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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Early work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_of_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Theory of perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_world_as_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_world_as_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The world as representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_world_as_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_world_as_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_world_as_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The world as will </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_world_as_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Art and aesthetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eternal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eternal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Eternal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eternal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quietism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quietism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Quietism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quietism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Political and social thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Races_and_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Races_and_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Races and religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Races_and_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pederasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pederasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 Pederasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pederasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heredity_and_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heredity_and_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.6 Heredity and eugenics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heredity_and_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.7 Animal rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_interests_and_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_interests_and_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Intellectual interests and affinities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_interests_and_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Indology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic_and_occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic_and_occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.3 Magic and occultism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic_and_occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Interests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thoughts_on_other_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thoughts_on_other_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Thoughts on other philosophers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thoughts_on_other_philosophers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Thoughts on other philosophers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Thoughts_on_other_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giordano_Bruno_and_Spinoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giordano_Bruno_and_Spinoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Giordano Bruno and Spinoza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giordano_Bruno_and_Spinoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immanuel_Kant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immanuel_Kant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Immanuel Kant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immanuel_Kant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Kantian_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Kantian_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Post-Kantian school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Kantian_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Selected bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Selected bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Other books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arthur Schopenhauer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%BE%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AD" title="አርተር ሾፐናውር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርተር ሾፐናውር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="أرتور شوبنهاور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرتور شوبنهاور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="আৰ্টোৰ শ্ব'পেনহাৱাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰ্টোৰ শ্ব'পেনহাৱাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Eopenhauer" title="Artur Şopenhauer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artur Şopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آرتور شوپنهاور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرتور شوپنهاور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আর্টুর শোপনহাউয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্টুর শোপনহাউয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Шопенгауэр Артур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шопенгауэр Артур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шапенгаўэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артур Шапенгаўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шапэнгаўэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Артур Шапэнгаўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенхауер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артур Шопенхауер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенгауэр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Артур Шопенгауэр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άρτουρ Σοπενχάουερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρτουρ Σοπενχάουερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آرتور شوپنهاور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتور شوپنهاور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EC%96%B4_%EC%87%BC%ED%8E%9C%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%96%B4" title="아르투어 쇼펜하우어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르투어 쇼펜하우어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արթուր Շոպենհաուեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արթուր Շոպենհաուեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्थर शोपेनहावर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्थर शोपेनहावर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="ארתור שופנהאואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארתור שופנהאואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="არტურ შოპენჰაუერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტურ შოპენჰაუერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенгауэр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артур Шопенгауэр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенгауэр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Артур Шопенгауэр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurus_Schopenhauer" title="Arthurus Schopenhauer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arthurus Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%ABrs_%C5%A0openhauers" title="Artūrs Šopenhauers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Artūrs Šopenhauers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенхауер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Артур Шопенхауер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ആർതർ ഷോപ്പൻഹോവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർതർ ഷോപ്പൻഹോവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="არტურ შოპენჰაუერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არტურ შოპენჰაუერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ارتور شوبنهاور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارتور شوبنهاور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенхауэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Артур Шопенхауэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="アルトゥル・ショーペンハウアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルトゥル・ショーペンハウアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Schopenhauer" title="Artur Schopenhauer – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Artur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਰਥਰ ਸ਼ੋਪੇਨਹਾਵਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਥਰ ਸ਼ੋਪੇਨਹਾਵਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="شوپنہائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شوپنہائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ارتر شوپنهاور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارتر شوپنهاور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Шопенгауэр, Артур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шопенгауэр, Артур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئارتەر شۆپنھاوەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئارتەر شۆپنھاوەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенхауер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артур Шопенхауер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்த்தர் ஷாபன்ஹவுர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்த்தர் ஷாபன்ஹவுர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенһауэр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Артур Шопенһауэр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อาร์ทัวร์ โชเพินเฮาเออร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์ทัวร์ โชเพินเฮาเออร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_%C5%9Eopengawer" title="Artur Şopengawer – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Artur Şopengawer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Шопенгауер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артур Шопенгауер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1" title="شوپن ہاؤر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شوپن ہاؤر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" title="阿图尔·叔本华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿图尔·叔本华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ארטור שאפנהאוער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארטור שאפנהאוער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arthur Schopenhauer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E8%8F%AF" title="阿圖爾·叔本華 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿圖爾·叔本華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schopenhauer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Schopenhauer (disambiguation)">Schopenhauer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Arthur Schopenhauer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer,_1859b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg/220px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg/330px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg/440px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="2552" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Schopenhauer in 1859</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1788-02-22)22 February 1788 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1860(1860-09-21) (aged 72) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Gymnasium,_Gotha" title="Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha">Illustrious Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg August University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> (PhD, 1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Schopenhauer" title="Johanna Schopenhauer">Johanna Schopenhauer</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Schopenhauer" title="Adele Schopenhauer">Adele Schopenhauer</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Kantian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Kantian philosophy">Post-Kantian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-iep-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_voluntarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical voluntarism">Metaphysical voluntarism</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="#Eternal_justice">Eternal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason" title="Principle of sufficient reason">Fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog%27s_dilemma" title="Hedgehog's dilemma">Hedgehog's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principium_individuationis" class="mw-redirect" title="Principium individuationis">Principium individuationis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">Will</a> as <a href="/wiki/Thing_in_itself" class="mw-redirect" title="Thing in itself">thing in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a><a href="#cite_note-PhilPapers-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li>Criticism of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a><a href="#cite_note-WWR3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacquette-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_aesthetics" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics">Schopenhauerian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_iron" title="Wooden iron">Wooden iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg/150px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg/225px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg/300px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="85" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Arthur Schopenhauer (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃoʊpənhaʊər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHOH-pən-how-ər</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/De-Arthur_Schopenhauer2.ogg\/De-Arthur_Schopenhauer2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Arthur Schopenhauer2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/De-Arthur_Schopenhauer2.ogg/De-Arthur_Schopenhauer2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Arthur_Schopenhauer2.ogg" title="File:De-Arthur Schopenhauer2.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is known for his 1818 work <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenal</a> world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">noumenal</a> will.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Building on the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804), Schopenhauer developed an <a href="/wiki/Atheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheistic">atheistic</a> metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWR3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacquette-8">[8]</a> Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> to share and affirm significant tenets of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, denial of the <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">self</a>, and the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">world-as-appearance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">philosophical pessimism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, he had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer%27s_aesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer's aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> have influenced many thinkers and artists. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal grandfather, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Andreas Schopenhauer</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schopenhauer" class="extiw" title="de:Andreas Schopenhauer">de</a>] (1720–1793), was a wealthy merchant in Danzig. Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal grandmother, Anna Renata Schopenhauer (1726–1804), was the daughter of a Dutch merchant and the Dutch ambassador to the Hanseatic city of Danzig Hendrik Soermans (1700–1775). Arthur Schopenhauer's maternal grandfather, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Heinrich_Trosiener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Heinrich Trosiener (page does not exist)">Christian Heinrich Trosiener</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Trosiener" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Heinrich Trosiener">de</a>] (1730–1797) was a merchant in Danzig and a councilor from the middle class. Arthur Schopenhauer's maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Trosiener (1745–1818), was daughter of pharmacist Georg Lehmann (died 1762) and his wife Susanna Concordia Lehmann, née Neumann (born 1718). Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal great-grandfather, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Johann Schopenhauer</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Schopenhauer" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Schopenhauer">de</a>] (1670–after 1724), was the mentioned merchant in Gdansk. Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal great-grandmother, Marie Elizabeth Schopenhauer, née Lessig, was a daughter of merchant Andreas Lessig (1658–1713). Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal great-grandfather through paternal grandmother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Soermans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Soermans (page does not exist)">Hendrik Soermans</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Soermans" class="extiw" title="de:Hendrik Soermans">de</a>] (1700–1775), was a Dutch merchant, Ambassador of the Netherlands in Gdansk, son of pastor Johannes Soermans (1670–1754) and grandson of Martinus Soermans (1638–1705). Arthur Schopenhauer's paternal great-greatgrandfather, Johann Schopenhauer (1630–1701), was farmer in Petershagen and son of Simon Schopenhauer (1580–1660) and grandson of Salomon Schopenhauer (born 1550). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg/170px-Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg/255px-Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg/340px-Gdansk_Schopenhauer_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer's birthplace house, ul. Św. Ducha</figcaption></figure> Arthur Schopenhauer was born on 22 February 1788, in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>; later in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> Danzig) on Św. Ducha 47 (in Prussia Heiliggeistgasse), the son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Floris_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Floris_Schopenhauer" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer">de</a>] (1747–1805) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Schopenhauer" title="Johanna Schopenhauer">Johanna Schopenhauer</a> (née Trosiener; 1766–1838),<a href="#cite_note-Google_Books-15">[15]</a> both descendants of wealthy German <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patrician</a> families. While they came from a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> background, neither of them was very religious;<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 79 <a href="#cite_note-Bullock_1920_p._53-17">[17]</a> both supported the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 13  were <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophilia">Anglophiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 9  When Gdańsk became part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1793, Heinrich moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>—a free city with a republican constitution. His firm continued trading in Danzig where most of their extended families remained. <a href="/wiki/Adele_Schopenhauer" title="Adele Schopenhauer">Adele</a>, Arthur's only sibling, was born on 12 July 1797.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1797, Arthur was sent to <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> to live with the family of his father's business associate, Grégoire de Blésimaire. He seemed to enjoy his two-year stay there, learning to speak French and fostering a life-long friendship with Jean Anthime Grégoire de Blésimaire.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 18  As early as 1799, Arthur started playing the flute.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 30  In 1803, he accompanied his parents on a European tour of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Holland</a>, Britain, France, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. Viewed as primarily a pleasure tour, Heinrich used the opportunity to visit some of his business associates abroad.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Heinrich presented Arthur with a choice: he could either stay at home to begin preparations for university or travel with them to further his merchant education. Arthur chose to travel with them. He deeply regretted his choice later because the merchant training was very tedious. He spent twelve weeks of the tour attending school in <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a>, where he was confused by strict and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> who he'd described as shallow. He continued to sharply criticize Anglican religiosity later in life despite his general Anglophilia.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 56  He was also under pressure from his father, who became very critical of his educational results.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1805, Heinrich drowned in a canal near their home in Hamburg. Although it was possible that his death was accidental, his wife and son believed that it was suicide. He was prone to <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, each becoming more pronounced later in his life.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Heinrich had become so fussy, even his wife started to doubt his mental health.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 43  "There was, in the father's life, some dark and vague source of fear which later made him hurl himself to his death from the attic of his house in Hamburg."<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 88  Arthur showed similar moodiness during his youth and often acknowledged that he inherited it from his father. There were other instances of serious mental health problems on his father's side of the family.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 4  Despite his hardship, Schopenhauer liked his father and later referred to him in a positive light.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 90  Heinrich Schopenhauer left the family with a significant inheritance that was split in three among Johanna and the children. Arthur Schopenhauer was entitled to control of his part when he reached the age of majority. He invested it conservatively in government bonds and earned annual interest that was more than double the salary of a university professor.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 136  After quitting his merchant apprenticeship, with some encouragement from his mother, he dedicated himself to studies at the <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Gymnasium,_Gotha" title="Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha">Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a>. While there, he also enjoyed social life among the local nobility, spending large amounts of money, which deeply concerned his frugal mother.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 128  He left the Gymnasium after writing a satirical poem about one of the schoolmasters. Although Arthur claimed that he left voluntarily, his mother's letter indicates that he may have been expelled.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 129  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg/220px-ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg/330px-ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/ArthurSchopenhauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer in his youth</figcaption></figure> Arthur spent two years as a merchant in honor of his dead father. During this time, he had doubts about being able to start a new life as a scholar.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 120  Most of his prior education was as a practical merchant and he had trouble learning Latin; a prerequisite for an academic career.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 117  His mother moved away, with her daughter Adele, to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>—then the centre of <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>—to enjoy social life among writers and artists. Arthur and his mother did not part on good terms. In one letter, she wrote: "You are unbearable and burdensome, and very hard to live with; all your good qualities are overshadowed by your conceit, and made useless to the world simply because you cannot restrain your propensity to pick holes in other people."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> His mother, Johanna, was generally described as vivacious and sociable.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 9  She died 24 years later. Some of Arthur's negative opinions about women may be rooted in his troubled relationship with his mother.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Arthur moved to Hamburg to live with his friend Jean Anthime, who was also studying to become a merchant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> He moved to Weimar but did not live with his mother, who even tried to discourage him from coming by explaining that they would not get along very well.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 131  Their relationship deteriorated even further due to their temperamental differences. He accused his mother of being financially irresponsible, flirtatious and seeking to remarry, which he considered an insult to his father's memory.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 116,131  His mother, while professing her love to him, criticized him sharply for being moody, tactless, and argumentative, and urged him to improve his behavior so that he would not alienate people.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 129  Arthur concentrated on his studies, which were now going very well, and he also enjoyed the usual social life such as balls, parties and theater. By that time Johanna's famous salon was well established among local intellectuals and dignitaries, the most celebrated of them being <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>. Arthur attended her parties, usually when he knew that Goethe would be there—although the famous writer and statesman seemed not even to notice the young and unknown student. It is possible that Goethe kept a distance because Johanna warned him about her son's depressive and combative nature, or because Goethe was then on bad terms with Arthur's language instructor and roommate, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Passow" title="Franz Passow">Franz Passow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 134  Schopenhauer was also captivated by the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Jagemann" title="Karoline Jagemann">Karoline Jagemann</a>, mistress of <a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, and he wrote to her his only known love poem.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 135  Despite his later celebration of asceticism and negative views of sexuality, Schopenhauer occasionally had sexual affairs—usually with women of lower social status, such as servants, actresses, and sometimes even paid prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 21  In a letter to his friend Anthime he claims that such affairs continued even in his mature age and admits that he had two out-of-wedlock daughters (born in 1819 and 1836), both of whom died in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 25  In their youthful correspondence Arthur and Anthime were somewhat boastful and competitive about their sexual exploits—but Schopenhauer seemed aware that women usually did not find him very charming or physically attractive, and his desires often remained unfulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 22  He left Weimar to become a student at the <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg August University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> in 1809. There are no written reasons about why Schopenhauer chose that university instead of the then more famous <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, but Göttingen was known as more modern and scientifically oriented, with less attention given to theology.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 140  Law or medicine were usual choices for young men of Schopenhauer's status who also needed career and income; he chose medicine due to his <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">scientific interests</a>. Among his notable professors were <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Friedrich_Thibaut" title="Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut">Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hermann_Ludwig_Heeren" title="Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren">Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Adolf_Schrader" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Adolf Schrader">Heinrich Adolf Schrader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tobias_Mayer" title="Johann Tobias Mayer">Johann Tobias Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Johann_Martin_Langenbeck" title="Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck">Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 141–144  He studied <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Ernst_Schulze" title="Gottlob Ernst Schulze">Gottlob Ernst Schulze</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus_(book)" title="Aenesidemus (book)">Aenesidemus</a>, who made a strong impression and advised him to concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 144  He decided to switch from medicine to philosophy around 1810–11 and he left Göttingen, which did not have a strong philosophy program: besides Schulze, the only other philosophy professor was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bouterwek" title="Friedrich Bouterwek">Friedrich Bouterwek</a>, whom Schopenhauer disliked.