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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Bahamian English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bahamian English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baha1263">baha1263</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-BS</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bahamian English</b> is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> and by the Bahamian people. The standard for official use and education is largely <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a>-based with regard to spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguistics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bahamian English also contains a unique pronunciation system and certain vocabulary, along a scale with the local <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Creole" title="Bahamian Creole">Bahamian (Creole) dialect</a>. Moreover, perceptions of a standard are more recently changing toward American English; in particular, 21st-century news-industry and younger Bahamian speakers are often more influenced in their pronunciations by <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a> or sometimes even <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguistics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of Bahamian English is believed to be derived from those of <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockney_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney English">Cockney English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English accent of both Black and White Bahamians is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to being British-influenced, but often now rhotic among some younger speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguistics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahamian vowel phonetics are basically shared with both <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, except the following may be distinct:<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><b>Vowels</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Wikipedia <br /> diaphoneme</a></b> </td> <td><b>Bahamian <br />English</b> </td> <td><b>Example words</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> </td> <td>b<b>a</b>th, m<b>a</b>n, tr<b>a</b>p </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> </td> <td>bl<b>ah</b>, f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>b<b>o</b>ther, l<b>o</b>t, w<b>a</b>sp </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span> (lower class),<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> (higher class) </td> <td>d<b>o</b>g, l<b>o</b>ss, cl<b>o</b>th </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>b<b>ough</b>t, t<b>augh</b>t, s<b>aw</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äː]</span> (Black),<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äi]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌɪ]</span> (White) </td> <td>r<b>i</b>de, sh<b>i</b>ne, tr<b>y</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äi]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌɪ]</span> (also White) </td> <td>br<b>igh</b>t, d<b>i</b>ce, p<b>i</b>ke </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑɔ]</span> (Black),<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aø]</span> (White) </td> <td>n<b>ow</b>, <b>ou</b>ch, sc<b>ou</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>><span class="wrap"> </span>eː]</span> </td> <td>l<b>a</b>ke, p<b>ai</b>d, r<b>ei</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əi,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔi]</span> </td> <td>b<b>oy</b>, ch<b>oi</b>ce, m<b>oi</b>st </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou<span class="wrap"> </span>><span class="wrap"> </span>oː]</span> (Black),<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵu]</span> (White) </td> <td>g<b>oa</b>t, <b>oh</b>, sh<b>ow</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Vowels followed by <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span></span>/</a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̈ː]</span> </td> <td>b<b>ar</b>n, c<b>ar</b>, p<b>ar</b>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eᴈ]</span> </td> <td>f<b>ear</b>, p<b>eer</b>, t<b>ier</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>b<b>are</b>, b<b>ear</b>, th<b>ere</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɜː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əi]</span> (also Black) </td> <td>b<b>ur</b>n, f<b>ir</b>st, h<b>er</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oᴈ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">h<b>oar</b>se, h<b>or</b>se, p<b>oor</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is little or no distinction between the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> sounds in Bahamian English.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrast is often <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutralization (linguistics)">neutralized</a> or merged into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>, so <i>village</i> sounds like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɪlɪdʒ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɪlɪdʒ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βɪlɪdʒ]</span>. The final example is especially common among White speakers. This also happens in Vincentian, <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean Englishes</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Near-square_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-square merger">cheer-chair</a> merger of vowels is common, combining certain vowels before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">Dental fricatives</a> are usually changed to <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar plosive">alveolar plosives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping"><i>th</i>-stopping</a>): </p> <ul><li>Voiced <i>th</i> becomes /d/, e.g. "That" turns into "Dat"; "Those" into "Doze"; "There" into "Dere"; "They" into "Day".</li> <li>Unvoiced <i>th</i> becomes /t/, e.g. "Thanks" turns into "Tanks"; "Throw" into "Trow"; "Three" into "Tree".</li></ul> <p>The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is often inserted into words that are not spelled with the letter H, leaving "up" to be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʌp]</span>. However, it is also frequently dropped from words that <i>are</i> spelled with an H, so "harm" is left to be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̈ːm]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sibilant fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> may be devoiced and pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammar is not so different from the US ( as per Zaka ). </p><p>When emphasizing a word in Bahamian English, it is common to repeat it.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>the car was going <u>fast</u></i> → <i>the car was going fast fast</i>) </p><p>The past participle is not indicated using the verb "have" in Bahamian English. Instead, it is indicated with the verb "be", especially among white speakers. (<i>I have already washed the clothes</i> → <i>I am already washed the clothes</i>) It can also be omitted and replaced by "done", with the verb left in its present-tense form. (<i>I done wash the clothes</i>) This practice is common among both white and black speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some speakers (particularly black speakers), the present progressive is written using the present participle preceded by "does be" (<i>I does be washing the clothes</i>). Among white speakers, it is more common to just use "be" when talking in the third person. (<i>They be washing the clothes</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The possessive indicator <i>'s</i> is often omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questions retain the same syntax as statements; the subject and verb do not switch their positions. (<i>What is she doing?