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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling_style_and_persona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling_style_and_persona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wrestling style and persona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling_style_and_persona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Championships_and_accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Championships_and_accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Championships and accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Championships_and_accomplishments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Championships and accomplishments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Championships_and_accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weightlifting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weightlifting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Weightlifting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weightlifting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Hackenschmidt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جورج هاکن‌اشمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج هاکن‌اشمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B7%B8_%ED%95%98%EC%BC%84%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8" title="게오르그 하켄슈미트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게오르그 하켄슈미트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgs_Haken%C5%A1mits" title="Georgs Hakenšmits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Georgs Hakenšmits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جورج هاكنشميت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج هاكنشميت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ジョージ・ハッケンシュミット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ハッケンシュミット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гаккеншмидт, Георг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаккеншмидт, Георг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" title="Georg Hackenschmidt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg Hackenschmidt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="จอร์จ ฮักเกนชมิดท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ ฮักเกนชมิดท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82" title="Георг Гакеншмідт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг Гакеншмідт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">George Hackenschmidt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg/220px-Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg/330px-Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg/440px-Georg_Hackenschmidt_ca._1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hackenschmidt, circa. 1905</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Georg Karl Julius Hackenschmidt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1877-08-01</span>)</span>August 1, 1877<br /><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, Russian Empire<br />(now Tartu, Estonia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 19, 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-02-19)</span> (aged 90)<sup id="cite_ref-PS55_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />London, England<sup id="cite_ref-PS55_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling career</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Billed height</th><td class="infobox-data">175 cm (5 ft 9 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Billed weight</th><td class="infobox-data">100 kg (220 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ferdinand Gruhn<br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lurich" title="Georg Lurich">Georg Lurich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Debut</th><td class="infobox-data">1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">1911</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Sports career</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; background-color:#ccf; font-size:105%; background-color:transparent;"><div style="margin:0 4em;">Medal record</div></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" class="adr">Representing <span class="country-name">the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Weightlifting" title="Weightlifting">Weightlifting</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="World Weightlifting Championships">World Championships</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bronze medal – third place"><img alt="Bronze medal – third place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/16px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/24px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/32px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_World_Weightlifting_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 World Weightlifting Championships (page does not exist)">1898 Vienna</a> </span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10 events<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_Wrestling_Championships" title="European Wrestling Championships">European Championships</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gold medal – first place"><img alt="Gold medal – first place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/16px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/24px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/32px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_European_Wrestling_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 European Wrestling Championships (page does not exist)">1898 Vienna</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Openweight<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3633FF;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling" title="Category:Professional wrestling">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrestling_-_Sikeston,_MO_1938_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/175px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/263px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/350px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_professional_wrestling" title="History of professional wrestling">History of professional wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_professional_wrestling" title="Template:Years in professional wrestling">By year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_wrestling_championships" title="Early wrestling championships">Early wrestling championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Dust_Trio" title="Gold Dust Trio">Gold Dust Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom" title="1980s professional wrestling boom">1980s boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(professional_wrestling)" title="Black Saturday (professional wrestling)">Black Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NWA_World_Title_Tournament" title="NWA World Title Tournament">1994 NWA World Title Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_War" title="Monday Night War">Monday Night Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_Era" title="Attitude Era">Attitude Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling_mass_exodus" title="2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus">2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invasion_(professional_wrestling)" title="The Invasion (professional wrestling)">The Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Night_Wars" title="Wednesday Night Wars">Wednesday Night Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable promotions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling" title="All Elite Wrestling">All Elite Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling" title="All Japan Pro Wrestling">All Japan Pro Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Women%27s_Pro-Wrestling" title="All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling">All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Star_Wrestling" title="All Star Wrestling">All Star Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association" title="American Wrestling Association">American Wrestling Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre" title="Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre">Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling" title="Extreme Championship Wrestling">Extreme Championship Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling" title="Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling">Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgeous_Ladies_of_Wrestling" title="Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling">Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions" title="Jim Crockett Promotions">Jim Crockett Promotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Promotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Promotions">Joint Promotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide" title="Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide">Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling" title="Maple Leaf Wrestling">Maple Leaf Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance" title="National Wrestling Alliance">National Wrestling Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling" title="New Japan Pro-Wrestling">New Japan Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Noah" title="Pro Wrestling Noah">Pro Wrestling Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Honor" title="Ring of Honor">Ring of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Ground_Wrestling" title="Soft Ground Wrestling">Soft Ground Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling" title="Stampede Wrestling">Stampede Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Joshi_Pro-Wrestling" title="Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling">Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling" title="Total Nonstop Action Wrestling">Total Nonstop Action Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UWF_International" title="UWF International">UWF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Wrestling" title="Women of Wrestling">Women of Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">World Championship Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wonder_Ring_Stardom" title="World Wonder Ring Stardom">World Wonder Ring Stardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions" title="List of professional wrestling promotions">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><small><b>Early 20th Century</b></small> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sandow" title="Billy Sandow">Billy Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toots_Mondt" title="Toots Mondt">Toots Mondt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pfefer" title="Jack Pfefer">Jack Pfefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Londos" title="Jim Londos">Jim Londos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Lutteroth" title="Salvador Lutteroth">Salvador Lutteroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>Mid 20th Century</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgeous_George" title="Gorgeous George">Gorgeous George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Santo" title="El Santo">El Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Muchnick" title="Sam Muchnick">Sam Muchnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Burke" title="Mildred Burke">Mildred Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Moolah" title="The Fabulous Moolah">The Fabulous