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 150  He did not regret his medicinal and scientific studies; he claimed that they were necessary for a philosopher, and even in Berlin he attended more lectures in sciences than in philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 170  During his days at Göttingen, he spent considerable time studying, but also continued his flute playing and social life. His friends included <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gotthilf_Osann" title="Friedrich Gotthilf Osann">Friedrich Gotthilf Osann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Witte" title="Karl Witte">Karl Witte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_von_Bunsen" title="Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen">Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Backhouse_Astor_Sr." title="William Backhouse Astor Sr.">William Backhouse Astor Sr.</a><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 151  He arrived at the newly founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> for the winter semester of 1811–12. At the same time, his mother had just begun her literary career; she published her first book in 1810, a biography of her friend <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Fernow" title="Karl Ludwig Fernow">Karl Ludwig Fernow</a>, which was a critical success. Arthur attended lectures by the prominent <a href="/wiki/Post-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Kantian">post-Kantian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, but quickly found many points of disagreement with his Wissenschaftslehre; he also found Fichte's lectures tedious and hard to understand.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 159  He later mentioned Fichte only in critical, negative terms<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 159 —seeing his philosophy as a lower-quality version of Kant's and considering it useful only because Fichte's poor arguments unintentionally highlighted some failings of Kantianism.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 165–169  He also attended the lectures of the famous Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, whom he also quickly came to dislike.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 174  His notes and comments on Schleiermacher's lectures show that Schopenhauer was becoming very <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">critical of religion</a> and moving towards <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 175  He learned by self-directed reading; besides Plato, Kant and Fichte he also read the works of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Friedrich_Fries" title="Jakob Friedrich Fries">Fries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Jacobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, and much current scientific literature.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 170  He attended philological courses by <a href="/wiki/August_B%C3%B6ckh" title="August Böckh">August Böckh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Wolf" title="Friedrich August Wolf">Friedrich August Wolf</a> and continued his naturalistic interests with courses by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erman" title="Paul Erman">Paul Erman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gottfried_Fischer" title="Ernst Gottfried Fischer">Ernst Gottfried Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Horkel" title="Johann Horkel">Johann Horkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christian_Rosenthal" title="Friedrich Christian Rosenthal">Friedrich Christian Rosenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lichtenstein" title="Hinrich Lichtenstein">Hinrich Lichtenstein</a> (Lichtenstein was also a friend whom he met at one of his mother's parties in Weimar).<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 171–174  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early work">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer left Berlin in a rush in 1813, fearing that the city could be attacked and that he could be pressed into military service as Prussia had just joined the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">war against France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 179  He returned to Weimar but left after less than a month, disgusted by the fact that his mother was now living with her supposed lover, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Friedrich_Konrad_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller_von_Gerstenbergk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Friedrich Konrad Ludwig Müller von Gerstenbergk (page does not exist)">Georg Friedrich Konrad Ludwig Müller von Gerstenbergk</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Gerstenbergk" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Friedrich von Gerstenbergk">de</a>] (1778–1838), a civil servant twelve years younger than her; he considered the relationship an act of infidelity to his father's memory.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 188  He settled for a while in <a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a>, hoping that no army would pass through the small town. He spent his time in solitude, hiking in the mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> and writing his dissertation, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason" title="On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason">On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason</a>. Schopenhauer completed his dissertation at about the same time as the French army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>. He became irritated by the arrival of soldiers in the town and accepted his mother's invitation to visit her in Weimar. She tried to convince him that her relationship with Gerstenbergk was platonic and that she had no intention of remarrying.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 230  But Schopenhauer remained suspicious and often came in conflict with Gerstenbergk because he considered him untalented, pretentious, and <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">nationalistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 231  His mother had just published her second book, Reminiscences of a Journey in the Years 1803, 1804, and 1805, a description of their family tour of Europe, which quickly became a hit. She found his dissertation incomprehensible and said it was unlikely that anyone would ever buy a copy. In a fit of temper Arthur told her that people would read his work long after the "rubbish" she wrote was totally forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In fact, although they considered her novels of dubious quality, the <a href="/wiki/F.A._Brockhaus_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="F.A. Brockhaus AG">Brockhaus publishing firm</a> held her in high esteem because they consistently sold well. Hans Brockhaus (1888–1965) later claimed that his predecessors "saw nothing in this manuscript, but wanted to please one of our best-selling authors by publishing her son's work. We published more and more of her son Arthur's work and today nobody remembers Johanna, but her son's works are in steady demand and contribute to Brockhaus' reputation."<a href="#cite_note-mom-23">[23]</a> He kept large portraits of the pair in his office in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> for the edification of his new editors.<a href="#cite_note-mom-23">[23]</a> Also contrary to his mother's prediction, Schopenhauer's dissertation made an impression on Goethe, to whom he sent it as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 241  Although it is doubtful that Goethe agreed with Schopenhauer's philosophical positions, he was impressed by his intellect and extensive scientific education.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 243  Their subsequent meetings and correspondence were a great honor to a young philosopher, who was finally acknowledged by his intellectual hero. They mostly discussed Goethe's newly published (and somewhat lukewarmly received) work on <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">color theory</a>. Schopenhauer soon started writing his own treatise on the subject, <a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="On Vision and Colors">On Vision and Colors</a>, which in many points differed from his teacher's. Although they remained polite towards each other, their growing theoretical disagreements—and especially Schopenhauer's extreme self-confidence and tactless criticisms—soon made Goethe become distant again and after 1816 their correspondence became less frequent.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 247–265  Schopenhauer later admitted that he was greatly hurt by this rejection, but he continued to praise Goethe, and considered his color theory a great introduction to his own.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 252,256,265  Another important experience during his stay in Weimar was his acquaintance with Friedrich Majer<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Historian of religion">historian of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> and disciple of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a>—who introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 266  (see also <a href="#Indology">Indology</a>). Schopenhauer was immediately impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (he called them "the production of the highest human wisdom", and believed that they contained superhuman concepts) and the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68-25">[25]</a> and put them on a par with Plato and Kant.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 268,272  He continued his studies by reading the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, an amateurish German journal Asiatisches Magazin, and Asiatick Researches by <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">the Asiatic Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 267,272  Schopenhauer held a profound respect for <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–69-26">[26]</a> although he loved <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>, he never revered a Buddhist text but regarded <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as the most distinguished religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1997273-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 272  His studies on Hindu and Buddhist texts were constrained by the lack of adequate literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199769-28">[28]</a> and the latter were mostly restricted to <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>. He also claimed that he formulated most of his ideas independently,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68-25">[25]</a> and only later realized the similarities with Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 274–276  Schopenhauer read the Latin translation and praised the Upanishads in his main work, <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (1819), as well as in his <a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a> (1851), and commented <blockquote>In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life, it will be the solace of my death.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg/220px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg/330px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg/440px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer in 1815. Portrait by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl.</figcaption></figure> As the relationship with his mother fell to a new low, in May 1814 he left Weimar and moved to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 265  He continued his philosophical studies, enjoyed the cultural life, socialized with intellectuals and engaged in sexual affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 284  His friends in Dresden were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlob_von_Quandt" title="Johann Gottlob von Quandt">Johann Gottlob von Quandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Laun" title="Friedrich Laun">Friedrich Laun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a> and Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl, a young painter who made a romanticized portrait of him in which he improved some of Schopenhauer's unattractive physical features.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 278,283  His criticisms of local artists occasionally caused public quarrels when he ran into them in public.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 282  Schopenhauer's main occupation during his stay in Dresden was his seminal philosophical work, <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, which he started writing in 1814 and finished in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He was recommended to the publisher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Arnold_Brockhaus" title="Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus">Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus</a> by Baron Ferdinand von Biedenfeld, an acquaintance of his mother.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 285  Although Brockhaus accepted his manuscript, Schopenhauer made a poor impression because of his quarrelsome and fussy attitude, as well as very poor sales of the book after it was published in December 1818.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 285–289  In September 1818, while waiting for his book to be published and conveniently escaping an affair with a maid that caused an unwanted pregnancy,<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 342  Schopenhauer left Dresden for a year-long vacation in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 346  He visited <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, travelling alone or accompanied by mostly English tourists he met.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 350  He spent the winter months in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where he accidentally met his acquaintance <a href="/wiki/Karl_Witte" title="Karl Witte">Karl Witte</a> and engaged in numerous quarrels with German tourists in the <a href="/wiki/Antico_Caff%C3%A8_Greco" title="Antico Caffè Greco">Caffè Greco</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_B%C3%B6hmer" title="Johann Friedrich Böhmer">Johann Friedrich Böhmer</a>, who also mentioned his insulting remarks and unpleasant character.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 348–349  He enjoyed art, architecture, and ancient ruins, attended plays and operas, and continued his philosophical contemplation and love affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 346–350  One of his affairs supposedly became serious, and for a while he contemplated marriage to a rich Italian noblewoman—but, despite his mentioning this several times, no details are known and it may have been Schopenhauer exaggerating.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 345  He corresponded regularly with his sister Adele and became close to her as her relationship with Johanna and Gerstenbergk also deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 344  She informed him about their financial troubles as the banking house of A. L. Muhl in Danzig—in which her mother invested their whole savings and Arthur a third of his—was near bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 351  Arthur offered to share his assets, but his mother refused and became further enraged by his insulting comments.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 352  The women managed to receive only thirty percent of their savings while Arthur, using his business knowledge, took a suspicious and aggressive stance towards the banker and eventually received his part in full.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 354–356  The affair additionally worsened the relationships among all three members of the Schopenhauer family.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 352,354  He shortened his stay in Italy because of the trouble with Muhl and returned to Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 356  Disturbed by the financial risk and the lack of responses to his book he decided to take an academic position since it provided him with both income and an opportunity to promote his views.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 358  He contacted his friends at universities in Heidelberg, Göttingen and Berlin and found <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a> most attractive.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 358–362  He scheduled his lectures to coincide with those of the famous philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, whom Schopenhauer described as a "clumsy charlatan".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He was especially appalled by Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge of natural sciences and tried to engage him in a quarrel about it already at his test lecture in March 1820.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 363  Hegel was also facing political suspicions at the time, when many progressive professors were <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">fired</a>, while Schopenhauer carefully mentioned in his application that he had no interest in politics.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 362  Despite their differences and the arrogant request to schedule lectures at the same time as his own, Hegel still voted to accept Schopenhauer to the university.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 365  Only five students turned up to Schopenhauer's lectures, and he dropped out of <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>. A late essay, "On University Philosophy", expressed his resentment towards the work conducted in academies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg/170px-Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg/255px-Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg/340px-Arthur_Shopengauer_by_Gennadij_Jerszow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Arthur Schopenhauer by <a href="/wiki/Giennadij_Jerszow" title="Giennadij Jerszow">Giennadij Jerszow</a></figcaption></figure> After his trying in academia, he continued to travel extensively, visiting <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a>, Milan and spending eight months in Florence.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 411  Before he left for his three-year travel, Schopenhauer had an incident with his Berlin neighbor, 47-year-old seamstress Caroline Louise Marquet. The details of the August 1821 incident are unknown. He claimed that he had just pushed her from his entrance after she had rudely refused to leave, and that she had purposely fallen to the ground so that she could sue him. She claimed that he had attacked her so violently that she had become paralyzed on her right side and unable to work. She immediately sued him, and the process lasted until May 1827, when a court found Schopenhauer guilty and forced him to pay her an annual pension until her death in 1842.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 408–411  Schopenhauer enjoyed Italy, where he studied art and socialized with Italian and English nobles.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 411–414  It was his last visit to the country. He left for <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and stayed there for a year, mostly recuperating from various health issues, some of them possibly caused by venereal diseases (the treatment his doctor used suggests <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 415  He contacted publishers, offering to translate Hume into German and Kant into English, but his proposals were declined.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 417,422  Returning to Berlin, he began to study Spanish so he could read some of his favorite authors in their original language. He liked <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 420  He also made failed attempts to publish his translations of their works. A few attempts to revive his lectures—again scheduled at the same time as Hegel's—also failed, as did his inquiries about relocating to other universities.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 429–432  During his Berlin years, Schopenhauer occasionally mentioned his desire to marry and have a family.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 404,432  For a while he was unsuccessfully courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss, who was 22 years younger than himself.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 433  His unpublished writings from that time show that he was already very critical of <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> but still not advocating <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>—instead musing about a <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamorous</a> relationship that he called "tetragamy".<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 404–408  He had an on-and-off relationship with a young dancer, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Medon" title="Caroline Medon">Caroline Richter</a> (she also used the surname Medon after one of her ex-lovers).<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 403  They met when he was 33 and she was 19 and working at the Berlin Opera. She had already had numerous lovers and a son out of wedlock, and later gave birth to another son, this time to an unnamed foreign diplomat (she soon had another pregnancy but the child was stillborn).<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 403–404  As Schopenhauer was preparing to escape from Berlin in 1831, due to a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic, he offered to take her with him on the condition that she left her young son behind.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 404  She refused and he went alone; in his will he left her a significant sum of money, but insisted that it should not be spent in any way on her second son.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 404  Schopenhauer claimed that, in his last year in Berlin, he had a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premonition" class="extiw" title="wikt:premonition">prophetic dream</a> that urged him to escape from the city.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 436  As he arrived in his new home in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, he supposedly had another <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural experience</a>, an apparition of his dead father and his mother, who was still alive.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 436  This experience led him to spend some time investigating <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>. He was quite critical of the available studies and claimed that they were mostly ignorant or fraudulent, but he did believe that there are authentic cases of such phenomena and tried to explain them through his metaphysics as manifestations of the will.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 437–452  Upon his arrival in Frankfurt, he experienced a period of depression and declining health.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 454  He renewed his correspondence with his mother, and she seemed concerned that he might commit suicide like his father.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 454–457  By now Johanna and Adele were living very modestly. Johanna's writing did not bring her much income, and her popularity was waning.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 458  Their correspondence remained reserved, and Arthur seemed undisturbed by her death in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 460  His relationship with his sister grew closer and he corresponded with her until she died in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 463  In July 1832, Schopenhauer left Frankfurt for <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> but returned in July 1833 to remain there for the rest of his life, except for a few short journeys.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 464  He lived alone except for a succession of pet <a href="/wiki/Poodle" title="Poodle">poodles</a> named <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> and Butz. In 1836, he published On the Will in Nature. In 1838, he sent his essay "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will" title="On the Freedom of the Will">On the Freedom of the Will</a>" to the contest of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters">Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences</a> in 1838 and won the prize in 1839. He sent another essay, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a>", to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Royal Danish Society of Sciences</a> in 1839, but did not win the (1840) prize despite being the only contestant.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Society was appalled that several distinguished contemporary philosophers were mentioned in a very offensive manner, and claimed that the essay missed the point of the set topic and that the arguments were inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 483  Schopenhauer, who had been very confident that he would win, was enraged by this rejection. He published both essays as The Two Basic Problems of Ethics. The first edition, published September 1840 but with an 1841 date, again failed to draw attention to his philosophy. In the preface to the second edition, in 1860, he was still pouring insults on the Royal Danish Society.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 484  Two years later, after some negotiations, he managed to convince his publisher, Brockhaus, to print the second, updated edition of The World as Will and Representation. That book was again mostly ignored and the few reviews were mixed or negative. Schopenhauer began to attract some followers, mostly outside academia, among practical professionals (several of them were lawyers) who pursued private philosophical studies. He jokingly referred to them as "evangelists" and "apostles".<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 504  One of the most active early followers was <a href="/wiki/Julius_Frauenst%C3%A4dt" title="Julius Frauenstädt">Julius Frauenstädt</a>, who wrote numerous articles promoting Schopenhauer's philosophy. He was also instrumental in finding another publisher after Brockhaus declined to publish Parerga and Paralipomena, believing that it would be another failure.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 506  Though Schopenhauer later stopped corresponding with him, claiming that he did not adhere closely enough to his ideas, Frauenstädt continued to promote Schopenhauer's work.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 507–508  They renewed their communication in 1859 and Schopenhauer named him heir for his literary estate.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 508  Frauenstädt also became the editor of the first collected works of Schopenhauer.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 506  In 1848, Schopenhauer witnessed <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions of 1848–49">violent upheaval</a> in Frankfurt after General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Erdmann_von_Auerswald" title="Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald">Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Felix_Lichnowsky" title="Felix Lichnowsky">Felix Lichnowsky</a> were murdered. He became worried for his own safety and property.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 514  Even earlier in life he had had such worries and kept a sword and loaded pistols near his bed to defend himself from thieves.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 465  He gave a friendly welcome to Austrian soldiers who wanted to shoot revolutionaries from his window and as they were leaving he gave one of the officers his opera glasses to help him monitor rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 514  The rebellion passed without any loss to Schopenhauer and he later praised <a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a> for restoring order.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 515  He even modified his will, leaving a large part of his property to a Prussian fund that helped soldiers who became invalids while fighting rebellion in 1848 or the families of soldiers who died in battle.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 517  As <a href="/wiki/Young_Hegelians" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelians</a> were advocating change and progress, Schopenhauer claimed that misery is natural for humans and that, even if some utopian society were established, people would still fight each other out of boredom, or would starve due to overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 515  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg/220px-Schopenhauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>1855 painting of Schopenhauer by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Luntesch%C3%BCtz" title="Jules Lunteschütz">Jules Lunteschütz</a></figcaption></figure> In 1851, Schopenhauer published <a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a>, which contains essays that are supplementary to his main work. It was his first successful, widely read book, partly due to the work of his disciples who wrote praising reviews.