aufirst=R.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiennes1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Fiennes, Celia</a> (1888). Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary. London: Leadenhall Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+England+on+a+Side+Saddle+in+the+Time+of+William+and+Mary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leadenhall+Press&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fiennes&rft.aufirst=Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Lucy (2018). Emily Wilding Davison: The Martyr Suffragette. London: Biteback Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-590413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78-590413-4"><bdi>978-1-78-590413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emily+Wilding+Davison%3A+The+Martyr+Suffragette&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78-590413-4&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1977" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Sarah (1977). Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01835-8"><bdi>978-0-575-01835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabella+and+Sam%3A+The+Story+of+Mrs.+Beeton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-575-01835-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoverMawerStenton1969" class="citation book cs1">Gover, J.E.B; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Mawer" title="Allen Mawer">Mawer, A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F.M.</a> (1969). The place-names of Surrey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+place-names+of+Surrey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gover&rft.aufirst=J.E.B&rft.au=Mawer%2C+A.&rft.au=Stenton%2C+F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarte2005" class="citation book cs1">Harte, Jeremy (2005). Epsom: A History and Celebration. Salisbury: Francis Frith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-845-89201-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-845-89201-1"><bdi>1-845-89201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom%3A+A+History+and+Celebration&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pub=Francis+Frith&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-845-89201-1&rft.aulast=Harte&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarte2017" class="citation book cs1">Harte, Jeremy (2017). Epsom & Ewell at work. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7258-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7258-8"><bdi>978-1-4456-7258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom+%26+Ewell+at+work&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-7258-8&rft.aulast=Harte&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome1901" class="citation book cs1">Home, Gordon (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epsomitshistoryi00home/mode/2up">Epsom: Its history and surroundings</a>. Epsom: S.R. Publishers Ltd. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom%3A+Its+history+and+surroundings&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=S.R.+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Home&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepsomitshistoryi00home%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes" title="Kathryn Hughes">Hughes, Kathryn</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1">The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton</a>. London: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6122-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6122-9"><bdi>978-0-7524-6122-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103055217/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Life+and+Long+Times+of+Mrs+Beeton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6122-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5NvuLMB3tYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunn1973" class="citation book cs1">Hunn, David (1973). Epsom Racecourse. London: Davis-Poynter Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-706-70099-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-706-70099-6"><bdi>0-706-70099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom+Racecourse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Davis-Poynter+Ltd&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-706-70099-6&rft.aulast=Hunn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümin1996" class="citation book cs1">Kümin, Beat A (1996). The shaping of a community : the rise and reformation of the English parish, c. 1400-1560. Aldershot: Scholar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85-928164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85-928164-2"><bdi>978-1-85-928164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shaping+of+a+community+%3A+the+rise+and+reformation+of+the+English+parish%2C+c.+1400-1560&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Scholar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85-928164-2&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmin&rft.aufirst=Beat+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2007" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Richard (2007). Two legs not four. Taunton: Tony Williams Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-869833-58-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-869833-58-9"><bdi>978-1-869833-58-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+legs+not+four&rft.place=Taunton&rft.pub=Tony+Williams+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-869833-58-9&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathamMatthews1971a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Latham_(editor)" title="Robert Latham (editor)">Latham, Robert</a>; Matthews, William, eds. (1971a). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 4. London: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780004990248.book.1">10.1093/actrade/9780004990248.book.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-499024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-499024-8"><bdi>978-0-00-499024-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780004990248.book.1&rft.isbn=978-0-00-499024-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathamMatthews1971b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Latham_(editor)" title="Robert Latham (editor)">Latham, Robert</a>; Matthews, William, eds. (1971b). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Vol. 8. London: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780004990286.book.1">10.1093/actrade/9780004990286.book.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-499028-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-499028-6"><bdi>978-0-00-499028-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780004990286.book.1&rft.isbn=978-0-00-499028-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalden1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Elliot_Malden" title="Henry Elliot Malden">Malden, H.E.</a>, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3">A History of the County of Surrey</a>. Vol. 3. London: Victoria County History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128235333/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Surrey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fsurrey%2Fvol3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInally1998" class="citation book cs1">McInally, Mary (1998). A history of the parish of St Joseph, Epsom. Ewell: Bourne Hall Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+parish+of+St+Joseph%2C+Epsom&rft.place=Ewell&rft.pub=Bourne+Hall+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McInally&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorleyStanley1988" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Ann; Stanley, Liz (1988). The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison. London: The Women's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-4133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-4133-3"><bdi>978-0-7043-4133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Emily+Wilding+Davison&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Women%27s+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7043-4133-3&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Liz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2020" class="citation book cs1">Orr, Bridget (2020). British Enlightenment Theatre: Dramatizing Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10-849971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10-849971-2"><bdi>978-1-10-849971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Enlightenment+Theatre%3A+Dramatizing+Difference&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-10-849971-2&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbourneWeaver1996" class="citation book cs1">Osbourne, Bruce; Weaver, Cora (1996). Rediscovering 17th century springs and spas. Malvern: Aldine Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+17th+century+springs+and+spas&rft.place=Malvern&rft.pub=Aldine+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Osbourne&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Cora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScadding2004" class="citation book cs1">Scadding, Alan (2004). Benevolence and excellence: 150 years of The Royal Medical Foundation of Epsom College. Epsom: Epsom College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolence+and+excellence%3A+150+years+of+The+Royal+Medical+Foundation+of+Epsom+College&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=Epsom+College&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Scadding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortland1998" class="citation book cs1">Shortland, Edward (1998). The murder of Station Sergeant Thomas Green at Epsom Police Station 17 June 1919. Chessington: Actel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+murder+of+Station+Sergeant+Thomas+Green+at+Epsom+Police+Station+17+June+1919&rft.place=Chessington&rft.pub=Actel&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shortland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuttard1995" class="citation book cs1">Stuttard, J.C., ed. (1995). A History of Ashtead. Leatherhead: Leatherhead & District Local History Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060092-5"><bdi>978-0-95-060092-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ashtead&rft.place=Leatherhead&rft.pub=Leatherhead+%26+District+Local+History+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-95-060092-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwete1860" class="citation book cs1">Swete, C.J. (1860). A handbook of Epsom. Epsom: J.N. Collingwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+Epsom&rft.place=Epsom&rft.pub=J.N.+Collingwood&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Swete&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2013" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Michael (2013). The Suffragette Derby. London: The Robson Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8495-4518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8495-4518-1"><bdi>978-1-8495-4518-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Derby&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Robson+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-8495-4518-1&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Lennep1965" class="citation book cs1">Van Lennep, William, ed. (1965). The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700. Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-930171-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-930171-3"><bdi>978-0-80-930171-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Stage%2C+1660-1800%3A+Volume+One%2C+1660-1700&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-80-930171-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardey1988" class="citation book cs1">Vardey, Edwina, ed. (1988). History of Leatherhead: a town at the crossroads. Leatherhead: Leatherhead & District Local History Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-060091-8"><bdi>978-0-95-060091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Leatherhead%3A+a+town+at+the+crossroads&rft.place=Leatherhead&rft.pub=Leatherhead+%26+District+Local+History+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-95-060091-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield1997" class="citation book cs1">Wakefield, Peter (1997). Industrial History of Epsom and Ewell. Guildford: Surrey Industrial History Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-952-39185-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-952-39185-6"><bdi>0-952-39185-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+History+of+Epsom+and+Ewell&rft.place=Guildford&rft.pub=Surrey+Industrial+History+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-952-39185-6&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1928" class="citation book cs1">White, Reginald (1928). Ancient Epsom: The common fields and ancient roads. Sutton: W. Pile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Epsom%3A+The+common+fields+and+ancient+roads&rft.place=Sutton&rft.pub=W.+Pile&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteHarte1992" class="citation book cs1">White, Trevor; Harte, Jeremy (1992). Epsom, a pictorial history. Bognor Regis: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-5-033841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-5-033841-6"><bdi>978-08-5-033841-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epsom%2C+a+pictorial+history&rft.place=Bognor+Regis&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-08-5-033841-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Harte%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Epsom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Epsom">Epsom</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Epsom#Q993164" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Epsom">Epsom</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Epsom">"Epsom" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 708–709.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epsom&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=708-709&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eehe.org.uk">Epsom & Ewell History Explorer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk">Epsom & Ewell Borough Council</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_areas_of_Surrey_and_south_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring areas of Surrey and south London</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hook,_London" title="Hook, London">Hook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">West Ewell, Ewell</a></li></ul></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">Ewell</a></td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheam" title="Cheam">Cheam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chessington" title="Chessington">Chessington</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Epsom<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Banstead" title="Banstead">Banstead</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashtead" title="Ashtead">Ashtead</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walton_on_the_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton on the Hill">Walton on the Hill</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tattenham_Corner" title="Tattenham Corner">Tattenham Corner</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Surrey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrey" title="Template:Surrey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrey" title="Template talk:Surrey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Surrey" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Surrey" title="Portal:Surrey">Surrey Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge" title="Borough of Elmbridge">Elmbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Guildford" title="Borough of Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley" title="Mole Valley">Mole Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Reigate and Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede" title="Borough of Runnymede">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Spelthorne" title="Borough of Spelthorne">Spelthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath" title="Surrey Heath">Surrey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandridge_District" title="Tandridge District">Tandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Waverley" title="Borough of Waverley">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addlestone" title="Addlestone">Addlestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash,_Surrey" title="Ash, Surrey">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Surrey" title="Ashford, Surrey">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banstead" title="Banstead">Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham" title="Caterham">Caterham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranleigh" title="Cranleigh">Cranleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egham" title="Egham">Egham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esher" title="Esher">Esher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frimley" title="Frimley">Frimley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bookham" title="Great Bookham">Great Bookham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horley" title="Horley">Horley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxted" title="Oxted">Oxted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames" title="Staines-upon-Thames">Staines-upon-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames" title="Sunbury-on-Thames">Sunbury-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-Thames" title="Walton-on-Thames">Walton-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Surrey" title="List of civil parishes in Surrey">List of civil parishes in Surrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Surrey">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Surrey" title="List