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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospital_matrons_in_the_National_Health_Service_(1948–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_matrons_in_the_National_Health_Service_(1948–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hospital matrons in the National Health Service (1948–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_matrons_in_the_National_Health_Service_(1948–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Salmon_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Salmon_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The Salmon Report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Salmon_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_matrons_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_matrons_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Hospital matrons in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_matrons_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrons_in_schools_late-nineteenth_century_until_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrons_in_schools_late-nineteenth_century_until_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Matrons in schools late-nineteenth century until 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrons_in_schools_late-nineteenth_century_until_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_matrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_matrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary matrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_matrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Matron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matron (disambiguation)">Matron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg/440px-Matron_Ethel_Gray_and_nurses%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Matron <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gray" title="Ethel Gray">Ethel Gray</a>, seated left, with four of her nurses, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Matron</b> is the job title of a very senior or the chief <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a> in several countries, including the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth countries and former colonies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg/220px-Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg/330px-Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg/440px-Matrons_of_Manchester_Royal_Infirmary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Plaques listing Matrons of Manchester Royal Infirmary</figcaption></figure> <p>The chief nurse, in other words the person in charge of nursing in a hospital and the head of the nursing staff, is also known as the <b>Chief Nursing officer</b> or <b>Chief Nursing Executive</b>, <b>senior nursing officer</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>matron</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>nursing officer</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>clinical nurse manager</b> in UK English; the <b>head nurse</b> or <b>director of nursing</b> in US English,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>nursing superintendent</b> or <b>matron</b> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, among other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, matrons today "have powers over budgets, catering and cleaning as well as being in charge of nurses and doctors" and "have the powers to withhold payments from catering and cleaning services if they don't think they are giving the best service to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, matrons supervised the hospital as a whole but today, they are in charge of supervising two or three <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ward">wards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chief nurse is a <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurse</a> who supervises the care of all the patients at a health care facility. The chief nurse is the senior nursing management position in an organization and often holds executive titles like <b>chief nursing officer</b> (<b>CNO</b>), <b>chief nurse executive</b>, or <b>vice-president of nursing</b>. They typically report to the <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>. </p><p>In the United States a matron is not a nurse, but a female assistant to males running a residential facility, like a camp, boarding school, or prison (see <a href="#Other_uses">Other uses</a>, below). </p><p>The word "matron" is derived from the Latin for "mother", via French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of matron was first used in the 16th century in the United Kingdom (UK) for the housekeeper role in <a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">voluntary hospitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical reforms of nursing promoted by <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> argued not just that nurses should be trained but that the hospital nursing staff and their training should come under the control of one senior nurse – the matron.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the UK the pattern emerged in the late nineteenth and early 20th century in many hospitals, that the matron was the head of: the nursing service; the nurse training; and the hospital housekeeping and lived in the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some hospitals the matron was responsible directly to the institution's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of Governors</a><sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in others the matron might report to a senior physician or surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matrons during this period were female. They were often seen as fearsome administrators, but were respected by nurses and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> alike.<sup id="cite_ref-nhshistory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhshistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nightingale model of matron was taken to other countries in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many matrons were active leaders in organizations advocating for the training and registration of nurses in Great Britain and Ireland :the <a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Nurses%27_Association" title="Royal British Nurses' Association">British Nurses' Association</a> (established 1887); The Hospitals Association registration committee (established 1887); The Matrons Council of Great Britain and Ireland (established 1894); and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing" title="Royal College of Nursing">College of Nurses Ltd</a> (established 1916).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospital_matrons_in_the_National_Health_Service_(1948–1970)"><span id="Hospital_matrons_in_the_National_Health_Service_.281948.E2.80.931970.29"></span>Hospital matrons in the National Health Service (1948–1970)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hospital matrons in the National Health Service (1948–1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anenurin_Bevan,_Minister_of_Health,_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service,_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital,_Davyhulme,_near_Manchester_(14465908720).