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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Philosophical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedies_and_farces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedies_and_farces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Comedies and farces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedies_and_farces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Portuguese_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Portuguese_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on Portuguese theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Portuguese_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_and_influence_on_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_and_influence_on_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publication and influence on other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_and_influence_on_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gil Vicente</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جيل فيسنتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيل فيسنتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87" title="قیل ویسنته – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیل ویسنته" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Ժիլ Վիսենտե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժիլ Վիսենտե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94" title="ז'יל ויסנטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'יל ויסנטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جيل فيسنتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيل فيسنتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente_(toneelschrijver)" title="Gil Vicente (toneelschrijver) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gil Vicente (toneelschrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86_(%E5%8A%87%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6)" title="ジル・ヴィセンテ (劇作家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジル・ヴィセンテ (劇作家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Висенте, Жил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Висенте, Жил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gil Vicente" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Жіл Вісенте – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жіл Вісенте" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q360383#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="View the content page [c]" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Portuguese playwright. For the football team, see <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente_F.C." title="Gil Vicente F.C.">Gil Vicente F.C.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gil Vicente</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue atop the pediment of D. Maria II National Theatre"><img alt="Statue atop the pediment of D. Maria II National Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_Dona_Maria_Lisbonne_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Statue atop the pediment of <br /><a href="/wiki/D._Maria_II_National_Theatre" title="D. Maria II National Theatre">D. Maria II National Theatre</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">c. 1465<br /><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1536 (aged 70–71)<br />possibly <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">Playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a> (disputed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> (assumed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satires" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires">satires</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Trilogia_das_Barcas" title="A Trilogia das Barcas">A Trilogia das Barcas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Farsa_de_In%C3%AAs_Pereira" title="Farsa de Inês Pereira">Farsa de Inês Pereira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%B3logo_do_Vaqueiro" title="Monólogo do Vaqueiro">Monólogo do Vaqueiro</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gil Vicente</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈʒil<span class="wrap"> </span>viˈsẽtɨ]</a></span>; c. 1465 – c. 1536), called <b>the Trobadour</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> and poet who acted in and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">directed</a> his own plays. Considered the chief dramatist of Portugal he is sometimes called the "Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>," often referred to as the "Father of Portuguese drama" and as one of Western literature's greatest playwrights. Also noted as a <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a> poet, Vicente worked in Spanish as much as he worked in Portuguese and is thus, with <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Encina" title="Juan del Encina">Juan del Encina</a>, considered joint-father of Spanish drama. </p><p>Vicente was attached to the courts of the Portuguese kings <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a>. He rose to prominence as a playwright largely on account of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Dowager">Queen Dowager</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonor_of_Viseu" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonor of Viseu">Leonor</a>, who noticed him as he participated in court dramas and subsequently commissioned him to write his first theatrical work. </p><p>He may also have been identical to an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a> of the same name at the court of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>; the goldsmith is mentioned in royal documents from 1509 to 1517 and worked for the widow of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Viseu" title="Eleanor of Viseu">Dona Leonor</a>. He was the creator of the famous <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Monstrance" title="Belém Monstrance">Belém Monstrance</a>, and master of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I</a>. </p><p>His plays and poetry, written in both Portuguese and Spanish, were a reflection of the changing times during the transition from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and created a balance between the former time of rigid <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> and the new society in which this order was undermined. </p><p>While many of Vicente's works were composed to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious</a> and national festivals or to commemorate events in the life of the royal family, others draw upon <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> to entertain, and often to critique, Portuguese society of his day. </p><p>Though some of his works were later suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>, causing his fame to wane, he is now recognised as one of the principal figures