Moolah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Demon" title="Blue Demon">Blue Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verne_Gagne" title="Verne Gagne">Verne Gagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gotch" title="Karl Gotch">Karl Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikid%C5%8Dzan" title="Rikidōzan">Rikidōzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stu_Hart" title="Stu Hart">Stu Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino" title="Bruno Sammartino">Bruno Sammartino</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>1970s and 1980s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Funk" title="Terry Funk">Terry Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Race" title="Harley Race">Harley Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Solie" title="Gordon Solie">Gordon Solie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Inoki" title="Antonio Inoki">Antonio Inoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Baba" title="Giant Baba">Giant Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_M%C3%A1scaras" title="Mil Máscaras">Mil Máscaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_the_Giant" title="André the Giant">André the Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Heenan" title="Bobby Heenan">Bobby Heenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Col%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Colón">Carlos Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes" title="Dusty Rhodes">Dusty Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Flair" title="Ric Flair">Ric Flair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Jr." title="Jim Crockett Jr.">Jim Crockett Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Crabtree" title="Shirley Crabtree">Big Daddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon" title="Vince McMahon">Vince McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_Kid" title="Dynamite Kid">Dynamite Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Sayama" title="Satoru Sayama">Satoru "Tiger Mask" Sayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Savage" title="Randy Savage">Randy Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Shinma" title="Hisashi Shinma">Hisashi Shinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Maeda" title="Akira Maeda">Akira Maeda</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>1990s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(wrestler)" title="Sting (wrestler)">Sting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Muto" title="Keiji Muto">The Great Muta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Undertaker" title="The Undertaker">The Undertaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ross" title="Jim Ross">Jim Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuharu_Misawa" title="Mitsuharu Misawa">Mitsuharu Misawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenta_Kobashi" title="Kenta Kobashi">Kenta Kobashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiaki_Kawada" title="Toshiaki Kawada">Toshiaki Kawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsushi_Onita" title="Atsushi Onita">Atsushi Onita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Antonio Peña">Antonio Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bischoff" title="Eric Bischoff">Eric Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyman" title="Paul Heyman">Paul Heyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cornette" title="Jim Cornette">Jim Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Hart" title="Bret Hart">Bret Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Michaels" title="Shawn Michaels">Shawn Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Nash" title="Kevin Nash">Kevin Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hall" title="Scott Hall">Scott Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Russo" title="Vince Russo">Vince Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin" title="Stone Cold Steve Austin">Stone Cold Steve Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">The Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_H" title="Triple H">Paul "Triple H" Levesque</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>2000s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Jericho" title="Chris Jericho">Chris Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Angle" title="Kurt Angle">Kurt Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett" title="Jeff Jarrett">Jeff Jarrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero" title="Eddie Guerrero">Eddie Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Mysterio" title="Rey Mysterio">Rey Mysterio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Lesnar" title="Brock Lesnar">Brock Lesnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Orton" title="Randy Orton">Randy Orton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cena" title="John Cena">John Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Tanahashi" title="Hiroshi Tanahashi">Hiroshi Tanahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADstico" title="Místico">Místico</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>2010s and 2020s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CM_Punk" title="CM Punk">CM Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Danielson" title="Bryan Danielson">Bryan Danielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Reigns" title="Roman Reigns">Roman Reigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada" title="Kazuchika Okada">Kazuchika Okada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Omega" title="Kenny Omega">Kenny Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Khan" title="Tony Khan">Tony Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Khan" title="Nick Khan">Nick Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_Rhodes" title="Cody Rhodes">Cody Rhodes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Australia" title="Professional wrestling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Cholitas" title="Fighting Cholitas">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Canada" title="Professional wrestling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_China" title="Professional wrestling in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_France" title="Professional wrestling in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_India" title="Professional wrestling in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Israel" title="Professional wrestling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan" title="Professional wrestling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_New_Zealand" title="Professional wrestling in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Russia" title="Professional wrestling in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_the_United_States" title="Professional wrestling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Styles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="British wrestling">British wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in_professional_wrestling" title="All-in professional wrestling">All-in style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral-Lord_Mountevans_rules" title="Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules">Mountevans rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiserweight_(professional_wrestling)" title="Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)">Cruiserweight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Division" title="X Division">X Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling" title="Hardcore wrestling">Hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergender_wrestling" title="Intergender wrestling">Intergender</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Lucha libre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_wrestling" title="Midget wrestling">Midget</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mini-Estrella" title="Mini-Estrella">Mini-Estrella</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroresu" title="Puroresu">Puroresu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot style</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/U-Kei_(martial_arts)" title="U-Kei (martial arts)">U-Kei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_wrestling" title="Women's professional wrestling">Women's</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Attire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_mask" title="Wrestling mask">Masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_singlet" title="Wrestling singlet">Wrestling singlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_wrestling" title="Backyard wrestling">Backyarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blading_(professional_wrestling)" title="Blading (professional wrestling)">Blading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_championship" title="Professional wrestling championship">Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_heavyweight_wrestling_championships" title="Category:World heavyweight wrestling championships">World Heavyweight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_sheet" title="Dirt sheet">Dirt sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms" title="Glossary of professional wrestling terms">Glossary of terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayfabe" title="Kayfabe">Kayfabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimmick_(professional_wrestling)" title="Gimmick (professional wrestling)">Gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)" title="Face (professional wrestling)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heel (professional wrestling)">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(professional_wrestling)" title="Shoot (professional wrestling)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heat (professional wrestling)">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(professional_wrestling)" title="Job (professional wrestling)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_(professional_wrestling)" title="Push (professional wrestling)">Push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_show" title="House show">House show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types" title="Professional wrestling match types">Match types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_professional_wrestling" title="Music in professional wrestling">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(professional_wrestling)" title="Rib (professional wrestling)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Sports entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_team" title="Tag team">Tag team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_weight_classes" title="Category:Professional wrestling weight classes">Weight classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_ring" title="Wrestling ring">Wrestling ring</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_Alley_Club" title="Cauliflower Alley Club">Cauliflower Alley Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_ear" title="Cauliflower ear">Cauliflower ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_films" title="Category:Professional wrestling films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lucha_libre_films" title="Category:Lucha libre films">Luchador films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_magazines" title="List of professional wrestling magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li>Paintings <ul><li><a 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McMahon">United