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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flow</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flow-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flow subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_mineral_springs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_mineral_springs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of mineral springs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mineral_springs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drinking_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Drinking water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Irrigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_springs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_springs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sacred springs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_springs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_springs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_springs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Thermal springs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_springs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bathing_and_balneotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_and_balneotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Bathing and balneotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_and_balneotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Geothermal energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spring (hydrology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelle" title="Quelle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Quelle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92awielm" title="Ēawielm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēawielm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9" title="ينبوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ينبوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADu" title="Víu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Víu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80" title="Աղբիւր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աղբիւր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulaq" title="Bulaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bulaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ji" title="Béji – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Béji" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B4a%E2%81%BF" title="Chôaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chôaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99_(%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%83)" title="Шишмә (һыу) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шишмә (һыу)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Крыніца (гідралогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крыніца (гідралогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Крыніца (гідралёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыніца (гідралёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burabod" title="Burabod – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Burabod" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Извор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Извор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eienenn" title="Eienenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eienenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font" title="Font – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Font" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Çăлкуç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлкуç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramen" title="Pramen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pramen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisipiti" title="Chisipiti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisipiti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilde_(vand)" title="Kilde (vand) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kilde (vand)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelle" title="Quelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allikas" title="Allikas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allikas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Υδάτινη πηγή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδάτινη πηγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manantial" title="Manantial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manantial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvofonto" title="Akvofonto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvofonto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturburu" title="Iturburu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iturburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87" title="چشمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(hydrologie)" title="Source (hydrologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Source (hydrologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manancial" title="Manancial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manancial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%98" title="샘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Աղբյուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղբյուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानी का चश्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पानी का चश्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_air" title="Mata air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte" title="Fonte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fonte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgente" title="Sorgente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sorgente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מעיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuk" title="Tuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಬುಗ್ಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುಗ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="წყარო (გეოგრაფია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყარო (გეოგრაფია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="ناگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Бұлақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұлақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemchemi" title="Chemchemi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chemchemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous" title="Sous – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sous" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%AE" title="Kanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Булак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Булак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fons" title="Fons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avots" title="Avots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originn_(Hydrologie)" title="Originn (Hydrologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Originn (Hydrologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versm%C4%97" title="Versmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Versmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron" title="Bron – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%C3%ADb%C3%A1" title="Lizíbá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lizíbá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A1s_(hidrol%C3%B3gia)" title="Forrás (hidrológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Forrás (hidrológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Извор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Извор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharano" title="Loharano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loharano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B5" title="നീരുറവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീരുറവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_air" title="Mata air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mata air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%B2ng" title="Ciòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лихтибрясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лихтибрясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Булаг (усан мандал) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Булаг (усан мандал)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron_(water)" title="Bron (water) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bron (water)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprenge_(bronwaoter)" title="Sprenge (bronwaoter) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sprenge (bronwaoter)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%89" title="泉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="泉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilde_(vann)" title="Kilde (vann) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kilde (vann)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasskjelde" title="Vasskjelde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vasskjelde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Памаш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Памаш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buloqlar" title="Buloqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buloqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%81" title="چشمہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چشمہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="د اوبو چينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوبو چينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_(Water)" title="Born (Water) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Born (Water)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82o" title="Źródło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Źródło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascente_(hidrografia)" title="Nascente (hidrografia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nascente (hidrografia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvor" title="Izvor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Izvor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukyu" title="Pukyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pukyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Родник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Дьүүктэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьүүктэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgenti" title="Surgenti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Surgenti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(water)" title="Spring (water) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spring (water)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prame%C5%88_(voda)" title="Prameň (voda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prameň (voda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvir" title="Izvir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izvir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Извор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Извор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvor" title="Izvor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izvor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4hde" title="Lähde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lähde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenk%C3%A4lla" title="Vattenkälla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenkälla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukal" title="Bukal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bukal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ஊற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="น้ำซับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำซับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чашма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чашма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaynak_(co%C4%9Frafya)" title="Kaynak (coğrafya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaynak (coğrafya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Джерело – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джерело" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortiva" title="Sortiva – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sortiva" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Mạch nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạch nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4teq" title="Läteq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Läteq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourdant_(aiwe)" title="Sourdant (aiwe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sourdant (aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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(hydrosphere)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spring (disambiguation)">Spring (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg/280px-Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg/420px-Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg/560px-Big_Spring_Missouri_1-02Aug08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>On an average day nearly 303 million US gallons (1,150,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of water flow from <a href="/wiki/Big_Spring_(Missouri)" title="Big Spring (Missouri)">Big Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> at a rate of 469 cubic feet per second (13.3 m<sup>3</sup>/s).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg/220px-Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg/330px-Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg/440px-Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring" title="Grand Prismatic Spring">Grand Prismatic Spring</a>, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>spring</b> is a natural exit point at which <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> and flows onto the top of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a>) to become <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>. It is a component of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, as well as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>. Springs have long been important for <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> regions which have relatively little annual <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>. </p><p>Springs are driven out onto the surface by various natural forces, such as <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatics#Hydrostatic_pressure" title="Hydrostatics">hydrostatic pressure</a>. A spring produced by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermally heated</a> groundwater is known as a <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot spring</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yield_(hydrology)" title="Yield (hydrology)">yield</a> of spring water varies widely from a <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">volumetric flow rate</a> of nearly zero to more than 14,000 litres per second (490 cu ft/s) for the biggest springs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacentemackinac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nacentemackinac.jpg/170px-Nacentemackinac.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nacentemackinac.jpg/255px-Nacentemackinac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nacentemackinac.jpg/340px-Nacentemackinac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A natural spring on <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Springs are formed when <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> flows onto the surface. This typically happens when the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> reaches above the surface level, or if the terrain <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depresses</a> sharply. Springs may also be formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst topography">karst topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic activity">volcanic activity</a>. Springs have also been observed on the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean floor">ocean floor</a>, spewing warmer, low-<a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> water directly into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Springs formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> create <a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">karst springs</a>, in which ground water travels through a network of cracks and fissures—openings ranging from intergranular spaces to large <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>, later emerging in a spring. </p><p>The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are <a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">artesian wells</a>. This is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a 300-foot-deep (91 m) cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening. </p><p>Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation and exit in the form of a spring, using the ground like a drainage pipe. Still other springs are the result of pressure from an underground source in the earth, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> activity. The result can be water at elevated temperature and pressure, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiddleSpring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/220px-MiddleSpring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/330px-MiddleSpring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/440px-MiddleSpring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise at Middle Spring, <a href="/wiki/Fish_Springs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge">Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge</a>, Utah</figcaption></figure> <p>The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, creating vast cave systems.