</i> → <i>What she is doing?</i>) Thus, the use of "ain't" is highly important to distinguish an interrogative sentence from a declarative sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of Bahamian terminology is derived from British English, West African languages, and Spanish, due to the country's colonial past.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahamian English has also come under the influence of American English due to a boost in tourism after the country gained independence, along with the resulting diffusion of American media.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some distinctive Bahamianisms include: </p> <ul><li><i>Advantage</i> (verb) - to cheat.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Aligned patch reefs</i> (noun) - a line of reef.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bey</i> – supposed to mean "boy", but can also refer to any person.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used as an imperative command to make somebody pay attention to a point.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Biggety</i> (adjective) - bold or loud.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><i>Big-up</i> (adjective) - pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Boom-boom</i> (noun) - buttocks.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Boonggy</i> (noun) - the hindquarters area.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a verb, it refers to anal penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bread</i> (noun) - a woman's genitals. Can also be expressed with "crabby".<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bubby</i> (adjective) - big and round (of a person's lips).<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Not to be confused with "bubbie", which refers to a woman's breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>Broughtupcy</i> (noun) – the way that someone is raised.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "No broughtupcy" can also be used as an adjective, meaning "bad-mannered".<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Buck up</i> (verb) - to run into something or someone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bush crack man gone</i> - a proverb meaning to run when trouble comes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tings_to_Say-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Capoonka</i> (adjective) - confused.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Chirren</i> (noun) - children.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Conchy Joe</i> (noun) - can refer to either a white native/longtime resident of the Bahamas or a cocktail.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Coral pinnacle</i> (noun) - can refer to a coral stack or a coral head.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Cut eye</i> (verb) - to give somebody a dirty look.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Cut one's hip</i> (verb) - to give somebody a beating. The noun "cut-hip" refers to a beating that is given in this act.<sup id="cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tings_to_Say-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Doggy</i> (noun) - a man's genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Erl</i> (noun) - oil. (Can refer to both cooking oil and motor oil.)</li> <li><i>Ey</i> (particle) - used at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes/no question</a> when seeking information.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Frowsy</i> (adjective) - foul-smelling, often in an extreme sense.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gat</i> - got.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gattee</i> - a contraction of "got to".<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Grabalishous</i> (adjective) - greedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Grin'in'</i> (noun) - the act of having sex. Can also be expressed with "juicing".<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gumma</i> - a contraction of "give me".<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gun casin</i> - describes the curvature of a woman's upper thigh area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gal</i> (noun) – girl.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hereditaments</i> (noun) - property (of land).<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_estate_terminology_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_estate_terminology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hey</i> (particle) - used at the end of a yes/no question when seeking agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>I is</i> – I am.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Islandish</i> (adjective) - unsophisticated.<sup id="cite_ref-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linguistic_features_of_Bahamian_English-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jam up</i> (adjective) - crowded.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jitney</i> (noun) - a city bus.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jook</i> (verb) - to poke or stab.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jungaless</i> (noun) - a loud, uncouth and fiesty woman.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kapunkle up</i> (adjective) - drunk (on alcohol).<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Leg short</i> - an idiom used when somebody arrives too late.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Low fence</i> (noun) - a person who is a pushover or can be taken advantage of.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mango skin</i> - a light-skinned person.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mash up</i> (verb) - to break or destroy something.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mound reef</i> (noun) - a boiler (of a coral reef), especially one set in deeper open water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Muddo</i> or <i>muddasick</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (interjection) – an expression used to represent excitement, surprise, or shock.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mussy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - a contraction of "must be", often used to mean only the former.</li> <li><i>Nanny</i> (noun) - fecal matter or excretory waste.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Peasyhead</i> - addresses the fact that a person's hair has tight curls at the nape of their head.<sup id="cite_ref-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16_Bahamian_Words_You_Need_to_Know-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pickney</i> (noun) - a small child.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Potcake</i> (noun) - a dog of multiple breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Reef barrier</i> (noun) - the main reef of a coral reef system.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Reef platform</i> (noun) - the top of a coral reef, especially a flat one.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Root title</i> (noun) - title history (of an estate).<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_estate_terminology_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_estate_terminology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sea whip</i> (noun) - an <a href="/wiki/Alcyonarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyonarian">alcyonarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Seaward (of a reef barrier)</i> (noun) - the back of a coral reef.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shallow reef</i> (noun) - a bright reef.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Show sef</i> (verb) - to be a show-off.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sip sip</i> (noun) - gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sky juice</i> (noun) - a beverage made from gin and coconut water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Slam bam</i> (noun) - a sausage and bread sandwich.