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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minor_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Minor islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bone_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bone Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cave_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cave art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Picture_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picture_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Picture gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picture_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Sulawesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Sulawesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Central Sulawesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Sulawesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Freshwater fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_crustaceans_and_snails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_crustaceans_and_snails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Freshwater crustaceans and snails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_crustaceans_and_snails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulawesi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaw%C3%A8si" title="Sulawèsi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sulawèsi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soelawesi" title="Soelawesi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soelawesi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="سولاوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سولاوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lebes" title="Célebes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Célebes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavesi" title="Sulavesi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sulavesi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سولاوسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولاوسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Sulawesi" title="Nusa Sulawesi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nusa Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="সুলাওয়েসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুলাওয়েসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Сулавесі (востраў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сулавесі (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96" title="Сулавэсі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сулавэсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_nin_Sulawesi" title="Isla nin Sulawesi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isla nin Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8lebes" title="Cèlebes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèlebes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Σουλαουέζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλαουέζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lebes" title="Célebes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Célebes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaveso" title="Sulaveso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sulaveso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سولاوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سولاوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes" title="Célèbes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Célèbes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selebes" title="Selebes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Selebes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSulaiv%C3%A9is" title="An tSulaivéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSulaivéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lebes" title="Célebes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célebes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9B%A8%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%AC" title="술라웨시섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="술라웨시섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB_(%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB)" title="Սուլավեսի (կղզի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուլավեսի (կղզի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सुलावेसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुलावेसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAlaves%C3%AD" title="Súlavesí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súlavesí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="סולאווסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולאווסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სულავესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულავესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ຊູລາເວຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊູລາເວຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebis" title="Celebis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Celebis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavesi" title="Sulavesi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sulavesi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavesis" title="Sulavesis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sulavesis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulauesi" title="Sulauesi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sulauesi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes" title="Celebes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Celebes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebesz" title="Celebesz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Celebesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സുലവേസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുലവേസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सुलावेसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुलावेसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სულავესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სულავესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سولاوسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سولاوسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سولاسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سولاسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆူလာဝေစီကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူလာဝေစီကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B7%E5%B3%B6" title="スラウェシ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スラウェシ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%A8bes" title="Celèbes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Celèbes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavesi" title="Sulavesi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulavesi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਲਾਵੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਲਾਵੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سولاویسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سولاویسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ស៊ូឡាវីស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ូឡាវីស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lebes" title="Célebes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Célebes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes" title="Celebes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celebes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes" title="Celebes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celebes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavezi" title="Sulavezi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sulavezi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes" title="Celebes – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Celebes" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сулавеси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сулавеси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavesi" title="Sulavesi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sulavesi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சுலாவெசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுலாவெசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เกาะซูลาเวซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะซูลาเวซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97" title="ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Сулавесі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сулавесі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سولاویسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سولاویسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%B3%B6" title="蘇拉威西島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蘇拉威西島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%99" title="סולאוועסי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סולאוועסי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF" title="蘇拉威西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇拉威西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" title="苏拉威西岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏拉威西岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Sulawesi" title="Pulau Sulawesi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pulau Sulawesi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sulawesi&params=02_S_121_E_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">02°S</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2°S 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2; 121</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the Greater Sunda Islands of Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Celebes" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Celebes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Celebes (disambiguation)">Celebes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sulawesi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulawesi_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sulawesi_Topography.png/260px-Sulawesi_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sulawesi_Topography.png/390px-Sulawesi_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sulawesi_Topography.png/520px-Sulawesi_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1990" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Topographic map of Sulawesi</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulawesi_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sulawesi_map.PNG/260px-Sulawesi_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sulawesi_map.PNG/390px-Sulawesi_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sulawesi_map.PNG/520px-Sulawesi_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Provincial division of Sulawesi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Celebes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sulawesi&params=02_S_121_E_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">02°S</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2°S 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2; 121</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">174,416.16 km<sup>2</sup> (67,342.46 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,478 m (11411 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Latimojong" title="Mount Latimojong">Latimojong</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>Indonesia</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces<br />(capital)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo (province)">Gorontalo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(city)" title="Gorontalo (city)">Gorontalo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamuju_(city)" title="Mamuju (city)">Mamuju</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> (pop. 1,432,200)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">20,568,411 (mid 2023 estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">110.5/km<sup>2</sup> (286.2/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassarese people">Makassarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandar people">Mandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasa">Minahasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaili_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaili people (page does not exist)">Kaili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolaki_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolaki people (page does not exist)">Tolaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangihe people">Sangihe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sulawesi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOO</span>-lə-<span style="font-size:90%">WAY</span>-see</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Celebes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SEL</span>-ib-eez, sə-<span style="font-size:90%">LEE</span>-beez</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an island in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. One of the four <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's 11th-largest island</a>, it is situated east of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, and south of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>. Within Indonesia, only <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Borneo, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a> are larger in territory, and only <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra are more populous. </p><p>The landmass of Sulawesi includes four peninsulas: the northern <a href="/wiki/Minahasa_Peninsula" title="Minahasa Peninsula">Minahasa Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" class="mw-redirect" title="East Peninsula, Sulawesi">East Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" class="mw-redirect" title="South Peninsula, Sulawesi">South Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi">Southeast Peninsula</a>. Three gulfs separate these peninsulas: the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tomini" title="Gulf of Tomini">Gulf of Tomini</a> between the northern Minahasa and East peninsulas, the <a href="/wiki/Tolo_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolo Gulf">Tolo Gulf</a> between the East and Southeast peninsulas, and the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone Gulf">Bone Gulf</a> between the South and Southeast peninsulas. The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Makassar">Strait of Makassar</a> runs along the western side of the island and separates the island from Borneo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Sulawesi</i> possibly comes from the words <i>sula</i> ("island") and <i>besi</i> ("iron") and may refer to the historical export of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> from the rich <a href="/wiki/Lake_Matano" title="Lake Matano">Lake Matano</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron deposits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name came into common use in English following <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian independence">Indonesian independence</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Celebes</i> was originally given to the island by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_explorers" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese explorers">Portuguese explorers</a>. While its direct translation is unclear, it might be considered a Portuguese rendering of the native name "Sulawesi".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sulawesi is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's eleventh-largest island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering an area of 186,216.16 km<sup>2</sup> (71,898 sq mi) (including minor islands administered as part of Sulawesi). The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road. The three bays that divide Sulawesi's peninsulas are, from north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Tomini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Tomini">Tomini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Tolo_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Tolo (Indonesia)">Tolo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boni" title="Gulf of Boni">Boni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These separate the <a href="/wiki/Minahasa_Peninsula" title="Minahasa Peninsula">Minahasa or Northern Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" class="mw-redirect" title="East Peninsula, Sulawesi">East Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi">Southeast Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Peninsula,_Sulawesi" class="mw-redirect" title="South Peninsula, Sulawesi">South Peninsula</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Makassar">Strait of Makassar</a> runs along the western side of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> to the west, by the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to the north, by <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> to the east, and by <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> to the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_islands">Minor islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minor islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Selayar_Islands" title="Selayar Islands">Selayar Islands</a> make up a peninsula stretching southwards from Southwest Sulawesi into the <a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a> are administratively part of Sulawesi. The <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_Islands" title="Sangihe Islands">Sangihe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talaud_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaud Islands">Talaud Islands</a> stretch northward from the northeastern tip of Sulawesi, while <a href="/wiki/Buton" title="Buton">Buton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muna_Island" title="Muna Island">Muna Islands</a> and their neighbors lie off its southeast peninsula, the <a href="/wiki/Togian_Islands" title="Togian Islands">Togian Islands</a> are in the Gulf of Tomini, and <a href="/wiki/Peleng_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Peleng Island">Peleng Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banggai_Sea_Regency" title="Banggai Sea Regency">Banggai Islands</a> form a cluster between Sulawesi and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>. All the above-mentioned islands and many smaller ones off the coasts of Sulawesiare administratively part of Sulawesi's six provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangkoko_National_Park,_North_Sulawesi,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Tangkoko_National_Park%2C_North_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tongkoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Tongkoko">Mount Tongkoko</a> is a volcano in North Sulawesi</figcaption></figure> <p>The island slopes up from the shores of the deep seas surrounding the island to a high, mostly non-volcanic, mountainous interior. Active volcanoes are found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Minahasa_Peninsula" title="Minahasa Peninsula">Minahasa Peninsula</a>, stretching north to the <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_Islands" title="Sangihe Islands">Sangihe Islands</a>. The northern peninsula contains several active volcanoes such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lokon" title="Mount Lokon">Mount Lokon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Awu" title="Mount Awu">Mount Awu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soputan" title="Soputan">Soputan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karangetang" title="Karangetang">Karangetang</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plate_reconstruction" title="Plate reconstruction">plate reconstructions</a>, the island is believed to have been formed by the collision of <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Plate">Asian Plate</a> (forming the west and southwest) and from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> (forming the southeast and <a href="/wiki/Banggai_regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Banggai regency">Banggai</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> previously in the Pacific (forming the north and east peninsulas).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its several tectonic origins, various <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> scar the land and as a result the island is prone to <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, including the deadly <a href="/wiki/2018_Sulawesi_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami">2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_West_Sulawesi_earthquake" title="2021 West Sulawesi earthquake">2021</a> quakes. </p><p>Off the eastern coast of Sulawesi, the North Banda Sea was created through subduction rollback during the early Miocene. Evidence for this tectonic event lies with the extensive interconnected fault network found in the area, a volcanic seamount with its surrounding ridges, and an accretionary wedge. Off the coast of east Selawesti and Banggai is an accumulation of carbonate rocks from the late Miocene. These carbonates are likely pinnacle reefs and the carbonate platform  has a total thickness of around 180–770 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulawesi, in contrast to most of the other islands in the <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>, is not truly oceanic, but a composite island at the centre of the Asia-Australia <a href="/wiki/Collision_zone" title="Collision zone">collision zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the island were formerly attached to either the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian</a> continental margin and became separated from these areas by <a href="/wiki/Vicariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariance">vicariant processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Strait" title="Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a> separated West Sulawesi from <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> c. 45 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, the traditional view of collisions of multiple <a href="/wiki/Micro-continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-continent">micro-continental</a> fragments sliced from New Guinea with an active volcanic margin in West Sulawesi at different times since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> c. 20 Mya has recently been replaced by the hypothesis that extensional fragmentation has followed a single Miocene collision of West Sulawesi with the Sula Spur, the western end of an ancient folded belt of <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan origin</a> in the Late Paleozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_Basin">Bone Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bone Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bone Basin lies between the eastern and western arms of Sulawesi. According to recent studies, the basin has been opened up due to extensional forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basin is bounded by normal faults on each side of the basin. Each side of the basin is surrounded by uplifted basement rock with young sediments found in the middle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The past geological history has allowed for a large accumulation of carbonates which could lead to a higher potential of oil and gas occurrences. However, the faults present in the basin makes it a very complicated system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric Indonesia</a></div> <p>The oldest evidence for humans on Sulawesi are stone tools produced by <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a>, dating from over 200,000 to 100,000 years ago, that were found at the Talepu site in southwestern Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before October 2014, the settlement of South Sulawesi by modern humans had been dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30,000 BC on the basis of radiocarbon dates obtained from rock shelters in Maros.