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 524  The essays that proved most popular were the ones that actually did not contain the basic philosophical ideas of his system.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 539  Many academic philosophers considered him a great stylist and cultural critic but did not take his philosophy seriously.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 539  His early critics liked to point out similarities of his ideas to those of Fichte and Schelling,<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 381–386  or to claim that there were numerous contradictions in his philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 381–386, 537  Both criticisms enraged Schopenhauer. He was becoming less interested in intellectual fights, but encouraged his disciples to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 525  His private notes and correspondence show that he acknowledged some of the criticisms regarding contradictions, inconsistencies, and vagueness in his philosophy, but claimed that he was not concerned about harmony and agreement in his propositions<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 394  and that some of his ideas should not be taken literally but instead as metaphors.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 510  Academic philosophers were also starting to notice his work. In 1856, the University of Leipzig sponsored an essay contest about Schopenhauer's philosophy, which was won by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Seydel" title="Rudolf Seydel">Rudolf Seydel</a>'s very critical essay.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 536  Schopenhauer's friend <a href="/wiki/Jules_Luntesch%C3%BCtz" title="Jules Lunteschütz">Jules Lunteschütz</a> made the first of his four portraits of him—which Schopenhauer did not particularly like—which was soon sold to a wealthy landowner, Carl Ferdinand Wiesike, who built a house to display it. Schopenhauer seemed flattered and amused by this, and would claim that it was his first chapel.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 540  As his fame increased, copies of paintings and photographs of him were being sold and admirers were visiting the places where he had lived and written his works. People visited Frankfurt's Englischer Hof to observe him dining. Admirers gave him gifts and asked for autographs.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 541  He complained that he still felt isolated due to his not very social nature and the fact that many of his good friends had already died from old age.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 542  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg/220px-Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg/330px-Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg/440px-Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Grave at the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Main_Cemetery" title="Frankfurt Main Cemetery">Hauptfriedhof</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></figcaption></figure> He remained healthy in his own old age, which he attributed to regular walks no matter the weather and always getting enough sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 544–545  He had a great appetite and could read without glasses, but his <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing</a> had been declining since his youth and he developed problems with <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 545  He remained active and lucid, continued his reading, writing and correspondence until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 545  The numerous notes that he made during these years, amongst others on aging, were published <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_publication" title="Posthumous publication">posthumously</a> under the title Senilia. In the spring of 1860 his health began to decline, and he experienced shortness of breath and heart palpitations; in September he suffered inflammation of the lungs and, although he was starting to recover, he remained very weak.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 546  The last friend to visit him was Wilhelm Gwinner; according to him, Schopenhauer was concerned that he would not be able to finish his planned additions to Parerga and Paralipomena but was at peace with dying.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 546–547  He died of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">pulmonary-respiratory failure</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> on 21 September 1860 while sitting at home on his couch. He died at the age of 72 and had a funeral conducted by a Lutheran minister.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_perception">Theory of perception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theory of perception">edit</a>]</div> In November 1813 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> invited Schopenhauer to help him on his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a>. Although Schopenhauer considered colour theory a minor matter,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> he accepted the invitation out of admiration for Goethe. Nevertheless, these investigations led him to his most important discovery in epistemology: finding a demonstration for the a priori nature of causality. Kant openly admitted that it was <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>'s skeptical assault on causality that motivated the critical investigations in <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a> and gave an elaborate proof to show that causality is a priori. After <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Ernst_Schulze" title="Gottlob Ernst Schulze">G. E. Schulze</a> had made it plausible that Kant had not disproven Hume's skepticism, it was up to those loyal to Kant's project to prove this important matter. The difference between the approaches of Kant and Schopenhauer was this: Kant simply declared that the empirical content of perception is "given" to us from outside, an expression with which Schopenhauer often expressed his dissatisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> He, on the other hand, was occupied with the questions: how do we get this empirical content of perception; how is it possible to comprehend subjective sensations "limited to my skin" as the objective perception of things that lie "outside" of me?<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The sensations in the hand of a man born blind, on feeling an object of cubic shape, are quite uniform and the same on all sides and in every direction: the edges, it is true, press upon a smaller portion of his hand, still nothing at all like a cube is contained in these sensations. His Understanding draws the immediate and intuitive conclusion from the resistance felt, that this resistance must have a cause, which then presents itself through that conclusion as a hard body; and through the movements of his arms in feeling the object, while the hand's sensation remains unaltered, he constructs the cubic shape in Space. If the representation of a cause and of Space, together with their laws, had not already existed within him, the image of a cube could never have proceeded from those successive sensations in his hand.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></blockquote> Causality is therefore not an empirical concept drawn from objective perceptions, as Hume had maintained; instead, as Kant had said, objective perception presupposes knowledge of causality.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> By this intellectual operation, comprehending every effect in our sensory organs as having an external cause, the external world arises. With vision, finding the cause is essentially simplified due to light acting in straight lines. We are seldom conscious of the process that interprets the double sensation in both eyes as coming from one object, that inverts the impressions on the retinas, and that uses the change in the apparent position of an object relative to more distant objects provided by binocular vision to perceive depth and distance. Schopenhauer stresses the importance of the intellectual nature of perception; the senses furnish the raw material by which the intellect produces the world as representation. He set out his theory of perception for the first time in <a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="On Vision and Colors">On Vision and Colors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> and, in the subsequent editions of Fourfold Root, an extensive exposition is given in § 21. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_world_as_representation">The world as representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The world as representation">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer saw his philosophy as an extension of Kant's, and used the results of Kantian epistemological investigation (<a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a>) as starting point for his own. Kant had argued that the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical</a> world is merely a complex of appearances whose existence and connection occur only in our <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">mental representations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Schopenhauer did not deny that the external world existed empirically but followed Kant in claiming that our knowledge and experience of the world is always in some sense dependent on us.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> For Schopenhauer in particular, the spatiotemporal form and causal structure of the external world are contributed to our experiences of it by the brain as it renders perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason,_and_On_the_Will_in_Nature:_Two_Essays_(revised_edition)-45">[45]</a> Schopenhauer reiterates this in the first sentence of his main work: "The world is my representation (Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung)". Everything that there is for cognition (the entire world) exists simply as an object in relation to a subject—a 'representation' to a subject. Everything that belongs to the world is, therefore, 'subject-dependent'. In Book One of The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer considers the world from this angle—that is, insofar as it is representation. Kant had previously argued that we perceive reality as something spatial and temporal not because reality is inherently spatial and temporal, but because that is how our minds operate in perceiving an object. Therefore, understanding objects in space and time represents our 'contribution' to an experience. For Schopenhauer, Kant's 'greatest service' lay in the 'differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> and the thing-in-itself (<a href="/wiki/Noumena" class="mw-redirect" title="Noumena">noumena</a>), based on the proof that between everything and us there is always a perceiving mind.' In other words, Kant's primary achievement is to demonstrate that instead of being a blank slate where reality merely reveals its character, the mind, with sensory support, actively participates in constructing reality. Thus, Schopenhauer believed that Kant had shown that the everyday world of experience, and indeed the entire material world related to space and time, is merely 'appearance' or 'phenomena,' entirely distinct from the thing-in-itself.'<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_world_as_will">The world as will</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The world as will">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></div> In Book Two of The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer considers what the world is beyond the aspect of it that appears to us—that is, the aspect of the world beyond representation, the world considered "<a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">in-itself</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Noumena" class="mw-redirect" title="Noumena">noumena</a>", its inner essence. The very being in-itself of all things, Schopenhauer argues, is will (Wille). The empirical world that appears to us as representation has plurality and is ordered in a spatio-temporal framework. The world as thing in-itself must exist outside the subjective forms of space and time. Although the world manifests itself to our experience as a multiplicity of objects (the "objectivation" of the will), each element of this multiplicity has the same blind essence striving towards existence and life. Human rationality is merely a secondary phenomenon that does not distinguish humanity from the rest of nature at the fundamental, essential level. The advanced cognitive abilities of human beings, Schopenhauer argues, serve the ends of willing—an illogical, directionless, ceaseless striving that condemns the human individual to a life of suffering unredeemed by any final purpose. Schopenhauer's philosophy of the will as the essential reality behind the world as representation is often called <a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">metaphysical voluntarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-3">[3]</a> For Schopenhauer, understanding the world as will leads to ethical concerns (see the <a href="#Ethics">ethics section below</a> for further detail), which he explores in the Fourth Book of The World as Will and Representation and again in his two prize essays on ethics, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will" title="On the Freedom of the Will">On the Freedom of the Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a>. No individual human actions are free, Schopenhauer argues, because they are events in the world of appearance and thus are subject to the principle of sufficient reason: a person's actions are a necessary consequence of motives and the given character of the individual human. Necessity extends to the actions of human beings just as it does to every other appearance, and thus we cannot speak of freedom of individual willing. Albert Einstein quoted the Schopenhauerian idea that "a man can do as he will, but not will as he will."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Yet the will as thing in-itself is free, as it exists beyond the realm of representation and thus is not constrained by any of the forms of necessity that are part of the principle of sufficient reason. According to Schopenhauer, salvation from our miserable existence can come through the will's being "tranquillized" by the metaphysical insight that reveals individuality to be merely an illusion. The saint or 'great soul' intuitively "recognizes the whole, comprehends its essence, and finds that it is constantly passing away, caught up in vain strivings, inner conflict, and perpetual suffering".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The negation of the will, in other words, stems from the insight that the world in-itself (free from the forms of space and time) is one. <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Ascetic</a> practices, Schopenhauer remarks, are used to aid the will's "self-abolition", which brings about a blissful, redemptive "will-less" state of emptiness that is free from striving or suffering. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_aesthetics">Art and aesthetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Art and aesthetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_aesthetics" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics">Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4485" /></a><figcaption>In his main work, Schopenhauer praised the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age artists</a>, who "directed such purely objective perception to the most insignificant objects, and set up a lasting monument of their objectivity and spiritual peace in paintings of <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>. The aesthetic beholder does not contemplate this without emotion."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> For Schopenhauer, human "willing"—desiring, craving, etc.—is at the root of <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>. A temporary way to escape this pain is through aesthetic contemplation. Here one moves away from ordinary cognizance of individual things to cognizance of eternal Platonic Ideas—in other words, cognizance that is free from the service of will. In aesthetic contemplation, one no longer perceives an object of perception as something from which one is separated; rather "it is as if the object alone existed without anyone perceiving it, and one can thus no longer separate the perceiver from the perception, but the two have become one, the entirety of consciousness entirely filled and occupied by a single perceptual image".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Subject and object are no longer distinguishable, and the Idea comes to the fore. From this aesthetic immersion, one is no longer an individual who suffers as a result of servitude to one's individual will but, rather, becomes a "pure, will-less, painless, timeless, subject of cognition". The pure, will-less subject of cognition is cognizant only of Ideas, not individual things: this is a kind of cognition that is unconcerned with relations between objects according to the Principle of Sufficient Reason (time, space, cause and effect) and instead involves complete absorption in the object. Art is the practical consequence of this brief aesthetic contemplation, since it attempts to depict the essence/pure Ideas of the world. Music, for Schopenhauer, is the purest form of art because it is the one that depicts the will itself without it appearing as subject to the Principle of Sufficient Reason, therefore as an individual object. According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Albright" title="Daniel Albright">Daniel Albright</a>, "Schopenhauer thought that <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">music</a> was the only art that did not merely copy ideas, but actually embodied the will itself".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> He deemed music a timeless, universal language comprehended everywhere, that can imbue global enthusiasm, if in possession of a significant melody.<a href="#cite_note-Music-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer's <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical realism">realist</a> views on mathematics are evident in his criticism of contemporaneous attempts to prove the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">parallel postulate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a>. Writing shortly before the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry" title="Hyperbolic geometry">hyperbolic geometry</a> demonstrated the logical independence of the <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axiom</a>—and long before the <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a> revealed that it does not necessarily express a property of physical space—Schopenhauer criticized mathematicians for trying to use indirect <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> to prove what he held was directly evident from <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitive perception</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Euclidean method of demonstration has brought forth from its own womb its most striking parody and caricature in the famous controversy over the theory of parallels, and in the attempts, repeated every year, to prove the eleventh axiom (also known as the fifth postulate). The axiom asserts, and that indeed through the indirect criterion of a third intersecting line, that two lines inclined to each other (for this is the precise meaning of "less than two right angles"), if produced far enough, must meet. Now this truth is supposed to be too complicated to pass as self-evident, and therefore needs a proof; but no such proof can be produced, just because there is nothing more immediate.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53">[53]</a></blockquote> Throughout his writings,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Schopenhauer criticized the logical derivation of philosophies and mathematics from mere concepts, instead of from intuitive perceptions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In fact, it seems to me that the logical method is in this way reduced to an absurdity. But it is precisely through the controversies over this, together with the futile attempts to demonstrate the directly certain as merely indirectly certain, that the independence and clearness of intuitive evidence appear in contrast with the uselessness and difficulty of logical proof, a contrast as instructive as it is amusing. The direct certainty will not be admitted here, just because it is no merely logical certainty following from the concept, and thus resting solely on the relation of predicate to subject, according to the principle of contradiction. But that eleventh axiom regarding parallel lines is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_proposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic proposition">synthetic proposition</a> <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a>, and as such has the guarantee of pure, not empirical, perception; this perception is just as immediate and certain as is the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of contradiction">principle of contradiction</a> itself, from which all proofs originally derive their certainty. At bottom this holds good of every geometrical theorem ...</blockquote> Although Schopenhauer could see no justification for trying to prove Euclid's parallel postulate, he did see a reason for examining another of Euclid's axioms.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It surprises me that the eighth axiom,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> "Figures that coincide with one another are equal to one another", is not rather attacked. For "coinciding with one another" is either a mere <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">tautology</a>, or something quite <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a>, belonging not to pure intuition or perception, but to external sensuous experience. Thus it presupposes mobility of the figures, but <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> alone is movable in <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>. Consequently, this reference to coincidence with one another forsakes pure space, the sole element of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, in order to pass over to the material and empirical.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53">[53]</a></blockquote> This follows <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a></div> Schopenhauer asserts that the task of ethics is not to prescribe moral actions that ought to be done, but to investigate moral actions. As such, he states that philosophy is always theoretical: its task to explain what is given.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to Kant's transcendental idealism, space and time are forms of our sensibility in which phenomena appear in multiplicity. Reality <a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">in itself</a> is free from multiplicity, not in the sense that an object is one, but that it is outside the possibility of multiplicity. Two individuals, though they appear distinct, are in-themselves not distinct.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Appearances are entirely subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason" title="Principle of sufficient reason">principle of sufficient reason</a>. The egoistic individual who focuses his aims on his own interests has to deal with empirical laws as well as he can. What is relevant for ethics are individuals who can act against their own self-interest. If we take a man who suffers when he sees his fellow men living in poverty and consequently uses a significant part of his income to support their needs instead of his own pleasures, then the simplest way to describe this is that he makes less distinction between himself and others than is usually made.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Regarding how things appear to us, the egoist asserts a gap between two individuals, but the altruist experiences the sufferings of others as his own. In the same way a compassionate man cannot hurt animals, though they appear as distinct from himself. What motivates the altruist is compassion. The suffering of others is for him not a cold matter to which he is indifferent, but he feels connectiveness to all beings. Compassion is thus the basis of morality.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eternal_justice">Eternal justice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eternal justice">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer calls the principle through which multiplicity appears the <a href="/wiki/Principium_individuationis" class="mw-redirect" title="Principium individuationis">principium individuationis</a>. When we behold nature we see that it is a cruel battle for existence. Individual manifestations of the will can maintain themselves only at the expense of others—the will, as the only thing that exists, has no other option but to devour itself to experience pleasure. This is a fundamental characteristic of the will, and cannot be circumvented.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Unlike temporal or human justice, which requires time to repay an evil deed and "has its seat in the state, as requiting and punishing",<a href="#cite_note-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63-63">[63]</a> eternal justice "rules not the state but the world, is not dependent upon human institutions, is not subject to chance and deception, is not uncertain, wavering, and erring, but infallible, fixed, and sure".<a href="#cite_note-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63-63">[63]</a> Eternal justice is not retributive, because retribution requires time. There are no delays or reprieves. Instead, punishment is tied to the offence, "to the point where the two become one. ... Tormenter and tormented are one. The [Tormenter] errs in that he believes he is not a partaker in the suffering; the [tormented], in that he believes he is not a partaker in the guilt."<a href="#cite_note-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63-63">[63]</a> Suffering is the moral outcome of our attachment to pleasure. Schopenhauer deemed that this truth was expressed by the Christian dogma of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and, in Eastern religions, by the <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">dogma of rebirth.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quietism">Quietism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quietism">edit</a>]</div> He who sees through the principium individuationis and comprehends suffering in general as his own will see suffering everywhere and, instead of fighting for the happiness of his individual manifestation, will abhor life itself since he knows that it is inseparably connected with suffering. For him, a happy individual life in a world of suffering is like a beggar who dreams one night that he is a king.<a href="#cite_note-Ascetic-64">[64]</a> Those who have experienced this intuitive knowledge cannot affirm life, but exhibit asceticism and quietism, meaning that they are no longer sensitive to motives, are not concerned about their individual welfare, and accept without resistance the evil that others inflict on them. They welcome poverty and neither seek nor flee death.<a href="#cite_note-Ascetic-64">[64]</a> Schopenhauer referred to asceticism as the denial of the will to live. Human life is a ceaseless struggle for satisfaction and, instead of continuing their struggle, ascetics break it. It does not matter if these ascetics adhere to the dogmata of Christianity or to <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic faith">Dharmic religions</a>, since their way of living is the result of intuitive knowledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mystic</a> and the teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedanta philosophy">Vedanta philosophy</a> agree in this respect also, they both regard all outward works and religious exercises as superfluous for him who has attained to perfection. So much agreement in the case of such different ages and nations is a practical proof that what is expressed here is not, as optimistic dullness likes to assert, an eccentricity and perversity of the mind, but an essential side of human nature, which only appears so rarely because of its excellence.<a href="#cite_note-Ascetic-64">[64]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a>]</div> Philosophers have not traditionally been impressed by the necessity of sex, but Schopenhauer addressed sex and related concepts forthrightly: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... one ought rather to be surprised that a thing [sex] which plays throughout so important a part in human life has hitherto practically been disregarded by philosophers altogether, and lies before us as raw and untreated material.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></blockquote> He named a force within man that he felt took invariable precedence over reason: the Will to Live or Will to Life (Wille zum Leben), defined as an inherent drive within human beings, and all creatures, to stay alive; a force that inveigles<a href="#cite_note-inveigles-66">[66]</a> us into reproducing. Schopenhauer refused to conceive of love as either trifling or accidental, but rather understood it as an immensely powerful force that lay unseen within man's <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>, guaranteeing the quality of the human race: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The ultimate aim of all love affairs ... is more important than all other aims in man's life; and therefore it is quite worthy of the profound seriousness with which everyone pursues it. What is decided by it is nothing less than the composition of the next generation ...