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores,_La_Palma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg/220px-Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg/330px-Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg/440px-Red-coloured_spring_below_Cascada_de_los_Colores%2C_La_Palma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chalybeate" title="Chalybeate">Chalybeate</a> spring below Cascada de los Colores, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Depression springs occur along a depression, such as the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial valleys</a>, basins, or <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> made of highly permeable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Contact springs, which occur along the side of a hill or mountain, are created when the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is underlaid by an impermeable layer of rock or soil known as an aquiclude or aquifuge<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fracture, or joint occur when groundwater running along an impermeable layer of rock meets a crack (fracture) or joint in the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tubular springs occur when groundwater flows from circular fissures such as those found in caverns (solution tubular springs) or lava tubular springs found in <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tube</a> caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Classification_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesian_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian spring">Artesian springs</a> typically occur at the lowest point in a given area. An artesian spring is created when the pressure for the groundwater becomes greater than the pressure from the atmosphere. In this case the water is pushed straight up out of the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_hole" title="Wonky hole">Wonky holes</a> are freshwater submarine exit points for coral and sediment-covered, sediment-filled old river channels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst springs</a> occur as outflows of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> that are part of a <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> hydrological system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal spring">Thermal springs</a> are heated by <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermal activity</a>; they have a water temperature significantly higher than the mean air temperature of the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geysers are a type of hot spring where steam is created underground by trapped superheated groundwater resulting in recurring eruptions of hot water and steam.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Carbonated springs, such as <a href="/wiki/Soda_Springs_Geyser" title="Soda Springs Geyser">Soda Springs Geyser</a>, are springs that emit naturally occurring carbonated water, due to dissolved carbon dioxide in the water content. They are sometimes called boiling springs or bubbling springs.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonated_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonated-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Gushette springs pour from cliff faces"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Helocrene springs are diffuse that sustain marshlands with groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flow">Flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/220px--Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="149" data-mwtitle="Aegviidu_siniallikad_(Aegviidu_blue_springs).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aegviidu_siniallikad_(Aegviidu_blue_springs).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv/Aegviidu_siniallikad_%28Aegviidu_blue_springs%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Drone video of Aegviidu blue springs in Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p>Spring discharge, or <b>resurgence</b>, is determined by the spring's recharge basin. Factors that affect the recharge include the size of the area in which groundwater is captured, the amount of precipitation, the size of capture points, and the size of the spring outlet. Water may leak into the underground system from many sources including permeable earth, sinkholes, and <a href="/wiki/Losing_stream" title="Losing stream">losing streams</a>. In some cases entire <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creeks</a> seemingly disappear as the water sinks into the ground via the stream bed. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_State_Park_(Missouri)" title="Grand Gulf State Park (Missouri)">Grand Gulf State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> is an example of an entire creek vanishing into the groundwater system. The water emerges 9 miles (14 km) away, forming some of the discharge of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Spring" title="Mammoth Spring">Mammoth Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. Human activity may also affect a spring's discharge—withdrawal of groundwater reduces the water pressure in an aquifer, decreasing the volume of flow.<sup id="cite_ref-waterdata.usgs.gov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterdata.usgs.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Sorgue,_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG/220px-La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG/330px-La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG/440px-La_Sorgue%2C_Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fontaine_de_Vaucluse_(spring)" title="Fontaine de Vaucluse (spring)">Fontaine de Vaucluse</a> or Spring of Vaucluse in France discharges about 470 million US gallons (1,800,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of water per day at a rate of 727 cu ft (20.6 m<sup>3</sup>) per second.</figcaption></figure> <p>Springs fall into three general classifications: perennial (springs that flow constantly during the year); intermittent (temporary springs that are active after rainfall, or during certain seasonal changes); and periodic (as in geysers that vent and erupt at regular or irregular intervals).<sup id="cite_ref-Classification_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Springs are often classified by the volume of the water they discharge. The largest springs are called "first-magnitude", defined as springs that discharge water at a rate of at least 2800 liters or 100 cubic feet (2.8 m<sup>3</sup>) of water per second. Some locations contain many first-magnitude springs, such as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> where there are at least 27 known to be that size; the <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>, which contain 10<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waterdata.usgs.gov_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterdata.usgs.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known of first-magnitude; and 11<sup id="cite_ref-ui_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ui-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more in the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Springs_State_Park" title="Thousand Springs State Park">Thousand Springs</a> area along the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. The scale for spring flow is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Magnitude</th> <th>Flow (ft<sup>3</sup>/s, gal/min, pint/min)</th> <th>Flow (L/s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st magnitude</td> <td>> 100 ft<sup>3</sup>/s</td> <td>2800 L/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd magnitude</td> <td>10 to 100 ft<sup>3</sup>/s</td> <td>280 to 2800 L/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd magnitude</td> <td>1 to 10 ft<sup>3</sup>/s</td> <td>28 to 280 L/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th magnitude</td> <td>100 US gal/min to 1 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (448 US gal/min)</td> <td>6.3 to 28 L/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th magnitude</td> <td>10 to 100 gal/min</td> <td>0.63 to 6.3 L/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th magnitude</td> <td>1 to 10 gal/min</td> <td>63 to 630 mL/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th magnitude</td> <td>2 pint to 1 gal/min</td> <td>8 to 63 mL/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th magnitude</td> <td>Less than 1 pint/min</td> <td>8 mL/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 magnitude</td> <td>no flow (sites of past/historic flow)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_content">Water content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PruessLake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PruessLake.JPG/220px-PruessLake.