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No earlier evidence of human occupation had at that point been found, but the island almost certainly formed part of the land bridge used for the settlement of Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> by at least 40,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> having reached Sulawesi; crude stone tools first discovered in 1947 on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Walanae_River" title="Walanae River">Walanae River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Barru_Regency" title="Barru Regency">Barru</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Bone_Regency" title="Bone Regency">Bone Regency</a>), which were thought to date to the Pleistocene on the basis of their association with vertebrate fossils,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now thought to date to perhaps 50,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paalwoning_Sulawesi_TMnr_10021564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A typical dwelling, taken between 1900 and 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Peter Bellwood's model of a southward migration of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian-speaking</a> farmers (AN),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> radiocarbon dates from caves in <a href="/wiki/Maros" title="Maros">Maros</a> suggest a date in the mid-second millennium BC for the arrival of a group from east Borneo speaking a Proto-<a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi language</a> (PSS). Initial settlement was probably around the mouth of the Sa'dan river, on the northwest coast of the peninsula, although the south coast has also been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent migrations across the mountainous landscape resulted in the geographical isolation of PSS speakers and the evolution of their languages into the eight families of the South Sulawesi language group.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If each group can be said to have a homeland, that of the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> – today the most numerous group – was around lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tempe" title="Lake Tempe">Témpé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sidenreng" title="Lake Sidenreng">Sidénréng</a> in the Walennaé depression. Here for some 2,000 years lived the linguistic group that would become the modern Bugis; the archaic name of this group (which is preserved in other local languages) was Ugiq. Despite the fact that today they are closely linked with the <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassarese people">Makassarese</a>, the closest linguistic neighbors of the Bugis are the <a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajans</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg/220px-Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg/330px-Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg/440px-Tokalalaea_Megalith_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-1200 Bugis society was most likely organized into <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> have speculated these chiefdoms would have warred and, in times of peace, interbred. Further, they have speculated that personal security would have been negligible and head-hunting an established cultural practice. The political economy would have been a mixture of hunting and gathering and swidden or shifting agriculture. Speculative planting of <a href="/wiki/Wet_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet rice">wet rice</a> may have taken place along the margins of the lakes and rivers. </p><p>In Central Sulawesi, there are more than 400 granite <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a>, which various archaeological studies have dated to be from 3000 BC to AD 1300. They vary in size from a few centimeters to approximately 4.5 meters (15 ft). The original purpose of the megaliths is unknown. Approximately 30 of the megaliths represent human forms. Other megaliths are in form of large pots (<i>Kalamba</i>) and stone plates (<i>Tutu'na</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jakarta_Post_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakarta_Post-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A burial of a woman associated with the hunter-gatherer <a href="/wiki/Toalean_culture" title="Toalean culture">Toalean culture</a> dating to 7,000 years ago has yielded DNA that has provided rare insight into early migrations in and through the region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cave_art">Cave art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cave art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2014, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> in Maros had been dated as being approximately 40,000 years old. One of a hand was 39,900 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which brings it among the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Hand_stencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand stencil">hand stencils</a> in the world (the record is detained so far by a 64,000 years-old stencil hand made by a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Maltravieso" title="Cave of Maltravieso">Maltravieso cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a>, Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann2018_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg/250px-Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg/375px-Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg/500px-Hands_in_Pettakere_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hand_stencils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand stencils">Stencils</a> of right hands in Pettakere Cave in Maros are among the oldest known examples of human artwork</figcaption></figure> <p>Dr. Maxime Aubert, of <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, said that was the minimum age for the outline in Pettakere Cave in <a href="/wiki/Maros" title="Maros">Maros</a>, and added: "Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of the oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world that is more than 44,000 years old from the <a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">limestone cave</a> of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined the age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, two small stone '<a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquettes</a>' were found by <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a> archaeologists in the Leang Bulu Bettue cave, dated to a time between 26,000 and 14,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While one of the stones contained an <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a> (water buffalo) and what may be a flower, star, or eye, another depicted astronomic rays of light.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of cave art that is at least 45,500 years old in a Leang Tedongnge cave. According to the <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">journal <i>Science Advances</i></a>, the cave painting of a warty pig is the earliest evidence of human settlement of the region. An adult male pig, measuring 136 cm x 54 cm and what is likely a Sulawesi or <a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig</a> (Sus celebensis), was depicted with horn-like facial warts and two hand prints above its hindquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to co-author Adam Brumm, there are two other pigs that are partly preserved and it appears the warty pig was observing a fight between the two other pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lokaal_hoofd_van_de_eilanden_ten_zuiden_van_Celebes_TMnr_10001613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Local chief (1872)</figcaption></figure> <p>A bronze <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_art" title="Amaravati art">Amaravathi</a> statue was discovered at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikendeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikendeng (page does not exist)">Sikendeng</a>, South Sulawesi near <a href="/wiki/Karama_River" title="Karama River">Karama river</a> in 1921 which was dated to 2nd–7th century AD by Bosch (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, small locally made Buddhist statues from 10th-11th century were also discovered in Bontoharu, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Selayar_Islands" title="Selayar Islands">Selayar</a>, South Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 13th century, access to prestige trade goods and to sources of iron started to alter long-standing cultural patterns and to permit ambitious individuals to build larger political units. It is not known why these two ingredients appeared together; one was perhaps the product of the other. </p><p>In 1367, several identified polities located on the island were mentioned in the Javanese manuscript <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a> dated from the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> period. Canto 14 mentioned polities including Gowa, Makassar, <a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Luwu</a> and Banggai. It seems that by the 14th century, polities in the island were connected in an archipelagic maritime trading network, centered in the Majapahit port in East Java. By 1400, a number of nascent agricultural principalities had arisen in the western Cenrana valley, as well as on the south coast and on the west coast near modern Parepare.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Europeans to visit the island (which they believed to be an archipelago due to its contorted shape) were the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> sailors Simão de Abreu in 1523, and <a href="/wiki/Gomes_de_Sequeira" title="Gomes de Sequeira">Gomes de Sequeira</a> (among others) in 1525, sent from the Moluccas in search of gold, which the islands had the reputation of producing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Portuguese base was installed in Makassar in the first decades of the 16th century, lasting until 1665, when it was taken by the Dutch. The Dutch had arrived in Sulawesi in 1605 and were quickly followed by the English, who established a factory in Makassar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1660, the Dutch were at war with <a href="/wiki/Gowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa">Gowa</a>, the major Makassar west coast power. In 1669, Admiral Speelman forced the ruler, Sultan Hasanuddin, to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bongaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bongaja">Treaty of Bongaya</a>, which handed control of trade to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. The Dutch were aided in their conquest by the Bugis warlord Arung Palakka, ruler of the Bugis kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone</a>. The Dutch built a fort at Ujung Pandang, while Arung Palakka became the regional overlord and Bone the dominant kingdom. Political and cultural development seems to have slowed as a result of the status quo. </p><p>In 1905, the entire island became part of the Dutch state colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> until <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, the Dutch Captain <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">'Turk' Westerling</a> led campaigns in which hundreds, maybe thousands died during the <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_campaign_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947">South Sulawesi Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin145_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin145-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949, Sulawesi became part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a>, which in 1950 became absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Picture_gallery">Picture gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Picture gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tandako dancers and a musician in Pasere Maloku, Sulawesi."