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class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"><script> mw.loader.using( 'ext.centralNotice.bannerController', function() { mw.centralNotice.initialize(); } ); </script> </div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Sabra and Shatila massacre</h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>   <div id="contentSub"></div>   <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><dl> <dd>This page is related to the 1982 events only. For the 1985–1987 events, see <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_camps" title="War of the camps" class="mw-redirect">war of the camps</a>.</dd> </dl> <table class="infobox vevent" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing: 3px; width:22em;"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;">Sabra and Shatila massacre</th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;">Part of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg/220px-Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg" width="220" height="148" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg/330px-Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg/440px-Massacre_of_palestinians_in_shatila.jpg 2x"/></a> Bodies of victims of the massacre in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Location</th> <td class="location" style="">West <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Date</th> <td class="" style="">16–18 September 1982</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Target</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_refugee_camp" title="Sabra refugee camp" class="mw-redirect">Sabra</a> and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatila" title="Shatila" class="mw-redirect">Shatila</a> refugee camps</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Attack type</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Deaths</th> <td class="" style="">762 to 3,500<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (number disputed)</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Perpetrators</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> militia under <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a></td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 315px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em;;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tr> <th scope="col" style=";background-color: #B0C4DE;" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil War">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil War">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> First Phase <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_massacre" title="Bus massacre">Bus massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hotels" title="Battle of the Hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Saturday (Lebanon)">Black Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_massacre" title="Tel al-Zaatar massacre">Tel al-Zaatar</a> </li> </ul> Second Phase <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_War" title="Hundred Days' War">Hundred Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">1978 South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehden_massacre" title="Ehden massacre">Ehden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safra_massacre" title="Safra massacre">Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zahleh" title="Battle of Zahleh">Zahleh campaign</a> </li> </ul> Third Phase <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li> <li>Sabra and Shatila</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing" title="1983 United States embassy bombing">US Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a> </li> </ul> Fourth Phase <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">War of the Camps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Beirut_car_bombing" title="1985 Beirut car bombing">1985 Beirut car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geagea-Hobeika_Conflict" title="Geagea-Hobeika Conflict">Geagea-Hobeika Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_13_massacre" title="October 13 massacre">October 13 massacre</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the slaughter of between 762 and 3,500 <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a>, Lebanese, Iranian, Syrian, Pakistani and Algerian civilians by a Lebanese Christian <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangist" title="Phalangist" class="mw-redirect">Phalangist</a> militia in the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_refugee_camp" title="Sabra refugee camp" class="mw-redirect">Sabra</a> and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a> camps in <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> from approximately 6:00 pm 16 September to 8:00 am 18 September 1982.<a href="#cite_note-malone-3">[3]</a> The massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of newly elected Lebanese president <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, the leader of the Lebanese <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a>. It was wrongly assumed that Palestinian militants had carried out the assassination, which is now generally attributed to native, pro-Syrian militants. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israel invaded Lebanon with the intention of rooting out the PLO</a>. Under the supervision of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Multinational Force</a> the PLO withdrew from Lebanon following weeks of battles in West Beirut and shortly before the massacre took place. Various forces — <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a>, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangist" title="Phalangist" class="mw-redirect">Phalangist</a> and possibly also of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">SLA</a> — were in the vicinity of the camps at the time of the slaughter, taking advantage of the fact that the multinational forces had removed barracks and mines that encircled Beirut's Muslim neighborhoods and kept the Israelis at bay.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The actual killers were "the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_men_(Lebanon)" title="Young men (Lebanon)">Young Men</a>", a gang recruited by <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a>, the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> intelligence chief, from men who had been expelled from the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> for insubordination or criminal activities. <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The killings are widely believed to have taken place under Hobeika's direct orders. Hobeika's family and fiancée had been murdered by <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> militiamen, and their Lebanese allies, at the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour massacre</a> of 1976,<a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> itself a response to a <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">previous massacre</a> of Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims at the hands of Christian militants. Hobeika later became a long-serving Member of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a> and served in several ministerial roles. The <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> surrounded the camps and at the Phalangists' request,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> fired illuminating flares at night.