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg/220px-Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg/330px-Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg/440px-Anenurin_Bevan%2C_Minister_of_Health%2C_on_the_first_day_of_the_National_Health_Service%2C_5_July_1948_at_Park_Hospital%2C_Davyhulme%2C_near_Manchester_%2814465908720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Matron Ann Dolan introducing Aneurin Bevan, Minister of Health, on the first day of the National Health Service, 5th July 1948 at Park Hospital, nr Manchester .</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) in 1948, the new administrative arrangements resulted in every hospital having a matron, working in partnership with principal administrative officer and senior doctors in the day to day administration of the hospital, and responsible for the nursing service, the training of nurses and some domestic services (although increasingly in the larger hospitals domestic services were largely the responsibility of the principal administrative officer)l.<sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hospitals and the services they delivered were becoming more complex . The new NHS administratively grouped hospitals together (sometimes just two but many in to larger groups of up to 20<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) resulting in the majority of matrons having less contact and influence with the governing body.<sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early sixties there were increasing disparities between hospitals in the types, titles, job descriptions and work undertaken by senior nurses, particularly between those with the title' matron'. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing" title="Royal College of Nursing">Royal College of Nursing</a> (RCN) published a review of the administrative arrangements for nursing in the NHS, arguing that the traditional role of matron was outdated, untenable in the range of duties, inadequately remunerated and increasingly difficult to recruit to.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review also proposed new senior nursing administration structures for the NHS in which the title matron was changed to 'Hospital Nursing Officer' for an individual hospital and the title Chief Nursing Officer to the Board or Group Nursing Officer for the matron on the executive body of the group of hospitals<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Salmon_Report">The Salmon Report</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Salmon Report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg/220px-Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg/330px-Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg/440px-Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Miss M B Powell (later Dame Muriel Powell) matron and member of the Committee on the Senior Nurse Structure</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_Report" title="Salmon Report">Salmon Report</a></div> <p>Following extensive lobbying by the RCN and the Association of Hospital Matrons<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> MP, the Minister of Health (England and Wales) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noble,_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Michael Noble</a>, Secretary of State for Scotland, appointed a Committee 'to advise on the senior nursing structure in the hospital (ward sister and above) "p1.<sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee was chaired by Brian Salmon, member of the governing body of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hospital" title="Westminster Hospital">Westminster Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointed members included notable matrons and chief male nurses: <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Powell_(nurse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muriel Powell (nurse)">Miss M B Powell</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> (matron <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital" title="St George's Hospital">St. George's Hospital</a>, London); Miss J T Locke <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> (matron the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow); Miss E. M. Rees,(matron <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Royal_Infirmary" title="Cardiff Royal Infirmary">Cardiff Royal Infirmary</a>, Cardiff); Miss G. M. Westbrook,(matron <a href="/wiki/Southmead_Hospital" title="Southmead Hospital">Southmead Hospital</a>, Bristol); J. Greene, Esq., (Chief Male Nurse, <a href="/wiki/Moorhaven_Hospital" title="Moorhaven Hospital">Moorhaven Hospital</a>, Ivybridge, South Devon).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Structure (known as the Salmon Report) was published in 1966 and proposed a new structure for NHS nurse managers which replaced the title matron and chief male nurse with 'chief nursing officer' and created a template job description and pay grade to be used by every NHS organization.<sup id="cite_ref-salmon_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report's main recommendations on the structure of nursing administration, the change of name from matron to chief nursing officer, the simplified grading structure, and systematic preparation for management responsibility were accepted by the Minister of Health <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Ross,_Baron_Ross_of_Marnock" title="Willie Ross, Baron Ross of Marnock">William Ross</a>, Secretary of State for Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilots of the new structures commenced in 1968 and in the same year the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security" title="Department of Health and Social Security">Department of Health & Social Security</a> decided to implement the new structure nationally, removing the title 'matron' from the NHS job title lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-nhshistory_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhshistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospital_matrons_in_the_media">Hospital matrons in the media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hospital matrons in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hospital matrons promoted nurses and nursing through the media of radio, newspapers and books e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gwendoline_Kirby" title="Gwendoline Kirby">Gwendoline Kirby</a>, matron of Great Ormond Street Hospital, London was a guest on <a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs">Desert island Discs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muriel Powell, matron of St George's Hospital London featured in the Star London newspaper in 1958 and spoke regularly on <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> radio and television programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hospital matron was caricatured in the <a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing Comedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(franchise)" title="Carry On (franchise)">Carry on</a> series in <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Nurse" title="Carry On Nurse">Carry On Nurse</a></i> in 1959 and <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Doctor" title="Carry On Doctor">Carry On Doctor</a></i> in 1963 (and gentler portrayals in <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Again_Doctor" title="Carry On Again Doctor">Carry On Again Doctor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Matron" title="Carry On Matron">Carry On Matron</a></i>) and played by <a href="/wiki/Hattie_Jacques" title="Hattie Jacques">Hattie Jacques</a>. The matron usually had a very distinctive uniform, with a dark blue dress (although often of a slightly different colour from those worn by her direct subordinates, the <a href="/wiki/Nursing_sister" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing sister">sisters</a>) and an elaborate headdress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrons_in_schools_late-nineteenth_century_until_1990s">Matrons in schools late-nineteenth century until 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Matrons in schools late-nineteenth century until 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matrons also worked in boarding schools in the UK from the late-nineteenth century <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the 1990s. They acted to same way with the students as they did with nurses with one exception, they had to assign chores to students by the Headteacher when they misbehaved as a punishment such as doing the laundry, cleaning brass work or cleaning the floor. The matron also checked that all students were dressed in the way the uniform policy stated as well as having them make their beds in the same way as hospital beds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_matrons">Contemporary matrons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary matrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">UK Government</a> announced the return of the matron to NHS hospitals in England, electing to call this new breed of nurses "modern matrons," in response to various <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">press</a> complaints of dirty, ineffective hospitals with poorly disciplined staff.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are not intended to have the same level of responsibility as the old matrons, as they often oversee just one department (therefore a hospital may have many matrons—one for <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, one for <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, one for <a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">geriatrics</a>, one for the emergency department, etc.) but do have budgetary control regarding catering and cleaning contracts. In larger hospitals some will have a group of wards to manage. </p><p>Their managerial powers are more limited, and they spend most of their time on administrative work rather than having direct responsibility for patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-Doh_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doh-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many areas of the UK now employ Community Matrons. The role of this staff group is predominantly clinical and these matrons have a caseload of patients for whom they are clinically responsible. Many of these patients have chronic health conditions such as COPD, Emphysema, and/or palliative conditions which result in multiple hospital admissions. It is the aim of this staff group to treat the patient within the community thereby limiting hospital admissions. This staff group are predominantly nurses, but there are other allied health professionals also in the role such as paramedics and occupational therapists. </p><p>The nursing branches of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> have never abandoned the term "Matron", and it is used for male as well as female officers, usually holding the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> (or equivalent) or above. It was formerly used as an actual rank in the nursing services. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and its former mandated territory <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), Matron is the rank of the most senior nurse of a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long before women were commonly employed as fully sworn <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> officers, many police forces employed uniformed women with limited powers to search and attend to female prisoners and deal with matters specifically affecting women and children. These female officers were often known as "police matrons". <a href="/wiki/Corrections_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections officer">Officers</a> in women's <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a> sometimes also used the title of "matron"; sometimes the matron was a senior officer who supervised the other <a href="/wiki/Corrections_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections officer">wardresses</a>. </p><p>Institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's home">children's homes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> were also run by matrons. The matron of a workhouse was very often the wife of the master and looked after the domestic affairs of the establishment. This was, in fact, the original meaning of the term. Its use in hospitals was borrowed from workhouses. </p><p>The term was also used in <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a> (and is still used in some <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">independent schools</a>) for the woman in charge of domestic affairs in a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarding house</a> or the school nurse. In the past, the matron was sometimes the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Housemaster" title="Housemaster">housemaster</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, the female spouse of a <a href="/wiki/Temple_president" title="Temple president">temple president</a> or his counselors is referred to as a <i>temple matron</i>. </p><p>In New York City, movie theater matrons were employed beginning in 1936 to ensure that children would behave in theaters. They were licensed by the Department of Health until 1943, and the ordinance that required their hiring and selection was formally repealed by the city in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/matron">"Definition of "matron"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22matron%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmatron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1259871.stm">"Matrons back on the wards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. 4 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>Mr Milburn said the modern-day matrons were an attempt to drive up standards in hospitals and prevent hospital infections, by ensuring hygiene standards are met on the ward. Matrons will earn up to £31,000 a year and will have powers over budgets, catering and cleaning as well as being in charge of nurses. They will also have the powers to withhold payments from catering and cleaning services if they don't think they are giving the best service to the NHS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matrons+back+on+the+wards&rft.pub=BBC+Online&rft.date=2001-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F1259871.