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PruessLake.JPG/330px-PruessLake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PruessLake.JPG/440px-PruessLake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pruess_Lake" title="Pruess Lake">Pruess Lake</a> is spring-fed in the arid <a href="/wiki/Snake_Valley_(Great_Basin)" title="Snake Valley (Great Basin)">Snake Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>. This mineral content is measured as <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a> (TDS). This may give the water flavor and even <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> bubbles, depending on the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a>, although the term is often the subject of <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deceptive</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>. Mineral water contains no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) of tds. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called '<a href="/wiki/Mineral_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral springs">mineral springs</a>'. (Springs without such mineral content, meanwhile, are sometimes distinguished as 'sweet springs'.) Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, are called 'soda springs'. Many resorts have developed around mineral springs and are known as <a href="/wiki/Spa_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Spa towns">spa towns</a>. Mineral springs are alleged to have healing properties. Soaking in them is said to result in the absorption of the minerals from the water. Some springs contain <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> levels that exceed the 10 ppb <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) standard for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-likang_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-likang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where such springs feed rivers they can also raise the arsenic levels in the rivers above WHO limits.<sup id="cite_ref-likang_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-likang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water from springs is usually clear. However, some springs may be colored by the minerals that are dissolved in the water. For instance, water heavy with iron or <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a> will have an orange color.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parts of the United States a <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> carrying the outflow of a spring to a nearby primary stream may be called a <b>spring branch</b>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_creek" title="Spring creek">spring creek</a>, or run. Groundwater tends to maintain a relatively long-term average temperature of its aquifer; so flow from a spring may be cooler than other sources on a summer day, but remain unfrozen in the winter. The cool water of a spring and its branch may harbor species such as certain <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> that are otherwise ill-suited to a warmer local <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_mineral_springs">Types of mineral springs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of mineral springs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg/220px-Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg/330px-Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg/440px-Natural_iron_hot_spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Natural iron hot spring in <a href="/wiki/Beppu_Onsen" title="Beppu Onsen">Beppu</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Sulfur springs contain a high level of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> or hydrogen sulfide in the water. Historically they have been used to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-CGS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Borax springs<sup id="cite_ref-ISB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gypsum springs<sup id="cite_ref-Classification_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saline springs<sup id="cite_ref-TCN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalybeate" title="Chalybeate">Iron springs (chalybeate spring)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Classification_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Radium springs (or radioactive springs) have a detectable level of radiation produced by the natural radioactive decay process<sup id="cite_ref-NatRad_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatRad-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg/280px-Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg/420px-Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg/560px-Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trout_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trout fishing">Trout fishing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Maramec_Spring" title="Maramec Spring">Maramec Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Springs have been used for a variety of human needs - including drinking water, domestic water supply, irrigation, <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">mills</a>, navigation, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">electricity generation</a>. Modern uses include recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, and floating; <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">therapy</a>; water for livestock; fish hatcheries; and supply for bottled <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> or bottled spring water. Springs have taken on a kind of mythic quality in that some people falsely believe that springs are always healthy sources of drinking water. They may or may not be. One must take a comprehensive water quality test to know how to use a spring appropriately, whether for a mineral bath or drinking water. Springs that are managed as spas will already have such a test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinking_water">Drinking water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drinking water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Springs are often used as sources for bottled water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottlemania_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottlemania-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When purchasing bottled water labeled as spring water one can often find the water test for that spring on the website of the company selling it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Springs have been used as sources of water for gravity-fed irrigation of crops.<sup id="cite_ref-irrigation_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irrigation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a> built spring-fed <a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia">acequias</a> that directed water to fields through canals. The Spanish missionaries later used this method.<sup id="cite_ref-acequias_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acequias-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_acequia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_acequia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_springs">Sacred springs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sacred springs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Reana2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/La_Reana2.jpg/220px-La_Reana2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/La_Reana2.jpg/330px-La_Reana2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/La_Reana2.jpg/440px-La_Reana2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Fontes_Tamarici" title="Fontes Tamarici">Fontes Tamarici</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A sacred spring, or holy well, is a small body of water emerging from underground and revered in some religious context: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> and/or other.