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1982, a UN commission chaired by <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_MacBride" title="Sean MacBride" class="mw-redirect">Sean MacBride</a> concluded that Israel bore responsibility for the violence.<a href="#cite_note-MacBride_1983_191.E2.80.932-11">[11]</a> In 1983, the Israeli <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_Commission" title="Kahan Commission">Kahan Commission</a>, appointed to investigate the incident, found that Israeli military personnel, aware that a massacre was in progress, had failed to take serious steps to stop it. Thus Israel was indirectly responsible, while <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>, then Defense Minister, bore personal responsibility, forcing him to resign.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-12">[12]</a> In 2010, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaad_Chaftari" title="Assaad Chaftari">As'ad Shaftari</a>, a former intelligence officer and top aide of Hobeika, apologized for ordering prisoners to be killed and tortured, as well as personally shooting people, believing that he was defending Lebanon in the wake of growing Christian-Muslim tensions.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_attack">2 The attack</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Number_of_victims">3 Number of victims</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#U.N._condemnation">3.1 U.N. condemnation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sharon_.22personal_responsibility.22">3.1.1 Sharon "personal responsibility"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_conclusions">3.1.2 Other conclusions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Role_of_Hobeika">4 Role of Hobeika</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sharon_libel_suit">5 Sharon libel suit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Relatives_of_victims_sue_Sharon">6 Relatives of victims sue Sharon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Reprisal_operations">7 Reprisal operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bibliography">9.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>] Background</h2> From 1975 to 1990, groups in competing alliances with neighboring countries fought against each other in the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. Infighting and massacres between these groups claimed several thousand victims. Examples: the Syrian-backed <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantina_Massacre" title="Karantina Massacre" class="mw-redirect">Karantina</a> (January 1976) by the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Lebanese Christian militia</a> against <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds" class="mw-redirect">Kurds</a>, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians" class="mw-redirect">Syrians</a> and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians" class="mw-redirect">Palestinians</a> in the predominantly Muslim slum district, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour</a> (January 1976) by the PLO against <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Christians</a> in Beirut, including the family and fiancée of the Lebanese Forces intelligence chief <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a>; and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_Massacre" title="Tel al-Zaatar Massacre" class="mw-redirect">Tel al-Zaatar</a> (August 1976) by Phalangists against refugees living in a camp administered by <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a>. The total death toll in Lebanon for the whole civil war period was around 150,000 victims.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The PLO had been attacking Israel from southern Lebanon and Israel had been bombing PLO positions in southern Lebanon since the early 70s.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On 6 June, 1982 Israel <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_War" title="Lebanon War">invaded Lebanon</a> moving northwards to surround the capital, Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-BNaH-16">[16]</a> Following an extended <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">siege of the city</a> the fighting was brought to an end with a US brokered agreement between the parties on August 21, 1982, which allowed for safe evacuation of the Palestinian fighters from the city under the supervision of Western nations and guaranteed the protection of refugees and the civilian residents of the refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-BNaH-16">[16]</a> On 23 August 1982, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, who was very popular among <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite" title="Maronite" class="mw-redirect">Maronites</a>, was elected <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon" title="List of Presidents of Lebanon">President of Lebanon</a> by the National Assembly. Israel had relied on Gemayel and his forces as a counterbalance to the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLO" title="PLO" class="mw-redirect">PLO</a>, and as a result, ties between Israel and Maronite groups had grown stronger.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> By September 1, the PLO fighters had been evacuated from Beirut under the supervision of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multinational_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multinational Forces (page does not exist)">Multinational Forces</a> (MNF).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTSA-21">[21]</a> The evacuation was conditional on the continuation of the presence the forces to provide security for the community of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-NYTSA-21">[21]</a> Two days later the Israeli Premier <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> met Gemayel in <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a> and strongly urged him to sign a peace treaty with Israel. According to some sources,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Begin also wanted the continuing presence of the SLA in southern Lebanon (<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Haddad" title="Saad Haddad">Haddad</a> supported peaceful relations with Israel) in order to control attacks and violence, and action from Gemayel to move on the PLO fighters which Israel believed remained a hidden threat in Lebanon. However, the Phalangists, who were previously united as reliable Israeli allies, were now split because of developing alliances with Syria, which remained militarily hostile to Israel. As such, Gemayel rejected signing a peace treaty with Israel and did not authorize operations to root out the remaining PLO militants.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> On 11 September 1982, the international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees left Beirut. Then on September 14, Gemayel was assassinated in a massive explosion which demolished his headquarters. Eventually, the culprit, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Tanious_Shartouni" title="Habib Tanious Shartouni" class="mw-redirect">Habib Tanious Shartouni</a>, a Lebanese Christian, confessed to the crime. He turned out to be a member of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> and an agent of Syrian intelligence. Palestinian and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon" class="mw-redirect">Muslim</a> leaders denied any connection to him.