of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg/250px-Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg/375px-Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg/500px-Pt-gmr-castelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, one of the places where it is claimed the dramatist was born</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1465, the date proposed by Queirós Veloso, is the commonly accepted year of Vicente's birth. However, Braamcamp Freire proposes the year 1460, while de Brito Rebelo proposes between 1470 and 1475. Vicente's own works indicate contradictory dates. The <i>Velho da Horta</i> ("Old Man of the [Vegetable] Garden"), the <i>Floresta de Enganos</i> ("Forest of Mistakes"), and the <i>Auto da Festa</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Auto_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto (art)">Act</a> of the Party") indicate 1452, 1470, and before 1467, respectively. Since 1965, when official festivities commemorating the 500th birthday of the writer were held, the date of 1465 has been almost universally accepted. </p><p>Though Frei Pedro de Poiares conjectured <a href="/wiki/Barcelos,_Portugal" title="Barcelos, Portugal">Barcelos</a> was Vicente's birthplace, evidence for this is scarce. Despite this, the people of Barcelos honored the playwright by naming <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente_F.C." title="Gil Vicente F.C.">their own football club</a> after him. Pires de Lima, on the other hand, proposed <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, which better accounts for Vicente's identification as a <a href="/wiki/Jeweller" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeweller">jeweller</a>. The people of Guimarães have embraced this theory; a municipal school in <a href="/wiki/Urgezes" title="Urgezes">Urgezes</a> is named after the playwright. There are some stories about Gil Vicente's father, that he was from this parish in Guimarães, so people believe that Gil Vicente had lived here too. Another conjecture places his birthplace at <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira, Portugal">Beira</a> region is also a candidate because of various references to it in his plays, more exactly the location of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guimar%C3%A3es_de_Tavares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guimarães de Tavares (page does not exist)">Guimarães de Tavares</a>, that has been mistaken with <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>. </p><p>Gil Vicente married Branca Bezerra, who bore him two sons: Gaspar Vicente (died 1519) and Belchior Vicente (born 1505). After her death, he married Melícia or Milícia Rodrigues (abbreviated as Roiz), of whom were born the noted scholar <a href="/wiki/Paula_Vicente" title="Paula Vicente">Paula Vicente</a> (1519–1576), Luís Vicente de Crasto (who organised the compilation of Vicente's works), married to Mór de Almeida and had issue, Joana de Pina (died 1584) (daughter of Diogo de Pina de Baião and wife Mécia Barreto, daughter of Francisco de Aguiar and wife Madalena Barreto) and had issue, and Isabel de Castro, without issue, and Valéria Borges (or Vicente), who was married firstly to Pero Machado, without issue, and secondly to António de Meneses, son of Luís de Meneses, of the bastards of the Lords de <a href="/wiki/Cantanhede_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantanhede Municipality">Cantanhede</a>, and wife Brites de Aguiar, and had issue.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is well known the presence of the playwright in <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, on 26 January, during the <a href="/wiki/1531_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1531 Lisbon earthquake">1531 Lisbon Earthquake</a>, where rumors quickly spread, apparently encouraged by the friars of <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, that the disaster was divine punishment (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "Ira Dei"- Wrath of God) and that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Jewish community</a> was to blame. Faced with social instability in the city Gil Vicent, reportedly, personally defused the situation while scolding the friars for their fear-mongering in a powerfully written letter to <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">King John III</a>, and possibly averting a massacre of Jews and <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">recent converts to Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vicente's last work is dated to 1536,<sup id="cite_ref-QR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was dead by 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise year of his death is unknown, and the location is variously given as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is assumed that Vicente studied in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>. Though he initially studied law, he soon abandoned it for literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_writer">As a writer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_(Roque_Gameiro,_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal,_1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/250px-Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/375px-Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/500px-Gil_Vicente_na_Corte_de_D._Manuel_I_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption><i><b>O Monólogo do vaqueiro</b></i> (Monologue of the Cowherd), as it would have been performed by Gil Vicente himself, according to the vision of the painter<br /> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Roque_Gameiro" title="Alfredo Roque Gameiro">Alfredo Roque Gameiro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG/250px-Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG/375px-Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG/500px-Mosteiro_dos_Geronimos_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1493, he was acting as master of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beja" title="Duke of Beja">Duke of Beja</a>, afterwards <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel</a>, a post which gave him admission to the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first known work, <i><a href="/wiki/O_Mon%C3%B3logo_do_vaqueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="O Monólogo do vaqueiro">O Monólogo do vaqueiro</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">Monologue</a> of the Cowherd"), was written in Spanish and acted in the rooms of <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon_(1482%E2%80%931517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Aragon (1482–1517)">Maria of Aragon</a>, wife of King Manuel, to celebrate the birth of Prince John (later <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>). The first performance, recited by the playwright himself, took