States v. McMahon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon_sex_trafficking_scandal" title="Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal">Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_attendance_records" title="List of professional wrestling attendance records">Attendance records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_championships_by_promotion" title="Category:Professional wrestling championships by promotion">Championships</a></li> <li><a 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families">Wrestling families</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_professional_wrestling_and_mixed_martial_arts" title="Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts">Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_combat" title="Mock combat">Mock combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport wrestling">Sport wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Template:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Template talk:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georg Karl Julius Hackenschmidt</b> (1 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> ] 1877<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 19 February 1968) was an <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Üks_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Üks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">strongman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">sports philosopher</a> who is recognized as professional wrestling's first <a href="/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)" title="World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (original version)">world heavyweight champion</a>. </p><p>Hackenschmidt began his professional career in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> (Reval), <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), and after a 1899 tournament in Paris was often referred in the media by the <a href="/wiki/Moniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Moniker">moniker</a> "The Russian Lion".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived most of his middle age and later life in London, England.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is believed to be the creator of the professional wrestling version of the <a href="/wiki/Bear_hug" title="Bear hug">bear hug</a> as well as the person who popularised the <a href="/wiki/Squat_(exercise)#Variants" title="Squat (exercise)">hack squat</a>; additionally, Hackenschmidt is also attributed as the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Bench_press" title="Bench press">bench press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known for his impressive strength, fitness, and flexibility. Later in life, he wrote many books on <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a>, training and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/220px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/330px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/440px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption>Hackenschmidt, ca. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Georg Hackenschmidt was born in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> (Dorpat), Estonia, on 1 August 1877, where he lived with his parents, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> Georg Friedrich Heinrich Hackenschmidt (born 1847<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Ida Louise Johansson, who was of <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Üks_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Üks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedes" title="Estonian Swedes">Swedish</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a younger brother, Bruno, and sister Alice. He later said that neither of his parents were particularly robust in stature or had any unusual physical characteristics, though his maternal grandfather was said to have been a huge and powerful man. His paternal grandfather, Christian Philipp Hackenschmidt, a <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> dyer, accepted Russian citizenship with his wife in 1845; he died about 1881–1882.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his earliest years, Hackenschmidt devoted himself to physical development, particularly at the local <a href="/wiki/Real_school" title="Real school">Real school</a> (<i>Dorpater Realschule</i>), where he took advantage of the gym. He excelled in <i><a href="/wiki/Gorodki" title="Gorodki">gorodki</a></i>, cycling, gymnastics, swimming, running, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field#Jumping" title="Track and field">jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His feats of strength astounded his teachers, as he could lift a small horse off the ground and lift 276 pounds overhead one handed. In a wrestler's bridge, he could pull a 335-pound barbell from the floor to his chest and press it overhead, bridging on his neck. He set several records in weight lifting and was considered both the strongest and the best-developed man in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graduating from school in 1895, he started working at a large engineering factory in Tallinn (Reval) as a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>'s apprentice. He joined the city's Athletic and Cycling Club, becoming an ardent cyclist and winning prizes, but also developed a keen interest in wrestling and weight lifting. The turning point in his life came in 1896 when another Estonian, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lurich" title="Georg Lurich">Georg Lurich</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestler</a> and strongman, toured in Tallinn with a small troupe, challenging any and all comers. Hackenschmidt took up the challenge and was beaten. German wrestler Fritz Konietzko came to Tallinn in 1897, and Hackenschmidt fared better.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_wrestling_career">Professional wrestling career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional wrestling career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Hackenschmidt" title="Special:EditPage/George Hackenschmidt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In late 1897-early 1898, Hackenschmidt suffered a minor hand injury at the factory and consulted a doctor who was acquainted with Dr. Vladislav Krajewski, who was in the service of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> of Russia. Krajewski was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> Athletic and Cycling Club, with Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir Alexandrovich</a> as president. While observing Hackenschmidt's arm, Krajewski noticed the athlete's physique and invited him to Saint Petersburg and offered to stay with him, as he saw in him the potential to become a <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestler</a>. Krajewski trained Georg Lurich for some time and told Hackenschmidt that he had the potential to become the strongest man in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his parents' objections, Hackenschmidt left for Saint Petersburg in the spring of 1898. In 1898, Hackenschmidt trained at Krajewski's and was supported by Count Georges de Ribeaupierre. In April, the club organized a competition in weightllifting for the title of Russian champion, which Hackenschmidt won. In late April, in Saint Petersburg he defeated the French wrestler Paul Pons in 45 minutes. In preparation to performing in front of an audience, Krajewski sent Hackenschmidt to <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, where he performed under an assumed name as a weightlifter and wrestler. During this period Hackenschmidt still noted his lack of wrestling technique, which he made up for with strength.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1898, Hackenschmidt travelled to Vienna to compete at the <a href="/wiki/World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="World Weightlifting Championships">World Weightlifting Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Wrestling_Championships" title="European Wrestling Championships">European Wrestling Championships</a>, which were held together. The weightlifting championships were a decathlon (ten events consisting of: one-hand <a href="/wiki/Snatch_(weightlifting)" title="Snatch (weightlifting)">snatch</a>, simultaneous press of two <a href="/wiki/Dumbbell" title="Dumbbell">dumbbells</a>, simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Clean_and_jerk" title="Clean and jerk">jerk</a> of two dumbbells, one-hand press in <a href="/wiki/Military_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Military press">military style</a>, one-hand press in straddling style, one-hand press continuously in military style with 50.2 kg, one hand press continuously in straddling style with 50.2 kg, two-hand press, two-hand jerk, and two-hand press continuously in military style with 100 kg), with Hackenschmidt taking third place overall.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wrestling championships were an openweight competition in the Greco-Roman style, with Hackenschmidt winning the championship.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1899, he had to serve in the army: he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Demobilized five months later, on May 16 of that year Hackenschmidt defeated Alexander von Schmelling in a fight for the title of Russian champion of 1899. On 19 May he defeated von Schmelling again and was crowned Russian champion of 1899. In September, despite an arm injury, Hackenschmidt travelled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> for the World Wrestling Championships. There he received his moniker, "The Russian Lion". After a few matches, he aggravated the injury and went home. Doctors treated him <a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy" title="Electrotherapy">electrically</a> for six months, but it did more harm than good.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1900 Hackenschmidt returned to weight training. In July 1900, Hackenschmidt took part in a forty-day wrestling tournament in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, making his first appearance as a professional wrestler in Russia. He competed for two prizes, and won both, becoming champion of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. During the tournament he competed almost daily against 3-5 opponents. At the <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> tournament, Hackenschmidt met <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lurich" title="Georg Lurich">Lurich</a> for the first time in his professional career. According to Hackenschmidt's memories, Lurich bragged widely about his former victories over him. This led Georg to challenge Lurich to a match, which he usually never did. When Hackenschmidt took the stage, Lurich ran backstage. The next morning Lurich left Chemnitz.