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Within hours of the assassination, Israeli Defense Minister <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>, supported by Begin, decided to occupy West Beirut, informing only then Foreign Minister <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> and not consulting the Israeli cabinet. The same night Sharon began preparations for entering the Sabra-Shatila refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> Thus on September 15, the Israeli army reoccupied West Beirut. This Israeli action breached its agreement with the United States not to occupy West Beirut;<a href="#cite_note-Accused-26">[26]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The attack">edit</a>] The attack</h2> Following the assassination of Lebanese Christian President <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel" title="Bashir Gemayel" class="mw-redirect">Bashir Gemayel</a>, the Phalangists sought revenge. By noon on September 15, the Sabra-Shatila camps had been surrounded by the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a>, which set up checkpoints at the exits and entrances, and used a number of multi-story buildings as observation posts. Amongst them was the seven-story Kuwaiti embassy which, according to TIME magazine, had "an unobstructed and panoramic view" of the camps. Hours later, IDF tanks began shelling the camps.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> According to Linda Malone of the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Fund" title="Jerusalem Fund" class="mw-redirect">Jerusalem Fund</a>, Ariel Sharon and Chief of Staff <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Eitan" title="Rafael Eitan">Rafael Eitan</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> met with Phalangist militia units and invited them to enter the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, claiming that the PLO was responsible for Gemayel's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The meeting concluded at 3:00 pm 16 September.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> An hour later, 1,500 militiamen assembled at Beirut International Airport, then occupied by Israel. Under the command of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a>, they began moving towards the camps in IDF supplied <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeps" title="Jeeps" class="mw-redirect">Jeeps</a>, following Israeli guidance on how to enter the camps. The forces were mostly Phalangist, though there were some men from <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Haddad" title="Saad Haddad">Saad Haddad</a>'s "Free Lebanon forces".<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> According to <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> and Elie Hobeika's bodyguard, the Phalangists were given "harsh and clear" warnings about harming civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Accused-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-online-29">[29]</a> However, it was by then known that the Phalangists presented a special security risk for Palestinians. Bamahane, the IDF newspaper, wrote on 1 September, two weeks before the massacre, that, in a conversation with an Israeli official, a Phalangist said: "the question we are putting to ourselves is — how to begin, by raping or killing?"<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first unit of 150 Phalangists entered the camps at 6:00 pm A battle ensued that at times Palestinians claim involved lining up Palestinians for execution.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> During the night the Israeli forces fired illuminating flares over the camps. According to a Dutch nurse, the camp was as bright as "a sports stadium during a football game".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At 11:00 pm a report was sent to the IDF headquarters in East Beirut, reporting the killings of 300 people, including civilians. The report was forwarded to headquarters in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, where it was seen by more than 20 senior Israeli officers.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-25">[25]</a> At one point, a militiaman's radioed question to his commander Hobeika about what to do with the women and children in the refugee camp was overheard by an Israeli officer, who heard Hobeika's reply: "This is the last time you're going to ask me a question like that; you know exactly what to do." Phalangist troops could be heard laughing in the background.<a href="#cite_note-Accused-26">[26]</a> Later in the afternoon, a meeting was held between the Israeli Chief of Staff and the Phalangist staff. On Friday morning, the Israelis surrounding the camps ordered the Phalange to halt their operation, concerned about reports of a massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Accused-26">[26]</a> On 17 September, while the camps still were sealed off, a few independent observers managed to enter. Among them were a Norwegian journalist and diplomat <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Flakstad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnar Flakstad (page does not exist)">Gunnar Flakstad</a>, who observed Phalangists during their cleanup operations, removing dead bodies from destroyed houses in the Shatila camp.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Many of the bodies found had been severely mutilated. Many boys had been <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a>, some were <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a>, and some had the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> carved into their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Janet Lee Stevens, an American journalist, later wrote to her husband, Dr. Franklin Lamb, "I saw dead women in their houses with their skirts up to their waists and their legs spread apart; dozens of young men shot after being lined up against an alley wall; children with their throats slit, a pregnant woman with her stomach chopped open, her eyes still wide open, her blackened face silently screaming in horror; countless babies and toddlers who had been stabbed or ripped apart and who had been thrown into garbage piles."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Before the massacre, it was reported that the leader of the PLO, Yasir Arafat, had requested the return of international forces, from Italy, France and the United States, to Beirut to protect civilians. Those forces had just supervised the departure of Arafat and his PLO fighters from Beirut. Italy expressed 'deep concerns' about 'the new Israeli advance', but no action was taken to return the forces to Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Henry Kamm, Special to The New York Times, in a report dated 16 September 1982, from Rome: <blockquote> Yasir Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, demanded today that the United States, France and Italy send their troops back to Beirut to protect its inhabitants against Israel...The dignity of three armies and the honor of their countries is involved, Mr. Arafat said at his news conference. I ask Italy, France and the United States: What of your promise to protect the inhabitants of Beirut? </blockquote> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of victims">edit</a>] Number of victims</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg/220px-SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg/330px-SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg/440px-SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf7/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Memorial in Sabra, South Beirut</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>According to the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, "at least 800" Palestinians died.