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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__et.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Christian_Though.html?hl=et&id=ognCKztR8a4C"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Christian_Though.html?hl=et&id=ognCKztR8a4C"/><meta name="title" content="The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought"/><meta name="description" content="Embracing the viewpoints of Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox thinkers, of conservatives, liberals, radicals, and agnostics, Christianity today is anything but monolithic or univocal. In The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, general editor Adrian Hastings has tried to capture a sense of the great diversity of opinion that swirls about under the heading of Christian thought. Indeed, the 260 contributors, who hail from twenty countries, represent as wide a range of perspectives as possible.Here is a comprehensive and authoritative (though not dogmatic) overview of the full spectrum of Christian thinking. Within its 600 alphabetically arranged entries, readers will find lengthy survey articles on the history of Christian thought, on national and regional traditions, and on various denominations, from Anglican to Unitarian. There is ample coverage of Eastern thought as well, examining the Christian tradition in China, Japan, India, and Africa. The contributors examine major theological topics such as resurrection, the Eucharist, and grace as well as controversial issues such as homosexuality and abortion. In addition, short entries illuminate symbols such as water and wine, and there are many profiles of leading theologians, of non-Christians who have deeply influenced Christian thinking, including Aristotle and Plato, and of literary figures such as Dante, Milton, and Tolstoy. Most articles end with a list of suggested readings and the book features a large number of cross-references.The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought is an indispensable guide to one of the central strands of Western culture. 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Pyper. THE OXFORD COMPANION TO Christian Thought EDITED BY Adrian Hastings Alistair Mason and Hugh Pyper WITH Ingrid Lawrie and Cecily Bennett OXFORD \u003cb\u003eUNIVERSITY\u003c/b\u003e PRESS OXFORD \u003cb\u003eUNIVERSITY\u003c/b\u003e PRESS Great Clarendon Street , Oxford OX2 6DP."},{"page_id":"PR4","page_number":"iv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Press is a department of the \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Oxford . It furthers the \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.ee/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C\u0026pg=PR4\u0026vq=University\u0026hl=et"},{"page_id":"PR7","page_number":"vii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Press to edit a Companion to Christian Thought , to be published in the year of the millennium , I hesitated to agree . It seemed to me altogether too large and demanding a commitment to take on in retirement . Little by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR15","page_number":"xv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Edinburgh Hope A. M. ALLCHIN Honorary Professor , Department of Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Wales Bangor Compassion ... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Oxford Science DAVID BROWN Van Mildert Professor of Divinity , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Contributors."},{"page_id":"PR16","page_number":"xvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Durham Process Theology , Symbolism PIERRE BÜHLER Professor , Institute for Hermeneutics , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Zürich Hermeneutics DAVID B. BURRELL , CSC Hesburgh Professor of Philosophy and Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Notre Dame\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR17","page_number":"xvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of South Australia Contraception , Reproductive Technology Andreas EckersTORFER \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Salzburg , Austria George Lindbeck MALCOLM EDWARDS Independent writer Gay Theology CHARLES ELLIOTT Dean and Chaplain , Trinity\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR18","page_number":"xviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Durham Augustine , Donatism ANTHONY HARVEY Formerly Lecturer in Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Oxford , Canon and Sub - Dean of Westminster Priesthood SUSAN ASHBROOK HARVEY Associate Professor of Religious Studies , Brown \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR19","page_number":"xix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e College Divorce BONNIE KENT Associate Professor of Philosophy , Columbia \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e , New York Franciscan Thought JOHN KENT Emeritus Professor of Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Bristol Eighteenth Century : An Overview Fergus Kerr\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR20","page_number":"xx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Glasgow John Donne , T. S. Eliot , Gerard Manley Hopkins JAMES P. MACKEY Director , Graduate School of Divinity , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Edinburgh Celtic Christianity DAVID MCLELLAN Professor of Political Theory , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR21","page_number":"xxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Wales Cardiff Health and Healing CHARLES PINCHES Professor of Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Scranton , Pennsylvania Virtue GORDON PREECE Lecturer in Ethics and Director of Centre of Applied Christian Ethics , Ridley College\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR22","page_number":"xxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Amsterdam Anthropology CAROLINE SCHRÖDER