<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></blockquote> It has often been argued that Schopenhauer's thoughts on sexuality foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">theory of evolution</a>, a claim met with satisfaction by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> as he included a quotation from Schopenhauer in his <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">Descent of Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This has also been noted about <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a>'s concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_thought">Political and social thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political and social thought">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg/220px-FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg/330px-FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg/440px-FFM_Wallanlagen_Schopenhauer-Denkmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bust in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></figcaption></figure> Schopenhauer's politics were an echo of his system of ethics, which he elucidated in detail in his Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik (the two essays On the Freedom of the Will and On the Basis of Morality). In occasional political comments in his <a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a> and Manuscript Remains, Schopenhauer described himself as a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>. Schopenhauer shared the view of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> on the necessity of the state and state action to check the innate destructive tendencies of our species. He also defended the independence of the legislative, judicial and executive branches of power, and a monarch as an impartial element able to practise justice (in a practical and everyday sense, not a cosmological one).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> He declared that monarchy is "natural to man in almost the same way as it is to bees and ants, to cranes in flight, to wandering elephants, to wolves in a pack in search of prey, and to other animals".<a href="#cite_note-Paralipomena,_Vol_p._254-71">[71]</a> Intellect in monarchies, he writes, always has "much better chances against stupidity, its implacable and ever-present foe, than it has in republics; but this is a great advantage."<a href="#cite_note-Paralipomena,_Vol_p._254-71">[71]</a> On the other hand, Schopenhauer disparaged <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> as being "as unnatural to man as it is unfavorable to higher intellectual life and thus to the arts and sciences".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By his own admission, Schopenhauer did not give much thought to politics, and several times he wrote proudly of how little attention he paid "to political affairs of [his] day". In a life that spanned several revolutions in French and German government, and a few continent-shaking wars, he maintained his position of "minding not the times but the eternities". He wrote many disparaging remarks about Germany and the Germans. A typical example is: "For a German it is even good to have somewhat lengthy words in his mouth, for he thinks slowly, and they give him time to reflect."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punishment">Punishment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Punishment">edit</a>]</div> The State, Schopenhauer claimed, punishes criminals to prevent future crimes. It places "beside every possible motive for committing a wrong a more powerful motive for leaving it undone, in the inescapable punishment. Accordingly, the criminal code is as complete a register as possible of counter-motives to all criminal actions that can possibly be imagined ..."<a href="#cite_note-twwr62-74">[74]</a> He claimed that this doctrine was not original to him but had appeared in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johann_Anselm_Ritter_von_Feuerbach" title="Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach">Anselm Feuerbach</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Races_and_religions">Races and religions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Races and religions">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer attributed civilizational primacy to the northern "white races" due to their sensitivity and creativity (except for the ancient Egyptians and Hindus, whom he saw as equal): <blockquote>The highest civilization and culture, apart from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">ancient Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmans">Brahmans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, and the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Islands">South Sea Islands</a>. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate. This they had to do in order to make up for the parsimony of nature and out of it all came their high civilization.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote> Schopenhauer was fervently <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">opposed to slavery</a>. Speaking of the treatment of slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave-holding states of the United States</a>, he condemned "those devils in human form, those bigoted, church-going, strict sabbath-observing scoundrels, especially the Anglican parsons among them" for how they "treat their innocent black brothers who through violence and injustice have fallen into their devil's claws". The slave-holding states of North America, Schopenhauer writes, are a "disgrace to the whole of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Schopenhauer also maintained a marked metaphysical and political <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>. He argued that Christianity constituted a revolt against what he styled the materialistic basis of Judaism, exhibiting an Indian-influenced ethics reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> theme of spiritual self-conquest. He saw this as opposed to the ignorant drive toward earthly utopianism and superficiality of a worldly "Jewish" spirit: <blockquote>[Judaism] is, therefore, the crudest and poorest of all religions and consists merely in an absurd and revolting <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>. It amounts to this that the <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">κύριος ['Lord']</a>, who has created the world, desires to be worshipped and adored; and so above all he is jealous, is envious of his colleagues, of all the other gods; if sacrifices are made to them he is furious and his Jews have a bad time ... It is most deplorable that this religion has become the basis of the prevailing religion of Europe; for it is a religion without any metaphysical tendency. While all other religions endeavor to explain to the people by symbols the metaphysical significance of life, the religion of the Jews is entirely immanent and furnishes nothing but a mere war-cry in the struggle with other nations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> In his 1851 essay "On Women", Schopenhauer expressed opposition to what he called "Teutonico-Christian stupidity" of "reflexive, unexamined reverence for the female (abgeschmackten Weiberveneration)".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He wrote: "Women are directly fitted for acting as the nurses and teachers of our early childhood by the fact that they are themselves childish, frivolous and short-sighted." He opined that women are deficient in artistic faculties and sense of justice, and expressed his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He claimed that "woman is by nature meant to obey". The essay does give some compliments: "women are decidedly more sober in their judgment than [men] are", and are more sympathetic to the suffering of others. Schopenhauer's writings influenced many, from <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> to nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminists">feminists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> analysis of the difference between the sexes, and their separate roles in the struggle for survival and reproduction, anticipates some of the claims that were later ventured by <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Young2005-82">[82]</a> When the elderly Schopenhauer sat for <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer_(sculpture)" title="Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture)">a sculpture portrait</a> by the Prussian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Elisabet_Ney" title="Elisabet Ney">Elisabet Ney</a> in 1859, he was much impressed by the young woman's wit and independence, as well as by her skill as a visual artist.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> After his time with Ney, he told Richard Wagner's friend <a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a>: "I have not yet spoken my last word about women. I believe that if a woman succeeds in withdrawing from the mass, or rather raising herself above the mass, she grows ceaselessly and more than a man."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pederasty">Pederasty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pederasty">edit</a>]</div> In the third, expanded edition of The World as Will and Representation (1859), Schopenhauer added an appendix to his chapter on the Metaphysics of Sexual Love. He wrote that <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a> has the benefit of preventing ill-begotten children. Concerning this, he stated that "the vice we are considering appears to work directly against the aims and ends of nature, and that in a matter that is all important and of the greatest concern to her it must in fact serve these very aims, although only indirectly, as a means for preventing greater evils."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Schopenhauer ends the appendix with the statement that "by expounding these paradoxical ideas, I wanted to grant to the professors of philosophy a small favour. I have done so by giving them the opportunity of slandering me by saying that I defend and commend pederasty."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heredity_and_eugenics">Heredity and eugenics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Heredity and eugenics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg/170px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg/255px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg/340px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Portraits-Arthur_Schopenhauer-1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer at age 58 on 16 May 1846</figcaption></figure> Schopenhauer viewed personality and <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a> as inherited. He quotes <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s saying, "From the brave and good are the brave descended" (Odes, iv, 4, 29) and Shakespeare's line from <a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a>, "Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base" (IV, 2) to reinforce his hereditarian argument.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Mechanistically, Schopenhauer believed that a person inherits his intellect through his mother, and personal character through the father.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This belief in heritability of traits informed Schopenhauer's view of love—placing it at the highest level of importance. For Schopenhauer the "final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance than all other ends in human life. What it all turns upon is nothing less than the composition of the next generation. ... It is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the human race to come, which is here at stake." This view of the importance for the species of whom we choose to love was reflected in his views on <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> or good breeding. Here Schopenhauer wrote: <blockquote>With our knowledge of the complete unalterability both of character and of mental faculties, we are led to the view that a real and thorough improvement of the human race might be reached not so much from outside as from within, not so much by theory and instruction as rather by the path of generation. Plato had something of the kind in mind when, in the fifth book of his Republic, he explained his plan for increasing and improving his warrior caste. If we could <a href="/wiki/Castrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrate">castrate</a> all scoundrels and stick all stupid geese in a convent, and give men of noble character a whole <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>, and procure men, and indeed thorough men, for all girls of intellect and understanding, then a generation would soon arise which would produce a better age than that of <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></blockquote> In another context, Schopenhauer reiterated his eugenic thesis: "If you want Utopian plans, I would say: the only solution to the problem is the <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> of the wise and noble members of a genuine aristocracy, a genuine nobility, achieved by <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> the most magnanimous men with the cleverest and most gifted women. This proposal constitutes my Utopia and my Platonic Republic."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Analysts (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ansell-Pearson" title="Keith Ansell-Pearson">Keith Ansell-Pearson</a>) have suggested that Schopenhauer's anti-<a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianist</a> sentiment and his support for eugenics influenced the neo-aristocratic philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, who initially considered Schopenhauer his mentor.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Animal rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_view_on_animal_rights" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's view on animal rights">Arthur Schopenhauer's view on animal rights</a></div> As a consequence of his <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> philosophy, Schopenhauer was very concerned about animal welfare and rights.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhilPapers-6">[6]</a> For him, all individual animals, including humans, are essentially phenomenal manifestations of the one underlying Will. For him the word "will" designates force, power, impulse, energy, and desire; it is the closest word we have that can signify both the essence of all external things and our own direct, inner experience. Since every living thing possesses will, humans and animals are fundamentally the same and can recognize themselves in each other.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> For this reason, he claimed that a good person would have sympathy for animals, who are our fellow sufferers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Compassion for animals is intimately associated with goodness of character, and it may be confidently asserted that he who is cruel to living creatures cannot be a good man.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a>, § 19</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nothing leads more definitely to a recognition of the identity of the essential nature in animal and human phenomena than a study of zoology and anatomy.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>On the Basis of Morality, chapter 8<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>On the Basis of Morality, chapter 8<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In 1841, he praised the establishment in London of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a>, and in Philadelphia of the Animals' Friends Society. Schopenhauer went so far as to protest using the pronoun "it" in reference to animals because that led to treatment of them as though they were inanimate things.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> To reinforce his points, Schopenhauer referred to anecdotal reports of the look in the eyes of a monkey who had been shot<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and also the grief of a baby elephant whose mother had been killed by a hunter.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Schopenhauer was very attached to his succession of pet poodles. He criticized <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> belief that animals are a mere means for the satisfaction of humans.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Tim Madigan wrote that despite all of his bombast, Schopenhauer was a sympathetic character who had concerns for the suffering of animals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The greatest benefit conferred by the railways is that they spare millions of draught-horses their miserable existences.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Essays and Aphorisms, p. 171<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_interests_and_affinities">Intellectual interests and affinities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Intellectual interests and affinities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indology">Indology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schopenhauer_1852.jpg/220px-Schopenhauer_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schopenhauer_1852.jpg/330px-Schopenhauer_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schopenhauer_1852.jpg/440px-Schopenhauer_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Schopenhauer, 1852</figcaption></figure> Schopenhauer read the Latin translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">ancient Hindu texts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, translated by French writer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hyacinthe_Anquetil-Duperron" title="Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron">Anquetil du Perron</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199768-103">[103]</a> from the Persian translation of Prince <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shukoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Shukoh">Dara Shukoh</a> entitled Sirre-Akbar ("The Great Secret"). He was so impressed by its <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">philosophy</a> that he called it "the production of the highest human wisdom", and believed it contained superhuman concepts. Schopenhauer considered India as "the land of the most ancient and most pristine wisdom, the place from which <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> could trace their descent and the tradition by which they had been influenced in so many decisive ways",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199768-103">[103]</a> and regarded the Upanishads as "the most profitable and elevating reading which [...] is possible in the world. It has been the solace of my life, and will be the solace of my death."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199768-103">[103]</a> Schopenhauer was first introduced to Anquetil du Perron's translation by Friedrich Majer in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199768-103">[103]</a> They met during the winter of 1813–1814 in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> at the home of Schopenhauer's mother, according to the biographer Safranski. Majer was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a>, and an early <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">Indologist</a>. Schopenhauer did not begin serious study of the Indic texts until the summer of 1814. Safranski maintains that, between 1815 and 1817, Schopenhauer had another important cross-pollination with Indian thought in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. This was through his neighbor of two years, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a>. Krause was then a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher who attempted to mix his own ideas with ancient Indian wisdom. Krause had also mastered <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, unlike Schopenhauer, and they developed a professional relationship. It was from Krause that Schopenhauer learned <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and received the closest thing to expert advice concerning Indian thought.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The view of things [...] that all plurality is only apparent, that in the endless series of individuals, passing simultaneously and successively into and out of life, generation after generation, age after age, there is but one and the same entity really existing, which is present and identical in all alike;—this theory, I say, was of course known long before Kant; indeed, it may be carried back to the remotest antiquity. It is the alpha and omega of the oldest book in the world, the sacred <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, whose dogmatic part, or rather esoteric teaching, is found in the Upanishads. There, in almost every page this profound doctrine lies enshrined; with tireless repetition, in countless adaptations, by many varied parables and similes it is expounded and inculcated.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>On the Basis of Morality, chapter 4<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></cite></div></blockquote> For Schopenhauer, will had <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> primacy over the <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>; desire is prior to thought. Schopenhauer felt this was similar to notions of <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">puruṣārtha</a> or goals of life in <a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. In Schopenhauer's philosophy, denial of the will is attained by: <ul><li>personal experience of an extremely great suffering that leads to loss of the will to live; or</li> <li>knowledge of the essential nature of life in the world through observation of the suffering of other people.</li></ul> The book Oupnekhat (Upanishad) always lay open on his table, and he invariably studied it before going to bed. He called the opening up of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> "the greatest gift of our century", and predicted that the philosophy and knowledge of the Upanishads would become the cherished faith of the West.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Most noticeable, in the case of Schopenhauer's work, was the significance of the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a>, is mentioned throughout The World as Will and Representation.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer noted a correspondence between his doctrines and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Similarities centered on the principles that life involves suffering, that suffering is caused by desire (<a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">taṇhā</a>), and that the extinction of desire leads to liberation. Thus three of the four "truths of the Buddha" correspond to Schopenhauer's doctrine of the will.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In Buddhism, while greed and lust are always unskillful, desire is ethically variable – it can be skillful, unskillful, or neutral.<a href="#cite_note-David_Burton_2004,_page_22-110">[110]</a> Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Nirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvāṇa">nirvāṇa</a> is not equivalent to the condition that Schopenhauer described as denial of the will. Nirvāṇa is not the extinguishing of the person as some Western scholars have thought, but only the "extinguishing" (the literal meaning of nirvana) of the flames of greed, hatred, and delusion that assail a person's character.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Schopenhauer made the following statement in his discussion of religions:<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <blockquote>If I wished to take the results of my philosophy as the standard of truth, I should have to concede to Buddhism pre-eminence over the others. In any case, it must be a pleasure to me to see my doctrine in such close agreement with a religion that the majority of men on earth hold as their own, for this numbers far more followers than any other. And this agreement must be yet the more pleasing to me, inasmuch as in my philosophizing I have certainly not been under its influence [emphasis added]. For up till 1818, when my work appeared, there was to be found in Europe only a very few accounts of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></blockquote> Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Keiji Nishitani</a> sought to distance Buddhism from Schopenhauer.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> While Schopenhauer's philosophy may sound rather mystical in such a summary, his <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> was resolutely <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a>, rather than speculative or transcendental: <blockquote>Philosophy ... is a science, and as such has no articles of faith; accordingly, in it nothing can be assumed as existing except what is either positively given empirically, or demonstrated through indubitable conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></blockquote> Also note: <blockquote>This actual world of what is knowable, in which we are and which is in us, remains both the material and the limit of our consideration.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></blockquote> The argument that Buddhism affected Schopenhauer's philosophy more than any other <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmic</a> faith loses credence since he did not begin a serious study of Buddhism until after the publication of The World as Will and Representation in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Scholars have started to revise earlier views about Schopenhauer's discovery of Buddhism. Proof of early interest and influence appears in Schopenhauer's 1815–16 notes (transcribed and translated by Urs App) about Buddhism. They are included in a recent case study that traces Schopenhauer's interest in Buddhism and documents its influence.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Other scholarly work questions how similar Schopenhauer's philosophy actually is to Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magic_and_occultism">Magic and occultism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Magic and occultism">edit</a>]</div> Some traditions in <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> interested Schopenhauer and influenced his philosophical theories. He praised <a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">animal magnetism</a> as evidence for the reality of magic in his On the Will in Nature, and went so far as to accept the division of magic into <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">left-hand and right-hand magic</a>, although he doubted the existence of demons.<a href="#cite_note-Myth_of_Disenchantment-120">[120]</a> Schopenhauer grounded magic in the Will and claimed all forms of magical transformation depended on the human Will, not on ritual. This theory notably parallels <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>'s system of magic and its emphasis on human will.<a href="#cite_note-Myth_of_Disenchantment-120">[120]</a> Given the importance of the Will to Schopenhauer's overarching system, this amounts to "suggesting his whole philosophical system had magical powers."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Schopenhauer rejected the theory of <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> and claimed philosophy should synthesize itself with magic, which he believed amount to "practical metaphysics".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, including the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, has also been cited as an influence on Schopenhauer.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interests">Interests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Interests">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer had a wide range of interests, from science and opera to occultism and literature. In his student years, Schopenhauer went more often to lectures in the sciences than philosophy. He kept a strong interest as his personal library contained near to 200 books of scientific literature at his death, and his works refer to scientific titles not found in the library.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 170  Many evenings were spent in the theatre, opera and ballet; Schopenhauer especially liked the operas of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Schopenhauer considered music the highest art, and played the flute during his whole life.