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Bayan Nuwayhed al-Hout in her Sabra and Shatila: September 1982<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> gives a minimum consisting of 1,300 named victims based on detailed comparison of 17 victim lists and other supporting evidence, and estimates an even higher total.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, one of the first journalists to visit the scene, quotes (without endorsing) unnamed Phalangist officers as saying "that 2,000 Palestinians – women as well as men – had been killed in Chatila." In a 2002 article in <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, Fisk speaks of "1700 civilians murdered." <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Red_Crescent" title="Palestinian Red Crescent" class="mw-redirect">Palestinian Red Crescent</a> put the number killed at over 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>In his book published soon after the massacre,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the Israeli journalist <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnon_Kapeliouk" title="Amnon Kapeliouk">Amnon Kapeliouk</a> of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_Diplomatique" title="Le Monde Diplomatique" class="mw-redirect">Le Monde Diplomatique</a>, arrived at about 2,000 bodies disposed of after the massacre from official and Red Cross sources and "very roughly" estimated 1,000 to 1,500 other victims disposed of by the Phalangists themselves to a total of 3,000–3,500.</li> </ul> <h3>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.N. condemnation">edit</a>] U.N. condemnation</h3> On December 16, 1982, the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The voting record<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-LK-37-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-WS-455-44">[44]</a> The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act".<a href="#cite_note-WS-455-44">[44]</a> The delegate of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> – voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... [as] the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore also questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide.<a href="#cite_note-WS-455-44">[44]</a> The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" class="mw-redirect">1948 Convention</a> ...".<a href="#cite_note-WS-455-44">[44]</a> Such comments led <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schabas" title="William Schabas">William Schabas</a>, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> to state: "the term genocide ... had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision".<a href="#cite_note-WS-455-44">[44]</a> The commission's report, Israel in Lebanon, concluded that the Israeli authorities or forces were directly or indirectly responsible in the massacres and other killings that have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September.<a href="#cite_note-MacBride_1983_191.E2.80.932-11">[11]</a> British journalist <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hirst_(journalist)" title="David Hirst (journalist)">David Hirst</a> accused the Israeli commission of crafting the concept of indirect responsibility so as to protect Israel from assuming full responsibility for the slaughter along with the Phalangists. He further states that the Commission was only able to achieve that verdict by means of errors and omissions in the analysis of the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <h4>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sharon "personal responsibility"">edit</a>] Sharon "personal responsibility"</h4> The Kahan commission found that <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> "bears personal responsibility",<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-12">[12]</a> At first, Sharon refused to resign, and Begin refused to fire him. It was only after the death of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Grunzweig" title="Emil Grunzweig">Emil Grunzweig</a> after a grenade was tossed into the dispersing crowd of a <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Now" title="Peace Now">Peace Now</a> protest march, which also injured ten others, that a compromise was reached: Sharon would resign as Defense Minister, but remain in the Cabinet as a <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_without_Portfolio" title="Minister without Portfolio" class="mw-redirect">minister without portfolio</a>. Notwithstanding the dissuading conclusions of the Kahan report, Sharon would later become <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <h4>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other conclusions">edit</a>] Other conclusions</h4> The Kahan commission also recommended the dismissal of Director of Military Intelligence <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoshua_Saguy" title="Yehoshua Saguy">Yehoshua Saguy</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>',<a href="#cite_note-KahaneReport-50">[50]</a> and the effective promotion freeze of Division Commander Brig. Gen. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amos_Yaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Yaron (page does not exist)">Amos Yaron</a> for at least three years.<a href="#cite_note-KahaneReport-50">[50]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of Hobeika">edit</a>] Role of Hobeika</h2> Robert Maroun Hatem, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a>'s bodyguard, stated in his book From Israel to Damascus that Hobeika ordered the massacre of civilians in defiance of Israeli instructions to behave like a "dignified" army.<a href="#cite_note-online-29">[29]</a> Pierre Rehov,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> a documentary filmmaker who worked on the case with former Lebanese soldiers, while making his film Holy Land: Christians in Peril, came to the conclusion that Hobeika was definitely responsible for the massacre, despite the orders he had received from Ariel Sharon to behave humanely. Hobeika was assassinated by a car bomb in Beirut on January 24, 2002. Lebanese and Arab commentators blamed Israel for the murder of Hobeika, with alleged Israeli motive that Hobeika would be ‘apparently poised to testify before the Belgian court about Sharon’s role in the massacre<a href="#cite_note-Campagna-52">[52]</a> (see section above). Prior to his assassination, Elie Hobeika had stated "I am very interested that the [Belgian] trial starts because my innocence is a core issue."<a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-6">[6]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sharon libel suit">edit</a>] Sharon libel suit</h2> Ariel Sharon sued <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> for <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel" title="Libel" class="mw-redirect">libel</a> in American and Israeli courts in a $50 million libel suit, after Time published a story in its February 21, 1983, issue, implying that Sharon had "reportedly discussed with the Gemayels the need for the Phalangists to take revenge" for Bashir's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The jury found the article false and defamatory, although Time won the suit in the U.S. court because Sharon's defense failed to establish that the magazine's editors and writers had "acted out of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice_(legal_term)" title="Malice (legal term)" class="mw-redirect">malice</a>," as required under the U.S. libel law.