CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Taiping Rebellion - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f7081c40-b1ee-4a07-97cc-a6cfeffa4da8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Taiping_Rebellion","wgTitle":"Taiping Rebellion","wgCurRevisionId":1259847192,"wgRevisionId":1259847192,"wgArticleId":80895,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2021","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2024","Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008","Articles needing additional references from March 2013","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","CS1: long volume value","Taiping Rebellion","1850 in China","1851 in China","1852 in China","1853 in China","1854 in China","1855 in China","1856 in China","1857 in China","1858 in China","1859 in China","1860 in China","1861 in China","1862 in China","1863 in China","1864 in China","19th century in China","19th-century rebellions","Christianity in China","Christianization","Eight Banners","Genocides in Asia","Peasant revolts","Persecution of Buddhists","Religion-based civil wars","Rebellions in the Qing dynasty" ,"Civil wars in China","Taiping Heavenly Kingdom","Wars involving France","Wars involving the Qing dynasty","Wars involving the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Taiping_Rebellion","wgRelevantArticleId":80895,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q192408","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/800px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="465"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/640px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="372"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Taiping Rebellion - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Taiping_Rebellion rootpage-Taiping_Rebellion skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Taiping+Rebellion" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Taiping+Rebellion" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Taiping+Rebellion" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Taiping+Rebellion" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851–1853:_Outbreak_and_initial_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851–1853:_Outbreak_and_initial_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1851–1853: Outbreak and initial stages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851–1853:_Outbreak_and_initial_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851–1860:_Control_of_Nanjing_and_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851–1860:_Control_of_Nanjing_and_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1851–1860: Control of Nanjing and expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851–1860:_Control_of_Nanjing_and_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1861–1864:_Faltering_and_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1861–1864:_Faltering_and_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1861–1864: Faltering and collapse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1861–1864:_Faltering_and_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concurrent_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concurrent_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Concurrent rebellions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concurrent_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Military </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Qing forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Western_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Western_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Relationship with the Western powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Western_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Total war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_monographs_and_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_monographs_and_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.1 Modern monographs and surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_monographs_and_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taiping Rebellion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-rebellie" title="Taiping-rebellie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taiping-rebellie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تمرد تايبينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد تايبينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_Taiping" title="Rebelión Taiping – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rebelión Taiping" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taypin_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Taypin üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taypin üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D8%B9%DB%86%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تایپینق عۆصیانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تایپینق عۆصیانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тайпінскае паўстанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тайпінскае паўстанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Тайпинско въстание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайпинско въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_dels_Taiping" title="Rebel·lió dels Taiping – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió dels Taiping" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_tchaj-pching%C5%AF" title="Povstání tchaj-pchingů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání tchaj-pchingů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingopr%C3%B8ret" title="Taipingoprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taipingoprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-Aufstand" title="Taiping-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taiping-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingi_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Taipingi ülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taipingi ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Εξέγερση των Ταϊπίνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέγερση των Ταϊπίνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_Taiping" title="Rebelión Taiping – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión Taiping" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpinga_ribelo" title="Tajpinga ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tajpinga ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_matxinada" title="Taiping matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taiping matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شورش تایپینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش تایپینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Taiping" title="Révolte des Taiping – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des Taiping" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="태평천국의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태평천국의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տայպինյան ապստամբություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տայպինյան ապստամբություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="ताइपिंग विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताइपिंग विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpin%C5%A1ki_ustanak" title="Tajpinški ustanak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajpinški ustanak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Taiping" title="Pemberontakan Taiping – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Taiping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-uppreisnin" title="Taiping-uppreisnin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taiping-uppreisnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_dei_Taiping" title="Rivolta dei Taiping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta dei Taiping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מרד טאיפינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד טאיפינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಟೈ ಪಿಂಗ್ ದಂಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೈ ಪಿಂಗ್ ದಂಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ტაიპინელთა აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაიპინელთა აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тайпиндер көтерілісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тайпиндер көтерілісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhildana_Taiping" title="Serhildana Taiping – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serhildana Taiping" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Тайпин көтөрүлүшү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тайпин көтөрүлүшү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipinu_sacel%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Taipinu sacelšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taipinu sacelšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping%C5%B3_sukilimas" title="Taipingų sukilimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taipingų sukilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajping-felkel%C3%A9s" title="Tajping-felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tajping-felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="തെയ്പിങ് കലാപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെയ്പിങ് കലാപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Taiping" title="Pemberontakan Taiping – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan Taiping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тайпингийн бослого – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тайпингийн бослого" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingopstand" title="Taipingopstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taipingopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="太平天国の乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太平天国の乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingoppr%C3%B8ret" title="Taipingopprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taipingopprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingoppr%C3%B8ret" title="Taipingopprøret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taipingopprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_Taiping" title="Revòuta Taiping – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revòuta Taiping" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taypin_qo%CA%BBzg%CA%BBoloni" title="Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%99_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4" title="ਤਾਇਪਿੰਙ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਇਪਿੰਙ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="تائپننگ بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تائپننگ بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="د ټایپېنګ بلوا/بغاوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ټایپېنګ بلوا/بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Ribelian" title="Taiping Ribelian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Taiping Ribelian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_tajping%C3%B3w" title="Powstanie tajpingów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie tajpingów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_Taiping" title="Rebelião Taiping – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião Taiping" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Восстание тайпинов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание тайпинов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Taiping Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_i_Taiping" title="Rebelimi i Taiping – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rebelimi i Taiping" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taiping Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchajpchinsk%C3%A9_povstanie" title="Tchajpchinské povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tchajpchinské povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Тајпиншки устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тајпиншки устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpin%C5%A1ki_ustanak" title="Tajpinški ustanak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tajpinški ustanak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-kapina" title="Taiping-kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taiping-kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipingupproret" title="Taipingupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taipingupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தைப்பிங் கிளர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைப்பிங் கிளர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A7" title="กบฏไท่ผิงเทียนกั๋ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กบฏไท่ผิงเทียนกั๋ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Taiping Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taiping Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тайпінське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайпінське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_n%E1%BB%95i_d%E1%BA%ADy_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_Thi%C3%AAn_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Cuộc nổi dậy Thái Bình Thiên Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc nổi dậy Thái Bình Thiên Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="太平天國之亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太平天國之亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="太平天國之亂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太平天國之亂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192408#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Taiping_Rebellion" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Taiping_Rebellion" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Taiping_Rebellion" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1259847192" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Taiping_Rebellion&id=1259847192&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiping_Rebellion">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiping_Rebellion">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Taiping_Rebellion&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiping_Rebellion" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192408" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major rebellion in China (1850–1864)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Taiping Rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Century_of_Humiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Century of Humiliation">Century of Humiliation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/328px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/492px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/656px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg/328px-Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg/492px-Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Naval_battle_between_Taiping-Qing_on_Yangtze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="384" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Top: An 1884 painting of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anqing" title="Battle of Anqing">Battle of Anqing</a> (1861) Bottom: Battle on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> between Qing and Taiping naval forces</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 1850 – August 1864</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">China</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Qing victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></li> <li>Later stages:</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a></li> <li>Co-belligerents:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban rebels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tiandihui" title="Tiandihui">Tiandihui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flag Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg/25px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg/38px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg/50px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Qing_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Sengge_Rinchen" title="Sengge Rinchen">Sengge Rinchen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Guanwen" title="Guanwen">Guanwen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Bingzhang" title="Luo Bingzhang">Luo Bingzhang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Jirhangga" title="Jirhangga">Jirhangga</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoliang" title="Zhang Guoliang">Zhang Guoliang</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/He_Chun" title="He Chun">He Chun</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Rong" title="Xiang Rong">Xiang Rong</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Townsend_Ward" title="Frederick Townsend Ward">Frederick Townsend Ward</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_L%C3%A9opold_Protet" title="Auguste Léopold Protet">Auguste Protet</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Tianguifu" title="Hong Tianguifu">Hong Tianguifu</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuanjiao" title="Hong Xuanjiao">Hong Xuanjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiuqing" title="Yang Xiuqing">Yang Xiuqing</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yunshan" title="Feng Yunshan">Feng Yunshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Chaogui" title="Xiao Chaogui">Xiao Chaogui</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Changhui" title="Wei Changhui">Wei Changhui</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Rengan" title="Hong Rengan">Hong Rengan</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Dakai" title="Shi Dakai">Shi Dakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiucheng" title="Li Xiucheng">Li Xiucheng</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yucheng" title="Chen Yucheng">Chen Yucheng</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shixian" title="Li Shixian">Li Shixian</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Rigang" title="Qin Rigang">Qin Rigang</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li>Co-commanders:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lexing" title="Zhang Lexing">Zhang Lexing</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Nian rebels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Sanniang" title="Su Sanniang">Su Sanniang</a> (Nian rebels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Ersao" title="Qiu Ersao">Qiu Ersao</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Red Turban rebels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongfu" title="Liu Yongfu">Liu Yongfu</a> (Black Flag Army)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3.4 million+<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199411–16-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19944-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10 million (all combatants)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19947-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Total dead: 20–30 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012xxiii-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiping_Rebellion" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Taiping_Rebellion" title="Template:Campaignbox Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Taiping_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Taiping_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiping_Rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiping Rebellion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jintian_Uprising" title="Jintian Uprising">Jintian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1852)" title="Battle of Changsha (1852)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuchang" title="Battle of Wuchang">Wuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing_(1853)" title="Battle of Nanjing (1853)">1st Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Expedition" title="Western Expedition">Western Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Expedition" title="Eastern Expedition">Eastern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangnan_(1856)" title="Battle of Jiangnan (1856)">1st Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjing_incident" title="Tianjing incident">Tianjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanhe" title="Battle of Sanhe">Sanhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangnan_(1860)" title="Battle of Jiangnan (1860)">2nd Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Ningbo" title="Occupation of Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anqing" title="Battle of Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai_(1861)" title="Battle of Shanghai (1861)">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guanzhong_(1861)" title="Battle of Guanzhong (1861)">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cixi" title="Battle of Cixi">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changzhou" title="Battle of Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Nanjing" title="Third Battle of Nanjing">3rd Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hubei" title="Battle of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fujian" title="Battle of Fujian">Fujian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Taiping Rebellion</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">太平天國運動</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">太平天国运动</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Great Peace Heavenly Kingdom Movement</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tàipíng tiānguó yùndòng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄊㄞˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Taypyng tiangwo yunndonq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">T'ai4-p'ing2 t'ien1-kuo2 yün4-tung4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tài-píng tian-guó yùn-dòng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰâɪ.pʰǐŋ tʰjɛ́n.kwǒ ŷn.tʊ̂ŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tha bin thi koq hhyn don</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thai-phìn-thiên-koet yun-thung</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Taaipìhng tīngwok wahnduhng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">taai3 ping4 tin1 gwok3 wan6 dung6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰaj˧.pʰɪŋ˩ tʰin˥.kʷɔk̚˧ wɐn˨.tʊŋ˨]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thài-pêng-thian-kok ūn-tōng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tái-bìng-tiĕng-guók ông-dông</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a civil war in China between the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a>. The conflict lasted 14 years, from its outbreak in 1850 until the fall of Taiping-controlled <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>—which they had renamed Tianjing "heavenly capital"—in 1864. However, the last rebel forces were not defeated until August 1871. Estimates of the conflict's death toll range between 20 and 30 million people, representing 5–10% of China's population at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012xxiii-4">[4]</a> While the Qing ultimately defeated the rebellion, the victory came at a great cost to the state's economic and political viability. The uprising was led by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, an ethnic Hakka who had proclaimed himself to be the brother of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Hong sought the religious conversion of the Han people to his <a href="/wiki/God_Worshipping_Society" title="God Worshipping Society">syncretic version of Christianity</a>, as well as the political overthrow of the Qing dynasty, and a general transformation of the mechanisms of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19734–7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Moreover, rather than supplanting China's ruling class, the Taiping rebels sought to entirely upend the country's social order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael19667-7">[7]</a> The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom located at Nanjing managed to seize control of significant portions of southern China. At its peak, the Heavenly Kingdom ruled over a population of nearly 30 million people. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid- and lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> valley, ultimately devolving into civil war. It was the largest war in China since the <a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Qing_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming–Qing transition">Ming–Qing transition</a>, involving most of Central and Southern China. It ranks as <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">one of the bloodiest wars</a> in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century, comparable to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in terms of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsautumninheavenly00plat_p._xxiii]-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Thirty million people fled the conquered regions to foreign settlements or other parts of China.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">House of Aisin-Gioro</a>. Meanwhile, the Qing government also engaged in massacres, most notably against the civilian population of Nanjing. Weakened severely by internal conflicts following an <a href="/wiki/Tianjing_incident" title="Tianjing incident">attempted coup</a> and the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">siege of Beijing</a>, the Taiping rebels were defeated by decentralised provincial armies such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> organised and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>. After moving down the Yangtze River and recapturing the strategic city of <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a>, Zeng's forces besieged Nanjing during May 1862. After two more years, on June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died during the siege, caused from the consumption of weeds in the palace grounds as well as suspicions of poison. <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Nanjing" title="Third Battle of Nanjing">Nanjing fell</a> barely a month later. The 14-year civil war as a whole coincided with internal and external conflicts of the Opium Wars and the future Boxer Rebellion to further weaken the Qing dynasty’s grasp on central China. The Taiping rebellion gave incentive for an initially successful period of <a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">reform and self-strengthening</a> although shadowed by social and religious unrest within the country exacerbating ethnic disputes and accelerating the rise of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">provincial power</a>. Historians debate whether these developments played a role in the start of the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a>, the loss of central control after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1912. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg/220px-Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg/330px-Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg/440px-Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Territories of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Held at various times during the rebellion</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Early period</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Late period</div></figcaption></figure> The terms which writers use for the conflict and its participants often represent their different opinions. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (亂; luàn), rebellion (逆; nì) or military ascendancy (軍興; jūnxìng).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12-11">[11]</a> They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (洪楊之亂; Hóngyáng zhī luàn), referring to the two most prominent leaders. It was also dismissively referred to as the Red Sheep Rebellion (紅羊之亂; Hóngyáng zhī luàn) because the two names sound similar in Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. The scholar <a href="/wiki/Jian_Youwen" title="Jian Youwen">Jian Youwen</a> is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19734–7-5">[5]</a> Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion". Recently, however, scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobie_Meyer-Fong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobie Meyer-Fong (page does not exist)">Tobie Meyer-Fong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Platt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Platt">Stephen Platt</a> have argued that the term "Taiping Rebellion" is biased because it insinuates that the Qing government was a legitimate government which was fighting against the illegitimate Taiping rebels. Instead, they argue that the conflict should be called a "civil war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12-11">[11]</a> Other historians such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Osterhammel" title="Jürgen Osterhammel">Jürgen Osterhammel</a> term the conflict "Taiping Revolution" because of the rebels' radical transformational objectives and the <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> that they initiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015652–654-13">[13]</a> Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (妖; yāo), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996115–16,_160–163,_181–82-14">[14]</a> The Qing referred to the Taiping as "Yue Bandits" (粵匪; Yuèfěi or 粵賊; Yuèzéi) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12-11">[11]</a> More colloquially, the Chinese called the Taiping some variant of Long-Hairs (長毛鬼、長髪鬼、髪逆、髪賊), because they did not shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)#Queue_order" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> as Qing subjects were <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty#Claiming_the_Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Qing dynasty">obligated to do</a>, allowing their hair to grow long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Xiuquan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg/180px-Hong_Xiuquan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg/270px-Hong_Xiuquan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Alleged<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> drawing of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, dating from around the early 1850s</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> experienced <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines_in_China" title="List of famines in China">a series of famines</a>, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197323–24-17">[16]</a> Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael19664,_10-18">[17]</a> The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196615–16-19">[18]</a> Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196610–12-20">[19]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of China">population of China</a> had nearly doubled between 1766 and 1833, while the amount of cultivated land remained the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196614–15-21">[20]</a> The government, commanded by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a>, had become increasingly corrupt, and was weak in southern regions where local clans dominated.