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/matron">"Matron"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Matron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Fmatron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/head-nurse">"Definition of "head nurse"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22head+nurse%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhead-nurse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/head%20nurse">"Head nurse"</a>. <i>Vocabulary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vocabulary.com&rft.atitle=Head+nurse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocabulary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhead%2520nurse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agarwal2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal2007" class="citation book cs1">Agarwal, Arun K. (21 June 2007). <i>Standard Operating Procedures For Hospitals In India</i>. Atlantic Publishers. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126907762" title="Special:BookSources/9788126907762"><bdi>9788126907762</bdi></a>. <q>Nursing Superintendent/Matron. The Matron will be responsible to the MS for the administrative and technical aspects of nursing in the hospital. Her charter of duties will include the following: (1) Administration of nurses, their accommodations and messing, viz. equitable distribution and economic utilization of nursing staff, maintenance of duty roster, turnout and discipline; supervision ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Operating+Procedures+For+Hospitals+In+India&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.isbn=9788126907762&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Arun+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kgmu.org/hospital_nursing.php">"Nursing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_Medical_University" title="King George's Medical University">King George's Medical University</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>There is a Nurses Hostel having mess facility, where about 300 students and staff nurses are accommodated. Adjacent to this, there is a new hostel with single room accommodation, constructed in 1970, where 50 staff nurses are residing. There is also a double storied building where Assistant Matrons, Tutors and Sisters are accommodated. The Senior Matron is provided family accommodation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nursing&rft.pub=King+George%27s+Medical+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkgmu.org%2Fhospital_nursing.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Philip (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487348/Recall-for-hospital-matrons-who-really-did-know-best.html">"Recall for hospital matrons – who really did know best"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>But the modern matron does not have the seniority of her predecessor and instead of running the whole hospital might have three or four wards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Recall+for+hospital+matrons+%E2%80%93+who+really+did+know+best&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1487348%2FRecall-for-hospital-matrons-who-really-did-know-best.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel-Smith1960" class="citation book cs1">Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). <i>A History of the Nursing Profession</i>. William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 8–16, 25–35, 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Nursing+Profession&rft.pages=8-16%2C+25-35%2C+36&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Abel-Smith&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salmon-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Health_and_Scottish_Home_and_Health_Departments1966" class="citation conference cs1">Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Departments (1966). <i>Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Staff Structure (the Salmon Report)</i>. London: HMSO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+on+Senior+Nursing+Staff+Structure+%28the+Salmon+Report%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Ministry+of+Health+and+Scottish+Home+and+Health+Departments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingwallRaffertyWebster1991" class="citation book cs1">Dingwall, Robert; Rafferty, Anne Marie; Webster, Charles (1991). <i>An introduction to the social history of nursing</i> (repr ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 55–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01785-5"><bdi>978-0-415-01785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+social+history+of+nursing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55-61&rft.edition=repr&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01785-5&rft.aulast=Dingwall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Rafferty%2C+Anne+Marie&rft.au=Webster%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhshistory-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhshistory_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhshistory_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivett" class="citation web cs1">Rivett, Geoffery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821202909/http://www.nhshistory.net/1958-1967.htm">"NHS History 1948-1967"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhshistory.net/1958-1967.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHS+History+1948-1967&rft.aulast=Rivett&rft.aufirst=Geoffery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhshistory.net%2F1958-1967.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdern2002" class="citation book cs1">Ardern, Peter (2002). <i>When Matron Ruled</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hale_(publishers)" title="Robert Hale (publishers)">Robert Hale</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Matron+Ruled&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ardern&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushing2007" class="citation book cs1">Cushing, Angela (2007). "Convicts and Caregiving in Colonial Australia". In Rafferty, Anne Marie (ed.). <i>Nursing history and the politics of welfare</i> (transferred to digital print ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 108–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13835-2"><bdi>978-0-415-13835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Convicts+and+Caregiving+in+Colonial+Australia&rft.btitle=Nursing+history+and+the+politics+of+welfare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108-132&rft.edition=transferred+to+digital+print&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13835-2&rft.aulast=Cushing&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_College_of_Nursing1964" class="citation book cs1">Royal College of Nursing (1964). <i>Administering the Nursing Service : A Review</i>. London, UK: Royal College of Nursing. pp. 2–9, 12–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administering+the+Nursing+Service+%3A+A+Review&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=2-9%2C+12-15&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Nursing&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Nursing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaly1995" class="citation book cs1">Baly, Monica E. (1995). "24 Nurses as Managers J. Clark". <i>Nursing and social change</i> (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 278–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10197-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10197-4"><bdi>978-0-415-10197-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24+Nurses+as+Managers+J.