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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumpol%C3%AAre_ster" title="Sirkumpolêre ster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkumpolêre ster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_circumpolar" title="Estrella circumpolar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella circumpolar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel_circumpolar" title="Estel circumpolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estel circumpolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Cirkumpolární hvězda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cirkumpolární hvězda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkumpolar_(Astronomie)" title="Zirkumpolar (Astronomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirkumpolar (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αειφανείς αστέρες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αειφανείς αστέρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_circumpolar" title="Estrella circumpolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella circumpolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar_zirkunpolar" title="Izar zirkunpolar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar zirkunpolar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ستاره پیراقطبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره پیراقطبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_circumpolaire" title="Objet circumpolaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objet circumpolaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alta_thimpholach" title="Réalta thimpholach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalta thimpholach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B7%B9%EC%84%B1" title="주극성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주극성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="परिध्रुवी तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिध्रुवी तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpando_gbara_ya_gburugburu" title="Kpakpando gbara ya gburugburu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kpakpando gbara ya gburugburu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_circumpolare" title="Astro circumpolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astro circumpolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkumpolar_(Astronomie)" title="Zirkumpolar (Astronomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zirkumpolar (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpol%C3%A1ris" title="Cirkumpoláris – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkumpoláris" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Околуполарна ѕвезда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Околуполарна ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_lilit_kutub" title="Bintang lilit kutub – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang lilit kutub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumpolair" title="Circumpolair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Circumpolair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" title="周極星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="周極星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumpolar_stjerne" title="Sirkumpolar stjerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sirkumpolar stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumpolarstjerne" title="Sirkumpolarstjerne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sirkumpolarstjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_circumpolar" title="Estrela circumpolar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela circumpolar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea_circumpolar%C4%83" title="Stea circumpolară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea circumpolară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Незаходящие и невосходящие звёзды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Незаходящие и невосходящие звёзды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpol%C3%A1rna_hviezda" title="Cirkumpolárna hviezda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cirkumpolárna hviezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpolarno_nebesno_telo" title="Cirkumpolarno nebesno telo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkumpolarno nebesno telo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navanymp%C3%A4ryst%C3%A4hti" title="Navanympärystähti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Navanympärystähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpol%C3%A4r_(astronomi)" title="Cirkumpolär (astronomi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkumpolär (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ดาวรอบขั้วท้องฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวรอบขั้วท้องฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairesel_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Dairesel yıldız – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dairesel yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_quanh_c%E1%BB%B1c" title="Sao quanh cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao quanh cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Circumpolar+star%22">"Circumpolar star"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Circumpolar+star%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Circumpolar+star%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Circumpolar+star%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Circumpolar+star%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Circumpolar+star%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg/250px-Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg/375px-Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg/500px-Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4775" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption>Circumpolar <a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">star trails</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-exposure photo">long-exposure photo</a> of several hours. The stars near the celestial pole leave shorter trails with the long exposure.</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>circumpolar star</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> that, as viewed from a given <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> on Earth, never sets below the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> due to its apparent proximity to one of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial poles</a>. Circumpolar stars are therefore visible from said location toward the nearest pole for the entire night on every night of the year (and would be continuously visible throughout the day too, were they not overwhelmed by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s glare). Others are called <i>seasonal</i> stars. </p><p>All circumpolar stars lie within a <b>circumpolar circle</b> whose size is determined by the observer's latitude. Specifically, the angular measure of the radius of this circle equals the observer's latitude. The closer the observer is to the North or <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, the larger its circumpolar circle. </p><p>Before the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> was formalized as the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> which experiences the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">Midnight sun</a>, it more broadly meant those places where the 'bear' constellations (<a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, the Great Bear, and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, the Little Bear) were high in the sky. Thus the word 'Arctic' is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρκτικός</span></span> (<i>arktikos</i>), 'bearish', from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄρκτος</span></span> (<i>arktos</i>), 'bear'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanation">Explanation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circumpolar_diagram5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Circumpolar_diagram5.png/300px-Circumpolar_diagram5.