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1901, Hackenschmidt suffered the death of his mentor Krajewski, whom he considered his second father. On November 30, 1901, the World Championship of Wrestling opened at the <a href="/wiki/Casino_de_Paris" title="Casino de Paris">Casino de Paris</a> with 130 wrestlers. Hackenschmidt won first place, received two gold medals (for the lightweight tournament and the heavyweight tournament) and 3000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>. After that Georg went to the town of <a href="/wiki/Alsleben" title="Alsleben">Alsleben</a> to the trainer Siebert, who helped him to gain weight, which dropped due to the heavy schedule. During this time, he jumped 100 times over a table with his feet tied together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won tournaments everywhere he wrestled, and toured England in 1903 <a href="/wiki/Manager_(professional_wrestling)" title="Manager (professional wrestling)">managed</a> by the flamboyant <a href="/wiki/C._B._Cochran" class="mw-redirect" title="C. B. Cochran">C. B. Cochran</a> to confront the country's best wrestlers in the <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch-as-catch-can</a> style which was regaining popularity. They created a music hall boom in professional wrestling, and Hackenschmidt became a major superstar and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#D" title="Glossary of professional wrestling terms">drawing</a> <a href="/wiki/Card_(sports)" title="Card (sports)">card</a>. He wrestled in opera halls, music halls and theaters. As the wrestling boom took hold in England and wrestlers came in from all around the world for the grand tournaments that had become the rage, he remained the dominant grappler, defeating every man he met. Cochran polished his act until Hackenschmidt was a major attraction. He might take on five wrestlers in the same evening, defeating them all. </p><p>Handsome as well as powerfully built, Hackenschmidt was adored by women and admired by men. Personally a soft-spoken, cultured and intellectual young man, he could speak seven languages fluently and became a noted author, speaker and philosopher. United States President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, himself a proponent of physical culture and exercise, proclaimed, "If I wasn't president of the United States, I would like to be George Hackenschmidt".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg/224px-Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg/336px-Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg/448px-Geo._Hacken_Schmidt_LCCN2014680730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5766" data-file-height="4241" /></a><figcaption>Hackenschmidt on a press photo (1900)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hackenschmidt continued touring England and defeated the local favorites <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cannon_(wrestler)" title="Tom Cannon (wrestler)">Tom Cannon</a>, Tom Connors, Tom MacInerney, Jack Baldwin and Tom Clayton. However, when he defeated the Italian Antonio Pieri twice, Pieri sought revenge by trying to find a wrestler who could beat him. He thought he had found such a man in Ahmed Madrali, called the "Terrible Turk", who faced Hackenschmidt at the <a href="/wiki/Olympia_London" title="Olympia London">Olympia London</a> on 30 January 1904. Because of all the ballyhoo, the Olympia was packed and traffic was jammed from the Olympia back to Piccadilly. Hackenschmidt picked up Madrali and threw him down onto his arm, dislocating his shoulder. The contest had lasted about two minutes. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg/200px-Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg/300px-Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg/400px-Daily_mirror_2july1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>Hackenschmidt and Jenkins on the front page of the Daily Mirror, July 2, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 July at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, Hackenschmidt faced the <a href="/wiki/American_Heavyweight_Championship" title="American Heavyweight Championship">American heavyweight champion</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jenkins_(wrestler)" title="Tom Jenkins (wrestler)">Tom Jenkins</a>, a wrestler who would prove to be Hackenschmidt's toughest opponent to date, under <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> rules. Nevertheless, he <a href="/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)" title="Pin (professional wrestling)">pinned</a> Jenkins in two straight falls. Hackenschmidt left Cochran's management to tour Australia where he defeated the Australian <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> champion Deli Nelson in 1905, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-TBI06021905_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBI06021905-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sailed to the United States for an extended tour and a rematch with Jenkins at the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1890)" title="Madison Square Garden (1890)">Madison Square Garden</a> under catch-as-catch-can rules, which Hackenschmidt by now preferred. Jenkins put up a hard battle, but Hackenschmidt again won in two straight falls, the first in 31 minutes, 14 seconds, and the second in 22 minutes, 4 seconds. He was declared the inaugural <a href="/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)" title="World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (original version)">World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion</a> and subsequently most major league US versions of this title in the 20th and 21st centuries trace their roots back to this match. He then wrestled in Canada and returned to England for a long list of music hall engagements. </p><p>On October 28, 1905, Hackenschmidt faced Scottish champion <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Munro_(athlete)" title="Alexander Munro (athlete)">Alexander Munro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium" title="Ibrox Stadium">Ibrox Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> with an audience of 16,000. Munro was 7 cm taller and 5.5 kg heavier. Heavy rain throughout the performance hindered both wrestlers. The first fall ended after 40 minutes and 22 seconds when Munro surrendered from a <a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">half nelson</a>. Ten minutes later, the second bout began, which Hackenschmidt successfully finished in 11 minutes, 11 seconds. For the next 6 months, Hackenschmidt performed in music halls, after which he agreed to a rematch with "Terrible Turk" Madrali by <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch wrestling</a> rules to show the English public that the first victory was no accident. He took extra catch lessons from Jack Gromley at <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush" title="Shepherd's Bush">Shepherd's Bush</a>. Hackenschmidt defeated Madrali at the Olympia London in just four minutes, but noted that the Turk was one of the toughest men he had ever faced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then sailed to the United States to fulfill his obligation to meet a new challenger from Iowa by the name of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Frank_Gotch">Rivalry with Frank Gotch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Frank Gotch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg/150px-Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg/225px-Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a> vs. George Hackenschmidt in their rematch at Comiskey Park (September 4, 1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wrestling historian Mike Chapman wrote "In all of athletic history, there are a mere handful of rivalries between individual stars that have become almost as large as the sport itself. In boxing, such matchups as <a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan" title="John L. Sullivan">Sullivan</a>–<a href="/wiki/James_J._Corbett" title="James J. Corbett">Corbett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Dempsey</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Tunney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Louis</a>–<a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Conn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a>–<a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a> are a part of boxing folklore. In wrestling, there is only one: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Gotch</a>–Hackenschmidt".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After defeating Jenkins in 1905, Hackenschmidt held the <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_championship#World_championships" title="Professional wrestling championship">world title</a> and remained undefeated until he and Frank Gotch finally squared off on 3 April 1908, at the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Park_(Chicago)" title="Dexter Park (Chicago)">Dexter Park</a> Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition. Refusing to train publicly at the Chicago Athletic Club in spite of arrangements having been made for him to do so, he was barred from the club and spent his time either in his hotel room or taking long morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan. By neglecting his training, he lost his endurance, which had never been a factor in his previous matches because he ended them so quickly. Against Gotch, who was in peak condition, it would be decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gotch used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear the champion down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down. While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. At one time, Gotch also punched Hackenschmidt on the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-sandowplus_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hackenschmidt complained to the <a href="/wiki/Referee_(professional_wrestling)" title="Referee (professional wrestling)">referee</a> of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued until the two-hour mark, when Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw him down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining strength. Hackenschmidt quit the fall. "I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch", he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he at first called Gotch "the greatest man by far I ever met", and explained how his muscles had become stale and his feet had given out, and that he knew he could not win and therefore conceded the match, Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg/170px-Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg/255px-Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg/340px-Tatler_cover_5feb1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Georg Hackenschmidt vs. Joe Rogers on the cover of Tatler magazine</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1907, Hackenschmidt suffered pain in his knee and returned to Russia for rehabilitation. Hackenschmidt failed to heal his knee and was sent back to England. By 1907 the situation in the wrestling world had changed, Hackenschmidt noticed the emergence of four strong wrestlers: Constant Le Marin, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Zbyszko" title="Stanislaus Zbyszko">Stanislaus Zbyszko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Poddubny" title="Ivan Poddubny">Ivan Poddubny</a> and Joe Rogers. All four challenged Hackenschmidt, and he agreed to compete against the strongest of them, which should determine the tournament. In England, Hackenschmidt attended a match between Zbyszko and Poddubny, which Zbyszko won. Rogers was unable to compete due to <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> and demanded a rematch from Hackenschmidt for the loss in USA. The contest was held on February 6, 1908, at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Music_Hall" title="Oxford Music Hall">Oxford Music Hall</a>, where Hackenschmidt defeated Rogers in a short bout. Hackenschmidt was then scheduled to face Zbyszko, but the match was canceled due to knee