><img alt="Tandako dancers and a musician in Pasere Maloku, Sulawesi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg/106px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg/159px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg/211px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako%27_dansers_en_een_muzikant_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tandako</i> dancers and a musician in Pasere Maloku, Sulawesi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tandako pajogé dancers from Pasere Maloku, Celebes (now Sulawesi)"><img alt="Tandako pajogé dancers from Pasere Maloku, Celebes (now Sulawesi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg/80px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg/160px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tandako_pajog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Pasere_Maloku_Celebes_TMnr_10003461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tandako pajogé</i> dancers from Pasere Maloku, Celebes (now Sulawesi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Padjogé dancers in Maros, Sulawesi, in the 1870s."><img alt="Padjogé dancers in Maros, Sulawesi, in the 1870s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Padjog%C3%A9%27_danseressen_te_Maros_Celebes_TMnr_10003470_Retouch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Padjogé</i> dancers in <a href="/wiki/Maros" title="Maros">Maros</a>, Sulawesi, in the 1870s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo,_North_Celebes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tandako pajogé dancers and musicians in Gorontalo, North Celebes, circa 1870s."><img alt="Tandako pajogé dancers and musicians in Gorontalo, North Celebes, circa 1870s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg/120px-Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg/180px-Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg/240px-Tandako_dancers_and_musicians_in_Gorontalo%2C_North_Celebes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tandako pajogé</i> dancers and musicians in Gorontalo, North Celebes, circa 1870s.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Sulawesi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemo_burial_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lemo_burial_site.jpg/220px-Lemo_burial_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lemo_burial_site.jpg/330px-Lemo_burial_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lemo_burial_site.jpg/440px-Lemo_burial_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> burial site. <i>Tau-tau</i>, the statue representing the buried people, can be seen in niches on the cliff.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese were rumoured to have a fort in Parigi in 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kaili were an important group based in the <a href="/wiki/Palu_River" title="Palu River">Palu</a> valley and related to the Toraja. Scholars relate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that their control swayed under Ternate and Makassar, but this might have been a decision by the Dutch to give their vassals a chance to govern a difficult group. Padbruge commented that in the 1700s the Kaili population was significantly high and were a highly militant society. In the 1850s, a civil war erupted between the Kaili groups, including the Banawa, in which the Dutch colonial government decided to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the Sarasins journeyed through the Palu valley as part of a major initiative to bring the Kaili under Dutch rule. Some very surprising and interesting photographs were taken of shamans called Tadulako. Further Christian religious missions entered the area to make one of the most detailed ethnographic studies in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Swede by the name of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaudern" title="Walter Kaudern">Walter Kaudern</a> later studied much of the literature and produced a synthesis. Erskine Downs in the 1950s produced a summary of Kruyts and Andrianis work: "The religion of the Bare'e-Speaking Toradja of Central Celebes," which is invaluable for English-speaking researchers. One of the most recent publications is "When the bones are left," a study of the material culture of central Sulawesi,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering extensive analysis. Also worthy of study are the brilliant works of Monnig Atkinson on the Wana shamans who live in the Mori area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Purple; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 257.76201585738px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.67005040155px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.715890026061px 7.5326805527933px 0 0; border-top-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:61.835353068963px 78.590006431077px 0 0; border-top-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 352.45314152573px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Population of Sulawesi by province (2020 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> South Sulawesi (45.60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Central Sulawesi (15.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Southeast Sulawesi (13.19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> North Sulawesi (13.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> West Sulawesi (7.13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> Gorontalo (5.89%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>At the 2000 census, the population of the provinces of Sulawesi was 14,946,488, about 7.25% of Indonesia's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2010 Census, the total had reached 17,371,782, and the 2020 Census recorded a total of 19,896,951.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official estimate for mid-2023 was 20,568,411.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest city on Sulawesi is <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religions</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>16,888,736 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td>3,126,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td>331,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>267,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>30,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></td> <td>12,584 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td> <td>523 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Overall</b></td> <td><b>20,657,746</b> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 26525.698184823px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7578.3669858236px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 505.22201838816px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 45.151731308698px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Sulawesi (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (81.75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (15.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (1.61%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> (0.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.003%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a> is the majority religion in Sulawesi. The conversion of the lowlands of the south western peninsula (South Sulawesi) to Islam occurred in the early 17th century. The kingdom of Luwu in the Gulf of Bone was the first to embrace Islam in February 1605; the Makassar kingdom of Gowa-Talloq, centred on the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, followed suit in September.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a> peoples of the northern peninsula largely converted to Islam only in the 19th century. Most Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christians</a> form a substantial minority on the island. According to the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographer</a> Toby Alice Volkman, 17% of Sulawesi's population is <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestant</a> and less than 2% is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Catholic</a>. Christians are concentrated on the tip of the northern peninsula around the city of <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>, which is inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Minahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasa">Minahasa</a>, a predominantly Protestant people, and the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Sangir_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangir Islands">Sangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talaud_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaud Islands">Talaud Islands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tana Toraja">Tana Toraja</a> in South Sulawesi have largely converted to Christianity since Indonesia's independence. There are also substantial numbers of Christians around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poso" title="Lake Poso">Lake Poso</a> in Central Sulawesi, among the <a href="/wiki/Pamona" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamona">Pamona</a> speaking peoples of Central Sulawesi, and near Mamasa. </p><p>Though most people identify themselves as Muslims or Christians, they often <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">subscribe to local beliefs and deities as well</a>. </p><p>Smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindus</a> are also found on Sulawesi, usually among the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Indonesian">Indian</a> communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sulawesi" title="Languages of Sulawesi">Languages of Sulawesi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sulawesi" title="Economy of Sulawesi">Economy of Sulawesi</a></div> <p>The economy of Sulawesi is heavily centered around agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island was administered as one province between 1945 and 1960. In 1960 it was divided into two provinces – North and Central Sulawesi, and South and Southeast Sulawesi. In 1964 both of these were again divided, the former into North Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi, and the latter into South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi. Today, it is subdivided into six <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo (province)">Gorontalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>. Among these, the newest provinces are Gorontalo, established in 2000 from part of North Sulawesi, and West Sulawesi, established in 2004 from part of South Sulawesi. </p><p>The largest cities on the island are the provincial capitals of <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(city)" title="Gorontalo (city)">Gorontalo</a> (the provincial capital of West Sulawesi – the town of Mamuju – is not a city); there are six other cities – Bitung, Palopo, Bau-Bau, Parepare, Kotamobagu and Tomohun. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table align="left" width="34%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 0 0 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;"> <th>Province </th> <th>Area in<br />km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Population<br />(2010 Census) </th> <th>Population<br />(2020 Census) </th> <th>Population<br />(mid 2023<br />estimate) </th> <th>Density<br />per km<sup>2</sup><br /> (mid 2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> </td> <td>45,330.56 </td> <td>8,034,776 </td> <td>9,073,509 </td> <td>9,362,290 </td> <td>206.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a> </td> <td>16,594.75 </td> <td>1,158,651 </td> <td>1,419,229 </td> <td>1,481,077 </td> <td>89.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a> </td> <td>36,159.71 </td> <td>2,232,586 </td> <td>2,624,875 </td> <td>2,743,574 </td> <td>75.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a> </td> <td>61,605.72 </td> <td>2,635,009 </td> <td>2,985,734 </td> <td>3,086,750 </td> <td>50.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo (province)">Gorontalo</a> </td> <td>12,025.15 </td> <td>1,040,164 </td> <td>1,171,681 </td> <td>1,213,180 </td> <td>100.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> </td> <td>14,500.27 </td> <td>2,270,596 </td> <td>2,621,923 </td> <td>2,681,540 </td> <td>184.