of places in Surrey">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Surrey_by_population" title="List of settlements in Surrey by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Surrey" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Surrey" title="Category:Country houses in Surrey">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in Surrey">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Surrey" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Surrey">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Surrey" title="Lord Lieutenant of Surrey">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Surrey" title="High Sheriff of Surrey">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Surrey" title="List of museums in Surrey">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Surrey" title="List of schools in Surrey">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borough_of_Epsom_and_Ewell" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Template:Epsom and Ewell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Template talk:Epsom and Ewell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epsom and Ewell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borough_of_Epsom_and_Ewell" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Borough of Epsom and Ewell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns, villages and hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheam" title="Cheam">Cheam</a> (part)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton,_Surrey" title="Horton, Surrey">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Vale" title="Langley Vale">Langley Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneleigh,_Surrey" title="Stoneleigh, Surrey">Stoneleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Park" title="Worcester Park">Worcester Park</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borough of Epson and Ewell"><img alt="Borough of Epson and Ewell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg/166px-Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg/249px-Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg/332px-Epsom_and_Ewell_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1081" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Common" title="Epsom Common">Epsom Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs" title="Epsom Downs">Epsom Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Country_Park" title="Horton Country Park">Horton Country Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_Park" title="Nonsuch Park">Nonsuch Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Epsom_and_Ewell" title="List of places of worship in Epsom and Ewell">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Ewell" title="St Mary's Church, Ewell">St Mary's Church, Ewell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_High_School" title="Blenheim High School">Blenheim High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_College" title="Epsom College">Epsom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_High_School" title="Epsom and Ewell High School">Epsom and Ewell High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell_Castle_School" title="Ewell Castle School">Ewell Castle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_School" title="Glyn School">Glyn School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingswood_House_School" title="Kingswood House School">Kingswood House School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laine_Theatre_Arts" title="Laine Theatre Arts">Laine Theatre Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Surrey_College_Of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Surrey College Of Technology">North East Surrey College Of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebery_School_for_Girls" title="Rosebery School for Girls">Rosebery School for Girls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_railway_station" title="Epsom railway station">Epsom railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_railway_station" title="Epsom Downs railway station">Epsom Downs railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell_East_railway_station" title="Ewell East railway station">Ewell East railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell_West_railway_station" title="Ewell West railway station">Ewell West railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Light_Railway" title="Horton Light Railway">Horton Light Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneleigh_railway_station" title="Stoneleigh railway station">Stoneleigh railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ashley_Centre" title="The Ashley Centre">The Ashley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse" title="Epsom Downs Racecourse">Epsom Downs Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Playhouse" title="Epsom Playhouse">Epsom Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitznells_Manor" title="Fitznells Manor">Fitznells Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Hospital" title="Horton Hospital">Horton Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Grove_Hospital" title="Long Grove Hospital">Long Grove Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_Hospital,_Epsom" title="Manor Hospital, Epsom">Manor Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ebba%27s_Hospital" title="St Ebba's Hospital">St Ebba's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Park_Hospital,_Epsom" title="West Park Hospital, Epsom">West Park Hospital, Epsom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_%26_Ewell_F.C." title="Epsom & Ewell F.C.">Epsom & Ewell F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom_and_Ewell_Harriers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epsom and Ewell Harriers (page does not exist)">Epsom and Ewell Harriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_%26_Epsom_RFC" title="Sutton & Epsom RFC">Sutton & Epsom RFC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Epsom" title="List of people from Epsom">List of people from Epsom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q993164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q993164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q993164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127127940">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8DVKjHQptDCwQgdX8G3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085588-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98029058">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1014315&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537933805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/30a9d18f-37e4-40e6-abc6-0fafb45e73de">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsom&oldid=1255617859">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsom&oldid=1255617859</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epsom" title="Category:Epsom">Epsom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Category:Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spa_towns_in_England" title="Category:Spa towns in England">Spa towns in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Surrey" title="Category:Towns in Surrey">Towns in Surrey</a></li><li><a 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxqwf","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_40363f7d0f3d9fc0a83286c716544255cddcc6aa":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-0.2685,51.3331],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-size":"small","title":"Epsom","marker-color":"5E74F3"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q257577","properties":{"title":"Epsom","fill-opacity":0.05,"stroke-opacity":0.6,"stroke":"#ff0000","stroke-width":4,"fill":"#000000"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.602","walltime":"2.878","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20963,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":507676,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19329,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":889792,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBrent2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarre2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaryCary1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockmanMarshall1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrocker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe-Keyzer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEssen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEssen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFiennes1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForster2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuzeau2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavigan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodchild2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoverMawerStenton1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrylls2019\"] = 1,\n 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