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lore and mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> was replete with sacred and storied springs—notably, the <a href="/wiki/Corycian_nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Corycian nymphs">Corycian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian</a> springs. In medieval Europe, pagan sacred sites frequently became <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a> as holy wells. The term "holy well" is commonly employed to refer to any water source of limited size (i.e., not a lake or river, but including pools and natural springs and seeps), which has some significance in local <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. This can take the form of a particular name, an associated <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, the attribution of <a href="/wiki/Healing" title="Healing">healing</a> qualities to the water through the <a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">numinous</a> presence of its guardian spirit or of a <a href="/wiki/Christian_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saint">Christian saint</a>, or a ceremony or <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> centered on the well site. <a href="/wiki/Christian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian legend">Christian legends</a> often recount how the action of a saint caused a spring's water to flow - a familiar theme, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a> saints.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_springs">Thermal springs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermal springs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs,_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg/220px-The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg/330px-The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg/440px-The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>The Mother Spring</i>, Pagosa Hot Springs, Colorado</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a></div> <p>The geothermally heated groundwater that flows from thermal springs is greater than human body temperature, usually in the range of 45–50 °C (113–122 °F), but they can be hotter.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Hydrogeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those springs with water cooler than body temperature but warmer than air temperature are sometimes referred to as warm springs.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Journal_of_ES_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Journal_of_ES-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bathing_and_balneotherapy">Bathing and balneotherapy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bathing and balneotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot springs or geothermal springs have been used for <a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">balneotherapy</a>, bathing, and relaxation for thousands of years. Because of the folklore surrounding hot springs and their claimed medical value, some have become tourist destinations and locations of <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical rehabilitation</a> centers.<sup id="cite_ref-ARD_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARD-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOE_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg/220px-Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg/330px-Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg/440px-Spring_flowing_through_grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Natural spring in Pennsylvania where runoff flows from above down through grass and rocks</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geothermal_energy">Geothermal energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geothermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot springs have been used as a heat source for thousands of years. In the 20th century, they became a renewable resource of geothermal energy for heating homes and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-ARD_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARD-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Beppu" title="Beppu">Beppu, Japan</a> contains 2,217 hot spring well heads that provide the city with hot water.<sup id="cite_ref-CSM_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot springs have also been used as a source of sustainable energy for greenhouse cultivation and the growing of crops and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-sustain_energy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustain_energy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring boil<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spring pool<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spring runs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called rheocrene springs<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spring vent<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_representations">Cultural representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Springs have been represented in culture through art, mythology, and folklore throughout history. The <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> is a mythical spring which was said to restore youth to anyone who drank from it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that the fountain is located in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>, and was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> in 1513. However, it has not demonstrated the power to restore youth, and most historians dispute the veracity of Ponce de León's discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pythia, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_at_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle at Delphi">Oracle at Delphi</a> was the high priestess of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a>. She delivered prophesies in a frenzied state of divine possession that were "induced by vapours rising from a chasm in the rock". It is believed that the vapors were emitted from the Kerna spring at Delphi.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Delphi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Delphi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciAm-delphi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-delphi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek myth of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a> describes a young man who fell in love with his reflection in the still pool of a spring. Narcissus gazed into "an unmuddied spring, silvery from its glittering waters, which neither shepherds nor she-goats grazing on the mountain nor any other cattle had touched, which neither bird nor beast nor branch fallen from a tree had disturbed." (Ovid)<sup id="cite_ref-Narcissus_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narcissus-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 20th century American photographer, <a href="/wiki/James_Reuel_Smith" title="James Reuel Smith">James Reuel Smith</a> created a comprehensive series of photographs documenting the historical springs of New York City before they were capped by the city after the advent of the municipal water system.<sup id="cite_ref-NYHS_-_brooklyn_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYHS_-_brooklyn-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith later photographed springs in Europe leading to his book, <i>Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature, Their Legends and Locations</i> (1922).<sup id="cite_ref-SWGRL_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWGRL-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century Japanese artists <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Hiroshige" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Hiroshige">Utagawa Hiroshige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Toyokuni_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Toyokuni III">Utagawa Toyokuni III</a> created a series of <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">wood-block prints</a>, <i>Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri)</i> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FAMSF_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAMSF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese city <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a> is known as "a City of Springs" (Chinese: 泉城), because of its 72 spring attractions and numerous micro spring holes spread over the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus, 1903"><img alt="John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus, 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg/310px-John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg/464px-John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg/619px-John_William_Waterhouse_Echo_And_Narcissus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus, 1903</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_(Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucas Cranach, Der Jungbrunnen (Fountain of Youth), 1546"><img alt="Lucas Cranach, Der