+Clark&rft.btitle=Nursing+and+social+change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=278-280&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10197-4&rft.aulast=Baly&rft.aufirst=Monica+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Public Health Notes". <i>The Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 213–15. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45170031">45170031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Institute+of+Public+Health+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Public+Health+Notes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=213-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45170031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansard_(Written_answers:_Commons)1967" class="citation web cs1">Hansard (Written answers: Commons) (6 March 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1967/mar/06/nursing-profession-salmon-committees">"Nursing Profession (Salmon Committee's Report) (written answers) HC Deb 06 March 1967 vol 742 cc186-7W"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nursing+Profession+%28Salmon+Committee%27s+Report%29+%28written+answers%29+HC+Deb+06+March+1967+vol+742+cc186-7W&rft.date=1967-03-06&rft.au=Hansard+%28Written+answers%3A+Commons%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fwritten-answers%2F1967%2Fmar%2F06%2Fnursing-profession-salmon-committees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Desert Island Discs – Castaway : Gwendoline Kirby". <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a></i>. BBC. Retrieved 25/11/2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Elizabeth (2000). <i>Muriel Powell Remembered: A Profile of Her Life</i>. London: St Georges Nurses League. pp. 84–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muriel+Powell+Remembered%3A+A+Profile+of+Her+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84-94&rft.pub=St+Georges+Nurses+League&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders: 1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doh-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doh_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health2001" class="citation conference cs1">Department of Health (2001). <i>Implementing the NHS plan: modern matrons: strengthening the role of ward sisters and introducing senior sisters</i>. London: HMSO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Implementing+the+NHS+plan%3A+modern+matrons%3A+strengthening+the+role+of+ward+sisters+and+introducing+senior+sisters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Department+of+Health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sasman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasmann2010" class="citation news cs1">Sasmann, Catherine (7 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=10846">"Kamboi Hulda Shipanga: Namibia's first black matron (1926 to 2010)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Kamboi+Hulda+Shipanga%3A+Namibia%27s+first+black+matron+%281926+to+2010%29&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft.aulast=Sasmann&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newera.com.na%2Farticle.php%3Farticleid%3D10846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuiso2013" class="citation web cs1">Buiso, Gary (10 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2013/11/10/curtains-for-movie-theater-matrons/">"Curtains for movie-theater matrons"</a>. <i>New York Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Curtains+for+movie-theater+matrons&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft.aulast=Buiso&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2013%2F11%2F10%2Fcurtains-for-movie-theater-matrons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/matron" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/matron"><i>matron</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Nursing" title="Template:Nursing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nursing" title="Template talk:Nursing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nursing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nursing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nursing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of <br />practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Student nurse">Student nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nurse_leader" title="Clinical nurse leader">Clinical nurse leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_practical_nurse" title="Licensed practical nurse">Licensed practical nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">Registered nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_nurse" title="Graduate nurse">Graduate nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_scientist" title="Nurse scientist">Nurse scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse" title="Advanced practice nurse">Advanced practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APNs by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nurse_specialist" title="Clinical nurse specialist">Clinical nurse specialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist" title="Nurse anesthetist">Nurse anesthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">Nurse midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioner" title="Nurse practitioner">Nurse practitioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NPs by population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_nurse_practitioner" title="Family nurse practitioner">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-gerontology_nurse_practitioner" title="Adult-gerontology nurse practitioner">Adult-gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_nurse_practitioner" title="Pediatric nurse practitioner">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_nurse_practitioner" title="Women's health nurse practitioner">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_nurse_practitioner" title="Neonatal nurse practitioner">Neonatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric-mental_health_nurse_practitioner" title="Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner">Psych/mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Education</a> <br /> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Nurse_licensure" title="Nurse licensure">licensure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Pledge" title="Nightingale Pledge">Nightingale Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Associate of Science in Nursing">Associate of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Bachelor of Science in Nursing">Bachelor