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 30  As a polyglot, he knew German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, and was an avid reader of poetry and literature. He particularly revered <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Calderón</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. <blockquote>If Goethe had not been sent into the world simultaneously with Kant in order to counterbalance him, so to speak, in the spirit of the age, the latter would have been haunted like a nightmare many an aspiring mind and would have oppressed it with great affliction. But now the two have an infinitely wholesome effect from opposite directions and will probably raise the German spirit to a height surpassing even that of antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-16">[16]</a>: 240 </blockquote> In philosophy, his most important influences were, according to himself, Kant, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. Concerning the Upanishads and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, he writes in The World as Will and Representation: <blockquote>If the reader has also received the benefit of the Vedas, the access to which by means of the Upanishads is in my eyes the greatest privilege which this still young century (1818) may claim before all previous centuries, if then the reader, I say, has received his initiation in primeval Indian wisdom, and received it with an open heart, he will be prepared in the very best way for hearing what I have to tell him. It will not sound to him strange, as to many others, much less disagreeable; for I might, if it did not sound conceited, contend that every one of the detached statements which constitute the Upanishads, may be deduced as a necessary result from the fundamental thoughts which I have to enunciate, though those deductions themselves are by no means to be found there.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thoughts_on_other_philosophers">Thoughts on other philosophers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thoughts on other philosophers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giordano_Bruno_and_Spinoza">Giordano Bruno and Spinoza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Giordano Bruno and Spinoza">edit</a>]</div> Schopenhauer saw <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Bruno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> as philosophers not bound to their age or nation. "Both were fulfilled by the thought, that as manifold the appearances of the world may be, it is still one being, that appears in all of them. ... Consequently, there is no place for God as creator of the world in their philosophy, but God is the world itself."<a href="#cite_note-Spinoza_and_Bruno-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Presentation-127">[127]</a> Schopenhauer expressed regret that Spinoza stuck, for the presentation of his philosophy, with the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian philosophy">Cartesian philosophy</a>, and tried to use geometrical proofs that do not hold because of vague and overly broad definitions. Bruno on the other hand, who knew much about nature and ancient literature, presented his ideas with Italian vividness, and is amongst philosophers the only one who comes near Plato's poetic and dramatic power of exposition.<a href="#cite_note-Spinoza_and_Bruno-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Presentation-127">[127]</a> Schopenhauer noted that their philosophies do not provide any ethics, and it is therefore very remarkable that Spinoza called his main work <a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a>. In fact, it could be considered complete from the standpoint of life-affirmation, if one completely ignores morality and self-denial.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It is yet even more remarkable that Schopenhauer mentions Spinoza as an example of the denial of the will, if one uses the French biography by Jean Maximilien Lucas<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> as the key to <a href="/wiki/Tractatus_de_Intellectus_Emendatione" title="Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione">Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Immanuel Kant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/200px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/300px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/400px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Schopenhauer's philosophy took Kant's work as its foundation. While he praised Kant's greatness, he nonetheless included a highly detailed criticism of Kantian philosophy as an appendix to The World as Will and Representation.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Kantian_philosophy" title="Critique of the Kantian philosophy">Critique of the Kantian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer%27s_criticism_of_Kant%27s_schemata" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata">Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata</a></div> The importance of Kant for Schopenhauer, in philosophy as well as on a personal level, cannot be overstated. Kant's philosophy was the foundation of Schopenhauer's, and he had high praise for the <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason#Transcendental_Aesthetic" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Transcendental Aesthetic</a> section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Schopenhauer maintained that Kant stands in the same relation to philosophers such as Berkeley and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, as Copernicus to <a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a>: Kant succeeded in demonstrating what previous philosophers merely asserted. Schopenhauer writes about Kant's influence on his work in the preface to the second edition of The World as Will and Representation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have already explained in the preface to the first edition, that my philosophy is founded on that of Kant, and therefore presupposes a thorough knowledge of it. I repeat this here. For Kant's teaching produces in the mind of everyone who has comprehended it a fundamental change which is so great that it may be regarded as an intellectual new-birth. It alone is able really to remove the inborn realism which proceeds from the original character of the intellect, which neither <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a> succeed in doing, for they remain too much in the universal, while Kant goes into the particular, and indeed in a way that is quite unexampled both before and after him, and which has quite a peculiar, and, we might say, immediate effect upon the mind in consequence of which it undergoes a complete undeception, and forthwith looks at all things in another light. Only in this way can any one become susceptible to the more positive expositions which I have to give. On the other hand, he who has not mastered the Kantian philosophy, whatever else he may have studied, is, as it were, in a state of innocence; that is to say, he remains in the grasp of that natural and childish realism in which we are all born, and which fits us for everything possible, with the single exception of philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></blockquote> In his study room, one bust was of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, the other was of Kant.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The bond which Schopenhauer felt with the philosopher of Königsberg is demonstrated in an unfinished poem he dedicated to Kant (included in volume 2 of the Parerga): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With my eyes I followed thee into the blue sky, And there thy flight dissolved from view. Alone I stayed in the crowd below, Thy word and thy book my only solace.— Through the strains of thy inspiring words I sought to dispel the dreary solitude. Strangers on all sides surround me. The world is desolate and life interminable.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></blockquote> Schopenhauer dedicated one fifth of his main work, The World as Will and Representation, to a detailed <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Kantian_philosophy" title="Critique of the Kantian philosophy">criticism of the Kantian philosophy</a>. Schopenhauer praised Kant for his distinction between appearance and the <a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">thing-in-itself</a>, whereas the general consensus in <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> was that this was the weakest spot of Kant's theory,<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> since, according to Kant, causality can find application on objects of experience only, and consequently, things-in-themselves cannot be the cause of appearances. The inadmissibility of this reasoning was also acknowledged by Schopenhauer. He insisted that this was a true conclusion, drawn from false premises.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Kantian_school">Post-Kantian school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Post-Kantian school">edit</a>]</div> The leading figures of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">post-Kantian philosophy</a>—<a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">F. W. J. Schelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>—were not respected by Schopenhauer. He argued that they were not philosophers at all, for they lacked "the first requirement of a philosopher, namely a seriousness and honesty of inquiry."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Rather, they were merely sophists who, excelling in the art of beguiling the public, pursued their own selfish interests (such as professional advancement within the university system). Diatribes against the alleged vacuity, dishonesty, pomposity, and self-interest of these contemporaries are to be found throughout Schopenhauer's published writings. The following passage is an example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All this explains the painful impression with which we are seized when, after studying genuine thinkers, we come to the writings of Fichte and Schelling, or even to the presumptuously scribbled nonsense of Hegel, produced as it was with a boundless, though justified, confidence in German stupidity. With those genuine thinkers one always found an honest investigation of truth and just as honest an attempt to communicate their ideas to others. Therefore whoever reads Kant, Locke, Hume, Malebranche, Spinoza, and Descartes feels elevated and agreeably impressed. This is produced through communion with a noble mind which has and awakens ideas and which thinks and sets one thinking. The reverse of all this takes place when we read the above-mentioned three German sophists. An unbiased reader, opening one of their books and then asking himself whether this is the tone of a thinker wanting to instruct or that of a charlatan wanting to impress, cannot be five minutes in any doubt; here everything breathes so much of dishonesty.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></blockquote> Schopenhauer deemed Schelling the most talented of the three and wrote that he would recommend his "elucidatory paraphrase of the highly important doctrine of Kant" concerning the intelligible character, if he had been honest enough to admit he was parroting Kant, instead of hiding this relation in a cunning manner.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Schopenhauer reserved his most unqualified damning condemnation for Hegel, whom he considered less worthy than Fichte or Schelling. Whereas Fichte was merely a windbag (Windbeutel), Hegel was a "commonplace, inane, loathsome, repulsive, and ignorant charlatan."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The philosophers <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a> agreed with this distinction.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunge1-140">[140]</a> Hegel, Schopenhauer wrote in the preface to his Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics, not only "performed no service to philosophy, but he has had a detrimental influence on philosophy, and thereby on German literature in general, really a downright stupefying, or we could even say a pestilential influence, which it is therefore the duty of everyone capable of thinking for himself and judging for himself to counteract in the most express terms at every opportunity."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg/220px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg/330px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg/440px-Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer_(sculpture)" title="Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture)">Sculpture of Schopenhauer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Ney" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Ney">Elisabeth Ney</a></figcaption></figure> Schopenhauer remained the most influential German philosopher until the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weltschmerz-142">[142]</a> His philosophy was a starting point for a new generation of philosophers including <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bahnsen" title="Julius Bahnsen">Julius Bahnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, Lazar von Hellenbach, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Robert_Eduard_von_Hartmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann">Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann</a>, Ernst Otto Lindner, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Mainl%C3%A4nder" title="Philipp Mainländer">Philipp Mainländer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Pl%C3%BCmacher" title="Olga Plümacher">Olga Plümacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Taubert" title="Agnes Taubert">Agnes Taubert</a>. His legacy shaped the intellectual debate, and forced movements that were utterly opposed to him, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, to address issues they would otherwise have completely ignored, and in doing so he changed them markedly.<a href="#cite_note-Weltschmerz-142">[142]</a> The French writer <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Maupassant</a> commented that "to-day even those who execrate him seem to carry in their own souls particles of his thought".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Other philosophers of the 19th century who cited his influence include <a href="/wiki/Hans_Vaihinger" title="Hans Vaihinger">Hans Vaihinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Volkelt" title="Johannes Volkelt">Volkelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Weininger</a>. Schopenhauer was well read by physicists, most notably <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Majorana-145">[145]</a> Einstein described Schopenhauer's thoughts as a "continual consolation" and called him a genius.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In his Berlin study three figures hung on the wall: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a>, Schopenhauer.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wachsmann" title="Konrad Wachsmann">Konrad Wachsmann</a> recalled: "He often sat with one of the well-worn Schopenhauer volumes, and as he sat there, he seemed so pleased, as if he were engaged with a serene and cheerful work."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> discovered Schopenhauer ("the greatest savant of the West") he considered switching his study of physics to philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> He maintained the idealistic views during the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> accepted the main tenet of Schopenhauer's metaphysics, that the <a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">thing-in-itself</a> is will.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> But most of all Schopenhauer is famous for his influence on artists. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> became one of the earliest and most famous adherents of the Schopenhauerian philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The admiration was not mutual, and Schopenhauer proclaimed: "I remain faithful to Rossini and Mozart!"<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> So he has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_philosophers" title="List of nicknames of philosophers">nicknamed</a> "the artist's philosopher".<a href="#cite_note-iep-1">[1]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde#Influence_of_Schopenhauer_on_Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde</a>. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 237px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 235px; height: 133px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -2px; left: -0px; width: 235px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schopenhauer depicted on a 500 million Danzig papiermark note (1923)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg/235px-DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg/353px-DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg/470px-DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4962" data-file-height="5693" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL_Mark_(1923).jpg" title="File:DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL Mark (1923).jpg"> </a></div>Schopenhauer depicted on a 500 million Danzig <a href="/wiki/Papiermark#Danzig" title="Papiermark">papiermark</a> note (1923) </div> </div> </div> Under the influence of Schopenhauer, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> became convinced that the truth of all religions lies in self-renunciation. When he read Schopenhauer's philosophy, Tolstoy exclaimed "at present I am convinced that Schopenhauer is the greatest genius among men. ... It is the whole world in an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He said that what he has written in <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> is also said by Schopenhauer in The World as Will and Representation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> remarked that the reason he had never attempted to write a systematic account of his world view, despite his penchant for philosophy and metaphysics in particular, was because Schopenhauer had already written it for him.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Other figures in literature who were strongly influenced by Schopenhauer were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">J.-K. Huysmans</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville's</a> final years, while he wrote <a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd" title="Billy Budd">Billy Budd</a>, he read Schopenhauer's essays and marked them heavily. Scholar Brian Yothers notes that Melville "marked numerous misanthropic and even suicidal remarks, suggesting an attraction to the most extreme sorts of solitude, but he also made note of Schopenhauer's reflection on the moral ambiguities of genius."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Schopenhauer's attraction to and discussions of both Eastern and Western religions in conjunction with each other made an impression on Melville in his final years. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, although initially reluctant to engage with works noted for their pessimism, became fascinated with Schopenhauer after reading Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life in Parerga and Paralipomena. "With his truths Schopenhauer gave me a spiritual world and an awareness of happiness."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading The World as Will and Representation and admitted that he was one of the few philosophers that he respected, dedicating to him his essay "Schopenhauer als Erzieher",<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> one of his <a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations" title="Untimely Meditations">Untimely Meditations</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg/220px-DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg/330px-DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg/440px-DBP_1988_1357_Arthur_Schopenhauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost</figcaption></figure> Early in his career, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism, and some traits of Schopenhauer's influence (particularly Schopenhauerian transcendentalism) can be observed in the <a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Later on, Wittgenstein rejected epistemological <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>'s conceptual <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical realism">realism</a>. In later years, Wittgenstein became highly dismissive of Schopenhauer, describing him as an ultimately shallow thinker.<a href="#cite_note-Culture_&_Value,_p.24,_1933–4-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> His friend <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> had a low opinion on the philosopher, and even came to attack him in his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Philosophy_(Russell)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western Philosophy (Russell)">History of Western Philosophy</a> for hypocritically praising asceticism yet not acting upon it.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Opposite to Russell on the foundations of mathematics, the Dutch mathematician <a href="/wiki/L._E._J._Brouwer" title="L. E. J. Brouwer">L. E. J. Brouwer</a> incorporated Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas in the philosophical school of <a href="/wiki/Intuitionism" title="Intuitionism">intuitionism</a>, where mathematics is considered as a purely mental activity instead of an analytic activity wherein objective properties of reality are revealed. Brouwer was also influenced by Schopenhauer's metaphysics, and wrote an essay on mysticism. Schopenhauer's philosophy has made its way into a novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Schopenhauer_Cure" title="The Schopenhauer Cure">The Schopenhauer Cure</a>, by American existential psychiatrist and emeritus professor of psychiatry <a href="/wiki/Irvin_Yalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvin Yalom">Irvin Yalom</a>. Schopenhauer's philosophy, and the discussions on <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">philosophical pessimism</a> it has engendered, has been the focus of contemporary thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ligotti" title="Thomas Ligotti">Thomas Ligotti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Thacker" title="Eugene Thacker">Eugene Thacker</a>. Their work also served as an inspiration for the popular HBO TV series <a href="/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful" title="Life Is Beautiful">Life Is Beautiful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In this regard, Schopenhauer is sometimes considered the founding father of today's <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Advocates of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical idealism">idealism</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Kastrup" title="Bernardo Kastrup">Bernardo Kastrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> owe their philosophical system, in part, to the metaphysics of Schopenhauer. <a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason" title="On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason">On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason</a> (Ueber die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde), 1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="On Vision and Colors">On Vision and Colors</a> (Ueber das Sehn und die Farben), 1816 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-988-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-988-3">978-0-85496-988-3</a></li> <li>Theory of Colors (Theoria colorum physiologica), 1830.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (alternatively translated as The World as Will and Idea; original German is Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung): vol. 1, 1818–1819, vol. 2, 1844 <ul><li>Vol. 1 Dover edition 1966, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21761-1">978-0-486-21761-1</a></li> <li>Vol. 2 Dover edition 1966, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21762-8">978-0-486-21762-8</a></li> <li>Peter Smith Publisher hardcover set 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-2885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-2885-1">978-0-8446-2885-1</a></li> <li>Everyman Paperback combined abridged edition (290 pp.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-87505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-87505-9">978-0-460-87505-9</a></li> <li>The Longman Library of Primary Sources in Philosophy, vol. 1, 2008; vol. 2, 2010. Title translated as The World as Will and Presentation, rather than Representation.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Being_Right" title="The Art of Being Right">The Art of Being Right</a> (Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu Behalten), 1831</li> <li>On the Will in Nature (Ueber den Willen in der Natur), 1836 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-999-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-999-9">978-0-85496-999-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will" title="On the Freedom of the Will">On the Freedom of the Will</a> (Ueber die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens), 1838 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-14552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-14552-3">978-0-631-14552-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a> (Ueber die Grundlage der Moral), 1839</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (2010). The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics. Translated by Cartwright, David E.; Erdmann, Edward E. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199297221" title="Special:BookSources/9780199297221"><bdi>9780199297221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Fundamental+Problems+of+Ethics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199297221&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> Contains <a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will" title="On the Freedom of the Will">On the Freedom of the Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer1840" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (September 1840) [Stated date: 1841.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diebeidengrundpr00scho/">Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik, behandelt in zwei akademischen Preisschriften</a> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Johann Christian Hermannsche Buchandlung. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+beiden+Grundprobleme+der+Ethik%2C+behandelt+in+zwei+akademischen+Preisschriften&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Johann+Christian+Hermannsche+Buchandlung&rft.date=1840-09&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiebeidengrundpr00scho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> Freely <a href="//archive.org/details/diebeidengrundpr00scho/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:diebeidengrundpr00scho/">available</a> from <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Contains Preisschrift über die Freiheit des Willens and Preisschrift über die Grundlage der Moral.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a> (2 vols., 1851) – Reprint: (Oxford: Clarendon Press) (2 vols., 1974) (English translation by E. F. J. Payne<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>) <ul><li>Printings: <ul><li>1974 Hardcover, by ISBN <ul><li>Vols. 1 and 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-519813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-519813-3">978-0-19-519813-3</a>,</li> <li>Vol. 1, ISBN</li> <li>Vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824527-8">978-0-19-824527-8</a>,</li></ul></li> <li>1974–1980 Paperback, Vol. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824634-3">978-0-19-824634-3</a>, Vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824635-0">978-0-19-824635-0</a>,</li> <li>2001 Paperback, Vol. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924220-7">978-0-19-924220-7</a>, Vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924221-4">978-0-19-924221-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Essays and Aphorisms, being excerpts from Volume 2 of Parerga und Paralipomena, selected and translated by R. J. Hollingdale, with Introduction by R J Hollingdale, Penguin Classics, 1970, Paperback 1973: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4">978-0-14-044227-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>An Enquiry concerning Ghost-seeing, and what is connected therewith (Versuch über das Geistersehn und was damit zusammenhangt), 1851</li> <li>Arthur Schopenhauer, Manuscript Remains, Volume II, Berg Publishers Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-539-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-539-7">978-0-85496-539-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Online">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Arthur+Schopenhauer">Works by Arthur Schopenhauer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coolhaus.de/art-of-controversy/">The Art of Controversy (Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021215085620/http://www.coolhaus.de/art-of-controversy/">Archived</a> 15 December 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (bilingual) [<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Being_Right" title="The Art of Being Right">The Art of Being Right</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/studies-in-pessimism-by-arthur-schopenhauer/">Studies in Pessimism</a> – audiobook from <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li>The World as Will and Idea at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theworldaswillan01schouoft">Volume I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theworldaswill02schouoft">Volume II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theworldaswillan03schouoft">Volume III</a></li></ul></li> <li>"On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason" and "On the will in nature". Two essays: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onthefourfoldroo00schouoft">Internet Archive</a>. Translated by Mrs. Karl Hillebrand (1903).