CINXE.COM

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison shopping agent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_shopping_agent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison shopping agent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_shopping_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Business models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Google_Panda_and_price_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_Panda_and_price_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Google Panda and price comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_Panda_and_price_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_players,_fake_test_sites_and_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_players,_fake_test_sites_and_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Niche players, fake test sites and fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_players,_fake_test_sites_and_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Google_EU_Court_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_EU_Court_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Google EU Court Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_EU_Court_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison shopping website</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhled%C3%A1va%C4%8D_zbo%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Vyhledávač zboží – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhledávač zboží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisportal" title="Prisportal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prisportal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preisvergleichsportal" title="Preisvergleichsportal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Preisvergleichsportal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_comparaci%C3%B3n_de_precios" title="Sitio de comparación de precios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de comparación de precios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparateur_de_prix" title="Comparateur de prix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comparateur de prix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EA%B2%A9_%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="가격 비교 사이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가격 비교 사이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pencari_belanja" title="Mesin pencari belanja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin pencari belanja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparatore_di_prezzi" title="Comparatore di prezzi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comparatore di prezzi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="השוואת מחירים באינטרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השוואת מחירים באינטרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r%C3%B6sszehasonl%C3%ADt%C3%B3_szolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1s" title="Árösszehasonlító szolgáltatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árösszehasonlító szolgáltatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergelijkingssite" title="Vergelijkingssite – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergelijkingssite" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%A1%E6%A0%BC%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="価格比較サイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="価格比較サイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por%C3%B3wnywarka_cen" title="Porównywarka cen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porównywarka cen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_de_compara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_pre%C3%A7os" title="Serviços de comparação de preços – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviços de comparação de preços" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicii_de_comparare_a_pre%C8%9Burilor" title="Servicii de comparare a prețurilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Servicii de comparare a prețurilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintaseuranta" title="Hintaseuranta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hintaseuranta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisj%C3%A4mf%C3%B6relsetj%C3%A4nst" title="Prisjämförelsetjänst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prisjämförelsetjänst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Сервіс порівняння цін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сервіс порівняння цін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_so_s%C3%A1nh_gi%C3%A1" title="Website so sánh giá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Website so sánh giá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%83%B9" title="格價 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格價" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_cart_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/42px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/63px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/84px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Retail goods and services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Auctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-by-mail" title="DVD-by-mail">DVD-by-mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Grocery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ride-hailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comparison shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_trading_community" title="Online trading community">Trading communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wallet" title="Online wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Mobile commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Live support software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Purchase-to-pay" title="Purchase-to-pay">Purchase-to-pay</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">Super-apps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-commerce" title="Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-commerce" title="Template talk:E-commerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>comparison shopping website</b>, sometimes called a <b>price comparison website</b>, <b>price analysis tool</b>, <b>comparison shopping agent</b>, <b>shopbot</b>, <b>aggregator</b> or <b>comparison shopping engine</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical search engine">vertical search engine</a> that shoppers use to filter and compare <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> based on price, features, <a href="/wiki/Review" title="Review">reviews</a> and other criteria. Most comparison shopping sites aggregate product listings from many different <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailers</a> but do not directly sell products themselves, instead earning money from <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing">affiliate marketing</a> agreements. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, these services made between £780m and £950m in revenue in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (November 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>. Hence, E-commerce accounted for an 18.2 percent share of total business turnover in the United Kingdom in 2012. Online sales already account for 13% of the total UK economy, and its expected to increase to 15% by 2017. There is a huge contribution of comparison shopping websites in the expansion of the current E-commerce industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first widely recognized comparison-shopping agent was BargainFinder, developed by <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersen Consulting">Andersen Consulting</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>). The team, led by researcher Bruce Krulwich, created BargainFinder in 1995 as an experiment and published it on-line without advance warning to the e-commerce sites being compared. The first commercial shopping agent, called Jango, was produced by <a href="/wiki/Netbot" title="Netbot">Netbot</a>, a Seattle startup company founded by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> professors <a href="/wiki/Oren_Etzioni" title="Oren