Assistant for Systematic Theology , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Bonn Jonathan Edwards CHRISTOPH SCHWÖBEL Professor of Systematic Theology and Director , Ecumenical Institute , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR23","page_number":"xxiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of London John Paul II HENRY WANSBROUGH , OSB Master , St Benet\u0026#39;s Hall , Oxford , Consultor of the Pontifical Biblical Commission Raymond E. Brown GRAHAM WARD Professor of Contextual Theology and Ethics , \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in California has specialized in training medical missionaries . The Adventist family includes the Worldwide Church of God , which keeps the feasts of the Jewish calendar and whose periodical Plain Truth is familiar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Naples , where he encountered the full range of * Aristotle\u0026#39;s writings , which had only recently come to be studied seriously in Europe . In 1244 he joined the new * Dominican Order of friars and subsequently lectured at\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Ceylon , 1945 ) , Balasuriya joined the Congregation of Oblates of Mary Immaculate , studied in Rome , and was ordained in 1952. He taught at Aquinas \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e College , Sri Lanka , was appointed rector in 1964 , but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA64","page_number":"64","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e studies at Bern . After completing his initial battery of qualifying exams , he followed the common practice of going abroad to study . A semester in Berlin was spent listening to Adolf Harnack , Julius Kaftan , and Hermann\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e studies in 1903 in the centres of the reigning Protestant * liberalism , first * Tübingen , then Berlin ( under Hermann Gunkel and Adolf Harnack ) , and finally Marburg ( under Adolf Jülicher , Wilhelm Herrmann , and Johannes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e and providing the informed sermons seldom offered in parishes . As a wide gap developed between the \u0026#39; Lord Bishop \u0026#39; and his cathedral , the latter fell increasingly into the hands of dean and chapter which , at best\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e , reading The Cross and the Switchblade , a Pentecostalist account of the Spirit at work in downtown New York . Barrett\u0026#39;s World Christian Encyclopaedia claimed that by the late 1970s there were 20 million charismatics , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e ( Ph.D. 1965 ) . He was appointed Charles A. Briggs professor of systematic theology at Union Theological Sem- inary , New York , in 1969 , after short teaching stints at Philander Smith College and Adrian College in Michigan\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e ( where he had studied both natural sciences and theology ) in 1962 and has taught there ever since . As a Fellow of Emmanuel College , Cambridge , from 1966 , and later as \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA155","page_number":"155","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of California , and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris . Certeau\u0026#39;s work covers very diverse themes , the central one to be summed up in a book , planned but not completed , on the anthro- pology of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA161","page_number":"161","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversities\u003c/b\u003e . This interest in making Descartes fit for the schools also explains the emphasis in the work of these Cartesians on the similarities between Aristotle and Descartes . This \u0026#39; scholasticized \u0026#39; Cartesianism was exported from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Sermons ( 1843 ) . -An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine ( 1845 , 1878 ) . Nichols , A. , From Newman to Congar ( 1990 ) . Rahner , K. , “ The Development of Dogma \u0026#39; , Theological Investigations , I ( 1961 )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA175","page_number":"175","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e - trained clerics to their ranks . The work of Albert the Great ( c.1200–80 ) and his pupil , Thomas * Aquinas , transformed scholasticism , giving the speculative and dogmatic outlook and method of the Dominican Order an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in Rome , regarded as the leading Thomist theologian of his time . Chenu appealed for the contextualization of theological study , situating Aquinas only in the context of his time and against the contemporary intellectual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e teaching into parish ministry , the bulk of which was spent in indus- trial Sheffield . Here he pioneered the Parish Meeting , which under- stood the * church as a form of * base community which met each week not just to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in Dublin , J. H. * Newman entered a decade ( 1850s ) of educational striving . He needed first to clarify his concept of educa- tion ( The Idea of a \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e ) ; to relate that concept to institutions ( his work in Dublin\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA192","page_number":"192","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e and school , institutions anciently generated on foundations of * monas- tic learning ; he was also much concerned for the education of the poor and of adults . Schools have long been at the heart of the church\u0026#39;s enterprise\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e ( 1852–59 ) . Discussions and Arguments ( 1872 ) . Edwards , Jonathan ( 1703-58 ) , considered by some the greatest theologian of the 18th century . The leading preacher and champion of the First Great Awakening , Edwards\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA232","page_number":"232","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Oxford 1826-43 , 3rd edn . ( 1871 ) . Tillich , Paul , Dynamics of Faith ( 1957 ) . Faith and Order represents one stream in the modern * ecu- menical movement , dealing with matters of doctrine , * worship , and ecclesial\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA242","page_number":"242","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Notre Dame , the Episcopal Divinity School in Cam- bridge , and since 1988 has been Krister Stendahl professor of scrip- ture at the Harvard Divinity School . She was the first woman president of the Society of Biblical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA248","page_number":"248","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Paris some of his worst fears about the abuse of learning . As * Aristotle\u0026#39;s works gained in popularity , certain masters took to defending his teach- ings as if they represented the crowning achievement of human reason\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA250","page_number":"250","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Louvain and published in the Corpus des sources franciscaines , a work that gradually changed the ways in which scholars examined these texts . While every age has attempted to determine the core of the distinctiveness of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Lima , and psychology in Louvain , Belgium . Gutiérrez graduated in the- ology from Lyons , France , and the Gregorian \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in Rome . Ordained in 1959 , he works as a priest in Rímac , Peru , and directs the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Jena in 1801. His career was severely disrupted by the chaos of the Napoleonic wars . Following the battle of Jena in 1806 he lost his job , becoming first a newspaper editor and then a school- teacher , in Nürnberg\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA301","page_number":"301","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Cambridge in the second half of the 20th century : David Knowles , a Catholic , Herbert Butterfield , a Meth- odist , and Owen Chadwick , an Anglican . Congruence of mind be- tween historian and Christian believer remains\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA334","page_number":"334","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e . Henry James , the novelist , was his brother , and his father , Henry James , Snr . , was an independent religious writer of private means . A religious quest was always at the heart of James\u0026#39;s philosophy . In his paper\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA339","page_number":"339","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in Rome , Heythrop College in London , or the two US Jesuit Schools of Theology in Cambridge , Massachusetts , and Berkeley , California , have been at the forefront of scholarship on the whole range of Christian thought\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA350","page_number":"350","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e , then one of the brightest beacons of learning in Europe . The air was buzzing with new ideas , propa- gated by the writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas for example , but in the lecture room John acquired a solid doctrinal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA351","page_number":"351","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e to study Polish philology , but his \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e career and ambitions towards acting were cut short by the German occupation . In 1942 he entered the clandestine semin- ary in the palace of the archbishop of Cracow . After the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA360","page_number":"360","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of * Tübin- gen . His early studies took place in the tension between the schools of * Barth and * Bultmann , and his independent and original work continues to address * dogmatic and * hermeneutical questions to- gether\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA365","page_number":"365","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e , perhaps because of his experience of Christianity\u0026#39;s ten- dency to become what he calls \u0026#39; dictatorial \u0026#39; . But this opposition to Pietism is also characteristic of Lutheranism in his day , though of a different branch\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA370","page_number":"370","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Press ) . Ferguson , H. , Melancholy and the Critique of Modernity ( 1995 ) . Gouwens , D. J. , Kierkegaard as Religious Thinker ( 1996 ) . Hannay , A. , Kierkegaard ( 1983 ) . King , G. H. , Existence , Thought , Style\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA372","page_number":"372","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in 1968 , he moved to the west , where he has been based at All Souls College , Oxford , and the \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Chicago . As a philosopher of religion , Kolakowski\u0026#39;s major scholarly work is Religious Consciousness and Church\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA373","page_number":"373","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Otago in New Zealand ( 1974–9 ) , and professor of ecumenics and world Christianity at Union Theologic- al Seminary , New York , from 1980 to his retirement in 1996 . As a boy growing up and listening to the biblical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA378","page_number":"378","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e student re- form leader in Lima . His most famous initiative was to lead a protest march against the consecration of Peru to the Sacred Heart in May 1923. Haya , supported by Protestants and Masons , denounced the