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total Sulawesi</b> </td> <td><b>186,216.16</b> </td> <td><b>17,371,782</b> </td> <td><b>19,896,951</b> </td> <td><b>20,568,411</b> </td> <td><b>110.5</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table align="left" width="34%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 0 0 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;"> <th>City </th> <th>Province containing the city </th> <th>Population (2010 Census) </th> <th>Population<br />(2020 Census) </th> <th>Population<br />(mid 2023<br />estimate) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> </td> <td>South Sulawesi </td> <td>1,339,374 </td> <td>1,423,877 </td> <td>1,454,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> </td> <td>North Sulawesi </td> <td>410,481 </td> <td>451,916 </td> <td>458,582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a> </td> <td>Central Sulawesi </td> <td>336,532 </td> <td>373,218 </td> <td>387,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a> </td> <td>Southeast Sulawesi </td> <td>289,966 </td> <td>345,107 </td> <td>351,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bitung" title="Bitung">Bitung</a> </td> <td>North Sulawesi </td> <td>187,652 </td> <td>225,134 </td> <td>232,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(city)" title="Gorontalo (city)">Gorontalo</a> </td> <td>Gorontalo </td> <td>180,127 </td> <td>198,539 </td> <td>205,390 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palopo" title="Palopo">Palopo</a> </td> <td>South Sulawesi </td> <td>147,932 </td> <td>184,681 </td> <td>192,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baubau" title="Baubau">Baubau</a> </td> <td>Southeast Sulawesi </td> <td>136,991 </td> <td>159,248 </td> <td>161,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parepare" title="Parepare">Parepare</a> </td> <td>South Sulawesi </td> <td>129,262 </td> <td>151,454 </td> <td>158,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotamobagu" title="Kotamobagu">Kotamobagu</a> </td> <td>North Sulawesi </td> <td>107,459 </td> <td>123,722 </td> <td>123,918 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomohon" title="Tomohon">Tomohon</a> </td> <td>North Sulawesi </td> <td>91,553 </td> <td>100,587 </td> <td>103,072 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_lowland_rain_forests" title="Sulawesi lowland rain forests">Sulawesi lowland rain forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_montane_rain_forests" title="Sulawesi montane rain forests">Sulawesi montane rain forests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/220px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/330px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/440px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The colorful bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_deglupta" title="Eucalyptus deglupta">Eucalyptus deglupta</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Sulawesi is part of <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>, meaning that it has a mix of both <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a> species that reached the island by <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">crossing deep-water oceanic barriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flora includes one native eucalypt, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_deglupta" title="Eucalyptus deglupta">E. deglupta</a></i>. There are 8 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia#Sulawesi" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">national parks</a> on the island, of which 4 are mostly <a href="/wiki/Marine_park" title="Marine park">marine</a>. The parks with the largest terrestrial area are <a href="/wiki/Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park" title="Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park">Bogani Nani Wartabone</a> with 2,871 km<sup>2</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu National Park</a> with 2,290 km<sup>2</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a>, which protects a rich coral ecosystem, has been proposed as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The coast of northern tip of Sulawesi is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asaad18_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asaad18-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the Pleistocene, Sulawesi had a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">dwarf elephant</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">dwarf</a> form of <i><a href="/wiki/Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a></i>, (an elephant relative, <i>S. sompoensis</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Corlett2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corlett2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later both were replaced by larger forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Aziz2000_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aziz2000-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morwood2016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morwood2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A giant <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">suid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Celebochoerus" title="Celebochoerus">Celebochoerus</a></i>, was also formerly present.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe2001_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe2001-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that many of the migrants to Sulawesi arrived via the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, while Sulawesi in turn served as a way station for migrants to <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Pleistocene faunal turnover is recognized, with the competitive displacement of several indigenous tarsiers by more recently arriving ones and of <i><a href="/wiki/Celebochoerus" title="Celebochoerus">Celebochoerus</a></i> by other medium-sized herbivores like the <a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">babirusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirscheber1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/220px-Hirscheber1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/330px-Hirscheber1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/440px-Hirscheber1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">north Sulawesi babirusa</a> is endemic to Sulawesi.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 127 known extant native mammalian species in Sulawesi. A large percentage, 62% (79 species) are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, meaning that they are found nowhere else in the world. The largest of these are the two species of <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a> or dwarf buffalo. Other artiodactyl species inhabiting Sulawesi are the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">warty pig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Babirusas" class="mw-redirect" title="Babirusas">babirusas</a>, which are aberrant pigs. The only native <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe2001_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe2001-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan</a> civets have been introduced<sup id="cite_ref-Macrogalidia_iucn_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrogalidia_iucn-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Primates present include a number of <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarsier" title="Tarsier">tarsiers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tarsius_fuscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsius fuscus">T. fuscus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dian%27s_tarsier" title="Dian's tarsier">Dian's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gursky%27s_spectral_tarsier" title="Gursky's spectral tarsier">Gursky's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatna%27s_tarsier" title="Jatna's tarsier">Jatna's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace%27s_tarsier" title="Wallace's tarsier">Wallace's</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lariang_tarsier" title="Lariang tarsier">Lariang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_tarsier" title="Pygmy tarsier">pygmy</a> tarsiers) as well as <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heck%27s_macaque" title="Heck's macaque">Heck's</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Booted_macaque" title="Booted macaque">booted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebes_crested_macaque" title="Celebes crested macaque">crested black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_macaque" title="Gorontalo macaque">Gorontalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moor_macaque" title="Moor macaque">moor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonkean_macaque" title="Tonkean macaque">Tonkean</a> macaques). While most of Sulawesi's mammals are <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">placental</a> and have Asian relatives, several species of <a href="/wiki/Cuscus" title="Cuscus">cuscus</a>, arboreal <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">marsupials</a> of Australasian origin, are also present (<i><a href="/wiki/Ailurops_ursinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailurops ursinus">Ailurops ursinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strigocuscus_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigocuscus celebensis">Strigocuscus celebensis</a></i>, which are diurnal and nocturnal, respectively). </p><p>Sulawesi is home to a large number of endemic <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> genera. <a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Murid</a> rodent genera endemic to Sulawesi and immediately adjacent islands (such as the <a href="/wiki/Togian_Islands" title="Togian Islands">Togian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buton" title="Buton">Buton Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muna_Island" title="Muna Island">Muna Island</a>) are <i><a href="/wiki/Bunomys" title="Bunomys">Bunomys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echiothrix" title="Echiothrix">Echiothrix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Margaretamys" title="Margaretamys">Margaretamys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taeromys" title="Taeromys">Taeromys</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tateomys" title="Tateomys">Tateomys</a></i> as well as the single-species genera <i><a href="/wiki/Eropeplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eropeplus">Eropeplus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyorhinomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyorhinomys">Hyorhinomys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Melasmothrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Melasmothrix">Melasmothrix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paucidentomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Paucidentomys">Paucidentomys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paruromys" class="mw-redirect" title="Paruromys">Paruromys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sommeromys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sommeromys">Sommeromys</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Waiomys" title="Waiomys">Waiomys</a></i>. All nine <a href="/wiki/Sciuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae">sciurids</a> are from three endemic genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyosciurus" title="Hyosciurus">Hyosciurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prosciurillus" title="Prosciurillus">Prosciurillus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rubrisciurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubrisciurus">Rubrisciurus</a></i>. </p><p>While over 20 bat species are present on Sulawesi, only a portion of these are endemic: <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus">Rhinolophus</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus tatar">tatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scotophilus_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotophilus celebensis">Scotophilus celebensis</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">megabats</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Acerodon_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acerodon celebensis">Acerodon celebensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boneia_bidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Boneia bidens">Boneia