problems. The wrestler went to <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, where he underwent knee surgery, followed by a long recovery. During his rehabilitation, Hackenschmidt wrote that the only opponent he was interested in was Frank Gotch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4,_1911,_Chicago_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Gotch_-_Hackenschmidt_Wrestling_Match_for_World%27s_Championship_Sept._4%2C_1911%2C_Chicago_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Gotch vs. Hackenschmidt in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Hackenschmidt and Gotch met again on 4 September 1911, at the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Comiskey_Park" title="Comiskey Park">Comiskey Park</a> in Chicago, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in professional wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt claimed to have injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, professional wrestler <a href="/wiki/Ad_Santel" title="Ad Santel">Ad Santel</a> told <a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a> that he was paid $5,000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Hackenschmidt himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees in the down position. Roller's right foot struck Hackenschmidt's right knee, which in 1904 had developed "<a href="/wiki/Housemaid%27s_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Housemaid's Knee">Housemaid's Knee</a>", requiring treatment, and had acted up again in 1907. Furthermore, according to Hackenschmidt, his sparring partners for this match were Americus (Gus Schoenlein), Jacobus Koch, <a href="/wiki/Wladek_Zbyszko" title="Wladek Zbyszko">Wladek Zbyszko</a> and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackenschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the case may be, Dr. Roller did not consider the injury to be serious, and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was "fit to wrestle for my life" and was "satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome". However, Gotch, tearing into Hackenschmidt with a vengeance, discovered the weakness quickly and took advantage of it. Hackenschmidt was easy prey for Gotch, losing in straight falls in only 20 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his signature <a href="/wiki/Toe_hold" class="mw-redirect" title="Toe hold">toe hold</a>, which forced Hackenschmidt to concede.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program,_1911.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG/220px-Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG/330px-Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG/440px-Gotch_and_Hackenschmidt_program%2C_1911.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Program from Hackenschmidt vs. Gotch on 4 September 1911</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_writing_career">Retirement and writing career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retirement and writing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his second defeat at the hands of Gotch, upon returning to England, Hackenschmidt was preparing for a match with <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Zbyszko" title="Stanislaus Zbyszko">Stanislaus Zbyszko</a> to take place the following June, but when he began working out he felt such pain in his right knee that it was painful even to walk. It necessitated surgery, but Hackenschmidt decided at that point to retire and pursue his other interests in philosophy, physical culture and gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hackenschmidt was a pioneer in the field of weightlifting. He invented the exercise known as the <a href="/wiki/Squat_(exercise)" title="Squat (exercise)">hack squat</a>, whose name is a reference to his own. Hackenschmidt also helped to popularize many other types of lifts common within the modern training regimen, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bench_press" title="Bench press">bench press</a>. During his career, he established numerous weightlifting records, which were improved upon by others in ensuing decades. </p><p>Hackenschmidt was an educated man who spoke seven languages. He went on to write books, including <i>Complete Science of Wrestling</i> (1909), <i>Man and Cosmic Antagonism to Mind and Spirit</i> (1935), <i>Fitness and Your Self</i> (1937), <i>Consciousness and Character: True Definitions of Entity, Individuality, Personality, Nonentity</i> (1937), <i>The Way to Live in Health and Physical Fitness</i> (1941), and <i>The Three Memories and Forgetfulness: What They Are and What Their True Significance Is in Human Life</i>. He also taught physical education to members of the House of Lords and served as a judge at the 1948 Mr. Universe show in London won by John Grimek.<sup id="cite_ref-sandowplus_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His book <i>Man and Cosmic Antagonism to Mind and Spirit</i> was the personal philosophy he developed while interned as a prisoner-of-war in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hackenschmidt was already hospitalized at St. Francis Hospital in Dulwich, a suburb of London, when he died on 19 February 1968. He was 89 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was cremated at <a href="/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery" title="West Norwood Cemetery">West Norwood Cemetery</a>, where his memorial plaque records him as George Hackenschmidt.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Hackenschmidt was interned by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> authorities in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with his wife. His brother Bruno, who was also a wrestler, was also captured in Germany and died in captivity. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he lived with his wife in the family home in the south of France.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hackenschmidt became a naturalized French citizen in 1939, and then became a British subject in 1946. He lived with his French wife Rachel in South Norwood, London. </p><p>He was a friend of the magician <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and playwright <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he aged, Hackenschmidt also expressed a high regard for his old opponent, Tom Jenkins, by then the wrestling coach at the US Military Academy at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>. Hack visited Jenkins in 1939 and the two got along splendidly, with Jenkins accommodating Hackenschmidt in his home and giving him a tour of the West Point training facilities. In their mutual admiration society, they never publicly expressed any credit to Frank Gotch, and Hackenschmidt spent the rest of his life complaining about Gotch's foul tactics and his knee injury in explaining his "inexplicable" losses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Yury_Vlasov" title="Yury Vlasov">Yury Vlasov</a> won and set a world record at the London tournament in July 1961, George Hackenschmidt gave him the medal and presented Vlasov his picture with a dedicatory inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Throughout his life, Hackenschmidt paid considerable attention to his diet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Hackenschmidt" title="Special:EditPage/George Hackenschmidt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Cochran" title="Charles B. Cochran">Charles B. Cochran</a> recounted that he once invited Hackenschmidt to dine at his flat in <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochran_1925_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochran_1925-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cochran noted that Hackenschmidt ate "eight or nine eggs, a porterhouse-steak, and a whole Camembert cheese".<sup id="cite_ref-Cochran_1925_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochran_1925-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Richardson" title="Maurice Richardson">Maurice Richardson</a> commented that Hackenschmidt was a considerable meat eater during the height of his wrestling career and would eat steak and half a dozen eggs as a snack but did not eat tinned foods.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_1979_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_1979-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart,_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg/220px-Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg/330px-Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg/440px-Tr%C3%BCkipostkaart%2C_ESM_F_928-39-A_17708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Hackenschmidt <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Hackenschmidt is alleged to have written that he consumed eleven <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a> of milk a day for training. However, this was later disputed. Hackenschmidt told <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Oakeley" title="Atholl Oakeley">Atholl Oakeley</a> that the quantity of milk prescribed had been a misprint.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring from the ring, Hackenschmidt reportedly became a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained physically fit well into old age, and at 56 he could jump over a 4-foot, 6-inch high board ten times. Even through his mid-80s, he would jump fifty times over a chair once a week, bench press 150 pounds and run seven miles in 45 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-sandowplus_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wrestling_style_and_persona">Wrestling style and persona</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wrestling style and persona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his entire professional wrestling career, Hackenschmidt engaged in about 3,000 matches, losing only two. Powerfully built, Hackenschmidt's measurements for his 1905 match with Alexander Munro were: age – 28; weight – 204 pounds; height – 5′, 9½″; reach – 75″; biceps – 19″; forearm – 15½″; neck – 22″; chest – 52″; waist – 34″; thigh – 26¾″; calf – 18″.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also rose to prominence when the governing style of wrestling was the slower, more ponderous Greco-Roman style that emphasized muscle power over speed, agility and ring generalship, and involved holds only above the waist. Being bulkier of build than his leaner opponents, Hackenschmidt's style and temperament were not geared as much to the catch-as-catch-can style. Hackenschmidt was a natural showman, he was honest, straightforward and serious, and he would finish off his opponents quickly. His manager <a href="/wiki/C._B._Cochran" class="mw-redirect" title="C. B. Cochran">C. B. Cochran</a> had to convince him to extend his matches and put on a show, which in turn ensured more bookings and sold-out shows. This did not mean the matches were fake, as excluding exhibitions, his matches were all on the level, but he might allow a local wrestler to last ten minutes and collect his £25 prize, and set up a highly publicized match for later in the week, where he would defeat his foe handily.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other professional wrestlers, including Frank Gotch, Hackenschmidt was never mean, vindictive or unnecessarily rough in the ring, "contrasting his physical prowess and fighting skills with a quietness of spirit", David Gentle explained. "George Hackenschmidt was the epitome of calm, self-assurance and inner peace, with full awareness of his own capabilities and thus like all masters of combat found no need for machoism or outward aggression. His tactic to win was skill and speed, born of confidence in his own ability and fighting prowess".