</li> <li><i>Sometimey</i> (adjective) - moody.<sup id="cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tings_to_Say-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Spilligate</i> - used when a person goes out on the town.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stench</i> (verb) - to be stubborn.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sweetheartin'</i> (verb) - to cheat on one's spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Switcha</i> (noun) - lemonade.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tarreckly</i> (adverb) - directly or soon.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tief</i> (verb) - thief.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tingsy</i> (adjective) - materialistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tingum</i> - used to refer to a person or thing with a name that cannot be easily recalled by the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Can also be represented with "t'ing".<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Totin' news</i> (verb) - to spread gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Trapsy</i> (adjective) - untrustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Wammy</i> (noun) - a derogatory term for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Wybe</i> (noun) - a problem or bad situation. The verb "to wybe" means to have an argument or disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15_phrases_to_know_before_visiting_the_Bahamas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Yinna</i> (pronoun) - you (plural).<sup id="cite_ref-Bahamian_slang_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahamian_slang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sociolinguistics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguistics_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheier2006" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA2069"><i>Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2069. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018418-1"><bdi>978-3-11-018418-1</bdi></a>. <q>British-based standard Bahamian English is the official language [...] Although standard Bahamian is non-rhotic, many Bahamians view r-full American pronunciations as "correct" and try to imitate them, even to the extent of introducing a <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercorrect">hypercorrect</a> /r/ in [...] <i>Baharmas</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+Science+of+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=2069&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018418-1&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Mattheier%2C+Klaus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMZm0w0k1c4C%26pg%3DPA2069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaserTorbert2008" class="citation book cs1">Reaser, Jeffrey; Torbert, Benjamin (2008-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197181-101/html"><i>Bahamian English: morphology and syntax</i></a>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-101">10.1515/9783110197181-101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019718-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahamian+English%3A+morphology+and+syntax&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-101&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019718-1&rft.aulast=Reaser&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Torbert%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-101%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wells, J. 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href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-033">10.1515/9783110197181-033</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019718-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.atitle=Eastern+Caribbean+English-derived+language+varieties%3A+phonology&rft.pages=481-500+%28486%29&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-033&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019718-1&rft.aulast=Aceto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-033%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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href="https://thisbahamiangyal.com/bahamian-words-and-phrases/">"16 Bahamian Words You Need to Know | This Bahamian Gyal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16+Bahamian+Words+You+Need+to+Know+%26%23124%3B+This+Bahamian+Gyal&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisbahamiangyal.com%2Fbahamian-words-and-phrases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahamian_reef_terminology-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_reef_terminology_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamas_Slang_Bahamian_Speak_Talk_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahamasguru.com/information/slang.php">"Bahamas Slang Bahamian Speak Talk"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahamas+Slang+Bahamian+Speak+Talk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahamasguru.com%2Finformation%2Fslang.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-15_fun_sayings_and_quotes_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.followingtherivera.com/2018/06/30/15-fun-bahamas-words-and-phrases/">"Bahamas words and phrases 2022 | 15 fun sayings and quotes"</a>. 30 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahamas+words+and+phrases+2022+%26%23124%3B+15+fun+sayings+and+quotes&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.followingtherivera.com%2F2018%2F06%2F30%2F15-fun-bahamas-words-and-phrases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahamian_sex_terminology-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_sex_terminology_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebahalife.com/2013/03/21/talkin-sex-stuff/">"Talkin Sex Stuff"</a>. 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talkin+Sex+Stuff&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebahalife.com%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Ftalkin-sex-stuff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tings_to_Say-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tings_to_Say_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanielcayadventures.com/tings-to-say/">"Ting's to Say"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ting%27s+to+Say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanielcayadventures.com%2Ftings-to-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahamian_estate_terminology-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_estate_terminology_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahamian_estate_terminology_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUIRRs4J98EC&dq=bahamian+terminology&pg=PA21"><i>How to Buy and Sell Real Estate in the Bahamas: Insider's Guide</i></a>. Matthew Simon. 12 March 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438250519" title="Special:BookSources/9781438250519"><bdi>9781438250519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Buy+and+Sell+Real+Estate+in+the+Bahamas%3A+Insider%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Matthew+Simon&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.isbn=9781438250519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUIRRs4J98EC%26dq%3Dbahamian%2Bterminology%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahamasrealestateblog.blogspot.com/2017/11/how-to-talk-like-bahamian.html">How to Talk like a Bahamian</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLa5Nhv3KWwC"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+Phonology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017532-5&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLa5Nhv3KWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahamian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&oldid=1251793098">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_English&oldid=1251793098</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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