bidens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dobsonia_exoleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobsonia exoleta">Dobsonia exoleta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harpyionycteris_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpyionycteris celebensis">Harpyionycteris celebensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neopteryx_frosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopteryx frosti">Neopteryx frosti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rousettus_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousettus celebensis">Rousettus celebensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Styloctenium_wallacei" class="mw-redirect" title="Styloctenium wallacei">Styloctenium wallacei</a></i>. </p><p>Several endemic shrews, the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_shrew" title="Sulawesi shrew">Sulawesi shrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_tiny_shrew" title="Sulawesi tiny shrew">Sulawesi tiny shrew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_white-handed_shrew" title="Sulawesi white-handed shrew">Sulawesi white-handed shrew</a>, are found on the island. </p><p>Sulawesi has no <a href="/wiki/Gliding_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding mammal">gliding mammals</a>, being situated between Borneo with its <a href="/wiki/Sunda_flying_lemur" title="Sunda flying lemur">colugos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrels</a>, and Halmahera with its <a href="/wiki/Sugar_glider" title="Sugar glider">sugar gliders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg/220px-Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg/330px-Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg/440px-Trichoglossus_ornatus_-Nashville_Zoo-8a-4c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The endemic <a href="/wiki/Ornate_lorikeet" title="Ornate lorikeet">ornate lorikeet</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>By contrast, Sulawesian bird species tend to be found on other nearby islands as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>; 31% of Sulawesi's birds are found nowhere else. One endemic (also found on small neighboring islands) is the largely ground-dwelling, chicken-sized <a href="/wiki/Maleo" title="Maleo">maleo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Megapode" title="Megapode">megapode</a> which sometimes uses hot sand close to the island's volcanic vents to incubate its eggs. An international partnership of conservationists, donors, and local people have formed the Alliance for Tompotika Conservation,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an effort to raise awareness and protect the nesting grounds of these birds on the central-eastern arm of the island. Other endemic birds include the flightless <a href="/wiki/Snoring_rail" title="Snoring rail">snoring rail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fiery-browed_starling" title="Fiery-browed starling">fiery-browed starling</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_masked_owl" title="Sulawesi masked owl">Sulawesi masked owl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_myna" title="Sulawesi myna">Sulawesi myna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_nightjar" title="Satanic nightjar">satanic nightjar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grosbeak_starling" title="Grosbeak starling">grosbeak starling</a>. There are around 350 known bird species in Sulawesi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The larger reptiles of Sulawesi are not endemic and include <a href="/wiki/Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">reticulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese</a> pythons, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_ground_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific ground boa">Pacific ground boa</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Water monitor">water monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosaurus_amboinensis" title="Hydrosaurus amboinensis">sailfin lizards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitten2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitten2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodiles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whitten2012_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitten2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sideleau2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sideleau2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtles</a>. An extinct giant <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megalochelys_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalochelys atlas">Megalochelys atlas</a></i>, was formerly present, but disappeared by 840,000 years ago, possibly because of the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corlett2010_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corlett2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morwood2016_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morwood2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">komodo dragons</a> or similar lizards appear to have inhabited the island, being among its <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller snakes of Sulawesi include nonendemic forms such as the gliding species <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysopelea_paradisi" title="Chrysopelea paradisi">Chrysopelea paradisi</a></i> and endemic forms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Calamaria" title="Calamaria">Calamaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Calamaria_boesemani" title="Calamaria boesemani">boesemani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calamaria_muelleri" title="Calamaria muelleri">Calamaria muelleri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calamaria_nuchalis" title="Calamaria nuchalis">Calamaria nuchalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclotyphlops" title="Cyclotyphlops">Cyclotyphlops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enhydris" title="Enhydris">Enhydris</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enhydris_matannensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enhydris matannensis (page does not exist)">matannensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ptyas" title="Ptyas">Ptyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptyas_dipsas" title="Ptyas dipsas">dipsas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rabdion_grovesi" title="Rabdion grovesi">Rabdion grovesi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tropidolaemus_laticinctus" title="Tropidolaemus laticinctus">Tropidolaemus laticinctus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlops_conradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhlops conradi">Typhlops conradi</a></i>. Similarly, the smaller lizards of Sulawesi include nonendemic species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bronchocela_jubata" title="Bronchocela jubata">Bronchocela jubata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dibamus_novaeguineae" title="Dibamus novaeguineae">Dibamus novaeguineae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gekko_smithii" title="Gekko smithii">Gekko smithii</a></i>, as well as endemic species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lipinia" title="Lipinia">Lipinia</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipinia_infralineolata" title="Lipinia infralineolata">infralineolata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gekko_iskandari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gekko iskandari">Gekko iskandari</a></i>. </p><p>Sulawesi also harbours several species of freshwater chelonians, two of which are endemic. They include the <a href="/wiki/Forsten%27s_tortoise" title="Forsten's tortoise">Forsten's tortoise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_forest_turtle" title="Sulawesi forest turtle">Sulawesi forest turtle</a>, both of which likely attribute their respective origins to the dispersal of the mainland Asian <a href="/wiki/Elongated_tortoise" title="Elongated tortoise">elongated tortoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayan_flat-shelled_turtle" title="Malayan flat-shelled turtle">Malayan flat-shelled turtle</a> from the then-exposed subcontinent of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene epoch">Pleistocene epoch</a>. </p><p>The remaining two species consist of the non-endemic <a href="/wiki/Malayan_box_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan box turtle">Malayan box turtle</a> of the Wallacean subspecies, and the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_softshell_turtle" title="Asiatic softshell turtle">Asiatic softshell turtle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amphibians of Sulawesi include the endemic frogs <i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana celebensis">Hylarana celebensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_macrops" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana macrops">H. macrops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_mocquardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana mocquardi">H. mocquardi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ingerophrynus_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingerophrynus celebensis">Ingerophrynus celebensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Limnonectes_arathooni" title="Limnonectes arathooni">Limnonectes arathooni</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Limnonectes_larvaepartus" title="Limnonectes larvaepartus">L. larvaepartus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Limnonectes_microtympanum" title="Limnonectes microtympanum">L. microtympanum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Occidozyga_celebensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Occidozyga celebensis">Occidozyga celebensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Occidozyga_semipalmata" title="Occidozyga semipalmata">O. semipalmata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Occidozyga_tompotika" title="Occidozyga tompotika">O. tompotika</a></i> as well as the endemic "<a href="/wiki/Flying_frog" title="Flying frog">flying frogs</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_edentulus" title="Rhacophorus edentulus">Rhacophorus edentulus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_georgii" title="Rhacophorus georgii">R. georgii</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_fish">Freshwater fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Freshwater fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_(Wroclaw_zoo)-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG/220px-Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG/330px-Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG/440px-Nomorhamphus_liemi_liemi_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>15 species of <a href="/wiki/Viviparous_halfbeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous halfbeak">viviparous halfbeaks</a> are endemic to Sulawesi, including 12 <i><a href="/wiki/Nomorhamphus" title="Nomorhamphus">Nomorhamphus</a></i> (depicted), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermogenys_orientalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermogenys orientalis (page does not exist)">Dermogenys orientalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermogenys_vogti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermogenys vogti (page does not exist)">D. vogti</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tondanichthys_kottelati" title="Tondanichthys kottelati">Tondanichthys kottelati</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SysNomorhamphus_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SysNomorhamphus-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FishBaseNomorhamphus_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishBaseNomorhamphus-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sulawesi is home to more than 70 <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> species,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including more than 55 endemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Parenti2011_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parenti2011-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these are the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nomorhamphus" title="Nomorhamphus">Nomorhamphus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Species_flock" class="mw-redirect" title="Species flock">species flock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viviparous_halfbeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous halfbeak">viviparous halfbeaks</a> containing 12 species that only are found on Sulawesi (others are from the Philippines).