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relatives of victims sue Sharon">edit</a>] Relatives of victims sue Sharon</h2> After Sharon's 2001 election to the post of <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>, relatives of the victims of the massacre filed a lawsuit<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On 24 September 2003, Belgium's Supreme Court dismissed the war crimes case against Ariel Sharon, since none of the plaintiffs had Belgian nationality at the start of the case.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reprisal operations">edit</a>] Reprisal operations</h2> According to Robert Fisk, Osama bin Laden cited the Sabra and Shatila massacre as one of the motivations for the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a>, in which al-Qaeda attacked an American Air Force housing complex in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>] See also</h2> <div class="column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_camps" title="War of the camps" class="mw-redirect">War of the camps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_massacre" title="Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">List of massacres in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Manam" title="Al-Manam" class="mw-redirect">Al-Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_with_Bashir" title="Waltz with Bashir">Waltz with Bashir</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>] References</h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_photogallery&task=view&id=182&Itemid=115&bandwidth=high">1982 – World Press Photo</a></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/53050/World/Region/Remembering-Sabra--Shatila-The-death-of-their-worl.aspx">"Remembering Sabra & Shatila: The death of their world"</a>. Ahram online. 16 Sep 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/53050/World/Region/Remembering-Sabra--Shatila-The-death-of-their-worl.aspx">http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/53050/World/Region/Remembering-Sabra--Shatila-The-death-of-their-worl.aspx</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-malone-3"><a href="#cite_ref-malone_3-0">^</a> Malone, Linda A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.tr%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dmassacres%2Bin%2Blebanon%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C5%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22massacres%20lebanon%22">"The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon and the SabraShatilla Massacres in Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law for Massacres of Civilian Populations"</a>. Utah Law Review: 373-433. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.tr%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dmassacres%2Bin%2Blebanon%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C5%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22massacres%20lebanon%22">http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.tr%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dmassacres%2Bin%2Blebanon%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C5%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22massacres%20lebanon%22</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. Nation Books. p. 154.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban : Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, by Alain Menargues, final chapter</li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_obit-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jan/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon">Mostyn, Trevor, Guardian.co.uk, Friday January 25 2002</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Friedman, New York Times, 20, 21, 26, 27 September 1982.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. Nation Books. p. 157. "The carnage began immediately. It was to continue without interruption till Saturday noon. Night brought no respite; the Phalangist liaison officer asked for illumination and the Israelis duly obliged with flares, first from mortars and then from planes."</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Friedman, Thomas (1995). From Beirut to Jerusalem. Macmillan. p. 161. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41372-5">978-0-385-41372-5</a>. "From there, small units of Phalangist militiamen, roughly 150 men each, were sent into Sabra and Shatila, which the Israeli army kept illimnated through the night with flares."</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Cobban, Helena (1984). The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: people, power, and politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27216-2">978-0-521-27216-2</a>. "and while Israeli troops fired a stream of flares over the Palestinian refugee camps in the Sabra and Shatila districts of West Beirut, the Israeli's Christian Lebanese allies carried out a massacre of innocents there which was to shock the whole world."</li> <li id="cite_note-MacBride_1983_191.E2.80.932-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacBride_1983_191.E2.80.932_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacBride_1983_191.E2.80.932_11-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">MacBride, Seán</a>; A. K. Asmal, B. Bercusson, R. A. Falk, G. de la Pradelle, S. Wild (1983). Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. London: Ithaca Press. pp. 191–2. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903729-96-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-903729-96-2">0-903729-96-2</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_12-1">b</a> Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 283–4. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-47991-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-47991-1">0-671-47991-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/17/world/middleeast/17lebanon.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">10 Years After a Mea Culpa, No Hint of a ‘Me, Too’,</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The New York Times (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/world/middleeast/after-2-decades-scars-of-lebanons-civil-war-block-path-to-dialogue.html">"After 2 Decades, Scars of Lebanon's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue"</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Israel: A Country Study", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1988 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://countrystudies.us/israel/33.htm">online copy</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-BNaH-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNaH_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNaH_16-1">b</a> Nuwayhed al-Hout, Bayan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=usQtAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&dq=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YtukUMb9Icq80QWQloHIDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ">Sabra and Shatila September 1982</a>. Pluto. pp. 1. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7453_2303_0" title="Special:BookSources/0 7453 2303 0">0 7453 2303 0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=usQtAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&dq=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YtukUMb9Icq80QWQloHIDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ">http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=usQtAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&dq=inauthor:%22Bay%C4%81n+Nuwayhi%E1%B8%8D+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABt%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YtukUMb9Icq80QWQloHIDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "By 1982, the Israeli-Maronite relationship was quite the open secret, with Maronite militiamen training in Israel and high-level Maronite and Israeli leaders making regular reciprocal visits to one another's homes and headquarters" (Eisenberg and Caplan, 1998, p. 45).</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/publish/article_252.shtml">Sabra and Shatilla</a>, Jewish Voice for Peace. Accessed 17 July 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2255902.stm">Sabra and Shatila 20 years on</a>. BBC, 14 September 2002. Accessed 17 July 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/30/newsid_2536000/2536441.stm">"1982: PLO leader forced from Beirut"</a>. BBC. 30 August 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/30/newsid_2536000/2536441.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/30/newsid_2536000/2536441.stm</a>. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-NYTSA-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTSA_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTSA_21-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/opinion/a-preventable-massacre.html">"A Preventable Massacre"</a>. The New York Times. 16 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/opinion/a-preventable-massacre.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/opinion/a-preventable-massacre.html</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Jean Shaoul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://wsws.org/articles/2002/feb2002/sab3-f25_prn.shtml">Sharon's war crimes in Lebanon: the record (part three)</a>, 25 February 2002 on the World Socialist Web Site (published by the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFI" title="ICFI" class="mw-redirect">ICFI</a>). Accessed 3 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ahron Bregman and Jihan Al-Tahri. The Fify Years War. Israel and the Arabs, p. 172-174, London: BBC Books 1998, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140268278" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-026827-8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Walid Harb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.thenation.com/doc/19990719/harb">Snake Eat Snake</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)" class="mw-redirect">The Nation</a>, posted 1 July 1999 (19 July 1999 issue). Accessed 9 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-Shahid-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahid_25-5">f</a> Shahid, Leila. The Sabra and Shatila Massacres: Eye-Witness Reports. Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1. (Autumn, 2002), pp. 36–58.</li> <li id="cite_note-Accused-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_26-3">d</a> Panorama: "The Accused", broadcast by the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 17 June 2001; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_17_06_01.txt">transcript</a> accessed 9 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Linda Malone, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/images/informationbrief.php?ID=40">"Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, A War Criminal"</a>, Information Brief No. 78, 14 June 2001, The Jerusalem Fund / The Palestine Center. Accessed 24 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Robert Fisk: The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, pp. 484,488–489, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400075171" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4000-7517-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-online-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-online_29-1">b</a> Robert Maroun Hatem, From Israel to Damascus, Chapter 7: The Massacres at Sabra and Shatilla <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.free-lebanon.com/News/Documents_of_Note/DOC_chap8/doc_chap8.html">online</a>. Accessed 24 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> David Hirst, (2010). Beware of small states. Nation Books. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571237418" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8</a>. p. 156</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> New York Times, 26 September 1982. in Claremont Research p. 76</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Harbo, 1982</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310100/Syrians-aid-Butcher-of-Beirut-to-hide-from-justice.html">Syrians aid 'Butcher of Beirut' to hide from justice</a>," <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 17 June 2001.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Dr. Franklin Lamb's letter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2010/997/special.htm#1">Remembering Janet Lee Stevens, martyr for the Palestinian refugees</a></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/17/world/arafat-demands-3-nations-return-peace-force-to-beirut.html?scp=1&sq=henry+kamm+september+17+1982&st=nyt">New York Times, published 17 September 1982</a></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1935198.stm">Analysis: 'War crimes' on West Bank</a>. BBC, 17 April 2002. Accessed 14 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Pluto, 2004</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Fisk, Robert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/elie-hobeika-ladykiller-and-bloodsoaked-war-criminal-668184.html">Elie Hobeika: lady-killer and blood-soaked war criminal</a>, The Independent, 25 January 2002.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Schiff and Ya'ari 1984</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Amnon Kapeliouk, translated and edited by Khalil Jehshan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://web.archive.org/web/20060207230421/http://www.geocities.com/indictsharon/Kapeliouk.doc">Sabra & Chatila: Inquiry Into a Massacre</a> (<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Word" title="Microsoft Office Word" class="mw-redirect">Microsoft Word</a> doc). Accessed February 14, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement">U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.</a> Retrieved 4 January 2010. (If link doesn’t work, try: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.un.org/">U.N.</a>→ welcome → documents → General Assembly Resolutions → 1982 → 37/123.)</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus">Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D.