Jungbrunnen (Fountain of Youth), 1546" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg/278px-Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg/417px-Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg/556px-Lucas_Cranach_-_Der_Jungbrunnen_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10380" data-file-height="6719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lucas Cranach, <i>Der Jungbrunnen (Fountain of Youth)</i>, 1546</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokokura, from the series Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri) by Utagawa Toyokuni III and Utagawa Hiroshige, 1854"><img alt="Sokokura, from the series Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri) by Utagawa Toyokuni III and Utagawa Hiroshige, 1854" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg/236px-Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg/354px-Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg/472px-Sokokura_by_Hiroshige2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Sokokura, </i>from the series<i> Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Toyokuni_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Toyokuni III">Utagawa Toyokuni III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Hiroshige" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Hiroshige">Utagawa Hiroshige</a>, 1854</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oracle_of_Delphi,_red-figure_kylix,_440-430_BC,_Kodros_Painter,_Berlin_F_2538,_141668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, Kodros Painter, depicting Pythia with a cup presumably holding water from a spring, 440-430 BC"><img alt="Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, Kodros Painter, depicting Pythia with a cup presumably holding water from a spring, 440-430 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg/180px-Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg/270px-Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg/360px-Oracle_of_Delphi%2C_red-figure_kylix%2C_440-430_BC%2C_Kodros_Painter%2C_Berlin_F_2538%2C_141668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3310" data-file-height="3310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, Kodros Painter, depicting Pythia with a cup presumably holding water from a spring, 440-430 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Woman Drinks at the Carmen Spring, on West 175th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, New York City, by James Reuel Smith, c. 1897–1902"><img alt="A Woman Drinks at the Carmen Spring, on West 175th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, New York City, by James Reuel Smith, c. 1897–1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg/225px-A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg/338px-A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg/451px-A_Woman_Drinks_at_the_Carmen_Spring_-_James_Reuel_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Woman Drinks at the Carmen Spring, on West 175th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, New York City</i>, by James Reuel Smith, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1897–1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Belqais Spring Garden, Charam, Iran, is a Persian garden where all the water sources are springs located within it."><img alt="Belqais Spring Garden, Charam, Iran, is a Persian garden where all the water sources are springs located within it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/271px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/407px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png/542px-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3.png 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cheshme_Belghais_Garden" title="Cheshme Belghais Garden">Belqais Spring Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charam,_Iran" title="Charam, Iran">Charam, Iran</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian garden</a> where all the water sources are springs located within it.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_(central_part)Handscroll,_ink_and_colors_on_paper,_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum,_Taipei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Song Dynasty painting depicts the view of springs and mountains in Jinan by Zhao Mengfu(Chinese:鹊华秋色图）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg/2000px-2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg/3000px-2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg/4000px-2a_Zhao_Mengfu_Autumn_Colors_on_the_Qiao_and_Hua_Mountains_%28central_part%29Handscroll%2C_ink_and_colors_on_paper%2C_28.4_x_93.2_cm_National_Palace_Museum%2C_Taipei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14329" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Que Hua Qiu Se Tu,</i> depicting the view of springs and mountains in Jinan, by <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu" title="Zhao Mengfu">Zhao Mengfu</a>, Song Dynasty (Chinese:鹊华秋色图)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spa_towns" title="List of spa towns">List of spa towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_seep" title="Petroleum seep">Petroleum seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)" title="Soakage (source of water)">Soakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_line_settlement" title="Spring line settlement">Spring line settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_supply" title="Spring supply">Spring supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/nelson-tasman/places/takaka-area/te-waikoropupu-springs/?tab-id=50578">"Te Waikoropupū Springs"</a>. New Zealand Department of Conservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Te+Waikoropup%C5%AB+Springs&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Department+of+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fparks-and-recreation%2Fplaces-to-go%2Fnelson-tasman%2Fplaces%2Ftakaka-area%2Fte-waikoropupu-springs%2F%3Ftab-id%3D50578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+%28hydrology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/springs-and-water-cycle">"Springs and the Water Cycle"</a>. <i>www.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.jinan.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Overview+-+Jinan%2C+a+City+of+Springs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jinan.gov.cn%2Fcol%2Fcol29554%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+%28hydrology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2020/04/jinan-a-city-of-springs/">"Jinan: a City of Springs"</a>. <i>The World of Chinese</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Chinese&rft.atitle=Jinan%3A+a+City+of+Springs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldofchinese.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fjinan-a-city-of-springs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+%28hydrology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaMoreaux,_Philip_E.Tanner,_Judy_T2001" class="citation cs2">LaMoreaux, Philip E.; Tanner, Judy T, eds. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C"><i>Springs and bottled water of the world: Ancient history, source, occurrence, quality and use</i></a>, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-61841-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-61841-4"><bdi>3-540-61841-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springs+and+bottled+water+of+the+world%3A+Ancient+history%2C+source%2C+occurrence%2C+quality+and+use&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-540-61841-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjEoBmfUka0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+%28hydrology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Springs of Missouri</i>, Vineyard and Feder, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Missouri Department of Natural Resources">Missouri Department of Natural Resources</a>, Division of Geology and Land Survey in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> and Missouri Department of Conservation, 1982</li> <li>Cohen, Stan (Revised 1981 edition), <i>Springs of the Virginias: A Pictorial History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>: Quarrier Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_(hydrology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Springs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Springs">Springs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021121180111/http://www.rps.psu.edu/0201/water.html">"The Science of Springs"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srwmd.state.fl.us/index.aspx?NID=56">"What Is a Spring?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findaspring.com/">Find a spring</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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