<sup id="cite_ref-sandowplus_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he had three weaknesses. Against a first-class opponent, of whom he faced extremely few, he could be slow to adapt. Gotch reported after their first match that "every move the Russian made he telegraphed me in advance, which shows that he thinks too slowly".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hackenschmidt was also given to depression and irascibility. When he came to Chicago to train for his first match with Gotch, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promoter" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling promoter">promoter</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Curley" title="Jack Curley">Jack Curley</a> had arranged for Hackenschmidt to work out every day before a paying public, which Hackenschmidt refused to do. Barred from the athletic club, he spent his time before the match either exercising in his room or taking morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan, but no serious workouts. The more depressed he got, the more difficult he was to work with, and this all worked against him because, for the first time in his professional career, Hackenschmidt faced a foe fully capable of defeating him. Finally, and worst of all, in both matches with Gotch, Hackenschmidt was accused of lack of heart. Referee Ed Smith, following the 1908 match, said that "deep down in my own mind, I decided that George Hackenschmidt had quit – quit quite cold, as a matter of fact – because there was nothing about Gotch's treatment of him in that first encounter that could by a stretch of the imagination call for a disqualification. There was some face-mauling, just as there always is ... but at no time did the vaunted Hackenschmidt ever make a serious move toward slapping down his opponent, never showed much in the wrestling line during the entire two hours... Again, I say, that as the referee of that match, I thought that the 'Russian Lion' quit".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1911 rematch, one newspaper described Gotch's easy victory and then added that "in the parlance of the sporting world, Hackenschmidt is yellow ... He quit when his position became dangerous".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most frustrated was Hackenschmidt's second, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Benjamin_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Benjamin Roller">Dr. Benjamin Roller</a>, who himself had lost several times to Gotch, but had displayed the utmost gameness and courage. "Hack did not get started", Roller explained. "That's largely a matter of gameness". Hackenschmidt's injuries had not been serious enough, Roller felt. "I have tried my best to make a winner out of him and put him into the ring in the best possible condition, but ... gameness is something you can not put into a man".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years spanning Hackenschmidt's professional career are called the Golden Age of professional wrestling. Not only were professional wrestling matches more widely believed to be <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(professional_wrestling)" title="Shoot (professional wrestling)">honestly contested</a>, but wrestling was the most popular sport on every continent. However, it was Hackenschmidt's showmanship that made professional wrestling arguably the most popular sport in the United Kingdom at the time, and it was he and Gotch together who brought it to entirely new heights around the world. "The Hackenschmidt-Gotch matches were the pinnacle of professional wrestling during the time period and received much attention from media, fans, and celebrities", Andrew Malnoske observed. "They were even described in the 1937 book <i>Fall Guys – The Barnums of Bounce</i> by famed writer Marcus Griffen. To this day, the Chicago Public Library receives requests to view the newspaper accounts and files on the bouts."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mark Palmer pointed out, "For starters, George Hackenschmidt and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century. Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world – akin to today's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention – and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s – the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having already made his mark in bodybuilding, Hackenschmidt caused the major surge in the popularity of professional wrestling in England, and he was considered unbeatable. However, Hackenschmidt probably would not be so well remembered today were it not for two things: 1) his enormous standing in the world of physical culture, and 2) his two defeats at the hands of Frank Gotch. Hackenschmidt remained in the public eye because he had become an icon in the world of physical culture, a legendary bodybuilder as well as health addict, and a world champion wrestler central to a movement that was now increasingly popular. He spoke and published widely on a wide range of subjects, but most notably on health and fitness. His most popular book was the classic <i>The Way To Live</i>, the last words of which read, "Throughout my whole career I have never bothered as to whether I was a champion or not a champion; The only title I have desired to be known by is simply my name – George Hackenschmidt".<sup id="cite_ref-sandowplus_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was his matches with Gotch that ensured the growing popularity of catch-as-catch-can wrestling over the more laborious Greco-Roman that had previously dominated, and this is the style that enjoys popularity at all scholastic levels, private clubs and the Olympics to this day. Hackenschmidt was a major reason for this. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/H.J._Lutcher_Stark_Center_for_Physical_Culture_and_Sports" title="H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports">H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports</a> at the Todd-McLean Library and Special Collections in Austin, Texas, has a digitized version of a nearly 600-page scrapbook owned for decades by Hackenschmidt and bequeathed by his widow Rachel.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international Georg Hackenschmidt Memorial in Greco-Roman wrestling has been held in Tartu since 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Championships_and_accomplishments">Championships and accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Championships and accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weightlifting">Weightlifting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weightlifting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1898 <a href="/wiki/World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="World Weightlifting Championships">World Weightlifting Championships</a> - 3rd place, weightlifting decathlon<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrestling">Wrestling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>French Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchHeavy_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchHeavy-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1898 <a href="/wiki/European_Wrestling_Championships" title="European Wrestling Championships">European Wrestling Championships</a> - 1st place, Greco-Roman, openweight<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Greco-Roman_Heavyweight_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship">European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Greco-Roman_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship">1 time</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)" title="World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (original version)">World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)#Title_history" title="World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (original version)">1 time</a>, inaugural)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Tragos/Lou_Thesz_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame" title="George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame">George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame</a></b> <ul><li>Class of 2003</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame">International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame</a></b> <ul><li>Class of 2021<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum">Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame#Pioneer_Era_(1898–1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame">Class of 2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter" title="Wrestling Observer Newsletter">Wrestling Observer Newsletter</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame" title="Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame">Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame#Inductees" title="Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame">Class of 1996</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame" title="WWE Hall of Fame">WWE Hall of Fame</a> (<a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2016)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2016)">Class of 2016</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PS55-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PS55_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS55_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Power Slam". <i>This Month in History: February</i>. SW Publishing. January 1999. p. 28. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Month+in+History%3A+February&rft.atitle=Power+Slam&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1999-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sport-record.de/gewichtheben/weightlifting-iwf-comp-h.html">"World Weightlifting Championships 1891 - 1992"</a>. <i>sport-record.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sport-record.de&rft.atitle=World+Weightlifting+Championships+1891+-+1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport-record.de%2Fgewichtheben%2Fweightlifting-iwf-comp-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatsmat.uww.org/daten.php?wkid=F587AB39F1D14F339CB8E39C86BDC96F&gkl=1">"unoffical European Championship"</a>. <i>whatsmat.uww.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whatsmat.uww.org&rft.atitle=unoffical+European+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatsmat.uww.org%2Fdaten.php%3Fwkid%3DF587AB39F1D14F339CB8E39C86BDC96F%26gkl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">George, Hackenschmidt (1911). <i>The Path to Strength and Health</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Popov Brothers. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Strength+and+Health&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Popov+Brothers&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Hackenschmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Üks-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Üks_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Üks_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dea.digar.ee/cgi-bin/dea?a=d&d=stockholmstid19581115.1.2">"Üks eesti jõukangelane"</a>. <i>Stockholms-Tidningen Eestlastele</i> (in Estonian). <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. 