</a> Retrieved January 4, 2010,</li> <li id="cite_note-LK-37-43"><a href="#cite_ref-LK-37_43-0">^</a> Leo Kuper, "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses", in George J. Andreopoulos, Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812216164" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-1616-4</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-WS-455-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WS-455_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS-455_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS-455_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS-455_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS-455_44-4">e</a> William Schabas, Genocide in International Law. The Crimes of Crimes, p. 455</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.nuigalway.ie/human_rights/Staff/william_schabas.html">Professor William A. Schabas</a> website of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states. Nation Books. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23741-8">978-0-571-23741-8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Chris Tolworthy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/MiddleEast/TerrorInUSA/faq/Sabra.asp">Sabra and Shatila massacres—why do we ignore them?</a>, September 11th and Terrorism FAQ, Global Issues, March 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/israel_at_50/history/78655.stm">Israel and the PLO</a>, BBC, 20 April 1998. Retrieved 20 September 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DEFDE1638F936A2575BC0A965948260">"Around the world; Israeli General Resigns From Army"</a> The New York Times, 15 August 1983</li> <li id="cite_note-KahaneReport-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KahaneReport_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KahaneReport_50-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1982-1984/104%20Report%20of%20the%20Commission%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20e">Report of the Kahan Commission</a> - hosted by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.pierrerehov.com/">Pierre Rehov's Middle East Documentaries</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Campagna-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Campagna_52-0">^</a> Joel Campagna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/460.cfm">The Usual Suspects</a>, World Press Review, April 2002. Accessed February 24, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_ariel_sharon,00.shtml">Ariel Sharon</a>, Time archive</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://brookekroeger.com/articles_newspaper/Sharonloses.html">Sharon Loses Libel Suit; Time Cleared of Malice</a> by Brooke W. Kroeger.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/nov/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon">"Vanished victims of Israelis return to accuse Sharon"</a>. The Guardian. 25 Nov 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/nov/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/nov/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2012. ""The fate of the disappeared of Sabra and Chatila will come back to haunt Sharon when a Belgian court hears a suit brought by their relatives alleging his involvement in the massacres.""</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.redress.org/publications/UJ%20Update%20-%20Dec03%20-%20final.pdf">Universal Jurisdiction Update, December 2003</a>, Redress (London). Retrieved 5 January 2010; section Belgium, subsection 'Shabra and Shatila'.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://books.google.co.il/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&pg=PA235&dq=sabra+shatila++facts&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UYykUNm0BtKq0AXq8ICwBA&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&f=true">The Structures of Love: Art and Politics Beyond the Transference, James Penney</a></li> </ol> </div> <h3>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>] Bibliography</h3> <ul> <li>Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415287162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-28716-2</a></li> <li>al-Hout, Bayan Nuwayhed (2004). Sabra And Shatila : September 1982. Pluto Press. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2302-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2302-2">0-7453-2302-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Campagna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Campagna (page does not exist)">Campagna, Joel</a> (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/460.cfm">The Usual Suspects</a>. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Review" title="World Press Review">World Press Review</a> 49 (4). Web journal article, retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/ni/ni-c06-s06.html">Necessary Illusions: Thought control in democratic societies</a>. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896083667" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89608-366-7</a>.</li> <li>Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain and Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/025321159X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-253-21159-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amal_Hamdan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amal Hamdan (page does not exist)">Hamdan, Amal</a> (September 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B26B8CE1-49E1-47FF-9ED5-8E1AE1305CC4.htm">Remembering Sabra and Shatila</a>. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazeera" title="Aljazeera" class="mw-redirect">Aljazeera</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Harbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harbo (page does not exist)">Harbo, John</a> (September 20, 1982). Aftenposten. Middle East correspondent Harbo was also quoted with the same information on ABC News "Close up, Beirut Massacres", broadcast January 7, 1983.</li> <li>Kapeliouk, Amnon (1982). Enquête sur un massacre: Sabra et Chatila. Seuil. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-006391-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-006391-3">2-02-006391-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/indictsharon/Kapeliouk.doc&date=2009-10-26+00:25:59">English translation available online here</a></li> <li>Klein, A. J. (New York, 2005), Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response, Random House <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920769803" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-920769-80-3</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/21832.html">"The New Anti-Semitism"</a>, The American Scholar, Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25–36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> on March 24, 2004.</li> <li>Lewis, Bernard (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393318397" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-31839-7</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnaby_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnaby Mason (page does not exist)">Mason, Barnaby</a> (April 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1935198.stm">Analysis: 'War crimes' on West Bank</a>. BBC World News. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> and <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Ian Black</a>. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_Secret_Wars:_A_History_of_Israel%27s_Intelligence_Services" title="Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services">Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services</a>, Grove, 1991, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802111599" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8021-1159-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/middle_east/1975849.stm">New 'evidence' in Sharon trial</a> (May 8, 2002). BBC World News. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li>Schiff, Z. & Ya'ari, E. (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671479911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-671-47991-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Shaoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Shaoul (page does not exist)">Shaoul, Jean</a> (February 25, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://wsws.org/articles/2002/feb2002/sab3-f25_prn.shtml">Sharon's war crimes in Lebanon: the record</a>. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li>Shashaa, Esam (no date).</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Tamal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Tamal (page does not exist)">Tamal, Ahmad</a> (no date). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.allaboutpalestine.com/sabrashatillapics.html">Sabra and Shatila</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.allaboutpalestine.com/index.shtml">All About Palestine</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Tolworthy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Tolworthy (page does not exist)">Tolworthy, Chris</a> (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/MiddleEast/TerrorInUSA/faq/Sabra.asp">Sabra and Shatila massacres – why do we ignore them?</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.globalissues.org/">Global Issues</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_17_06_01.txt">Transcript of "The Accused"</a> (June 17, 2001).</li> <li>United Nations General Assembly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r123.htm">A/RES/37/123(A-F). The situation in the Middle East</a> (December 16, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/faabb796990cf95a852560d9005240cf?OpenDocument">[1]</a></li> <li>Matthew White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm">Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2004.</li> <li>William Harris, (1996) Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, USA <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558761152" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55876-115-2</a></li> </ul> <h2>[<a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>] External links</h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civi2.html">Lebanese Civil war 1982 Sabra and Chatila massacre Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/17/newsid_2519000/2519637.stm">BBC News archive and video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://web.archive.org/web/20041009202109/http://www.littleredbutton.com/sabra_shatila/">"Sabra Shatila Massacre Photographs, 1982"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.littleredbutton.com/sabra_shatila">the original</a> on October 9, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://web.archive.org/web/20041009202109/http://www.littleredbutton.com/sabra_shatila/">http://web.archive.org/web/20041009202109/http://www.littleredbutton.com/sabra_shatila/</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://web.archive.org/web/20041009200930/http://www.littleredbutton.com/lebanon/">"Eyewitness Lebanon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.littleredbutton.com/lebanon/">the original</a> on October 9, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://web.archive.org/web/20041009200930/http://www.littleredbutton.com/lebanon/">http://web.archive.org/web/20041009200930/http://www.littleredbutton.com/lebanon/</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1982-1984/104%20Report%20of%20the%20Commission%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20e">Report of the Kahan Commission</a> – hosted by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.countercurrents.org/pa-fisk180903.htm">Sabra and Shatila</a> by <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.counterpunch.org/fisksabra.html">"Sabra and Chatila Massacres After 19 years, The Truth at Last?"</a> By <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, November 28, 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://www.ism-france.org/news/article.php?id=5470&type=analyse&lesujet=Histoire">Sabra and Shatila, the unforgivable slaughter</a> (French).</li> </ul> <a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&params=33.8628_N_35.4984_E_">33°51′46″N 35°29′54″E / 33.8628°N 35.4984°E / 33.8628; 35.4984</a>   </div>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&oldid=534508668">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre&oldid=534508668</a>" </div>   <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1982" title="Category:Conflicts in 1982">Conflicts in 1982</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Category:Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Massacres_of_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Category:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War">Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1982_in_Lebanon" title="Category:1982 in Lebanon">1982 in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ariel_Sharon" title="Category:Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass_murder_in_1982" title="Category:Mass murder in 1982">Mass murder in 1982</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_crimes_in_Lebanon" title="Category:War crimes in Lebanon">War crimes in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Islam" title="Category:Anti-Islam">Anti-Islam</a></li><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Category:Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2013">Use dmy dates from January 2013</a></li></ul></div></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div>   </div>  </div>  <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2>  <div id="mw-head" class="noprint">  <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class=""> <h3>Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sabra+and+Shatila+massacre&type=signup">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20130123221701/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sabra+and+Shatila+massacre" title="You are encouraged to log in; 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(bokmål)‎</a></li> <li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakrane_i_Sabra_og_Shatila" title="Massakrane i Sabra og Shatila" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk (nynorsk)‎</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_w_Sabrze_i_Szatili" title="Masakra w Sabrze i Szatili" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Sabra_e_Chatila" title="Massacre de Sabra e Chatila" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Резня в Сабре и Шатиле" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Масакр у Сабри и Шатили" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabran_ja_Shatilan_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Sabran ja Shatilan verilöyly" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_och_Shatila" title="Sabra och Shatila" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_ve_%C5%9Eatilla_Katliam%C4%B1" title="Sabra ve Şatilla Katliamı" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صبرا و شاتيلا قتل عام" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90" title="סאברא און שאטילא" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130123221701/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="贝鲁特难民营大屠杀" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 23 January 2013 at 16:25. </li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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