Etzioni">Oren Etzioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Weld" title="Daniel S. Weld">Daniel S. Weld</a>; Netbot was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a> portal in late 1997. Junglee, a Bay-area startup, also pioneered comparison shopping technology and was soon acquired by <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>. Other early comparison shopping agents included pricewatch.com and killerapp.com. <a href="/wiki/NexTag" title="NexTag">NexTag</a> another entry into comparison shopping was named Times magazine world top 50 website in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only to eventually close in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/PriceGrabber" title="PriceGrabber">PriceGrabber</a> was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a> for $485 million, negotiated by then-CEO and founder of the company, <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Pourzanjani" title="Kamran Pourzanjani">Kamran Pourzanjani</a>, along with Tamim Mourad, in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_experian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj_experian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2010, the price comparison websites found their way to <a href="/wiki/Emerging_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging markets">emerging markets</a>. Especially <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asia">South-East Asia</a> has been a place for many new comparison websites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Why 'especially South-East Asia?' (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It started in 2010 with CompareXpress in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and in the following years companies like Baoxian (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jirnexu" title="Jirnexu">Jirnexu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), and AskHanuman (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) followed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in developed markets, Google was accused of promoting Froogle and its replacement, the paid-placement-only <a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Google Shopping</a>, over competitors in its search results, driving down traffic to other sites and driving some out of business.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> began an investigation in 2010, which concluded in July 2017 with a €2.42 billion fine against the parent company Alphabet, and an order to change its practices within 90 days.<sup id="cite_ref-record_fine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_fine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_shopping_agent">Comparison shopping agent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison shopping agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early development stage from 1995 to 2000, comparison shopping agents included not only price comparison but also rating and review services for online vendors and products. Altogether, there were three broad categories of comparison shopping services.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, through mergers and acquisitions, many services were consolidated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through 1998 and 1999, various firms developed technology that searched retailers websites for prices and stored them in a central database. Users could then search for a product, and see a list of retailers and prices for that product. Advertisers did not pay to be listed but paid for every click on a price. <a href="/wiki/Streetprices" title="Streetprices">Streetprices</a>, founded in 1997, has been a very early company in this space; it invented price graphs and email alerts in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Price comparison sites can collect data directly from merchants. Retailers who want to list their products on the website then supply their own lists of products and prices, and these are matched against the original database. This is done by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">information extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a> and human labour. </p><p>Comparison sites can also collect data through a data feed file. Merchants provide information electronically in a set format. This data is then imported by the comparison website. Some third party businesses are providing consolidation of data feeds so that comparison sites do not have to import from many different merchants. Affiliate networks aggregate data feeds from many merchants and provide them to the price comparison sites. Many of the popular shopping websites provide direct affiliation to the customer who wants to become affiliate partner. They provide their own API to the affiliate partner to show their products with specifications to the affiliate partner's website. This enables price comparison sites to monetize the products contained in the feeds by earning commissions on click through traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other price comparison sites have deals with merchants and aggregate feeds using their own technology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent years, many <i>off the shelf</i> software solutions<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been developed that allow website owners to take price comparison websites' inventory data to place retailer prices (context adverts) on their blog or content the only website. In return, the content website owners receive a small share of the revenue earned by the price comparison website. This is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">revenue share</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> business model. </p><p>Another approach is to <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">crawl</a> the web for prices. This means the comparison service scans retail web pages to retrieve the prices, instead of relying on the retailers to supply them. This method is also sometimes called 'scraping' information. Some, mostly smaller, independent sites solely use this method, to get prices directly from the websites that it is using for the comparison. </p><p>Yet another approach to collect data is through <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a>. This lets the price comparison engine collect data from almost any source without the complexities of building a crawler or the logistics of setting up data feeds at the expense of lower coverage comprehensiveness. Sites that use this method rely on visitors contributing pricing data. Unlike discussion forums, which also collect visitor input, price comparison sites that use this method combine data with related inputs and add it to the main database though collaborative filtering, artificial intelligence, or human labor. Data contributors may be rewarded for the effort through prizes, cash, or other social incentives. </p><p>However, some combination of these two approaches is most frequently used. Some search engines are starting to blend information from standard feeds with information from sites where product <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">stock-keeping units (SKUs)</a> are unavailable. </p><p>Empirical projects that assessed the functionality and performance of page-wise SSC engines (AKA bots) exist. These studies demonstrate that no best or parsimonious shopping bot exists with respect to price advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_websites">Major websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Site</th> <th>Regional focus </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buscap%C3%A9" title="Buscapé">Buscapé</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geizhals" title="Geizhals">Geizhals (Skinflint)</a> </td> <td>Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Poland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Google Shopping</a> </td> <td>Worldwide </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakaku.com" title="Kakaku.com">Kakaku.com</a> </td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pricesearcher" title="Pricesearcher">Pricesearcher</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Priceza" title="Priceza">Priceza</a> </td> <td>Southeast