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Manchu_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Manchu sentiment">Anti-Manchu sentiment</a> was strongest in southern China among the <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> community, a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> subgroup. Meanwhile, Christian missionaries were active.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In 1837, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Huoxiu</a>, a Hakka from a poor village in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, failed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a> for the third time, frustrating his ambition to become a <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-official</a> in the civil service and leading him to a nervous breakdown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197315–18-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197315–18-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196623-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199647–49-26">[25]</a> While recovering, Hong dreamed of visiting Heaven, where he discovered that he possessed a celestial family distinct from his earthly family. His heavenly father lamented that men were worshiping demons rather than himself and informed Hong that his given name violated taboos and had to be changed, suggesting "<a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>", the moniker ultimately adopted by Hong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199647–49-26">[25]</a> In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang196628-27">[26]</a> In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197319-28">[27]</a> It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine Christian pamphlets he had received from a Protestant Christian missionary several years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197320-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199664-30">[29]</a> After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to interpreting his visions: his celestial father was <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> (whom he identified with <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a> from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had also seen was <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, and he had been directed to rid the world of demons, including the corrupt Qing government and Confucian teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199664-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-sources-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197320-29">[28]</a> In 1847 Hong went to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, where he studied the Bible with <a href="/wiki/Issachar_Jacox_Roberts" title="Issachar Jacox Roberts">Issachar Jacox Roberts</a>, an American Baptist missionary.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose".<a href="#cite_note-Rhee-Asian-Millenarianism-33">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/220px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/330px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/440px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820</figcaption></figure> Soon after Hong began preaching across Guangxi in 1844, his follower <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yunshan" title="Feng Yunshan">Feng Yunshan</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/God_Worshipping_Society" title="God Worshipping Society">God Worshipping Society</a>, a movement which followed Hong's fusion of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a>, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199678–80-34">[33]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilcourse2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXbrNq1sBVtMCqTaipingChristianity_4]-36">[35]</a> The Taiping faith, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion ... Taiping Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXbrNq1sBVtMCqTaipingChristianity_4]-36">[35]</a> The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> and subsequently a widespread <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. Eventually, two other God Worshipers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">the Father</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiuqing" title="Yang Xiuqing">Yang Xiuqing</a> and Jesus Christ in the case of <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Chaogui" title="Xiao Chaogui">Xiao Chaogui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199697–99-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196635-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1851–1853:_Outbreak_and_initial_stages">1851–1853: Outbreak and initial stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1851–1853: Outbreak and initial stages">edit</a>]</div> The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yunshan" title="Feng Yunshan">Feng Yunshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wei_Changhui" title="Wei Changhui">Wei Changhui</a> routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day <a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a>, Guangxi). Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Jintian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jintian uprising">Jintian uprising</a>. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_King" title="Heavenly King">Heavenly King</a> of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English-language studies. The Taipings began marching north in September 1851 to escape Qing forces closing in on them. The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1852)" title="Battle of Changsha (1852)">besieging Changsha</a>, occupying <a href="/wiki/Yue_Prefecture_(Hunan)" title="Yue Prefecture (Hunan)">Yuezhou</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuchang" title="Battle of Wuchang">capturing Wuchang</a> in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River. At this point the Taiping leadership decided to move east along the Yangtze River. <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a> was captured in February 1853. Taiping leaders may have reached out to <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triad</a> organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. Taiping titles echoed Triad usage, whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to join the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly201144–45-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1982-40">[39]</a> In 1852, Qing government troops captured <a href="/wiki/Hong_Daquan" title="Hong Daquan">Hong Daquan</a>, a rebel who had assumed the title Tian De Wang (King of Heavenly Virtue). Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a>. However, the capture of Nanjing in that year led to a deterioration of relations between the Taiping rebels and the triads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiBS8AAAAIAAJqtriads_348,_350]-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1851–1860:_Control_of_Nanjing_and_expeditions">1851–1860: Control of Nanjing and expeditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1851–1860: Control of Nanjing and expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png/220px-TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png/330px-TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png/440px-TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The royal seal of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</figcaption></figure> On March 19, 1853, the Taipings captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> and Hong renamed it "Tianjing", or the 'heavenly capital' of his kingdom. Since the Taipings considered the <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a> to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECdqKillthedemonsmanchuspgPA139_139]-42">[41]</a> Shortly thereafter, the Taiping launched concurrent <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Expedition" title="Western Expedition">Western</a> expeditions, in an effort to relieve pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196693-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Taiping_Rebellion_2002-44">[43]</a> The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success.