15 November 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stockholms-Tidningen+Eestlastele&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cks+eesti+j%C3%B5ukangelane&rft.date=1958-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdea.digar.ee%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdea%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstockholmstid19581115.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamonov2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paramonov, Riho (1 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajakirisport.ee/2017/12/01/koige-kuulsam-eestlane/">"Kõige kuulsam eestlane"</a>. <i>Ajakiri Sport</i> (in Estonian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajakiri+Sport&rft.atitle=K%C3%B5ige+kuulsam+eestlane&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Paramonov&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajakirisport.ee%2F2017%2F12%2F01%2Fkoige-kuulsam-eestlane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Georg_Hackenschmidt">"Hackenschmidt, Georg"</a>. <i>Eesti spordi biograafiline leksikon (ESBL)</i> (in Estonian). 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eesti+spordi+biograafiline+leksikon+%28ESBL%29&rft.atitle=Hackenschmidt%2C+Georg&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esbl.ee%2Fbiograafia%2FGeorg_Hackenschmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markie, Arnie. <i>The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives</i>. pg. 340. Simon and Schuster, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80663-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80663-0">0-684-80663-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicwrestlingarticles.wordpress.com/2015/08/30/hackenschmidts-great-strength-due-to-work/">"Hackenschmidt's Great Strength Due To Work"</a>. <i>Classic Wrestling Articles</i>. 30 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+Wrestling+Articles&rft.atitle=Hackenschmidt%27s+Great+Strength+Due+To+Work&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicwrestlingarticles.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Fhackenschmidts-great-strength-due-to-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangsepp1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langsepp, Olaf (1971). <i>George Hackenschmidt</i> (in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti raamat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Hackenschmidt&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pub=Eesti+raamat&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Langsepp&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohtuleht.ee/21232/georg-hackenschmidt-valitseda-elu">"Georg Hackenschmidt. "Valitseda elu"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%95htuleht" title="Õhtuleht">Õhtuleht</a></i> (in Estonian). 8 May 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%95htuleht&rft.atitle=Georg+Hackenschmidt.+%22Valitseda+elu%22&rft.date=1998-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohtuleht.ee%2F21232%2Fgeorg-hackenschmidt-valitseda-elu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222183031/http://www.hackenschmidt-eu-gennet.de/resources/h_estland_schweden/Namen,%20Daten.pdf">"Hackenschmidt Genealogy Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hackenschmidt-eu-gennet.de</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hackenschmidt-eu-gennet.de&rft.atitle=Hackenschmidt+Genealogy+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackenschmidt-eu-gennet.de%2Fresources%2Fh_estland_schweden%2FNamen%2C%2520Daten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 146–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBI06021905-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TBI06021905_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cornish Wrestling</i>, The Bendigo Independent (Vic), 06 February 1905, p3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, pp. 153–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kent">Kent</a>, pp. 148–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandowplus-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandowplus_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandowplus_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandowplus_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandowplus_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandowplus_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentle" class="citation web cs1">Gentle, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Hackenschmidt/hack-intro.html">"George Hackenschmidt"</a>. <i>sandowplus.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandowplus.co.uk&rft.atitle=George+Hackenschmidt&rft.aulast=Gentle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandowplus.co.uk%2FCompetition%2FHackenschmidt%2Fhack-intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, pp. 98–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 65–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 68, 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesz, Lou, & Kit Bauman, Mike Chapman, editor, <i>Hooker, The Authentic Wrestler's Adventures Inside the Bizarre World of Professional Wrestling</i> (Wrestling Channel Press, 1995–2000), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, pp. 122–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, pp. 114–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 91–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hackenschmidt, George (2011) <i>The Way to Live</i> (Modern Reprint Edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1466466308" title="Special:BookSources/1466466308">1466466308</a>. p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tames, Richard. (2005). <i>Sporting London: A Race Through Time</i>. p. 155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905286065" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905286065">978-1905286065</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Boston Globe</i>, "Hackenschmidt Dies, Old-Time Mat Star 91", 20 February 1968, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentle" class="citation web cs1">Gentle, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017085845/http://www.bobwhelan.com/history/hackenschmidt2.htm">"GEORGE HACKENSCHMIDT: THE RUSSIAN LION. PART TWO"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobwhelan.com/history/hackenschmidt2.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEORGE+HACKENSCHMIDT%3A+THE+RUSSIAN+LION.+PART+TWO&rft.aulast=Gentle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobwhelan.com%2Fhistory%2Fhackenschmidt2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoveringbritain.org/content/discoveringbritain/walk%20booklets/West%20Norwood%20DB%20walk%20-%20written%20guide.pdf">A self-guided walk around West Norwood Cemetery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/houdini-defeats-hackenschmidt-and-other.html">"Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt' and other revelations"</a>. <i>wildabouthoudini.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wildabouthoudini.com&rft.atitle=Houdini+Defeats+Hackenschmidt%27+and+other+revelations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildabouthoudini.com%2F2010%2F01%2Fhoudini-defeats-hackenschmidt-and-other.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langsepp, Olaf (1968) <i>Georg Hackenschmidt</i>. Tallinn. Lk. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasov1989" class="citation book cs1">Vlasov, Ju.P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65749776"><i>Spravedlivost ́sily</i></a>. I. V. Petrova. [Leningrad]: Lenizdat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-289-00374-6" title="Special:BookSources/5-289-00374-6"><bdi>5-289-00374-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65749776">65749776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spravedlivost+%CC%81sily&rft.place=%5BLeningrad%5D&rft.pub=Lenizdat&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65749776&rft.isbn=5-289-00374-6&rft.aulast=Vlasov&rft.aufirst=Ju.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65749776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochran_1925-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cochran_1925_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cochran_1925_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cochran, Charles Blake. (1925). <i>The Secrets of a Showman</i>. W. Heinemann. p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson_1979-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_1979_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Maurice. (1979). <i>Fits & Starts: Collected Pieces</i>. Michael Joseph. p. 120. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718118211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718118211">978-0718118211</a> "A natural born ascetic, Hackenschmidt has lived almost the whole of his life in training. He is a teetotaller and a non-smoker. The only cigarette he ever smoked put him flat on his back after a few puffs. At the height of his wrestling career he was a considerable meat eater, his idea of a light snack before dinner was a steak and half a dozen eggs. But he always eschewed tinned foods. For many years now he has been a strict vegetarian".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starck, Nigel. (2006). <i>Life After Death: The Art of the Obituary</i>. Melbourne University Press. p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85256-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-85256-4">0-522-85256-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Frank C. (1961). <i>Obituaries from the Times</i>. Newspaper Archive Developments Limited. p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kent">Kent</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fleischer">Fleischer</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chapman">Chapman</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalnoske" class="citation web cs1">Malnoske, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201163504/http://www.pwhf.org/halloffamers/bios/hackenschmidt.asp">"George Hackenschmidt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum">Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwhf.org/halloffamers/bios/hackenschmidt.asp">the original</a> on 1 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Hackenschmidt&rft.pub=Professional+Wrestling+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.aulast=Malnoske&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwhf.org%2Fhalloffamers%2Fbios%2Fhackenschmidt.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Mark (28 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017172912/https://intermatwrestle.com/articles/2904">"InterMat Rewind: Gotch vs. Hackenschmidt"</a>. Intermat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intermatwrestle.com/articles/2904">the original</a> on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InterMat+Rewind%3A+Gotch+vs.+Hackenschmidt&rft.pub=Intermat&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintermatwrestle.com%2Farticles%2F2904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2011" class="citation web cs1">Todd, Terry (18 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812020355/http://www.starkcenter.org/blog/2011/07/we-give-you%E2%80%A6the-hackenschmidt-scrapbook/">"We Give You... The Hackenschmidt Scrapbook"</a>. <i>starkcenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starkcenter.org/blog/2011/07/we-give-you%E2%80%A6the-hackenschmidt-scrapbook/">the original</a> on 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starkcenter.org&rft.atitle=We+Give+You...+The+Hackenschmidt+Scrapbook&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starkcenter.