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl322">Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection</a>. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029052257/http://www.schopenhauersource.org/type_list.php?type=manuscript">Facsimile edition of Schopenhauer's manuscripts</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424113720/http://www.schopenhauersource.org/">SchopenhauerSource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304165547/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/essays/complete.html">Essays of Schopenhauer</a> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Existential nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_a_needle" title="Eye of a needle">Eye of a needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">God in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Reni)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Reni)">Massacre of the Innocents (Guido Reni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_coil" title="Mortal coil">Mortal coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Schopenhauerian_pessimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Schopenhauerian pessimism">Post-Schopenhauerian pessimism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iep-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/schopenh">"Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer+%281788%E2%80%931860%29+%28Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fschopenh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Frederick C. Beiser</a> reviews the commonly held position that Schopenhauer was a transcendental idealist and he rejects it: "Though it is deeply heretical from the standpoint of transcendental idealism, Schopenhauer's objective standpoint involves a form of <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_realism_(Schopenhauer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental realism (Schopenhauer)">transcendental realism</a>, i.e. the assumption of the independent reality of the world of experience." (Beiser 2016, p. 40) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/voluntarism-philosophy">Voluntarism (philosophy)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Presentation, Volume 1, Routledge, 2016, p. 211: "the world [is a] mere presentation, object for a subject ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Lennart Svensson, Borderline: A Traditionalist Outlook for Modern Man, Numen Books, 2015, p. 71: "[Schopenhauer] said that 'the world is our conception'. A world without a perceiver would in that case be an impossibility. But we can—he said—gain knowledge about Essential Reality for looking into ourselves, by introspection. ... This is one of many examples of the anthropic principle. The world is there for the sake of man." </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilPapers-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilPapers_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilPapers_6-1">b</a> Stephen Puryear, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/PURSOT">"Schopenhauer on the Rights of Animals." European Journal of Philosophy 25/2 (2017):250–269</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WWR3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWR3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWR3_7-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, vol. 3, Ch. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacquette-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacquette_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacquette_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Jacquette2007" class="citation book cs1">Dale Jacquette, ed. (2007). Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04406-6"><bdi>978-0-521-04406-6</bdi></a>. <q>For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer%2C+Philosophy+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04406-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Schopenhauer2004" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23">Essays and Aphorisms</a>. Penguin Classics. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Aphorisms&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044227-4&rft.au=Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysaphorisms00scho%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Magee, Bryan (14 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/32819/chapter/275011622">"The World as Will"</a>. The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (1 ed.). Oxford University PressOxford. pp. 137–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0198237227.003.0007">10.1093/0198237227.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823722-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823722-8"><bdi>978-0-19-823722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+World+as+Will&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Schopenhauer&rft.pages=137-163&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+PressOxford&rft.date=1997-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0198237227.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823722-8&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F32819%2Fchapter%2F275011622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenabeele2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenabeele, Bart (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x">"Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience"</a>. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. 45 (4): 565–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x">10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southern+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer+on+the+Values+of+Aesthetic+Experience&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-582&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x&rft.aulast=Vandenabeele&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by <a href="/wiki/Urs_App" title="Urs App">Urs App</a>: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-03-9">978-3-906000-03-9</a>) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHergenhahn2009" class="citation book cs1">Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50621-8"><bdi>978-0-495-50621-8</bdi></a>. <q>Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Psychology&rft.pages=216&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50621-8&rft.aulast=Hergenhahn&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Schopenhauer2004" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22">Essays and Aphorisms</a>. Penguin Classics. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22">22–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044227-4</bdi></a>. <q>...but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Aphorisms&rft.pages=22-36&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044227-4&rft.au=Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysaphorisms00scho%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/studies-in-pessimism-by-arthur-schopenhauer/">Studies in Pessimism</a> – audiobook from <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._LeemingKathryn_MaddenStanton_Marlan2009" class="citation book cs1">David A. Leeming; Kathryn Madden; Stanton Marlan, eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2. Springer. p. 824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71801-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71801-9"><bdi>978-0-387-71801-9</bdi></a>. <q>A more accurate statement might be that for a German—rather than a French or British writer of that time—Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=824&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71801-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Books-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Google_Books_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauerGünter_ZöllerEric_F._J._Payne1999" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur; Günter Zöller; Eric F. J. Payne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fW5Dl-tUS_oC&q=Schopenhauer+%2222+February%22&pg=PR30">Chronology</a>. Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57766-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57766-3"><bdi>978-0-521-57766-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology&rft.series=Prize+Essay+on+the+Freedom+of+the+Will&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57766-3&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Z%C3%B6ller&rft.au=Eric+F.+J.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfW5Dl-tUS_oC%26q%3DSchopenhauer%2B%252222%2BFebruary%2522%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_16-128">dy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2010" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, David E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meD1bGAjO6wC&pg=PA30">Schopenhauer: A Biography</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82598-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82598-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82598-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82598-6&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeD1bGAjO6wC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullock_1920_p._53-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_1920_p._53_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1920" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, A.B. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XipHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53">The Supreme Human Tragedy: And Other Essays</a>. C.W. Daniel. p. 53. Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Human+Tragedy%3A+And+Other+Essays&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=C.W.+Daniel&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXipHAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Safranski (1990), p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2003" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, W. (2003). Life of Arthur Schopenhauer. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0641-1"><bdi>978-1-4102-0641-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-0641-1&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Durant, Will, The Story of Philosophy, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., New York, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611051923/http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/essays/schopenhauer.html">"Schopenhauer: A Pessimist in the Optimistic Month of May"</a>. Germanic American Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/essays/Schopenhauer.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer%3A+A+Pessimist+in+the+Optimistic+Month+of+May&rft.pub=Germanic+American+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourseweb.stthomas.edu%2Fpaschons%2Flanguage_http%2Fessays%2FSchopenhauer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectedessaysof033377mbp/selectedessaysof033377mbp_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Selected Essays Of Schopenhauer""</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+%22Selected+Essays+Of+Schopenhauer%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fselectedessaysof033377mbp%2Fselectedessaysof033377mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mom-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mom_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mom_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksson2001" class="citation cs2">Fredriksson, Einar H. (2001), "The Dutch Publishing Scene: Elsevier and North-Holland", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwWrRYyck6AC&pg=PA61">A Century of Science Publishing: A Collection of Essays</a>, Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp. 61–76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-274-90424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-274-90424-0"><bdi>978-4-274-90424-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Publishing+Scene%3A+Elsevier+and+North-Holland&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Science+Publishing%3A+A+Collection+of+Essays&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=61-76&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-4-274-90424-0&rft.aulast=Fredriksson&rft.aufirst=Einar+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwWrRYyck6AC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1961" class="citation journal cs1">Willson, A. Leslie (1961). "Friedrich Majer: Romantic Indologist". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 3 (1): 40–49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-4691">0040-4691</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753707">40753707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Studies+in+Literature+and+Language&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Majer%3A+Romantic+Indologist&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-49&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40753707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0040-4691&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=A.+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–68_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1997">Clarke 1997</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–69-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199767–69_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1997">Clarke 1997</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1997273-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1997273_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1997">Clarke 1997</a>, pp. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199769-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199769_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1997">Clarke 1997</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer2019" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur (22 April 2019). The world as will and idea. Classic Wisdom Reprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-950330-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-950330-23-2"><bdi>978-1-950330-23-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229105608">1229105608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+as+will+and+idea&rft.pub=Classic+Wisdom+Reprint&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1229105608&rft.isbn=978-1-950330-23-2&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Although the first volume was published by December 1818, it was printed with a title page erroneously giving the year as 1819 (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunschweig2013" class="citation cs2">Braunschweig, Yael (2013), "Schopenhauer and Rossinian Universiality: On the Italianate in Schopenhauer's Metaphysics of Music", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ_3AQAAQBAJ">The Invention of Beethoven and Rossini: Historiography, Analysis, Criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ_3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">297, n. 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76805-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76805-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer+and+Rossinian+Universiality%3A+On+the+Italianate+in+Schopenhauer%27s+Metaphysics+of+Music&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Beethoven+and+Rossini%3A+Historiography%2C+Analysis%2C+Criticism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=297%2C+n.+7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76805-4&rft.aulast=Braunschweig&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQ_3AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Safranski, Rüdiger (1991) <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_and_the_Wild_Years_of_Philosophy" title="Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy">Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Schopenhauer, Arthur. Author's preface to "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason", p. 1 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason" class="extiw" title="s:On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason">On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason</a> on Wikisource.) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchopenhauer2010">Schopenhauer 2010</a>, pp. xxviii, xxxix </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Dale Jacquette, The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, Routledge, 2015: "Biographical sketch". </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Schopenhauer: his life and philosophy by H. Zimmern – 1932 – G. Allen & Unwin. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2013" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&dq=%22Arthur+Schopenhauer%22+%22lutheran%22&pg=PA167">Arthur Schopenhauer, 2013</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-069-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer%2C+2013&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-069-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TBXX9KVtzsC%26dq%3D%2522Arthur%2BSchopenhauer%2522%2B%2522lutheran%2522%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Letter to Goethe on 23 January 1816: "Ich weiß, daß durch mich die Wahrheit geredet hat, – in dieser kleinen Sache, wie dereinst in größern." </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1. Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy. <q>But the whole teaching of Kant contains really nothing more about this than the oft-repeated meaningless expression: 'The empirical element in perception is given from without.' ... always through the same meaningless metaphorical expression: 'The empirical perception is given us.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. § 21. <q>For sensation is and remains a process within the organism and is limited, as such, to the region within the skin; it cannot therefore contain any thing which lies beyond that region, or, in other words, anything that is outside us. ... It is only when the Understanding begins to apply its sole form, the causal law, that a powerful transformation takes place, by which subjective sensation becomes objective perception.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Fourfold+Root+of+the+Principle+of+Sufficient+Reason&rft.pages=%C2%A7+21&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. § 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Fourfold+Root+of+the+Principle+of+Sufficient+Reason&rft.pages=%C2%A7+21&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, § 4. <q>The contrary doctrine that the law of causality results from experience, which was the scepticism of Hume, is first refuted by this. For the independence of the knowledge of causality of all experience,—that is, its a priori character—can only be deduced from the dependence of all experience upon it; and this deduction can only be accomplished by proving, in the manner here indicated, and explained in the passages referred to above, that the knowledge of causality is included in perception in general, to which all experience belongs, and therefore in respect of experience is completely a priori, does not presuppose it, but is presupposed by it as a condition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._CartwrightEdward_E._Erdmann" class="citation book cs1">David E. Cartwright; Edward E. Erdmann. Introduction to "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason". Cambridge University Press. pp. xvi–xvii. <q>He had also rehearsed for the first time his physiological arguments for the intellectual nature of intuition [Anschauung, objective perception] in his "On Vision and Colours", and he had discussed how his philosophy was corroborated by the sciences in "On Will in Nature". ... Like the German Idealists, Schopenhauer was convinced that Kant's great unknown, the thing in itself, is the weak point of the critical philosophy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+%22On+the+Fourfold+Root+of+the+Principle+of+Sufficient+Reason%22&rft.pages=xvi-xvii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=David+E.+Cartwright&rft.au=Edward+E.+Erdmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKant" class="citation book cs1">Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Translated by Paul Carus. § 52c.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+Any+Future+Metaphysics&rft.pages=%C2%A7+52c&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See the quotation of Schopenhauer in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm2021" class="citation book cs1">Storm, Jason Josephson (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEQ6EAAAQBAJ">Metamodernism: The Future of Theory</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78665-0"><bdi>978-0-226-78665-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamodernism%3A+The+Future+of+Theory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-226-78665-0&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason+Josephson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEQ6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason,_and_On_the_Will_in_Nature:_Two_Essays_(revised_edition)-45"><a href="#cite_ref-On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason,_and_On_the_Will_in_Nature:_Two_Essays_(revised_edition)_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="p.65" class="citation web cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50966/pg50966-images.html#Pg031">"On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature: Two Essays (revised edition)"</a>. gutenberg.org. Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=On+the+Fourfold+Root+of+the+Principle+of+Sufficient+Reason%2C+and+On+the+Will+in+Nature%3A+Two+Essays+%28revised+edition%29&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F50966%2Fpg50966-images.html%23Pg031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2005" class="citation book cs1">Young, Julian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134328833">Schopenhauer</a> (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 4–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203022108">10.4324/9780203022108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32883-3"><bdi>978-1-134-32883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer&rft.pages=4-25&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203022108&rft.isbn=978-1-134-32883-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781134328833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Einstein, Albert (1935). The World as I See It, p. 14. Snowball Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4948-7706-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4948-7706-6">1-4948-7706-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, §68 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, §38 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, §34 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Daniel Albright, Modernism and Music, 2004, p. 39, footnote 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Music-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Music_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer1970" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/162">Essays and Aphorisms</a>. Penguin Classics. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044227-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Aphorisms&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044227-4&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysaphorisms00scho%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, vol. 2, ch. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "I wanted in this way to stress and demonstrate the great difference, indeed opposition, between knowledge of perception and abstract or reflected knowledge. Hitherto this difference has received too little attention, and its establishment is a fundamental feature of my philosophy ..." – The World as Will and Representation., vol. 2, ch. 7, p. 88 (trans. Payne) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> This comment by Schopenhauer was called "an acute observation" by <a href="/wiki/T._L._Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="T. L. Heath">Sir Thomas L. Heath</a>. In his translation of <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">The Elements</a>, vol. 1, Book I, "Note on Common Notion 4", Heath made this judgment and also noted that Schopenhauer's remark "was a criticism in advance of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz'</a> theory". Helmholtz had "maintained that geometry requires us to assume the actual existence of rigid bodies and their free mobility in space" and is therefore "dependent on mechanics". </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> What Schopenhauer calls the eighth axiom is Euclid's Common Notion 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Motion of an object in space does not belong in a pure science, and consequently not in geometry. For the fact that something is movable cannot be cognized a priori, but can be cognized only through experience." (Kant, <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a>, B 155, Note) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, § 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+%C2%A7+53.&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, § 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+%C2%A7+23.&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, § 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+%C2%A7+66.&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Basis of Morality. § 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Basis+of+Morality&rft.pages=%C2%A7+19&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. Parerga and Paralipomena. Vol. 2, § 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parerga+and+Paralipomena&rft.pages=Vol.+2%2C+%C2%A7+173&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_as_will_and_idea_Vol._1_§_63_63-2">c</a> The World as Will and Idea Vol. 1 § 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascetic-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ascetic_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ascetic_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ascetic_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, § 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+%C2%A7+68.&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Schopenhauer, Arthur. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation/Supplements_to_the_Fourth_Book" class="extiw" title="s:The World as Will and Representation/Supplements to the Fourth Book">The World as Will and Representation: Supplements to the Fourth Book</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-inveigles-66"><a href="#cite_ref-inveigles_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary. Schopenhauer: Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861248-3"><bdi>978-0-19-861248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedic+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Schopenhauer&rft.pages=1298&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861248-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Schopenhauer, Arthur, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation/Supplements_to_the_Fourth_Book" class="extiw" title="s:The World as Will and Representation/Supplements to the Fourth Book">The World as Will and Representation, Supplements to the Fourth Book</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ADescent_of_Man_1875.djvu/602">The Descent of Man</a>. p. 586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man&rft.pages=586&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%253ADescent_of_Man_1875.djvu%2F602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> "Nearly a century before Freud ... in Schopenhauer there is, for the first time, an explicit philosophy of the unconscious and of the body." Safranski p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, Vol. 2, Ch. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Paralipomena,_Vol_p._254-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paralipomena,_Vol_p._254_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paralipomena,_Vol_p._254_71-1">b</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 2, "On Jurisprudence and Politics," §127, trans. Payne (p. 254). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 2, "On Jurisprudence and Politics," §127, trans. Payne (p. 255). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, Vol. 2, Ch. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-twwr62-74"><a href="#cite_ref-twwr62_74-0">^</a> Schopenhauer, <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, Vol. I, § 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "... he who attempts to punish in accordance with reason does not retaliate on account of the past wrong (for he could not undo something which has been done) but for the future, so that neither the wrongdoer himself, nor others who see him being punished, will do wrong again." Plato, "<a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a>", 324 B. Plato wrote that punishment should "be an example to other men not to offend". Plato, "<a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a>", Book IX, 863. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 2, "On Philosophy and Natural Science," §92, trans. Payne (p. 158-159). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 2, "On Ethics," §114, trans. Payne (p. 212). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> "Fragments for the History of Philosophy", Parerga and Paralipomena, Volume I, trans. Payne (p. 126). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboq.org/schopenhauer/parerga2/weiber.htm">"Arthur Schopenhauer: Ueber die Weiber"</a>. aboq.