Asia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shopping.com" title="Shopping.com">Shopping.com</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idealo" title="Idealo">idealo</a> </td> <td>Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shopzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopzilla">Shopzilla</a> </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaoota_Shopping_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoota Shopping Engine">Yaoota</a> </td> <td>Egypt </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Price comparison sites typically do not charge users anything to use the site. Instead, they are monetized through payments from retailers who are listed on the site. Depending on the particular business model of the comparison shopping site, retailers either pay a flat fee to be included on the site, pay a fee each time a user <a href="/wiki/Click-through_rate" title="Click-through rate">clicks through</a> to the retailer web site, or pay every time a user completes a specified action—for example, when they buy something or register with their e-mail address. Comparison shopping sites obtain large product data feeds covering many different retailers from affiliate networks such as LinkShare and Commission Junction. There are also companies that specialize in data feed consolidation for the purpose of price comparison and that charge users for accessing this data. When products from these feeds are displayed on their sites they earn money each time a visitor clicks through to the merchant's site and buys something. Search results may be sorted by the amount of payment received from the merchants listed on the website.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large price comparison sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Shoppers_Are_Rooting_for_the_Little_Guy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Shoppers_Are_Rooting_for_the_Little_Guy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to comparing tangible goods, some sites compare prices of services, such as <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, credit cards, phone bills, and money transfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Google_Panda_and_price_comparison">Google Panda and price comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Google Panda and price comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most websites, price comparison websites partly rely on search engines for visitors. The general nature of <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> focused price comparison websites is that, since their content is provided by retail stores, content on price comparison websites is unlikely to be absolutely unique. The table style layout of a comparison website could be considered by Google as "Autogenerated Content and Roundup/Comparison Type of Pages".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2011 updates to its search algorithm, known as <a href="/wiki/Google_Panda" title="Google Panda">Google Panda</a>, Google seems to have started considering these comparison sites to be of low quality.<sup id="cite_ref-seoptimise_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoptimise-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niche_players,_fake_test_sites_and_fraud"><span id="Niche_players.2C_fake_test_sites_and_fraud"></span>Niche players, fake test sites and fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Niche players, fake test sites and fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to large affiliate network providers providing easily accessible information on large amounts of similar products from multiple <a href="/wiki/Vendor" title="Vendor">vendors</a>, in recent years small price comparison sites have been able to use technology that was previously only available to large price comparison sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Shoppers_Are_Rooting_for_the_Little_Guy_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Shoppers_Are_Rooting_for_the_Little_Guy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This technology includes software and plugins aimed to standardize the typical processes involving price and product comparison. Without much resources it became possible for amateurs to build seemingly professional websites, mostly using the popular <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">Wordpress</a> CMS. These small sites often rely on Google for their visitors, which are monetized using affiliate networks like Amazon. </p><p>The low content quality of typical niche sites, often bordering on spam and fraud, is a growing problem from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a> and the quality of search engines. By playing the algorithm of search engine giant Google, it is possible to place low quality sites prominently in the search results. </p><p>Until recently the phenomenon of fake test or comparison websites had escaped public attention. An analysis by testbericht.de discovered that 34,6% of German search traffic related to product tests on the first page of google leads to fake test sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a big German newspaper published a report about such a website<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consumer protection organization sending out warning letters,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observers started to note a sense of panic in the industry, with site owners changing or deleting the content in question.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amazon, being the biggest player in the affiliate market, declined to comment on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deceptive comparison sites give the impression of testing a product thoroughly. In reality, the tests are just an aggregation of freely available information, often leading to the most expensive products being recommended. This in turn increases the commission rate the site owners earn for the recommended products.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Google_EU_Court_Case">Google EU Court Case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Google EU Court Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> fined Google €2.42BN for allegedly monopolising the comparison shopping engine (CSE) market.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> released a statement that the European Commission's assessment will be appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google will review the formal decision, but expects that it will accrue the fine in the second quarter of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_shopping" title="Discovery shopping">Discovery shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_price_website" title="Gasoline price website">Gasoline price website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_switching" title="Customer switching">Customer switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartfinance" title="Smartfinance">Smartfinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switchwise" title="Switchwise">Switchwise</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Doorenbos, B; Etzioni, O; Weld, D. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=267658.267666&preflayout=tabs">A scalable comparison-shopping agent for the World-Wide Web</a></i>, AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents CM New York, NY, US 1997</li> <li>Clark, D. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/820034/">Shopbots become agents for business change</a></i>, IEEE Computer, Vol. 33, Issue 2, 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_shopping_website&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Commission+-+PRESS+RELEASES+-+Press+release+-+Antitrust%3A+Commission+fines+Google+%E2%82%AC2.42+billion+for+abusing+dominance+as+search+engine+by+giving+illegal+advantage+to+own+comparison+shopping+service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-17-1784_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+shopping+website" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14644284">"Google's response to the European Commission fine - Hacker News"</a>. <i>news.ycombinator.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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