place on the night of 8 June 1502, in the presence of the king; the queen; <a href="/wiki/Leonor_of_Viseu" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonor of Viseu">Leonor of Viseu</a>, former Queen of Portugal and widow of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatriz of Portugal">Beatriz of Portugal</a>, mother of the King. </p><p><i>O Monólogo do vaqueiro</i> contains several elements clearly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a> which takes place in accounts of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s birth. Its staging included offerings of simple and rustic gifts, such as cheese, to the future king, from whom great achievements were expected. </p><p>Though Leonor asked him to give an encore performance of the play at the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">matins</a>, Vicente decided to write a new play for the occasion, the <i>Auto Pastoril Castelhano</i> ("Castilian Pastoral Act"). The court, pleased again, required a further diversion for <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a>, whereupon he produced the <i>Auto of the Wise Kings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the influence of Queen Leonor, who would become his greatest patron in the years to come, Gil Vicente realized that his talent would allow him to do much more than simply adapt his first work for similar occasions. </p><p>Vicente, who was in charge of organizing events in the palace, also directed the commemoration in honour of <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of Spain">Eleanor of Spain</a>, the third wife of Manuel I, in 1520. In 1521, he began serving <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, and soon achieved the social status necessary to <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> with impunity. His popularity even enabled him to contradict the opinions of the king, as he did in a 1531 letter defending the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>. </p><p>For thirty years he entertained the courts, accompanying them as they moved from place to place, and providing by his autos a distraction in times of calamity, and in times of rejoicing giving expression to the feelings of the people. Though himself both actor and author, Gil Vicente had no regular company of players, but it is probable that he easily found students and court servants willing to get up a part for a small fee, especially as the plays would not ordinarily run for more than one night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_goldsmith">As a goldsmith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a goldsmith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many works about Gil Vicente associate him with a goldsmith of the same name at the court of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> technical terms used by the playwright lend credibility to this identification. </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Camilo Castelo Branco</a> wrote the letter "<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Gil Vicente, Embargos à fantasia do Sr. <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Braga" title="Teófilo Braga">Teófilo Braga</a></i></span>" ("Gil Vicente, Refutations of the Opinion of Mr. Teófilo Braga"), which argued that Gil Vicente the writer and Gil Vicente the goldsmith were two different people. Teófilo Braga, who initially believed them to be the same man, later adopted a different opinion after reading a study by Sanches de Baena which showed the different <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of two individuals named Gil Vicente. However, Brito Rebelo demonstrated the historical inconsistency of these two genealogies by the use of documents from the <a href="/wiki/Arquivo_Nacional_da_Torre_do_Tombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo">Portuguese national archive</a>. </p><p>The masterpiece of Vicente the goldsmith's art was the <a href="/wiki/Monstrance" title="Monstrance">monstrance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Bel%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria de Belém">Belém</a> made for the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a> in 1506, which was crafted from the first gold exported from <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. The design of this monstrance resembles the decorations of the southern portal of the church Santa Maria de Belém of this monastery. </p><p>Three years later, he became overseer of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patrimony" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:patrimony">patrimonies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_Cristo" class="mw-redirect" title="Convento de Cristo">Convento de Cristo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a>, Nossa Senhora de Belém, and the Hospital de Todos-os-Santos in Lisbon. In 1511, he was nominated <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the King, and a year later he was the representative jeweller in the Casa dos Vinte e Quatro. In 1513, as master of the balance of the Casa da Moeda, the Portuguese national <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a>, Vicente the goldsmith was elected by the others masters to represent them in Lisbon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_works">Written works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Written works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg/250px-Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg/375px-Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg/500px-Auto_de_Mofina_Mendes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><i>Auto de Mofina Mendes</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/250px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/375px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/500px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the original edition of <i>Auto da Barca do Inferno</i> (<i>Act of the Ship of Hell</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg/220px-Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg/330px-Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Christmas-related themes, very present in Gil Vicente's works since the first order from Queen Leonor, have also a strongly symbolic and suggestive meaning. Here, a painting from the contemporaneous Vicente Gil (not to be confused with the playwright)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vicente's oeuvre spans the years between 1500 and 1536. Most of his plays were intended for performance at <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">court</a>, where he and the ladies and gentlemen of the court participated in their production. He wrote no fewer than forty-four pieces, ten of which are in Spanish, fourteen in Portuguese, and the remainder in mingled Portuguese and Spanish. His plays may be grouped into four main categories: acts, or <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">devotional plays</a>; <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedies</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedies</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farces</a>. </p><p>Like Spain's classical dramas, his plays are often in <a href="/wiki/Verse_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse form">verse form</a>. In addition, they feature his own <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical compositions</a> and well as popular lyrics and melodies of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also a noted <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poet</a> in both Portuguese and Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as represented by several poems in the <i>Cancioneiro</i> of <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a number of <i>vilancetes</i> and <i>cantigas</i> ("songs") which were influenced by a palatial style and the themes of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>. </p><p>Some of his works are profoundly religious, while other are particularly satirical, particularly when commenting upon what Vicente perceived as the corruption of the clergy and the superficial glory of <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> which concealed the increasing <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> of Portugal's lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vicente's works were partially influenced by the Iberian popular and religious theatre that was already being done. Pastoral themes present in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Encina" title="Juan del Encina">Juan del Encina</a> strongly influenced Vicente's early works and continued to inform his later, more sophisticated plays. The <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a> also impacted his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luís Vicente, his son, classified Vicente's <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> plays as acts and <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mysteries</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> plays as farces, comedies, and tragicomedies. His plays may be further divided into <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> acts, religious <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible story">biblical narratives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Episodic_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Episodic plot (page does not exist)">episodical</a> farces, and <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> acts. However, many of his works blend both secular and sacred elements; for example, <i>Triologia das Barcas</i> ("Trilogy of the Ships") contains both farcical and religious motifs. </p><p>Vicente is one of the most important satirical authors of the Portuguese language. His satires were severely critical, anticipating <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Santeul" title="Jean-Baptiste de Santeul">Jean-Baptiste de Santeul</a>'s later epigram (often mistakenly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>), <i>castigat ridendo mores</i> ("[Comedy] criticises customs through humour"). He portrayed Portuguese society of the 16th century with perceptiveness and insight, using many characters inspired by Portuguese social <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> of his time. In addition, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rustic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:rustic">rustic</a> characters, such as sailors, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">gypsies</a>, and peasants, are common, as are more fantastical characters such as <a href="/wiki/Fairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairies">fairies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">demons</a>. Though he commonly referenced popular <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, Vicente maintained the lyricism of his words. </p><p>Positive aspects of Vicente's works include imagination, originality, and a proficiency in technical knowledge of theatre. Though spontaneous, sardonic, and emotive, his works maintain a directness and simplicity of dialogue which is lyrical without being florid or exaggerated. He expresses himself in an unexpected, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysian</a> way which does not always obey the aesthetic and artistic principles of balance. Vicente's works seem to show a spirit in conflict: his portrayals of the flaws of others appear almost rash and cruel, while his devotional and pastoral works, and those scenes in which he defends the oppressed, give an impression of tenderness, docility, and humaneness. In contrast, his works sometimes include a romanticism which combines <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">eroticism</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waggery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:waggery">waggery</a> with more erudite influences such as <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_elements">Philosophical elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The worlds presented in Vicente's works could be considered as representative of the duality of <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a>. The first world is the abstract, an ideal place of serenity and divine love that leads to inner peace, quietness, and "resplendent glory", according to his letter to John III of Portugal. The second world, which he portrays in his farces, is the physical: a false world, tired, without order or remedy, and lacking in strength. </p><p>His satirical works depict the second world, in which human flaws are caricatured with little regard for actual or historical truth. Though critics call attention to these <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronisms</a> and narrative inconsistencies, it's possible that Vicente considered these errors trivial in his portrayals of an already false and imperfect world. In contrast, his representations of the mythic, symbolic, and religious aspects of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, such as the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mother</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">infant Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_eve" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas eve">Christmas eve</a>, demonstrate a harmony and purity which is not present in his <a href="/wiki/Social_commentary" title="Social commentary">social commentary</a>. </p><p>Unlike plays which echo <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> by presenting the dichotomy of darkness and light, Vicente's work juxtaposes the two elements in order to illustrate the necessity of both. Christmas eve, one of his common motifs, is symbolic of his philosophical and religious views: the great darkness borders the divine glory of maternity, birth, forgiveness, serenity, and good will. The darkness is necessary to provide contrast with the light. </p><p>Though his <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> is apparent in works such as <i>Exortação da Guerra</i> ("Exhortation of War") and <i>Auto da Fama</i> ("Act of Fame"), or <i>Cortes de Júpiter</i> ("Courts of Jupiter"), it doesn't merely glorify the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>; instead, it is critical and ethically concerned, especially with the newly available vices which arose due to commerce with the East, that brought a sudden enrichment and disruption of the social fabric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_plays">Religious plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of Vicente's plays were composed in order to celebrate religious festivals; these seventeen plays are called his "Obras de devoção" ("Devotional works").