CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134eae15ea33f4b',cH: 'TOgzw1fsPtbm9EBTEA7dGT7NEF9y7GFZaJYXINcImg4-1739786291-1.2.1.1-PPhe02OB0_kQMGN_vMglkr_MD4DfiLEucb1gffJ8YZaEfkFyfZKiMR0RV3L0z5nD',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=rich%20internet%20application&__cf_chl_tk=VALrWDitB5pCgdQ3Z4PfSxV7wSAx7n96Q.bYIxBTbJg-1739786291-1.0.1.1-F88jz_0Yi4ZNNw7evOwY_OXw5EZxbzOloAtpCD2CGMg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786291',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=rich%20internet%20application&__cf_chl_f_tk=VALrWDitB5pCgdQ3Z4PfSxV7wSAx7n96Q.bYIxBTbJg-1739786291-1.0.1.1-F88jz_0Yi4ZNNw7evOwY_OXw5EZxbzOloAtpCD2CGMg",md: "Xvspm05hz1uJWfYeKSw7jzYn_yWlHfYzFuMd8fdbcno-1739786291-1.2.1.1-zZHT_wufbqyjKZVvHmTZ.Y28yjD9ewSPSQ_StR0PKj779bKW0KG6AtDPrgoeqOZSvdHCDBW9Q3K_mH0h.BOZfKsQMZMv.CtVWXnC5fXkmQf7UF28Gf6A8prnIJuE4BHruXBGCAzAi3Cqeo_flWEGeW0XAVv5O.kMiHLKxVJL7OE5RCByErKe61jhTObGi4RRZ4kQd2H65byh.WobdhQRtUJPZ9J6_aoBzWSacA_TB8Lb2jGdL9YhUk7iExEpLc4VVewdjlK_D4hNrL3lQxLX3bV8WaMl.cNBM6bo_xBkY4KeLRUmLfFFYXM8ysHq8EWraIGbbpVFSMwo8Hhbg5Hlhc54Nm2EJg9xsFALiWhn2I0Hsehdv6rhUtC7dhLD8ezN5ie5TVa5DLIpo4P9F7XA5sHEFQm03uiNJEC8Lzp8JnSJ7vvQq4aEtwXJcFyRtvY3V7dbEGhN1bJhb0vOxzpZCHT.fYxb3wc0FAGXIbNJ3uj38Ep.RvdMNBj5NuOWC8XbDfZ91_yQibvO87.JwEt2w5gr5ZssregTI7oVNlIDmDbglWc5fxpeZWJfRd9d2Q.zX33kMkNKDsrIvC35weph_qGzYrZnFrbL6koKmhlPNcGqYTBcTgjDSjWn2CUtVJbkoRVYXjB_EfqTTiJ8UFDPU.B.8RsjHVTfY0eiMe5l.maF9nKCwi_O9IjzEUss37SMEVmJ1FZf796gm1xs_GgX6cc2T7tL.fNVUjYIuyuu0Ab.hBBBU4vaqjhSB91NrvAi9VkvOCyHuaXioBgvhWYzKmREnlYcQm.YuJkIxkB32KyM_bGVBtdODjxprsB3S.dWYjdKOVrWc3DmIVJ4Fjfpq1KBu05FBo6g6_Fa6sgoVTN72O0JEueKhkSIHrlgW_blc8lkHhKE4UrXtAbvggPGswdJlIcTwmpYaOqNeZsjPZpwYxzI1.TvcQ7wfhGb3xeqcsX4Z_tZQF0KbIiUCca1JywQI11Afm1dJv.5iFRg9mbHIXCDpcpL721AIDCySpvqDOFvd.DC6CYqgHKkRoimivGI01j7gokP6cCyt8lZ5_h5.TCrVCuFLG7rpXesRDGEfowpNrs7KPT1.fMDWb5S4NiMTFwymAD3q9AalEqNBSUcG4IgcQ_m7taylHKIOHVxOLfD9mjgweVShGfUtNFg6SErn6VoSpleiWhQk5QT5uoXKfZGZ.I6P_P6fhe.B_NRYuCRfzbZWZSXFDmYZxKo9U.a21VsqUC8PRAwaYPj7kPbLzcfHxZgin_SBR.nu51monaHKGvHozYhl7HFRU0mZ4Nk5D7r01HpnrrFhaUJOXtKyGmmjiM5ybI2o.KS7EP.bFW2YQBkKq8SmOeUr_h8QzOHnHxzWTGJG_WRfifethYdjCZzFVbn9tEIl8c1RIYLILrAz5souCkL24rqIV8cR_KW_W0qehtKi4sWcH_SKIWLftMuB3oLHQJDGb1BlW1QTw2sm0md1XP8nj4K6vaVpLfDK3Y1guNyRUwvbH_dtnWGGaCBLcnnk41rJLWZz_NBYBnRbXCjIWqNzgql6yqZ.Dqjj9imO24SXsF1u3wytGJW9Sjt.vuEx8mljWm8wYlXcC9sDpERTqEe8MI70Slco7XtfoGX6oP0kBQpR0uhgoLrff2lIJkP6UD8OiTAmiIHIy.YgRtx34pYl7IV7aHFdQiDN1LmQpXIpZ8lUGrPK.OZilnJXLIh.QLn0_So8QECD6baG7lnve8fkke7wfYbMbOa9Ky1j_vTeJvj_ypfVceqvjvXGGU6iRQayFdLLRRwgQuHQyATLzR5GsrfsCd8TzPpkx.zftr0m__pr7IE0mxPSbrJybErIVAPz.O8srS5RDHwsvJ7MxgNwhB6ZVjj1UMTwVIa69dANgRxKChzThY5ACTwDyHZbHBOe9qrJEQUj446QFD8IjQ30Vi1K4Eg.rNwaHtFa0xTEaeUpeFrrHas23xMe0cH_ciN60Gfqh4EQIRCFJye.ZhtBIpYuhjxDQ",mdrd: "9LolBB2gV4VZODLgjesxPQ_pkHOXEUTdkmbJ65E0KCM-1739786291-1.2.1.1-L5MvodlBjZEOMdh7MdxSyvlrQnX.YkscjKv_R4Y.lX445sT1.s221J7pMX2KWJ4z3C9x6sdhgW.RIM_S6A3j6S9_t5orTm5NTm5ECShyG3_PFsy3azY0WlwAm70p4dtUriodAGrMqLnl0TQ2pe9lFq6FXgqtptv4Y90YBQXcvzFxtknizY.XdE8flZL6fm9lVPBOLHwHjI0ieHQ.emPr482kh_3vgVePCSLIW8Rl60gQ25GFP7T0LDiDTqBlmbcod1U1zDoEuNYmkmLWh9xUnnmJfTy1lkXSkvp_Ia.lMs2gFSw4GBR7n6yJ9WS9u_R6dcTfvt90ISMlB677fjmnZsD.dt0AVeo2QWf_HFze2C6xzvVcLRhs90.Be..oBl9vwIrCw.HQhdjYCq4x4cpOTXkC4BqEVUr0y40.uZwJP8UQxeYXNjZ.jmtdcCyxUxGq4naJs8SAdH6B34UfOPJOVlUVe4dhgBIOaaW3w53FXp7QwiZzHIQDyZ8QPxJnudy.R0xcyUOKpBAOYBpgBNHd8_vvLO2XeFicegrm93lJcpiQheLu25TZvPFxrC4T5VAZdAjVuCkAlOCrYo2W2CnGz0PQWSIybg5jCKg0NdCO1BFOgOvEXM.0Uq4sncL5X840cxjM_wQ055yRcDKywJaLempWj07S4Buz.x.Lttw0f2pg61Gc5Zj5YHjMLMSKXF6l9DRdm9IHnjGjXdGUcexVH2Lv0bG7LBBL_q9cnMtTi4N6tvuHh5WMbhuAnlO68iGIBdCNQ3y5ET06NjBBLP06ScXLL6irXWXMrkXgQAPVRjHMEzg8pQ.dv.F6LjDQaOJ1OHT92KgqNRj9Q9N8tPal7kyDxY5HNsmKjsVcbqe8yYWVVtzOZif..L6iu_J0MQbJwgMA8B3Ua.1BvqQb_DApLGt4okQBl7JE1CBtq6WcEtlzhJycarKPcsIFDqw7joS5EDBJteFI3sGfEGbRv9E4HCYbEr23pskj897g7USM4h4cysFqzyctWDVdEltkL3zPatpPrERHHLqFgqEB6l50yXg3cWSHpIN9EiyutyOXvmr_kEaCX4Z8OIBCtkvShtVw4X9PRRE_C9cZZ9o9zZmftIRGNPjZWlUECgn7C3GWS61CzW.areK_Op2v3FCX83VQKwv9S7LXQp1dWasmDI380H68IGRsmEDH6vUmLCMcx7x8p0IPMpEluSrbQoXiwTPR3Prmi_OT5zl4I.0HAb2Vd0puMkft0sDJn14BrGMHg.JiQrY_30ueonAx6RKBxRkh3ppaOEOt_03BTr2Kt4Zr1ZGoJ.QH3e4cuninV0E412zKMnQ95PVwoR2iU27ZbhLFm9MlyyIKaFRLPnltVfYgG3WIIX6BDFgNhY7y3b2SmuOsu9W8J_ob2vcWGGbrjpudjjcWIDcDORkvzZ2Om9IV0oMo1fmqqUErkoQY7pGG7RJY4gwSampuBxLrTtUesJlC_Kw1z.SN3cYGrA.llriXthJoDxU32HrI83byxPN_KSR3.MHwCcpGmvQKiI1QCHYgoyDVCPU2Asr._ZxncCXVVncInP.BRTvmC7CwPJKlWr1aZ9PmmfUO0Dj1HDueBfo5.tD19c3.__QaktvLJhiUJS1g9NGrHDveEuPOzjBBAUe7gxoWeny8APPB6wy7BDVTKdIi.i6I7b38BVQukG_v6DjbM9Mp5yjmUFXSgatr6tJ0YWauMIpv_xv8Dv0qtj3nL_1YBjDxUNY1SJFL71UDFWv5UDUlNYQfLQxscEGqA0hfO4PuTyvujVI8tO_PhjsA.a79zWZuzNBiJSGC1UdhdivbF75G3KUGj1I58QG0no98LLBScKo3N_JSPdQvPO8pYvNwjarZl7j7Pjswaxn9MJT6KkdiiP9OmvAfAq0zpseVu1snsJ2spEMQddAs85DEajS36s3jMD3ao_eluQjt2dCZ1ptsHjJlaJVrHuIzvarkcQLdnUMWVChGCbDmv3RMeZV2wbMYDGtrW74.X7.oVQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134eae15ea33f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=rich%20internet%20application&__cf_chl_rt_tk=VALrWDitB5pCgdQ3Z4PfSxV7wSAx7n96Q.bYIxBTbJg-1739786291-1.0.1.1-F88jz_0Yi4ZNNw7evOwY_OXw5EZxbzOloAtpCD2CGMg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>