close\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA382","page_number":"382","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Bologna , for both civil and canon law . There are more surviving manuscripts of Gratian\u0026#39;s Decreta than of any other book , apart from the bible . Fourthly , if Christians took over civil law from the Romans , they took\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA391","page_number":"391","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e where he taught theology and philosophy from 1951 to 1993 . Throughout his career , Lindbeck was intensively engaged in * ecu- menical discussions , particularly with Catholics , and most notably as an observer at * Vatican\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA398","page_number":"398","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Erfurt . In summer 1505 , after some sort of mental crisis and contrary to his family\u0026#39;s wishes , Luther abruptly entered the house of reformed Augustinian Eremites at Erfurt . Ordained priest in 1507 , he began to study\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA402","page_number":"402","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Witten- berg . In his lectures on the Psalms , Romans , Galatians , and Heb- rews he articulated a radical understanding of the gospel that subsequent Lutheranism framed by its three famous solas — sola gratia , sola fide\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA432","page_number":"432","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e sta- tioners at the beginning of the 13th century . The spiritual impulse that moved not only princes but ... \u003cb\u003euniversities\u003c/b\u003e at Bologna , Paris , and Oxford , transferred intellectual leadership from the cloister to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA451","page_number":"451","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversities\u003c/b\u003e of Oxford and Cam- bridge , and Lord Chancellor , More was an immensely successful public man , hard ... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e has published the definitive edition of his works in fif- teen volumes . While much of the biography\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA472","page_number":"472","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e professors , he realized , were unthinking conservatives : “ There was a deep suspicion of change , with a perfect incapacity to create anything positive for the wants of the times . \u0026#39; That would remain true throughout his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA473","page_number":"473","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e , ed . I. Ker ( 1976 ) . - Apologia pro Vita Sua , ed . Martin J. Svaglic ( 1967 ) . A Grammar of Assent , ed . I. Ker ( 1985 ) . Brown , David ( ed . ) , Newman : A Man for our Time ( 1990 ) . Cameron , J. M. , John Henry\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA478","page_number":"478","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e Divinity School . Both were men in motion , responding in different ways to a changing history . Hence it is appropriate to treat them individually , with attention to their biographical developments , before making some\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA482","page_number":"482","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in * Rome , the power of ultramontanism grew rap- idly . It was coupled ( especially by Pope Pius IX after the shock of the revolutions of 1848 ) with a new effort to maintain the rights and freedom of the church , tending to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA487","page_number":"487","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e formulated in 1908 a Personalist philosophy that defined reality as a network of persons with a supreme Person at its head , arguing that only such a defin- ition could give the concept of God religious value . The Harvard\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA497","page_number":"497","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e students were no longer equipped to respond to the all - pervading allusions to the OT in the works of western cul- ture . At the same time there has been a burst of books which reveal the literary artistry of the OT itself\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA505","page_number":"505","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e , though it also has the wider connotation of its legacy to Anglican life and thought after 1845 , for which more general terms are \u0026#39; Anglo - Catholic \u0026#39; or \u0026quot; Tractarian \u0026#39; , after the 90 Tracts for the Times published by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA540","page_number":"540","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Halle , Pietism developed a more active approach to eschatology . Francke aimed at nothing less than reform of the entire world . Barring the way to the Kingdom of God are the actual sins of the individual . The world\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA567","page_number":"567","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e theology in the Anglo - Saxon world tends to slip into * liberalism . The \u0026#39; Old School \u0026#39; * Presbyterians felt that even Jonathan * Edwards\u0026#39;s \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e at Princeton was not to be trusted to remain orthodox . So in 1812 they\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA570","page_number":"570","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Paris was seen in the Middle Ages as providing a sort of alternative magisterium , an embodiment of Newman\u0026#39;s prophetical office as distinct from the episcopal . Yet Simon Kimbangu or William Wadé Harris among the many\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA640","page_number":"640","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversities\u003c/b\u003e