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these plays, also called "autos", or "acts", Vicente blended themes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Morality_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Morality plays">morality plays</a> with theatrical <a href="/wiki/Mumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumming">mumming</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">liturgical dramas</a> that were used in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>. </p><p>One of his first devotional plays was <i>Auto da Fé</i> ("Act of Faith") in 1510. Like a morality play, it explores the journey of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a> as it travels to the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Mother Church</a>. On its way, it is waylaid by the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> and led to goodness by an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angel</a>. </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a> is considered to be the <i>Triologia das Barcas</i> ("Trilogy of the Ships"), which consists of the three plays <i>Auto da Barca do Inferno</i> ("Act of the Ship of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>"), written 1516; <i>Auto da Barca do Purgatório</i> ("Act of the Ship of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>"), written in 1518; and <i>Auto da Barca da Glória</i> ("Auto of the Ship of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>"), written in 1519. These plays combine morality narratives with criticism of 16th-century Portuguese society by placing stereotypical characters on a dock to await the arrival of one of the ships which will take them to their <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">eternal destination</a>. The characters are of a variety of social statuses; for example, in <i>Auto da Barca do Inferno</i>, those awaiting passage include a <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">nobleman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">madam</a>, a corrupt judge and prosecutor, a dissolute friar, a dishonest shoemaker, a hanged man, and a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jew">Jew</a> (who would have been considered <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">bound for Hell</a> in Vicente's time). </p><p>His religious lyricism shows the influence of the <i>Cantigas de Santa Maria</i> ("Songs of Saint Mary") and is exemplified in such works as <i>Auto de Mofina Mendes</i> ("Act of Mofina Mendes", literally, in the Portuguese of that time, "Act of Disgrace [Mofina] It Self [Mendes]), <i>Anunciação</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>"), and in the prayer of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> in <i>Auto da Alma</i> ("Act of the Soul"). For this reason, Vicente is sometimes called the "Poet of the Virgin." </p><p>His other notable religious works include <i>Auto Pastoril Castelhano</i> ("Castilian Pastoral Act") written in 1502; <i>Auto dos Reis Magos</i> ("Act of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> Kings") written in 1503 for Christmas celebrations; and <i>Auto da Sibila Cassandra</i> ("Act of the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a>") written in 1503, a play which announced the Renaissance ideals in Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedies_and_farces">Comedies and farces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comedies and farces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vicente's comedies and farces were likely influenced by indigenous popular entertainment. Contemporaneous Spaniards, like <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(musician)" title="Lucas Fernández (musician)">Lucas Fernandez</a> and Torres Naharro, may also have influenced his style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vicente's comedies blended <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> and satire; in addition, his use of dialect clearly delineated the social classes of his characters. The <a href="/wiki/Staging_(theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staging (theatre)">staging</a> of these plays maintained the simplicity of morality plays. For example, two simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Scene_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scene (fiction)">scenes</a> might utilize a single curtain to divide them. </p><p><i>Auto da Índia</i> ("Act of India"), written in 1509, was one of his first comedies. This play, which shows his proficiency with the form, is comparable to a modern <a href="/wiki/Bedroom_farce" title="Bedroom farce">bedroom farce</a>. Vicente wrote farces throughout the rest of his life; one notable example is <i>Farsa de Inês Pereira</i> ("Farce of Inês Pereira"), written in 1523. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Portuguese_theatre">Influence on Portuguese theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on Portuguese theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg/250px-Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Works of <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a>. In the <i>Miscelânia</i>, he defends Vicente as the "Father of Portuguese theatre."</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to Vicente, few dramatic stagings had taken place in Portugal. However, a few notable performances had established theatrical precedence in courtly and religious contexts. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I of Portugal</a> (1185–1212), Bonamis and Acompaniado, the first recorded Portuguese actors, put on a show of <i>arremedillo</i> and were paid by the King with the donation of lands. </p><p>In a document dated 1281, Frei Telo, Archbishop of Braga, refers to liturgical dramas which were performed during Catholic festivities. </p><p>In 1451, theatrical acts accompanied the festivities of the wedding of <i><a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a></i> (Princess) <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Empress">Eleanor of Portugal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III of Habsburg</a>. </p><p>According to the Portuguese chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Fernão Lopes">Fernão Lopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomes_Eanes_de_Zurara" title="Gomes Eanes de Zurara">Gomes Eanes de Zurara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rui_de_Pina" title="Rui de Pina">Rui de Pina</a>, and Garcia Resende, spectacular stagings took place in the courts of <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a>. For example, Rui de Pina refers to one instance in which King John II himself played the part of The <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a> in a production which included a scene constructed of fabric waves. During the action, a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carracks</a> with a crew of spectacularly dressed actors entered the room accompanied by the sound of <a href="/wiki/Minstrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrels">minstrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">trumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kettledrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettledrum">kettledrum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. </p><p>Other significant Portuguese theatrical works include the <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">eclogues</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bernardim_Ribeiro" title="Bernardim Ribeiro">Bernardim Ribeiro</a>, Cristóvão Falcão, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sá de Miranda">Sá de Miranda</a>, and the <i>Pranto de Santa Maria</i> (1435), an early liturgical drama by André Dias. Garcia de Resende, in his <i>Cancioneiro Geral</i>, designates a few other works, such as <i>Entremez do Anjo</i> by D. Francisco of Portugal, Count of <a href="/wiki/Vimioso" title="Vimioso">Vimioso</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lay#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lay">lays</a> of Anrique da Mota. Vicente likely assisted in the production of these works, which include comedic scenes. </p><p>Though Vicente did not invent Portuguese theatre, his works surpassed any done before that time. His writing in Portuguese and in Spanish shaped both modern Spanish and modern Portuguese drama.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contribution to creating new forms, such as the farce, and raising the morality play to its apotheosis created the base upon which Portuguese and Spanish drama would be built. Though some of his works were later suppressed by the Inquisition, he is now recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the Renaissance and the leading name in Portuguese theatre. According to <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo">Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo</a>, Vicente is "the most important figure of the primitive <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">peninsular</a> playwrights…[There was no one] who surpassed him in Europe in his time." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_and_influence_on_other_works">Publication and influence on other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publication and influence on other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first edition of Vicente's complete works was published in Lisbon in 1561–1562 by his children Paula and Luís. In 1586, the second edition was published; however, many parts were heavily censored by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. The third edition was not published until 1834 in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> by Barreto Feio, after which Vicente's work was finally rediscovered. </p><p>Since that time, various composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a> (who made <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Von den Rosen komm' ich</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Von dem Rosenbusch, o Mutter</i></span>) from Vicente's De la rosa vengo my madre [from the rose I come my mother], which also had a version by Schumann) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> (who made his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spanische Liebeslieder</i></span> [Spanish Love Songs] no. 7. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weh, wie zornig ist das Mädchen</i></span> from Vicente's Sañosa está la nina [Irritated is the little girl] and no. 3. Lied, op. 29 no. 2 from Vicente's Canción [Song]; and two of his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spanisches Liederspiel</i></span> no. 1. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erste Begegnung</i></span>, op. 74 no. 1 and no. 3. Intermezzo, op. 74 no. 2), have set Vicente's poetry to music in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a>. Most of these were translated into <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> by Emanuel van Geibel. Chilean composer <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Soublette" title="Sylvia Soublette">Sylvia Soublette</a> set Vicente’s text to music in her song “Del Rosal Vengo.” <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A quote from one of Vicente's plays, "The pursuit of love is like falconry", appears in the epigraph of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold" title="Chronicle of a Death Foretold">Chronicle of a Death Foretold</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto (art)">Auto (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal in the Age of Discovery">Portugal in the Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090813/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Vicente">"Vicente, Gil".</a> <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=68989">"Gil Vicente, * 1465 | Geneall.net"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gil+Vicente%2C+%2A+1465+%26%23124%3B+Geneall.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneall.net%2FP%2Fper_page.php%3Fid%3D68989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandera2010" class="citation book cs1">Bandera, Cesareo (2010). <i>Sacred Game: The Role of the Sacred in the Genesis of Modern Literary Fiction</i>. Penn State Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271042053" title="Special:BookSources/9780271042053"><bdi>9780271042053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Game%3A+The+Role+of+the+Sacred+in+the+Genesis+of+Modern+Literary+Fiction&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780271042053&rft.aulast=Bandera&rft.aufirst=Cesareo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QR_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QR_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffordColeridgeLockhartElwin1847" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, William; Coleridge, Sir John Taylor; Lockhart, John Gibson; Elwin, Whitwell; Macpherson, William; Smith, William; Murray, John; Ernle), Rowland Edmund Prothero (Baron; Prothero, George Walter (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgQ8y0oG7hEC"><i>The Quarterly Review</i></a>. John Murray. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarterly+Review&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Coleridge%2C+Sir+John+Taylor&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+John+Gibson&rft.au=Elwin%2C+Whitwell&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+William&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft.au=Murray%2C+John&rft.au=Ernle%29%2C+Rowland+Edmund+Prothero+%28Baron&rft.au=Prothero%2C+George+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgQ8y0oG7hEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarleParkinsonAlonso2013" class="citation book cs1">Earle, Thomas Foster; Parkinson, Stephen; Alonso, Cláudia Pazos (2013). <i>A Companion to Portuguese Literature</i>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-267-4"><bdi>978-1-85566-267-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Portuguese+Literature&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85566-267-4&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Foster&rft.au=Parkinson%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Alonso%2C+Cl%C3%A1udia+Pazos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombo1906" class="citation book cs1">Colombo, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Ceylon Branch (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdwlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i></a>. Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Ceylon+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Ceylon+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Colombo&rft.aufirst=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+Ceylon+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdwlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1912-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1912_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1912">Ford 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestage191119_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestage1911">Prestage 1911</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2006_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2006_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gil-Vicente-Portuguese-dramatist">"Vicente, Gil".</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</i> 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsYAAAAIAAJ&q=strantz+louise"><i>International Encyclopedia of Women Composers</i></a>. Books & Music (USA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9617485-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Women+Composers&rft.pub=Books+%26+Music+%28USA%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9617485-1-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Aaron+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VsYAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dstrantz%2Blouise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford, Jeremiah Denis Mathias (1912). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Gil_Vicente" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gil+Vicente&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah+Denis+Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestage1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Prestage" title="Edgar Prestage">Prestage, Edgar</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vicente,_Gil" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vicente, Gil">Vicente, Gil</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vicente%2C+Gil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Prestage&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGil+Vicente" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gil_Vicente" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9834">Works by Gil Vicente</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Vicente%2C%20Gil%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gil%20Vicente%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vicente%2C%20Gil%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gil%20Vicente%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vicente%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gil%20Vicente%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vicente%2C%20Gil%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gil%20Vicente%22%29%20OR%20%28%221465-1536%22%20AND%20Vicente%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gil Vicente</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1908">Works by Gil Vicente</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360383#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122762549">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9854778">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1855908/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycMYThpPdq4JqFpdJqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118804383">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025343">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119281861">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119281861">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00539634">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35581053">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000107052&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1640342">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/10663">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06893629X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90317385">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000381316&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn241x18497x0f2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674435805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/118999">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308125205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515085306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500327627">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/05bca286-d521-4862-99d9-1478a97073fb">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/101967">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1002950">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118804383.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118804383">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086455087">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w618682c">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&oldid=1258846745">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicente&oldid=1258846745</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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