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F07%2Fwe-give-you%25E2%2580%25A6the-hackenschmidt-scrapbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrenchHeavy-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FrenchHeavy_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrestling-titles.com/europe/france/fr-h.html">"French Heavyweight Title"</a>. Puroresu Dojo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Heavyweight+Title&rft.pub=Puroresu+Dojo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrestling-titles.com%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2Ffr-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prowrestlinghall.org/induction">"Induction Weekend 2022 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induction+Weekend+2022+%26%23124%3B+Pro+Wrestling+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prowrestlinghall.org%2Finduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-hall-fame/wwe-hall-fame-2016/article/legacy-inductees">"Congratulations to the 2016 WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congratulations+to+the+2016+WWE+Hall+of+Fame+Legacy+inductees&rft.pub=WWE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwe.com%2Fshows%2Fwwe-hall-fame%2Fwwe-hall-fame-2016%2Farticle%2Flegacy-inductees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chapman" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Mike (1990). <i>Frank Gotch, World's Greatest Wrestler</i>. William S. Hein & Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899417515" title="Special:BookSources/0899417515"><bdi>0899417515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Gotch%2C+World%27s+Greatest+Wrestler&rft.pub=William+S.+Hein+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0899417515&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fleischer" class="citation book cs1">Fleischer, Nat (1936). <i>From Milo to Londos, The story of wrestling through the ages</i>. The Ring, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Milo+to+Londos%2C+The+story+of+wrestling+through+the+ages&rft.pub=The+Ring%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kent" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Graeme (1968). <i>A Pictorial History of Wrestling</i>. Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600031098" title="Special:BookSources/0600031098"><bdi>0600031098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Wrestling&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0600031098&rft.au=Kent%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow,_Broderick_D._V.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chow, Broderick D. V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13528165.2015.1095910">"A Professional Body"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Performance_Research" title="Performance Research">Performance Research</a></i>. <b>20</b> (5): 30–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13528165.2015.1095910">10.1080/13528165.2015.1095910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193233377">193233377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Performance+Research&rft.atitle=A+Professional+Body&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=30-41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13528165.2015.1095910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193233377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Chow%2C+Broderick+D.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13528165.2015.1095910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Meltzer_&_John_F._Molinaro2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Meltzer" title="Dave Meltzer">Dave Meltzer</a> & John F. Molinaro (2002). <i>Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of all Time</i>. Winding Stair Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55366-305-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55366-305-5"><bdi>1-55366-305-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+100+Pro+Wrestlers+of+all+Time&rft.pub=Winding+Stair+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55366-305-5&rft.au=Dave+Meltzer+%26+John+F.+Molinaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Hackenschmidt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hackenschmidt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrestling-titles.com/personalities/hackenschmidt/">Wrestling-titles.com profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203173934/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0106/IGH0106e.pdf">University of Texas Private Papers of Georg Hackenschmidt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 3 December 2008)</li> <li>George Hackenschmidt's profile at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=707">Cagematch.net</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947695#P2728" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Rammurthy_Naidu" title="Kodi Rammurthy Naidu">Kodi Rammurthy Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandgi_Ram" title="Chandgi Ram">Chandgi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yogic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladihalli_Raghavendra" title="Malladihalli Raghavendra">Tiruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Systems" title="Battle of the Systems">Battle of the Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_religion" title="Category:Muscular religion">Muscular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Natural hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">Pilates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_culture" title="Category:Physical culture">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="WWE_Hall_of_Fame_-_Legacy_Wing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWE_Hall_of_Fame_Legacy_Wing" title="Template:WWE Hall of Fame Legacy Wing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWE_Hall_of_Fame_Legacy_Wing" title="Template talk:WWE Hall of Fame Legacy Wing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWE_Hall_of_Fame_Legacy_Wing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWE Hall of Fame Legacy Wing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="WWE_Hall_of_Fame_-_Legacy_Wing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame#Legacy_wing" title="WWE Hall of Fame">WWE Hall of Fame - Legacy Wing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2016)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2016)">2016</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Burke" title="Mildred Burke">Mildred Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Connor_(wrestler)" title="Pat O'Connor (wrestler)">Pat O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Art_Thomas" title="Sailor Art Thomas">Sailor Art Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2017)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2017)">2017</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearcat_Wright" title="Bearcat Wright">Bearcat Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jerry_Graham" title="Dr. Jerry Graham">Dr. Jerry Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystacks_Calhoun" title="Haystacks Calhoun">Haystacks Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grable" title="Judy Grable">Judy Grable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Byers" title="June Byers">June Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Lindsay" title="Luther Lindsay">Luther Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burns" title="Martin Burns">Martin Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikid%C5%8Dzan" title="Rikidōzan">Rikidōzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toots_Mondt" title="Toots Mondt">Toots Mondt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2018)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2018)">2018</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Malenko" title="Boris Malenko">Boris Malenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Combs" title="Cora Combs">Cora Combs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Singh" title="Dara Singh">Dara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_Matsuda" title="Hiro Matsuda">Hiro Matsuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Londos" title="Jim Londos">Jim Londos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Hayes" title="Lord Alfred Hayes">Lord Alfred Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_R._Jones" title="Rufus R. Jones">Rufus R. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Santo" title="El Santo">El Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Monroe" title="Sputnik Monroe">Sputnik Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Stasiak" title="Stan Stasiak">Stan Stasiak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2019)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2019)">2019</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruiser_Brody" title="Bruiser Brody">Bruiser Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rose" title="Buddy Rose">Buddy Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Shinma" title="Hisashi Shinma">Hisashi Shinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnett_(wrestling)" title="Jim Barnett (wrestling)">Jim Barnett</a></li> <li>Joseph Cohen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_Vachon" title="Luna Vachon">Luna Vachon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Carnera" title="Primo Carnera">Primo Carnera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Tanaka" title="Professor Tanaka">Professor Toru Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Jones" title="S. D. Jones">S. D. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel" title="Wahoo McDaniel">Wahoo McDaniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2021)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2021)">2020</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Michele_Leone" title="Baron Michele Leone">Baron Michele Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickhouse_Brown" title="Brickhouse Brown">Brickhouse Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart_(wrestler)" title="Gary Hart (wrestler)">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stevens_(wrestler)" title="Ray Stevens (wrestler)">Ray Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Williams_(wrestler)" title="Steve Williams (wrestler)">"Dr. Death" Steve Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2021)" title="WWE Hall of Fame (2021)">2021</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Sawyer" title="Buzz Sawyer">Buzz Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser" title="Dick the Bruiser">Dick the Bruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Johnson_(wrestler)" title="Ethel Johnson (wrestler)">Ethel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boesch" title="Paul Boesch">Paul Boesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pez_Whatley" title="Pez Whatley">"Pistol" Pez Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:WWE_Hall_of_Fame" title="Category:WWE Hall of Fame">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947695#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000065122325">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/303807849">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1933355/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/110418012X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008019929">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665041005606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd110418012X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw8j15">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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