<sup id="cite_ref-SysNomorhamphus_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SysNomorhamphus-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FishBaseNomorhamphus_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishBaseNomorhamphus-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <i>Nomorhamphus</i>, the majority of Sulawesi's freshwater fish species are <a href="/wiki/Ricefish" title="Ricefish">ricefishes</a>, gobies (<i><a href="/wiki/Glossogobius" title="Glossogobius">Glossogobius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mugilogobius" title="Mugilogobius">Mugilogobius</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Telmatherinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Telmatherinidae">Telmatherinid</a> sail-fin silversides.<sup id="cite_ref-Parenti2011_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parenti2011-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last family is almost entirely restricted to Sulawesi, especially the Malili Lake system, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Matano" title="Lake Matano">Matano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Towuti" title="Lake Towuti">Towuti</a>, and the small <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Lontoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Lontoa (page does not exist)">Lontoa</a> (Wawantoa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mahalona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Mahalona (page does not exist)">Mahalona</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Masapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Masapi (page does not exist)">Masapi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unusual endemic is <i><a href="/wiki/Lagusia_micracanthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagusia micracanthus">Lagusia micracanthus</a></i> from rivers in <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, which is the sole member of its genus and among the smallest <a href="/wiki/Terapontidae" title="Terapontidae">grunters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eleotridae" title="Eleotridae">gudgeon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bostrychus_microphthalmus" title="Bostrychus microphthalmus">Bostrychus microphthalmus</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Maros_Regency" title="Maros Regency">Maros</a> Karst is the only described species of <a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">cave-adapted fish</a> from Sulawesi,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an apparently <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> from the same region and genus also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_crustaceans_and_snails">Freshwater crustaceans and snails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Freshwater crustaceans and snails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg/220px-Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg/330px-Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg/440px-Orange_delight_shrimp_sulawesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Orange delight shrimp (<i><a href="/wiki/Caridina_loehae" title="Caridina loehae">Caridina loehae</a></i>) from Sulawesi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of <i><a href="/wiki/Caridina" title="Caridina">Caridina</a></i> freshwater shrimp and <a href="/wiki/Parathelphusidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathelphusidae">parathelphusid</a> freshwater crabs (<i><a href="/wiki/Migmathelphusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Migmathelphusa">Migmathelphusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nautilothelphusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nautilothelphusa (page does not exist)">Nautilothelphusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parathelphusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parathelphusa (page does not exist)">Parathelphusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundathelphusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundathelphusa (page does not exist)">Sundathelphusa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Syntripsa" title="Syntripsa">Syntripsa</a></i>) are endemic to Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-shrimp_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimp-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crab_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crab-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these species have become very popular in the aquarium hobby, and since most are restricted to a single lake system, they are potentially vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shrimp_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrimp-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crab_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crab-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several endemic cave-adapted shrimp and crabs, especially in the Maros Karst. This includes <i><a href="/wiki/Cancrocaeca_xenomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancrocaeca xenomorpha">Cancrocaeca xenomorpha</a></i>, which has been called the "most highly <a href="/wiki/Troglobite" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglobite">cave-adapted</a> species of crab known in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tylomelania" title="Tylomelania">Tylomelania</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">freshwater snails</a> is also endemic to Sulawesi, with the majority of the species restricted to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poso" title="Lake Poso">Lake Poso</a> and the Malili Lake system.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonopterus_selayarensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonopterus selayarensis (page does not exist)">Trigonopterus selayarensis</a></i> is a flightless <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevil</a> endemic to Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coelacanth" title="Indonesian coelacanth">Indonesian coelacanth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">mimic octopus</a> are present in the waters off Sulawesi's coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sulawesi island was recently the subject of an Ecoregional Conservation Assessment, coordinated by <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a>. Detailed reports about the vegetation of the island are available.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assessment produced a detailed and annotated list of 'conservation portfolio' sites. This information was widely distributed to local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations. Detailed conservation priorities have also been outlined in a recent publication.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lowland forests on the island have mostly been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the relative geological youth of the island and its dramatic and sharp topography, the lowland areas are naturally limited in their extent. The past decade has seen dramatic conversion of this rare and endangered habitat. The island also possesses one of the largest outcrops of <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">serpentine soil</a> in the world, which support an unusual and large community of specialized plant species. Overall, the flora and fauna of this unique center of global biodiversity is very poorly documented and understood and remains critically threatened. </p><p>The islands of Pepaya, Mas, and Raja islands, located in Sumalata Village – <a href="/wiki/North_Gorontalo_Regency" title="North Gorontalo Regency">North Gorontalo Regency</a> (about 30 km from <a href="/wiki/Saronde_Island" title="Saronde Island">Saronde Island</a>), have been named a nature reserve since the Dutch colonial time in 1936. Four of the only seven species of <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> can be found in the islands, the world's best turtle habitat. They include penyu hijau (<i><a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Chelonia midas</a></i>), penyu sisik (<i><a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Eretmochelys imbricata</a></i>), penyu tempayan (<i><a href="/wiki/Caretta_caretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Caretta caretta">Caretta caretta</a></i>) and penyu belimbing (<i><a href="/wiki/Dermochelys_coriacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermochelys coriacea">Dermochelys coriacea</a></i>). In 2011, the habitat was threatened by human activities such as illegal poaching and fish bombing activities; furthermore, many coral reefs, which represent a source of food for turtles, have been damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunaken01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bunaken01.JPG/220px-Bunaken01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bunaken01.JPG/330px-Bunaken01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bunaken01.JPG/440px-Bunaken01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunaken" title="Bunaken">Bunaken</a> Island seen from Manado Tua island.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest environmental issue in Sulawesi is <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. In 2007, scientists found that 80 percent of Sulawesi's forest had been lost or degraded, especially centered in the lowlands and the mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forests have been felled for logging and large agricultural projects. Loss of forest has resulted in many of Sulawesi's endemic species becoming endangered. In addition, 99 percent of Sulawesi's wetlands have been lost or damaged. </p><p>Other environmental threats included bushmeat hunting and mining.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulawesi_Profile_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulawesi_Profile-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island of Sulawesi has six national parks and nineteen nature reserves. In addition, Sulawesi has three marine protected areas. Many of Sulawesi's parks are threatened by logging, mining, and deforestation for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulawesi_Profile_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulawesi_Profile-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">List of islands of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Celebes_(1806)" title="HMS Celebes (1806)">HMS <i>Celebes</i> (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">2009 Sulawesi superbolide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically, Tomini<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(d)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(d)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Boni<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(k)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(k)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are defined as gulfs by the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>, while Tolo is considered a bay of the <a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(c)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(c)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Sulawesi">"Sulawesi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulawesi&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FSulawesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Celebes">"Celebes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celebes&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FCelebes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watuseke, F. S. 1974. On the name Celebes. Sixth International Conference on Asian History, International Association of Historians of Asia, Yogyakarta, 26–30 August. Unpublished.