were founded in Uppsala in 1477 and in Copenhagen in 1478. One of the last Catholic \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e theologians before the Reformation is important in a European perspective : Poul Helgesen ( 1485–1535 ) , a Dane , the main\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA641","page_number":"641","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e professor from Uppsala , Erik Gustaf Geijer ( 1783–1847 ) , has been of great importance for many modern theologians , especially in Sweden . He was primarily a historian , a philosopher , and a poet in Sweden\u0026#39;s living\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA642","page_number":"642","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e in Denmark a highly original Christian thinker , K. E. Løgstrup , worked over a long period , developing his thoughts in clear opposition to the Kierkegaard tradition . His starting - point was a phenomenological analysis of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA644","page_number":"644","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e preacher at the \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Halle , Schleiermacher returned to Berlin , where he became Reformed pastor at the Trinity Church ( 1809 ) and concur- rently ( from 1810 ) professor of theology at the new \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e . In 1821–2\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA648","page_number":"648","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e . Exacting his revenge , he produced a litany of historical examples where clerical obstruc- tion to scientific and technological innovation had proved mis- guided . Following the electrical researches of Benjamin Franklin in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA651","page_number":"651","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversities\u003c/b\u003e . John Duns Scotus ( c.1266–1308 ) was a Scot . John Mair ( or Major ) ( d . 1550 ) , professor of theology at Paris before returning to Scotland in 1518 , * conciliarist , anti - Lutheran , in favour of popular sovereignty\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA669","page_number":"669","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e professor : Martin * Luther\u0026#39;s Ninety - Five Theses ( 1517 ) . The Theses not only called for reform of indulgences , but presented a radical critique of central elements of medieval religion underpinning the practice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA683","page_number":"683","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Alcalá and sponsor of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible , had already pursued a vigorous policy of church reform . After Luther , Ignatius Loyola with his Society of Jesus ( * Jesuits ) and disciples such as Francis Xavier\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA684","page_number":"684","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e under Mary Tudor , was deprived of his archbishopric of Toledo and spent seventeen years in prison before ... \u003cb\u003euniversities\u003c/b\u003e . There was a disastrous lowering of academic stand- ards . The dispatches of Simeoni ( nuncio\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA701","page_number":"701","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e . * Abelard was here the supreme pioneer . Where Anselm\u0026#39;s milieu was a monastery geared to the celebration of the liturgy , the \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e was a far more secular place , in which the cut and thrust of logical disputation was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA704","page_number":"704","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e system . His textual studies on Augustine , Bonaventure , Thomas , and Duns Scotus proved that each of these theologians used a radically different philosophy . There had been no common scholastic philosophy , as earlier Tho\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA706","page_number":"706","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e teaching ( Habilitation ) at the \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Berlin in 1919. That year he published one of his most influential essays , \u0026#39; On the Idea of a Theology of Culture \u0026#39; ( Über die Idee einer Theologie der Kultur \u0026#39; ) . The essay\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA718","page_number":"718","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e phil- osophy departments , a supremely realist notion and one upon which human society is totally dependent . The idea of truth grounds order and * justice as much as * science and * history . Did X murder Y ? Did A or B\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA724","page_number":"724","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Vice - Chancellor , to Sir Walter Moberly , Foster Dulles , T. S. * Eliot , and distinguished people from almost every part of the globe , including many * Eastern Orthodox , pointed to- wards the emergence of something\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA743","page_number":"743","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUniversity\u003c/b\u003e of Zürich in 1929. At the time he seemed destined for a career in bourgeois academia until he made a retreat in the Black Forest where he heard a call to become a Catholic priest in the Society of Jesus ( * Jesuits ) . During\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA765","page_number":"765","snippet_text":"... adjustments to society ( care for the poor , including dis- tribution of monastic wealth ) and education at school and \u003cb\u003euniversity\u003c/b\u003e level are indispensable for a healthy community life , as is control of * morals , but not , as. Z."}],"search_query_escaped":"University"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>