of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploma_in_Nursing" title="Diploma in Nursing">Diploma in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Nursing_Practice" title="Doctor of Nursing Practice">Doctor of Nursing Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Master of Science in Nursing">Master of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_nursing" title="Board of nursing">Board of nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_Licensure_Compact" title="Nurse Licensure Compact">Nurse Licensure Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_credentials_and_certifications" title="Nursing credentials and certifications">Nursing credentials and certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nurse education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_registry" title="Nurse registry">Nurse registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_Licensure_Examination" title="National Council Licensure Examination">NCLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_of_Essential_Academic_Skills" title="Test of Essential Academic Skills">TEAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursing_specialties" title="List of nursing specialties">Specialties and <br /> areas of <br />practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care_nursing" title="Ambulatory care nursing">Ambulatory care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_nursing" title="Cardiac nursing">Cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_nursing" title="Correctional nursing">Correctional nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_care_nursing" title="Critical care nursing">Critical care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Dental_Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Dental Nurse">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_educator" title="Nurse educator">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_community_nursing" title="Faith community nursing">Faith community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight nursing">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_nursing" title="Forensic nursing">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric nursing">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_nursing" title="Holistic nursing">Holistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_health_nursing" title="Home health nursing">Home health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_nurse_consultant" title="Legal nurse consultant">Legal consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_management" title="Nursing management">Management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical-surgical_nursing" title="Medical-surgical nursing">Medical-surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Care_Nurse_Practitioner-Board_Certified" title="Women's Health Care Nurse Practitioner-Board Certified">Women's Health Care Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_nurse" title="Military nurse">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_nursing" title="Neonatal nursing">Neonatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing informatics">Nursing informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology_nursing" title="Oncology nursing">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic_nursing" title="Orthopaedic nursing">Orthopedics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_nursing" title="Pediatric nursing">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianesthesia_nursing" title="Perianesthesia nursing">Perianesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioperative_nursing" title="Perioperative nursing">Perioperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_and_mental_health_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric and mental health nursing">Psychiatric and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_duty_nursing" title="Private duty nursing">Private duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_nursing" title="Public health nursing">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_nursing" title="School nursing">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_nursing" title="Surgical nursing">Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenursing" title="Telenursing">Telenursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_health_nursing" title="Travel health nursing">Travel health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound,_ostomy,_and_continence_nursing" title="Wound, ostomy, and continence nursing">WOCN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nursing_process" title="Nursing process">Nursing process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_assessment" title="Nursing assessment">Nursing assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_diagnosis" title="Nursing diagnosis">Nursing diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_care_plan" title="Nursing care plan">Nursing care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_theory" title="Nursing theory">Nursing theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification <br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NANDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NANDA">NANDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Interventions_Classification" title="Nursing Interventions Classification">Nursing Interventions Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Minimum_Data_Set" title="Nursing Minimum Data Set">Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Outcomes_Classification" title="Nursing Outcomes Classification">Nursing Outcomes Classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing_by_country" title="Category:Nursing by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Nurses_Day" title="International Nurses Day">International Nurses Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Australia" title="Nursing in Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nursing_history_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Canada" title="Nursing in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Germany" title="Nursing in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Nursing in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_India" title="Nursing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Iran" title="Nursing in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Japan" title="Nursing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Kenya" title="Nursing in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_New_Zealand" title="Nursing in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nursing_history_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Pakistan" title="Nursing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Philippines" title="Nursing in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Nursing in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_South_Africa" title="Nursing in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Spain" title="Nursing in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Taiwan" title="Nursing in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nursing in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a 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