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Circumpolar_diagram5.png/450px-Circumpolar_diagram5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Circumpolar_diagram5.png/600px-Circumpolar_diagram5.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Geometric diagram proving that the angle between the North Celestial Pole and the observer's horizon, i.e., the angle that spans the radius of the circumpolar circle, is equal to the observer's latitude.</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth rotates</a> daily on its axis, the stars appear to move in circular paths around one of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial poles</a> (the north celestial pole for observers in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, or the south celestial pole for observers in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>). Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circles; stars located very close to a celestial pole rotate in small circles and hence hardly seem to engage in any <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">diurnal motion</a> at all. Depending on the observer's latitude on Earth, some stars – the circumpolar ones – are close enough to the celestial pole to remain continuously above the horizon, while other stars dip below the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> for some portion of their daily circular path (and others remain permanently below the horizon). </p><p>The circumpolar stars appear to lie within a circle that is centered at the celestial pole and <a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">tangential</a> to the horizon. At the Earth's <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, the north celestial pole is directly overhead, and all stars that are visible at all (that is, all stars in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Celestial_Hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Celestial Hemisphere">Northern Celestial Hemisphere</a>) are circumpolar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridpath2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridpath2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one travels south, the north <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial pole</a> moves towards the northern horizon. More and more stars that are at a distance from it begin to disappear below the horizon for some portion of their daily "<a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>", and the circle containing the remaining circumpolar stars becomes increasingly small. At the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, this circle <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishes to a single point</a> – the celestial pole itself – which lies on the horizon, and so all of the stars capable of being circumpolar are for half of every 24 hour period below the horizon. There, pole star itself will only be made out from a place of sufficient height. </p><p>As one travels south of the Equator, the opposite happens. The south celestial pole appears increasingly high in the sky, and all the stars lying within an increasingly large circle centred on that pole become circumpolar about it. This continues until one reaches the Earth's <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> where, once again, all visible stars are circumpolar. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial north pole</a> is located very close (less than 1° away) to the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> (Polaris or North Star), so from the Northern Hemisphere, all circumpolar stars appear to move around Polaris. Polaris itself remains almost stationary, always at the north (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> of 0°), and always at the same <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> (angle from the horizon), equal to the observer's <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. These are then classified into quadrants. </p><p>Polaris always has an <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> equal to <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">zero</a>. The pole's <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> for a given latitude Ø is fixed, and its value is given by the following formula: <i>A</i> = 90° - Ø. All stars with a <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> less than <i>A</i> are not circumpolar.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannu2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannu2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_circumpolar_stars">Definition of circumpolar stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of circumpolar stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg/330px-Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg/495px-Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg/660px-Star_trails_over_the_ESO_3.6-metre_telescope_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Circumpolar <a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">star trails</a> captured with an <a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">extended exposure</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png/220px-Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png/330px-Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png/440px-Circumpolar_Star_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of circumpolar stars assuming an observer is at latitude +19°.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether a star is circumpolar depends upon the observer's <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NortonSA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NortonSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system" title="Horizontal coordinate system">altitude</a> of the north or <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole#Finding_the_south_celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">south celestial pole</a> (whichever is visible) equals the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">absolute value</a> of the observer's latitude,<sup id="cite_ref-NortonSA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NortonSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any star whose <a href="/wiki/Angular_distance" title="Angular distance">angular distance</a> from the visible <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial pole</a> is less than the absolute latitude will be circumpolar. For example, if the observer's latitude is 50° N, any star will be circumpolar if it is less than 50° from the north celestial pole. If the observer's latitude is 35° S, then all stars within 35° of the south celestial pole are circumpolar. Stars on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> are not circumpolar when observed from any latitude in either hemisphere of the Earth. "A star with its polar distance approximately equal to or less than the latitude of the observer".<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether a given star is circumpolar at the observer's latitude (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">θ</span>) may be calculated in terms of the star's <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">δ</span>). The star is circumpolar if <span class="texhtml"><i>θ</i> + <i>δ</i></span> is greater than +90° (observer in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>), or <span class="texhtml"><i>θ</i> + <i>δ</i></span> is less than −90° (observer in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"A star whose diurnal circle lies above the horizon never sets, even though it cannot be seen during the day. Designation of a star as circumpolar depends on the observer's latitude. At the equator no star is circumpolar. At the North or South Pole all stars that are visible at all are circumpolar, since only one half of the celestial sphere can ever be seen. For an observer at any other latitude a star whose declination is greater than 90° minus the observer's latitude will be circumpolar, appearing to circle the celestial pole and remaining always above the horizon. A constellation made up entirely of circumpolar stars is also called circumpolar. From most of the United States (above lat. 40° N) the Big Dipper is circumpolar".