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2018" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2018). <i>The concise dictionary of world place-names</i> (Fourth ed.). [Oxford]: Oxford University Press. p. 1131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191866326" title="Special:BookSources/9780191866326"><bdi>9780191866326</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1053905476">1053905476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+dictionary+of+world+place-names&rft.place=%5BOxford%5D&rft.pages=1131&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053905476&rft.isbn=9780191866326&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGursky2015" class="citation book cs1">Gursky, Sharon L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZhECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>The Spectral Tarsier</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317343974" title="Special:BookSources/9781317343974"><bdi>9781317343974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectral+Tarsier&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317343974&rft.aulast=Gursky&rft.aufirst=Sharon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZhECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(d)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(d)_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIHO1953">IHO (1953)</a>, §48 (d).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(k)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(k)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIHO1953">IHO (1953)</a>, §48 (k).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(c)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(c)_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIHO1953">IHO (1953)</a>, §48 (c).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Makassar-Strait">"Makassar Strait"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778">"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>359</b> (6378): 912–915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...359..912H">2018Sci...359..912H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778">10.1126/science.aap7778</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10498%2F21578">10498/21578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29472483">29472483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=U-Th+dating+of+carbonate+crusts+reveals+Neandertal+origin+of+Iberian+cave+art&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6378&rft.pages=912-915&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10498%2F21578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29472483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...359..912H&rft.au=D.+L.+Hoffmann&rft.au=C.+D.+Standish&rft.au=M.+Garc%C3%ADa-Diez&rft.au=P.+B.+Pettitt&rft.au=J.+A.+Milton&rft.au=J.+Zilh%C3%A3o&rft.au=J.+J.+Alcolea-Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.au=P.+Cantalejo-Duarte&rft.au=H.+Collado&rft.au=R.+de+Balb%C3%ADn&rft.au=M.+Lorblanchet&rft.au=J.+Ramos-Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.au=G.-Ch.+Weniger&rft.au=A.+W.+G.+Pike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aap7778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span> "we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Maltravieso" title="Cave of Maltravieso">Maltravieso (Extremadura)</a>, and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). 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Agence France-Presse. 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+painting+of+animals+discovered+in+an+Indonesian+cave&rft.aulast=Sawal&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2264793-worlds-oldest-painting-of-animals-discovered-in-an-indonesian-cave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55657257">"Indonesia: Archaeologists find world's oldest animal cave painting"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Archaeologists+find+world%27s+oldest+animal+cave+painting&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-55657257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorBulbeckMeyer2018" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Sue; Bulbeck, David; Meyer, Juliet (14 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Dl7DwAAQBAJ&q=Amaravati+Buddha+statue+found+in+southern+Sulawesi&pg=PA5"><i>The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period</i></a>. 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Thomaz, <i>The image of the Archipelago in Portuguese cartography of the 16th and early 17th centuries</i>, Persee, 1995, Volume 49 pages: 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1958" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, D. K. (1958). 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Total Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725055302/http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RELIGION-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/">"Visualisasi Data Kependudukan"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. 31 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_RiedelRaden_Pramesa_Narakusumo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander Riedel; Raden Pramesa Narakusumo (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6418079">"One hundred and three new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sulawesi"</a>. <i>ZooKeys</i> (828): 1–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ZooK..828....1R">2019ZooK..828....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.828.32200">10.3897/zookeys.828.32200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6418079">6418079</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30940991">30940991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=One+hundred+and+three+new+species+of+Trigonopterus+weevils+from+Sulawesi&rft.issue=828&rft.pages=1-153&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6418079%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30940991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.828.32200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ZooK..828....1R&rft.au=Alexander+Riedel&rft.au=Raden+Pramesa+Narakusumo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6418079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/cannon/vegetation_of_sulawesi.htm">The Vegetation of Sulawesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222012256/http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/cannon/vegetation_of_sulawesi.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> – Reports from the Nature Conservancy's Indonesian Program and Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences; 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonSummersHartingKessler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon, Charles H.; Summers, Marcy; Harting, John R.; Kessler, Paul J.A. 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"Developing Conservation Priorities Based on Forest Type, Condition, and Threats in a Poorly Known Ecoregion: Sulawesi, Indonesia". <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 747–759. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Biotr..39..747C">2007Biotr..39..747C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2007.00323.x">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00323.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55274207">55274207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.atitle=Developing+Conservation+Priorities+Based+on+Forest+Type%2C+Condition%2C+and+Threats+in+a+Poorly+Known+Ecoregion%3A+Sulawesi%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=747-759&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55274207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2007.00323.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Biotr..39..747C&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft.au=Summers%2C+Marcy&rft.au=Harting%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Paul+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0628-sulawesi.html">Rare and mysterious forests of Sulawesi 80% gone</a>" – mongabay.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/72396/worlds-best-turtle-habitat-in-gorontalo-threatened">"World's best turtle habitat in Gorontalo threatened"</a>. 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+best+turtle+habitat+in+Gorontalo+threatened&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F72396%2Fworlds-best-turtle-habitat-in-gorontalo-threatened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongabay.com/profiles/sulawesi.html">Sulawesi Profile</a>" – mongabay.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulawesi_Profile-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sulawesi_Profile_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sulawesi_Profile_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongabay.com/profiles/sulawesi.html">Sulawesi Profile</a>" – mongabay.com</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIHO1953" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005131902/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf"><i>Limits of Oceans and Seas, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>, 1953, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fiho_pubs%2Fstandard%2FS-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014" class="citation cs2">Von Rintelen, T.; et al. (2014), "A Snail Perspective on the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Origin and Intra-Island Dispersal of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod <i>Tylomelania</i>", <i>PLOS ONE</i>, <b>9</b> (6): e98917, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...998917V">2014PLoSO...998917V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098917">10.1371/journal.pone.0098917</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090239">4090239</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24971564">24971564</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Snail+Perspective+on+the+Biogeography+of+Sulawesi%2C+Indonesia%3A+Origin+and+Intra-Island+Dispersal+of+the+Viviparous+Freshwater+Gastropod+Tylomelania&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e98917&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4090239%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24971564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098917&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...998917V&rft.aulast=Von+Rintelen&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Stelbrink%2C+B.&rft.au=Marwoto%2C+R.M.&rft.au=Glaubrecht%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulawesi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Celebes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Celebes">Celebes</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sulawesi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sulawesi">sulawesi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sulawesi#Q3812" class="extiw" title="voy:Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3812#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3812#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3812#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430489">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4069884-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021616">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628668">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sulawesi (Velké Sundy : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge272780&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX459148">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007343210705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1b82f2a4-3101-4ba2-a5cf-f85a4a1f7ba8">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044952">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&oldid=1259173728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulawesi&oldid=1259173728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sulawesi" title="Category:Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Category:Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Islands of 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