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aboq.org&rft.atitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer%3A+Ueber+die+Weiber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboq.org%2Fschopenhauer%2Fparerga2%2Fweiber.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Rodgers" title="Nigel Rodgers">Rodgers</a> (environmentalist) and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Thompson_(writer)" title="Mel Thompson (writer)">Thompson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philosophers_Behaving_Badly" title="Philosophers Behaving Badly">Philosophers Behaving Badly</a> call Schopenhauer "a misogynist without rival in ... Western philosophy". </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Feminism and the Limits of Equality PA Cain – Ga. L. Rev., 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2005-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Young2005_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Young2005" class="citation book cs1">Julian Young (23 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfDyeGY0RFMC&pg=PA242">Schopenhauer</a>. Psychology Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33346-7"><bdi>978-0-415-33346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33346-7&rft.au=Julian+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfDyeGY0RFMC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1984" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Sandra Salser (Spring 1984). "Arthur Schopenhauer and Elisabet Ney". <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Review" title="Southwest Review">Southwest Review</a>. 69 (2): 130–47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43469632">43469632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Review&rft.atitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer+and+Elisabet+Ney&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-47&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43469632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Salser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Safranski (1990), Chapter 24. p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchopenhauer1969">Schopenhauer 1969</a>, p. 566 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchopenhauer1969">Schopenhauer 1969</a>, p. 567 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Payne, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> On the Suffering of the World (1970), p. 35. Penguin Books – Great Ideas. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer1969" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur (1969). E. F. J. Payne (ed.). The World as Will and Representation. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications. p. 527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21762-8"><bdi>978-0-486-21762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21762-8&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Essays and Aphorisms, trans. R.J. Hollingdale, Middlesex: London, 1970, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Nietzsche and Modern German Thought by K. Ansell-Pearson – 1991 – Psychology Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Christina Gerhardt, "Thinking With: Animals in Schopenhauer, Horkheimer and Adorno." Critical Theory and Animals. Ed. John Sanbonmatsu. Lanham: Rowland, 2011. 137–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> "Unlike the intellect, it [the Will] does not depend on the perfection of the organism, but is essentially the same in all animals as what is known to us so intimately. Accordingly, the animal has all the emotions of humans, such as joy, grief, fear, anger, love, hatred, strong desire, envy, and so on. The great difference between human and animal rests solely on the intellect's degrees of perfection. On the Will in Nature, "Physiology and Pathology". </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer1994" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur (1994). Philosophical Writings. London: Continuum. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0729-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-0729-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Writings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0729-0&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder2000" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Richard (2000). Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Oxford: Berg Publishers. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-330-1"><bdi>978-1-85973-330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Revolution%3A+Changing+Attitudes+Towards+Speciesism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-330-1&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "... in English all animals are of the neuter gender and so are represented by the pronoun 'it,' just as if they were inanimate things. The effect of this artifice is quite revolting, especially in the case of primates, such as dogs, monkeys, and the like...." On the Basis of Morality, § 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "I recall having read of an Englishman who, while hunting in India, had shot a monkey; he could not forget the look which the dying animal gave him, and since then had never again fired at monkeys." On the Basis of Morality, § 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "[Sir William Harris] describes how he shot his first elephant, a female. The next morning he went to look for the dead animal; all the other elephants had fled from the neighborhood except a young one, who had spent the night with its dead mother. Forgetting all fear, he came toward the sportsmen with the clearest and liveliest evidence of inconsolable grief, and put his tiny trunk round them in order to appeal to them for help. Harris says he was then filled with real remorse for what he had done, and felt as if he had committed a murder." On the basis of morality, § 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "His contempt for animals, who, as mere things for our use, are declared by him to be without rights, ... in conjunction with Pantheism, is at the same time absurd and abominable." The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 2, Chapter 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Spinoza, Ethics, Pt. IV, Prop. XXXVII, Note I.: "Still I do not deny that beasts feel: what I deny is, that we may not consult our own advantage and use them as we please, treating them in a way which best suits us; for their nature is not like ours ..." This is the exact opposite of Schopenhauer's doctrine. Also, Ethics, Appendix, 26, "whatsoever there be in nature beside man, a regard for our advantage does not call on us to preserve, but to preserve or destroy according to its various capacities, and to adapt to our use as best we may." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> "Such are the matters which I engage to prove in Prop. xviii of this Part, whereby it is plain that the law against the slaughtering of animals is founded rather on vain superstition and womanish pity than on sound reason. The rational quest of what is useful to us further teaches us the necessity of associating ourselves with our fellow-men, but not with beasts, or things, whose nature is different from our own; we have the same rights in respect to them as they have in respect to us. Nay, as everyone's right is defined by his virtue, or power, men have far greater rights over beasts than beasts have over men. Still I affirm that beasts feel. But I also affirm that we may consult our own advantage and use them as we please, treating them in the way which best suits us; for their nature is not like ours, and their emotions are naturally different from human emotions." Ethics, Part 4, Prop. 37, Note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan" class="citation web cs1">Madigan, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/52/Schopenhauers_Compassionate_Morality#:~:text=It%20is%20compassion,%20or%20fellow,of%20the%20will%20to%20live.">"Schopenhauer's Compassionate Morality | Issue 52 | Philosophy Now"</a>. Philosophy Now. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer%27s+Compassionate+Morality+%7C+Issue+52+%7C+Philosophy+Now&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F52%2FSchopenhauers_Compassionate_Morality%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIt%2520is%2520compassion%2C%2520or%2520fellow%2Cof%2520the%2520will%2520to%2520live.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke199768-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199768_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199768_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199768_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke199768_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1997">Clarke 1997</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Christopher McCoy, 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer1840" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/basisofmorality00schoiala#page/269/mode/2up">"Part IV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a>. Translated by Bullock, Arthur Brodrick. London: <a href="/wiki/Swan_Sonnenschein" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Sonnenschein">Swan Sonnenschein</a> (published 1908). pp. 269–271 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IV&rft.btitle=On+the+Basis+of+Morality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=269-271&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbasisofmorality00schoiala%23page%2F269%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt" class="citation web cs1">Dutt, Purohit Bhagavan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802010348/http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/motives.html">"Western Indologists: A Study in Motives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/motives.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Indologists%3A+A+Study+in+Motives&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Purohit+Bhagavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophy.ru%2Flibrary%2Fasiatica%2Findica%2Fauthors%2Fmotives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Christopher McCoy, 54–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Abelson, Peter (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/peter2.htm">Schopenhauer and Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204330/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/peter2.htm">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philosophy East and West Volume 43, Number 2, pp. 255–278. University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved on: 12 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Janaway" title="Christopher Janaway">Janaway</a>, Christopher, Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy, pp. 28 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Burton_2004,_page_22-110"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Burton_2004,_page_22_110-0">^</a> David Burton, "Buddhism, Knowledge and Liberation: A Philosophical Study." Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> John J. Holder, Early Buddhist Discourses. Hackett Publishing Company, 2006, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Schopenhauer is often said to be the first modern Western philosopher to attempt integration of his work with Eastern ways of thinking. That he was the first is true, but the claim that he was influenced by Indian thought needs qualification. There is a remarkable correspondence in broad terms between some central Schopenhauerian doctrines and Buddhism: notably in the views that empirical existence is suffering, that suffering originates in desires, and that salvation can be attained by the extinction of desires. These three 'truths of the Buddha' are mirrored closely in the essential structure of the doctrine of the will." (On this, see Dorothea W. Dauer, Schopenhauer as Transmitter of Buddhist Ideas. Note also the discussion by Bryan Magee, The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, pp. 14–15, 316–321). Janaway, Christopher, Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy, p. 28 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, Vol. 2, Ch. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Artistic detachment in Japan and the West: psychic distance in comparative aesthetics by S. Odin – 2001 – University of Hawaii Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Parerga & Paralipomena, vol. I, p. 106., trans. E.F.J. Payne. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> World as Will and Representation, vol. I, p. 273, trans. E.F.J. Payne. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Christopher McCoy, 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> App, Urs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp200_schopenhauer.pdf">Arthur Schopenhauer and China. Sino-Platonic Papers Nr. 200 (April 2010)</a> (PDF, 8.7 Mb PDF, 164 p.; Schopenhauer's early notes on Buddhism reproduced in Appendix). This study provides an overview of the actual discovery of Buddhism by Schopenhauer. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Hutton, Kenneth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2014/12/Hutton-Schopenhauer.pdf">Compassion in Schopenhauer and Śāntideva. Journal of Buddhist Ethics Vol. 21 (2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myth_of_Disenchantment-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_of_Disenchantment_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_of_Disenchantment_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ">The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Quote from Josephson-Storm (2017), p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Mark (2009). "Experimental Subversions of Modernity". Pure: Modernity, Philosophy, and the One. Sophia Perennis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59731-094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59731-094-9"><bdi>978-1-59731-094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experimental+Subversions+of+Modernity&rft.btitle=Pure%3A+Modernity%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+the+One&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59731-094-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnegy" class="citation book cs1">Carnegy, Patrick. Wagner and the Art of the Theatre. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+and+the+Art+of+the+Theatre&rft.pages=51&rft.aulast=Carnegy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> The World as Will and Representation Preface to the first edition, p. xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinoza_and_Bruno-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza_and_Bruno_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza_and_Bruno_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy. Note 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+Criticism+of+the+Kantian+Philosophy.+Note+5.&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Presentation-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Presentation_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presentation_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/arthur-schopenhauers-handschriftlicher-nachlass-vorlesungen-und-abhandlungen-4993/3">"Handschriftlicher, Nachlass, Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen"</a>. Gutenberg Spiegel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gutenberg+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Handschriftlicher%2C+Nachlass%2C+Vorlesungen+und+Abhandlungen.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Fbuch%2Farthur-schopenhauers-handschriftlicher-nachlass-vorlesungen-und-abhandlungen-4993%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Abschnitt: Handschriftlicher Nachlaß. § 588. <q>Es kann daher eine vollkommen wahre Philosophie geben, die ganz von der Verneinung des Lebens abstrahirt, diese ganz ignorirt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abschnitt%3A+Handschriftlicher+Nachla%C3%9F&rft.pages=%C2%A7+588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Vie_de_Spinoza">"Vie de Spinoza – Wikisource"</a>. fr.wikisource.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fr.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Vie+de+Spinoza+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FVie_de_Spinoza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The World as Will and Representation. § 68. <q>We might to a certain extent regard the well-known French biography of Spinoza as a case in point, if we used as a key to it that noble introduction to his very insufficient essay, "De Emendatione Intellects", a passage which I can also recommend as the most effectual means I know of stilling the storm of the passions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.pages=%C2%A7+68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Schopenhauer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Arthur Schopenhauer. World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1, Preface of the Second Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.au=Arthur+Schopenhauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerauld_McGill1931" class="citation book cs1">Jerauld McGill, Vivian (1931). Schopenhauer. Pessimist and Pagan. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer.+Pessimist+and+Pagan.&rft.pages=320&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Jerauld+McGill&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays, Volume 2, trans. Payne, p. 655–656. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1 Criticism of the Kantian philosophy. Translated by J. Kemp. <q>With the proof of the thing in itself it has happened to Kant precisely as with that of the a priori nature of the law of causality. Both doctrines are true, but their proof is false. They thus belong to the class of true conclusions from false premises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 1, Appendix to "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real," trans. E. J. Payne (Oxford, 1974), p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 1, Appendix to "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real," trans. E. J. Payne (Oxford, 1974), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer" class="citation book cs1">Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Freedom of the Will. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Freedom+of+the+Will&rft.pages=82&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy", Sec. 13, trans. E. J. Payne (Oxford, 1974), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper1946" class="citation journal cs1">Popper, Karl (1946). "The Open Society and Her Enemies". Nature. 157 (3987): 52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946Natur.157..387R">1946Natur.157..387R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157387a0">10.1038/157387a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4074331">4074331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Open+Society+and+Her+Enemies&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=3987&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4074331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F157387a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1946Natur.157..387R&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunge1-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Bunge1_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunge,_Mario2020" class="citation web cs1">Bunge, Mario (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filco.es/mario-bunge-no-evitar-filosofia/">"Mario Bunge nos dijo: "Se puede ignorar la filosofía, pero no evitarla""</a>. Filosofía&Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Bunge+nos+dijo%3A+%22Se+puede+ignorar+la+filosof%C3%ADa%2C+pero+no+evitarla%22&rft.pub=Filosof%C3%ADa%26Co&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Bunge%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filco.es%2Fmario-bunge-no-evitar-filosofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics, Preface to the First Edition, trans. Christopher Janaway (Cambridge, 2009), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weltschmerz-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weltschmerz_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weltschmerz_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2008" class="citation book cs1">Beiser, Frederick C. (2008). Weltschmerz, Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876871-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876871-5"><bdi>978-0-19-876871-5</bdi></a>. <q>Arthur Schopenhauer was the most famous and influential philosopher in Germany from 1860 until the First World War. ... Schopenhauer had a profound influence on two intellectual movements of the late 19th century that were utterly opposed to him: neo-Kantianism and positivism. He forced these movements to address issues they would otherwise have completely ignored, and in doing so he changed them markedly. ... Schopenhauer set the agenda for his age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weltschmerz%2C+Pessimism+in+German+Philosophy%2C+1860%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=14-16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876871-5&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Beside Schopenhauer's Corpse </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1997" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Don (1997). A Peek behind the Veil of Maya: Einstein, Schopenhauer, and the Historical Background of the Conception of Space as a Ground for the Individuation of Physical Systems. University of Pittsburgh Press. <q>Pauli greatly admired Schopenhauer. ... Pauli wrote sympathetically about extrasensory perception, noting approvingly that "even such a thoroughly critical philosopher as Schopenhauer not only regarded parapsychological effects going far beyond what is secured by scientific evidence as possible, but even considered them as a support for his philosophy".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peek+behind+the+Veil+of+Maya%3A+Einstein%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+and+the+Historical+Background+of+the+Conception+of+Space+as+a+Ground+for+the+Individuation+of+Physical+Systems&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majorana-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Majorana_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassani2006" class="citation book cs1">Bassani, Giuseppe-Franco (15 December 2006). Società Italiana di Fisica (ed.). Ettore Majorana: Scientific Papers. Springer. p. xl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48091-4"><bdi>978-3-540-48091-4</bdi></a>. <q>His interest in philosophy, which had always been great, increased and prompted him to reflect deeply on the works of various philosophers, in particular Schopenhauer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ettore+Majorana%3A+Scientific+Papers&rft.pages=xl&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.isbn=978-3-540-48091-4&rft.aulast=Bassani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe-Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2007" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2007). Einstein: His Life and Universe. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6474-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-6474-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+His+Life+and+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6474-7&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Howard (1997). p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Howard (1997). p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern2015" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul (2015). Einstein's Dice and Schrödinger's Cat: How Two Great Minds Battled Quantum Randomness to Create a Unified Theory of Physics. Basic Books. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04065-0"><bdi>978-0-465-04065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Dice+and+Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s+Cat%3A+How+Two+Great+Minds+Battled+Quantum+Randomness+to+Create+a+Unified+Theory+of+Physics&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04065-0&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Howard (1997). p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_B._Marcin" class="citation web cs1">Raymond B. Marcin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6149849">"Schopenhauers Metaphysics and Contemporary Quantum Theory"</a>. <q>David Lindorff referred to Schopenhauer as Pauli's "favorite philosopher", and Pauli himself often expressed his agreement with the main tenet of Schopenhauer's philosophy. ... Suzanne Gieser cited a 1952 letter from Pauli to Carl Jung, in which Pauli indicated that, while he accepted Schopenhauer's main tenet that the thing-in-itself of all reality is will.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schopenhauers+Metaphysics+and+Contemporary+Quantum+Theory&rft.au=Raymond+B.+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6149849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> See e.g. Magee (2000) 276–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Mathew,_Benjamin_Walton" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Mathew, Benjamin Walton. The Invention of Beethoven and Rossini: Historiography, Analysis, Criticism. p. 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Beethoven+and+Rossini%3A+Historiography%2C+Analysis%2C+Criticism&rft.pages=296&rft.au=Nicholas+Mathew%2C+Benjamin+Walton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Tolstoy's letter to Afanasy Fet on 30 August 1869. "Do you know what this summer has meant for me? Constant raptures over Schopenhauer and a whole series of spiritual delights as I've never experienced before. I have brought all of his works and read him over and over, Kant too by the way. Assuredly no student has ever learned and discovered so much in one semester as I have during this summer. I do not know if I shall ever change my opinion, but at present I am convinced that Schopenhauer is the greatest genius among men. You say he is so-so, he has written a few things on philosophy? What is so-so? It is the whole world in an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection. I have started to translate him. Won't you help me? Indeed, I cannot understand how his name can be unknown. The only explanation for this can only be the one he so often repeats, that is, that there is scarcely anyone but idiots in the world." </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Caleb (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316432">"Quietism from the Side of Happiness: Tolstoy, Schopenhauer, War and Peace"</a>. Common Knowledge. 15 (3): 395–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F0961754X-2009-020">10.1215/0961754X-2009-020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145535267">145535267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Quietism+from+the+Side+of+Happiness%3A+Tolstoy%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+War+and+Peace&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-411&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F0961754X-2009-020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145535267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F316432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee1997" class="citation book cs1">Magee, Bryan (1997). Confessions of a Philosopher. p. 413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Philosopher&rft.pages=413&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaleb_Flamm2002" class="citation journal cs1">Caleb Flamm, Matthew (2002). "Santayana and Schopenhauer". Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 38 (3): 413–431. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40320900">40320900</a>. <q>A thinker of whom it is well known that Santayana had an early, deep admiration, namely, Schopenhauer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Charles+S.+Peirce+Society&rft.atitle=Santayana+and+Schopenhauer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413-431&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40320900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caleb+Flamm&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYothers2015" class="citation book cs1">Yothers, Brian (2015). Sacred Uncertainty: Religious Difference and The Shape of Melville's Career. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3071-5"><bdi>978-0-8101-3071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Uncertainty%3A+Religious+Difference+and+The+Shape+of+Melville%27s+Career&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-3071-5&rft.aulast=Yothers&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2008" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Simon (2008). Sergey Prokofiev and His World. Princeton University Press. pp. 19, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13895-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13895-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sergey+Prokofiev+and+His+World&rft.pages=19%2C+20&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13895-4&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Schopenhauer_as_Educator" class="extiw" title="s:Schopenhauer as Educator">Schopenhauer as Educator</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlock,_Hans-Johann2017" class="citation book cs1">Glock, Hans-Johann (2017). A Companion to Wittgenstein. Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbfBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Wittgenstein&rft.place=Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Glock%2C+Hans-Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlock,_Hans-Johann2000" class="citation book cs1">Glock, Hans-Johann (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnUF-UjhX_oC&pg=PA424">424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Schopenhauer&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Glock%2C+Hans-Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture_&_Value,_p.24,_1933–4-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Culture_&_Value,_p.24,_1933–4_163-0">^</a> Culture & Value, p. 24, 1933–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir. Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1946" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1946). History of Western Philosophy. George Allen and Unwin. p. 786.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-79577">"Writer Nic Pizzolatto on Thomas Ligotti and the Weird Secrets of 'True Detective'"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Writer+Nic+Pizzolatto+on+Thomas+Ligotti+and+the+Weird+Secrets+of+%27True+Detective%27&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-SEB-79577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> M.Morioka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MORWIA-14"> What Is Antinatalism? and Other Essays</a>, pp.8–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Kastrup, Bernardo Decoding Schopenhauer’s Metaphysics: The Key to Understanding How It Solves the Hard Problem of Consciousness and the Paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics Iff Books (July 31, 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Koch, Christof Then I Am Myself the World: What Consciousness Is and How to Expand It Basic Books (May 7, 2024) pp. 49, 127, 132, 139, 209, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Eric Francis Jules Payne (17 February 1895 – 12 January 1983) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Albright, Daniel (2004) Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01267-4">978-0-226-01267-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser, Frederick C.</a>, Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2010" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, David E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meD1bGAjO6wC&pg=PA30">Schopenhauer: A Biography</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82598-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82598-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82598-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schopenhauer%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82598-6&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeD1bGAjO6wC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, John James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0"><bdi>978-0-415-13376-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Enlightenment%3A+The+Encounter+Between+Asian+and+Western+Thought&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13376-0&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YOGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hannan, Barbara, The Riddle of the World: A Reconsideration of Schopenhauer's Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a>, Confessions of a Philosopher, Random House, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50028-2">978-0-375-50028-2</a>. Chapters 20, 21.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski, Rüdiger</a> (1990) <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_and_the_Wild_Years_of_Philosophy" title="Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy">Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy</a>. Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79275-3">978-0-674-79275-3</a>; orig. German Schopenhauer und Die wilden Jahre der Philosophie, Carl Hanser Verlag (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> editor, The Living Thoughts of Schopenhauer, Longmans Green & Co., 1939</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a>, Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher of pessimism (Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1946)</li> <li>Damm, O. F., Arthur Schopenhauer – eine Biographie (Reclam, 1912)</li> <li>Fischer, Kuno, Arthur Schopenhauer (Heidelberg: Winter, 1893); revised as Schopenhauers Leben, Werke und Lehre (Heidelberg: Winter, 1898).</li> <li>Grisebach, Eduard, Schopenhauer – Geschichte seines Lebens (Berlin: Hofmann, 1876).</li> <li>Hamlyn, D. W., Schopenhauer, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1980, 1985)</li> <li>Hasse, Heinrich, Schopenhauer. (Reinhardt, 1926)</li> <li>Hübscher, Arthur, Arthur Schopenhauer – Ein Lebensbild (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1938).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann, Thomas</a>, Schopenhauer (Bermann-Fischer, 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Matthews_(author)" title="Jack Matthews (author)">Matthews, Jack</a>, Schopenhauer's Will: Das Testament, Nine Point Publishing, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9858278-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9858278-8-5">978-0-9858278-8-5</a>. A recent creative biography by philosophical novelist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Matthews_(author)" title="Jack Matthews (author)">Jack Matthews</a>.</li> <li>Safranski, Rüdiger, Schopenhauer und die wilden Jahre der Philosophie – Eine Biographie, hard cover Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-14490-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-14490-3">978-3-446-14490-3</a>, pocket edition Fischer: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-14299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-14299-6">978-3-596-14299-6</a>.</li> <li>Safranski, Rüdiger, <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_and_the_Wild_Years_of_Philosophy" title="Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy">Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy</a>, trans. Ewald Osers (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989)</li> <li>Schneider, Walther, Schopenhauer – Eine Biographie (Vienna: Bermann-Fischer, 1937).</li> <li>Wallace, William, Life of Arthur Schopenhauer (London: Scott, 1890; repr., St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Scholarly Press, 1970)</li> <li>Zimmern, Helen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/arthurschopenha00zimmuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and His Philosophy</a> (London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1876)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books">Other books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urs_App" title="Urs App">App, Urs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp200_schopenhauer.pdf">Arthur Schopenhauer and China. Sino-Platonic Papers Nr. 200 (April 2010)</a> (PDF, 8.7 Mb PDF, 164 p.). Contains extensive appendixes with transcriptions and English translations of Schopenhauer's early notes about Buddhism and Indian philosophy.</li> <li>App, Urs, Schopenhauers Kompass. Die Geburt einer Philosophie. UniversityMedia, Rorschach/ Kyoto 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-02-2">978-3-906000-02-2</a></li> <li>Atwell, John. Schopenhauer on the Character of the World, The Metaphysics of Will.</li> <li>Atwell, John, Schopenhauer, The Human Character.</li> <li>Edwards, Anthony. An Evolutionary Epistemological Critique of Schopenhauer's Metaphysics. 123 Books, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a>, Schopenhauer: Philosopher of Pessimism, 1946 (reprinted London: Search Press, 1975).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gardiner" title="Patrick Gardiner">Gardiner, Patrick</a>, 1963. Schopenhauer. Penguin Books.</li> <li>Janaway, Christopher, 2002. Schopenhauer: A Very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192802590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192802590">978-0192802590</a></li> <li>Janaway, Christopher, 2003. Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6">978-0-19-825003-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a>, The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, Oxford University Press (1988, reprint 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823722-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823722-8">978-0-19-823722-8</a></li> <li>Marcin, Raymond B. In Search of Schopenhauer's Cat: Arthur Schopenhauer's Quantum-Mystical Theory of Justice. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813214306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813214306">978-0813214306</a></li> <li>Neymeyr, Barbara, 1996 (reprint 2011): Ästhetische Autonomie als Abnormität. Kritische Analysen zu Schopenhauers Ästhetik im Horizont seiner Willensmetaphysik. (= Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie. Band 42). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-015229-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-015229-0">3-11-015229-0</a>. (reprint 2011, De Gruyter Berlin / Boston).</li> <li>Mannion, Gerard, "Schopenhauer, Religion and Morality – The Humble Path to Ethics", Ashgate Press, New Critical Thinking in Philosophy Series, 2003, 314pp.</li> <li>Trottier, Danick. L'influence de la philosophie schopenhauerienne dans la vie et l'oeuvre de Richard Wagner; et, Qu'est-ce qui séduit, obsède, magnétise le philosophe dans l'art des sons? deux études en esthétique musicale, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de musique, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Zimmern" title="Helen Zimmern">Zimmern, Helen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer,_his_Life_and_Philosophy" class="extiw" title="s:Arthur Schopenhauer, his Life and Philosophy">Arthur Schopenhauer, his Life and Philosophy</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman, and Co.</a>, 1876.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Kastrup" title="Bernardo Kastrup">Kastrup, Bernardo</a>. Decoding Schopenhauer's Metaphysics – The key to understanding how it solves the hard problem of consciousness and the paradoxes of quantum mechanics. Winchester/Washington, iff Books, 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">de Botton, Alain</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Consolations_of_Philosophy" title="The Consolations of Philosophy">The Consolations of Philosophy</a>. Hamish Hamilton, London 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027661-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027661-0">0-14-027661-0</a> (Chapter: Consolation for a Broken Heart).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Poschenrieder" class="extiw" title="de:Christoph Poschenrieder">Poschenrieder, Christoph</a>: Die Welt ist im Kopf. Diogenes, Zürich 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-257-06741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-257-06741-5">978-3-257-06741-5</a> (The novel accompanies Schopenhauer on a trip to Italy).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Yalom, Irvin D.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Schopenhauer_Cure" title="The Schopenhauer Cure">The Schopenhauer Cure</a>. HarperCollins, New York City 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093810-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093810-9">978-0-06-093810-9</a> (The novel switches between the current events happening around a therapy group and the psychobiography of Arthur Schopenhauer).</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Kortmann" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Kortmann">Kortmann, Christian</a>: Happy Hour Schopenhauer. Roman einer Bibliotherapie. Turia + Kant, Wien + Berlin 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-98514-030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-98514-030-5">978-3-98514-030-5</a> (In the novel, Schopenhauer lives in the 21st century and comments on current events in original quotations).</li> <li>Frederick, J. T.: In Arthur's Nature. Theorism Press 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6451802-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6451802-0-6">978-0-6451802-0-6</a> (Schopenhauer faces punishment for alleged assault and battery.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Abelson, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204330/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/peter2.htm">"Schopenhauer and Buddhism"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 43 (2): 255–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399616">10.2307/1399616</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399616">1399616</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/peter2.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer+and+Buddhism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-78&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Fpeter2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jiménez, Camilo, 2006, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702122520/http://www.avinus-magazin.eu/html/jimenez_-_der_junge_schopenhau.html">Tagebuch eines Ehrgeizigen: Arthur Schopenhauers Studienjahre in Berlin</a>," Avinus Magazin (in German).</li> <li>Luchte, James, 2009, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luchte.wordpress.com/the-body-of-sublime-knowledge-the-aesthetic-phenomenology-of-arthur-schopenhauer/">The Body of Sublime Knowledge: The Aesthetic Phenomenology of Arthur Schopenhauer</a>," Heythrop Journal, Volume 50, Number 2, pp. 228–242.</li> <li>Mazard, Eisel, 2005, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pratyeka.org/schopenhauer/">Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029052835/http://www.pratyeka.org/schopenhauer/">Archived</a> 29 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" On Schopenhauer's (debated) place in the history of European philosophy and his relation to his predecessors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a>, 2004, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040826122437/http://www.centrebouddhisteparis.org/En_Anglais/Sangharakshita_en_anglais/Aesthetic_appreciation/aesthetic_appreciation.html">Schopenhauer and aesthetic appreciation.</a>"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungBrook1994" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Christopher; Brook, Andrew (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carleton.ca/~abrook/SCHOPENY.htm">"Schopenhauer and Freud"</a>. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 75: 101–18. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8005756">8005756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer+and+Freud&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=101-18&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8005756&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Brook%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarleton.ca%2F~abrook%2FSCHOPENY.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ungVAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP11">Oxenford's "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy," (See p. 388)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Thacker" title="Eugene Thacker">Thacker, Eugene</a>, 2020. "A Philosophy in Ruins, An Unquiet Void." Introduction to Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Suffering of the World. Repeater Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913462-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913462-03-1">978-1-913462-03-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" class="extiw" title="q:Arthur Schopenhauer">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Arthur_Schopenhauer" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Arthur Schopenhauer">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3648">Works by Arthur Schopenhauer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schopenhauer%2C%20Arthur%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arthur%20Schopenhauer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schopenhauer%2C%20Arthur%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arthur%20Schopenhauer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schopenhauer%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arthur%20Schopenhauer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schopenhauer%2C%20Arthur%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arthur%20Schopenhauer%22%29%20OR%20%28%221788-1860%22%20AND%20Schopenhauer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Arthur Schopenhauer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/165">Works by Arthur Schopenhauer</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wicks, Robert (Spring 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/schopenhauer/">"Arthur Schopenhauer"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford+University&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fschopenhauer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/schopenh/">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>" an article by Mary Troxell in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, 2011</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/schopenhauer-logic-and-dialectic">"Arthur Schopenhauer: Logic and Dialectic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer%3A+Logic+and+Dialectic&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fschopenhauer-logic-and-dialectic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Schopenhauer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029023327">Kant's philosophy as rectified by Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421040017/http://www.weple.org/timeline.html#ids=14631,12007,12598,700,10671,9518,37304,95184,&title=8%20German%20Philosophers">Timeline of German Philosophers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ljhammond.com/classics/cl1.htm#scho">A Quick Introduction to Schopenhauer</a></li> <li>Ross, Kelley L., 1998, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/arthur.htm">Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)</a>". Two short essays, on Schopenhauer's life and work, and on his dim view of academia.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Template:Arthur Schopenhauer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Template talk:Arthur Schopenhauer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthur Schopenhauer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arthur_Schopenhauer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of_the_Principle_of_Sufficient_Reason" title="On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason">On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Kantian_philosophy" title="Critique of the Kantian philosophy">Critique of the Kantian philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will" title="On the Freedom of the Will">On the Freedom of the Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Morality" title="On the Basis of Morality">On the Basis of Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Being_Right" title="The Art of Being Right">The Art of Being Right</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg/90px-Schopenhauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg/135px-Schopenhauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg/180px-Schopenhauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="358" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_aesthetics" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_view_on_animal_rights" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's view on animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer%27s_criticism_of_Immanuel_Kant%27s_schemata" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schopenhauer's criticism of Immanuel Kant's schemata">Criticism of Kant's schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog%27s_dilemma" title="Hedgehog's dilemma">Hedgehog's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)#Metaphysical_voluntarism" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Metaphysical voluntarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Floris_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Schopenhauer" title="Johanna Schopenhauer">Johanna Schopenhauer</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Schopenhauer" title="Adele Schopenhauer">Adele Schopenhauer</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Andreas Schopenhauer</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Heinrich_Trosiener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Heinrich Trosiener (page does not exist)">Christian Heinrich Trosiener</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schopenhauer (page does not exist)">Johann Schopenhauer</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Soermans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Soermans (page does not exist)">Hendrik Soermans</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Schopenhauerian_philosophy" title="Critique of the Schopenhauerian philosophy">Critique of the Schopenhauerian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Presence_of_Schopenhauer" title="In the Presence of Schopenhauer">In the Presence of Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_and_the_Wild_Years_of_Philosophy" title="Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy">Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Schopenhauer_Cure" title="The Schopenhauer Cure">The Schopenhauer Cure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer_(sculpture)" title="Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture)">Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer_Society" title="Schopenhauer Society">Schopenhauer Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a> (c. 200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a> (c. 80 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a> (c. 50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a> (c. 270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a> (c. 1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a> (1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a> (1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> (c. 322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> (1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophical_pessimism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Template:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Template talk:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophical_pessimism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophical_pessimists" title="List of philosophical pessimists">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bahnsen" title="Julius Bahnsen">Julius Bahnsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Pl%C3%BCmacher" title="Olga Plümacher">Olga Plümacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Mainl%C3%A4nder" title="Philipp Mainländer">Philipp Mainländer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" title="Eduard von Hartmann">Eduard von Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Taubert" title="Agnes Taubert">Agnes Taubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Peter Wessel Zapffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Cabrera_(philosopher)" title="Julio Cabrera (philosopher)">Julio Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Dalton" title="Drew Dalton">Drew Dalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Duḥkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_evil" title="Radical evil">Radical evil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation (Arthur Schopenhauer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Moral_Works" title="Small Moral Works">Small Moral Works (Giacomo Leopardi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragical_as_World_Law_and_Humour_as_Aesthetic_Shape_of_the_Metaphysical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical (page does not exist)">The Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical</a> (Julius Bahnsen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_the_Unconscious" title="Philosophy of the Unconscious">Philosophy of the Unconscious (Eduard von Hartmann)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Redemption" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophy of Redemption">The Philosophy of Redemption</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Mainl%C3%A4nder" title="Philipp Mainländer">Philipp Mainländer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Messiah" title="The Last Messiah">The Last Messiah (Peter Wessel Zapffe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Decay_(book)" title="A Short History of Decay (book)">A Short History of Decay (Emil Cioran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Predicament" title="The Human Predicament">The Human Predicament (David Benatar)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discomfort_and_Moral_Impediment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discomfort and Moral Impediment (page does not exist)">Discomfort and Moral Impediment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Julio_Cabrera_(philosopher)" title="Julio Cabrera (philosopher)">Julio Cabrera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Matter_of_Evil:_From_Speculative_Realism_to_Ethical_Pessimism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Matter of Evil: From Speculative Realism to Ethical Pessimism (page does not exist)">The Matter of Evil: From Speculative Realism to Ethical Pessimism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drew_Dalton" title="Drew Dalton">Dalton, Drew M.</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_pessimism_as_authors" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Philosophers of pessimism as authors">Works by philosophical pessimists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism:_A_History_and_a_Criticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pessimism: A History and a Criticism (page does not exist)">Pessimism: A History and a Criticism</a> (James Sully)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Philosophy_of_Disenchantement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Philosophy of Disenchantement (page does not exist)">The Philosophy of Disenchantement</a> (Edgar Saltus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_Against_the_Human_Race" title="The Conspiracy Against the Human Race">The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror</a> (Thomas Ligotti)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Natalism:_Rejectionist_Philosophy_from_Buddhism_to_Benatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar (page does not exist)">Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar</a>, (Ken Coates)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weltschmerz:_Pessimism_in_German_Philosophy,_1860%E2%80%931900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900 (page does not exist)">Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900</a> (Frederick C. Beiser)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressive_Realism:_Interdisciplinary_perspectives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives (page does not exist)">Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives</a> (Colin Feltham)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Matters:_Pessimism_and_the_Problem_of_Suffering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering (page does not exist)">Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering</a> (Mara van der Lugt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_realism" title="Depressive realism">Depressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophical_pessimism" title="History of philosophical pessimism">History of philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benatar%27s_asymmetry_argument" title="Benatar's asymmetry argument">Benatar's asymmetry argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophical_pessimists" title="List of philosophical pessimists">List of philosophical pessimists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> ( 139 )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38193#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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[\"CITEREFDutt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredriksson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlock,_Hans-Johann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlock,_Hans-Johann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHergenhahn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerauld_McGill1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Young2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadigan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Mathew,_Benjamin_Walton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopper1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_B._Marcin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyder2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer\"] = 13,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer1840\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauerGünter_ZöllerEric_F._J._Payne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorm2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandenabeele2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillson1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYothers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungBrook1994\"] = 1,\n [\"p.65\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Aesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Animal rights\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Css Image Crop\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Schopenhauer, Arthur\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 35,\n [\"Ill\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Metaphysics\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophical pessimism\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 5,\n [\"R\"] = 129,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Schopenhauer\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 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