<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similarly, the star will never rise above the local horizon if <span class="texhtml"><i>δ</i> − <i>θ</i></span> is less than −90° (observer in Northern Hemisphere), or <span class="texhtml"><i>δ</i> − <i>θ</i></span> is greater than +90° (observer in Southern Hemisphere). Thus, <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> is invisible from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, if marginally visible from <a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Beach">Virginia Beach</a>. </p><p>Some stars within the far northern <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>) roughly north of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> (23° 26′ N) will be circumpolar stars, which never rise or set.<sup id="cite_ref-NortonSA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NortonSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For British Isles observers, for example, the first magnitude stars <a href="/wiki/Capella_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capella (star)">Capella</a> (declination +45° 59′) and <a href="/wiki/Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a> (+45° 16′) do not set from anywhere in the country. <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> (+38° 47′) is technically circumpolar north of latitude 51° 13′ N (just south of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>); taking <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction">atmospheric refraction</a> into account, it will probably only be seen to set at sea level from <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. </p><p>Stars in the far southern constellations (such as <a href="/wiki/Crux_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crux (constellation)">Crux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musca_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musca (constellation)">Musca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrus_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrus (constellation)">Hydrus</a>) roughly south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> (23° 26′ S) are circumpolar to typical points of observation beyond that tropic.<sup id="cite_ref-NortonSA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NortonSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stars (and constellations) that are circumpolar in one hemisphere are always invisible at the same latitude (or higher) of the opposite hemisphere, and these never rise above the horizon. For example, the southern star <a href="/wiki/Acrux" title="Acrux">Acrux</a> is invisible from most of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, likewise, the seven stars of the northern <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Big Dipper</a> <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a> are invisible from most of the <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constellations">Constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>circumpolar constellation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> (group of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>) that never sets below the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>, as viewed from a location on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. As viewed from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, all fully visible constellations north of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> are circumpolar, and likewise for constellations south of the celestial equator as viewed from the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. As viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, there are no circumpolar constellations. As viewed from mid-northern latitudes (40–50° N), circumpolar constellations may include <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a>, and the less-known <a href="/wiki/Camelopardalis_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelopardalis (constellation)">Camelopardalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx_(constellation)" title="Lynx (constellation)">Lynx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacerta_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerta (constellation)">Lacerta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Young1897_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1897-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">Celestial pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ridpath2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ridpath2006_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRidpath2006" class="citation cs2">Ridpath, Ian (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZ7n1YKMlMC&pg=PA148"><i>Eyewitness Companions: Astronomy</i></a>, Penguin, p. 148, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0756648459" title="Special:BookSources/0756648459"><bdi>0756648459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Companions%3A+Astronomy&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0756648459&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEZ7n1YKMlMC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumpolar+star" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannu2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannu2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunenKrögerOjaPoutanen2007" class="citation cs2">Karttunen, Hannu; Kröger, Pekka; Oja, Heikki; Poutanen, Markku; Donner, Karl Johan, eds. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DjeVdb0sLEAC&pg=PA19"><i>Fundamental Astronomy</i></a> (5th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>, p. 19, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540341444" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540341444"><bdi>978-3540341444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3540341444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjeVdb0sLEAC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumpolar+star" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NortonSA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NortonSA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortonSA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortonSA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortonSA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, A. P. "Norton's 2000.0 Star Atlas and Reference Handbook", Longman Scientific and Technical, (1986) p.39-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/circumpolar">http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/circumpolar</a> star</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young1897-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young1897_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1897" class="citation cs2">Young, Charles Augustus (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tylLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Uranography: A Brief Description of the Constellations Visible in the United States, with Star-maps, and Lists of Objects Observable with a Small Telescope</i></a>, Ginn, pp. 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uranography%3A+A+Brief+Description+of+the+Constellations+Visible+in+the+United+States%2C+with+Star-maps%2C+and+Lists+of+Objects+Observable+with+a+Small+Telescope&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=Ginn&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Charles+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtylLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumpolar+star" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>"Circumpolar Stars." Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.astronomygcse.co.uk/AstroGCSE/New">http://www.astronomygcse.co.uk/AstroGCSE/New</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Site/Topic 3/circumpolar_stars.htm.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumpolar_star&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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