<a href="#cite_note-The_Taiping_Rebellion_2002-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196694–95-45">[44]</a> In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. He lived in luxury and had many women in his inner chamber, and often issued religious strictures. He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". This tension culminated in the 1856 <a href="/wiki/Tianjing_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianjing Incident">Tianjing Incident</a>, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Rigang" title="Qin Rigang">Qin Rigang</a>, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996237,_242–244-46">[45]</a> Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong. Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996244-47">[46]</a> Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. But fearing for his life, he departed from Tianjing and headed west towards Sichuan. With Hong withdrawn from view and Yang out of the picture, the remaining Taiping leaders[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] tried to widen their popular support and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. The Europeans decided to stay officially neutral, though European military advisors served with the Qing army. Inside China, the rebellion faced resistance from the traditionalist rural classes because of hostility to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian values">Confucian values</a>. The landowning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping ideology and the policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with government forces. In <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, the local irregular <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> under the personal leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>, became the main force fighting the Taiping on behalf of the Qing. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. In December 1856 Qing forces retook <a href="/wiki/Wuchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang">Wuchang</a> for the final time. The <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a> in May 1858 and then the rest of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> by September. In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Rengan" title="Hong Rengan">Hong Rengan</a>, Hong Xiuquan's cousin, joined the Taiping forces in Nanjing and was given considerable power by Hong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECdqKillthedemonsmanchuspgPA139_139]-42">[41]</a> Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. In May 1860, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangnan_(1860)" title="Battle of Jiangnan (1860)">the Taiping defeated the imperial forces</a> that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. The Taiping rebels were successful in taking <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> on March 19, 1860, <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> on May 26, and <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> on June 2 to the east. While Taiping forces were preoccupied in Jiangsu, Zeng's forces moved down the Yangtze River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1861–1864:_Faltering_and_collapse">1861–1864: Faltering and collapse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1861–1864: Faltering and collapse">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg/310px-Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg/465px-Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg/620px-Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Qing troops retaking <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai_(1861)" title="Battle of Shanghai (1861)">attempt to take Shanghai</a> begun in June 1861 was repulsed after 15 months by an army of <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> troops supported by European officers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Townsend_Ward" title="Frederick Townsend Ward">Frederick Townsend Ward</a>. This army would become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a>", a seasoned and well-trained Qing military force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a>, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. In 1861, around the time of the death of the <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a> and ascension of the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a>, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anqing" title="Battle of Anqing">captured Anqing</a> with help from a naval blockade imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> on the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElleman200153–54-48">[47]</a> Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> was easily captured on 9 December, and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> was besieged and finally captured on 31 December. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, reclaimed on 10 May. They also aided imperial troops in reconquering Taiping strongholds along the Yangtze River. In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Dakai" title="Shi Dakai">Shi Dakai</a> surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> and was executed by <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">slow-slicing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElleman200152-49">[48]</a> Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. Qing forces were reorganized under the command of <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. Zeng Guofan had initially failed so badly that he attempted suicide, but he then adopted the teachings of the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> general <a href="/wiki/Qi_Jiguang" title="Qi Jiguang">Qi Jiguang</a>. He bypassed the professional regular armies and recruited from local villages, paying and drilling them well. Zeng, Zuo and Li led personally loyal soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford201898-50">[49]</a> By early 1864, Qing control in most areas had been reestablished.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In May 1862, the Xiang Army besieged Nanjing; attempts to break the siege by the numerically superior Taiping Army failed. Hong Xiuquan declared that God would defend the city. The city's food supplies ran low. Hong contracted food poisoning from eating wild vegetables; the intent may have been suicide. He died in June 1864 after a 20-day illness. A few days later, the Qing took the city in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Nanjing" title="Third Battle of Nanjing">Third Battle of Nanjing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996325-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang1966173-53">[52]</a> On 1 August, Zeng Guofan ordered Hong's body exhumed for verification, and desecrated as spiritual punishment. After exhumation, it was dismembered, cremated, and its ashes were fired from a cannon to scatter them irretrievably.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Hong_Tianguifu" title="Hong Tianguifu">Hong Tianguifu</a>, who was 15 years old. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. Tianguifu and few others escaped but were soon caught and executed. Most of the Taiping princes were executed. A small remainder of loyal Taiping forces had continued to fight in northern Zhejiang, rallying around Tianguifu. But after Tianguifu's capture on 25 October 1864, Taiping resistance was gradually pushed into the highlands of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, where one of the last Taiping loyalists, Wang Haiyang, was defeated on January 29, 1866. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengshan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mengshan.JPG/220px-Mengshan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mengshan.JPG/330px-Mengshan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mengshan.JPG/440px-Mengshan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A historic monument to the Taiping Rebellion in Mengshan, <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a>, Guangxi, an early seat of the Taiping government</figcaption></figure> Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Dakai" title="Shi Dakai">Shi Dakai</a>'s commander, Li Fuzhong (李福忠), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Taiping wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating effects. In 1860, Wu Lingyun (吳凌雲), an ethnic Zhuang Taiping leader, proclaimed himself King of Dingling (廷陵國) in the Sino-Vietnamese border regions. Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. His son Wu Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (吳鯤), fled to Vietnam but was killed in 1869 in <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a> by a Qing-Vietnamese coalition headed by <a href="/wiki/Feng_Zicai" title="Feng Zicai">Feng Zicai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Wu Kun's troops broke up and became marauding armies such as the Yellow Flag Army led by Huang Chongying (黃崇英) and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flag Army</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongfu" title="Liu Yongfu">Liu Yongfu</a>. The latter would become a prominent warlord in Upper <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> and would later help the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> to engage against the French during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> in the 1880s. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a>. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> kingdom. They were then engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Haw_wars" title="Haw wars">Haw wars</a> (misnamed due to conflation with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Muslims">Chinese Muslims</a>) against the incompetent forces of King <a href="/wiki/Rama_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama V">Rama V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1868–1910– ) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death toll">edit</a>]</div> With no reliable census at the time, estimates of the death toll of the Taiping Rebellion are speculative. The most widely cited sources estimate the total number of deaths during the almost 14 years of the rebellion to be approximately 20 to 30 million civilians and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. Some analysts have claimed that the death toll may have reached 100 million.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrent_rebellions">Concurrent rebellions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concurrent rebellions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Shunning,_Yunnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg/300px-Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg/450px-Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg/600px-Capture_of_Shunning%2C_Yunnan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>A battle of the Panthay Rebellion, from the set Victory over the Muslims, set of twelve paintings in ink and color on silk</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a> (1853–1868), and several <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> rebellions in the southwest (the <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a>, 1855–1873) and the northwest (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan revolt</a>, 1862–1877) continued to pose considerable problems for the Qing dynasty. Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">Northern Expedition</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-60">[59]</a> As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like <a href="/wiki/Lai_Wenguang" title="Lai Wenguang">Lai Wenguang</a> were incorporated into Nian ranks. After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">[60]</a> After the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Li_Yonghe" title="Li Yonghe">Li Yonghe</a> and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi.<a href="#cite_note-r1-62">[61]</a> Remnant forces of the <a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a> uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Li_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Li people">Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> They were assisted by non-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin people</a> and other hill tribes in the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The other Muslim rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan revolt</a>, was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a> had accepted an imperial title. Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. During the Dungan revolt, various groups fought against each other without any coherent goal.<a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-68">[67]</a> According to modern researchers,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the <a href="/wiki/Hui_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui Muslims">Hui Muslims</a> were aiding the Taiping rebels. The Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Jonathan Spence</a> claims that a key reason for the Taiping's defeat was its inability to coordinate its rebellion with other rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1999176-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG/220px-Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG/330px-Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG/440px-Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A miniature of the Palace of Heavenly Kingdom in Nanjing</figcaption></figure> The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. They also outlawed the importation of opium into all Taiping territories.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[71]</a> In regard to religion, the Kingdom replaced <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> with the Taiping Christianity, <a href="/wiki/God_Worshipping" class="mw-redirect" title="God Worshipping">God Worshipping</a>, which held that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus and the second son of <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>. Buddhist libraries were burned. Because Hong saw Confucianism was a shadow of its noble origin, being now a tool of the Qing to tyrannize Han people, libraries of the Confucian monasteries were destroyed—in the Yangtze delta, almost entirely<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>—and the temples were often defaced or turned into temples of his new religion or hospitals and libraries.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">[60]</a> Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. The Taiping were especially opposed to <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, destroying idols wherever found with great prejudice. Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_138–141]-74">[73]</a> Separation of the sexes was strictly enforced in the first few years, although it tapered off in later years. Part of the extremeness came from a mistranslation of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, which led to the seventh commandment also forbidding "licentiousness" as well as adultery. It was so severe that parents and children of the opposite sex could not interact, and even married couples were discouraged from having sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_138–141]-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg/180px-Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg/270px-Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg/360px-Heavenly_king%27s_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>The Heavenly King's throne in Nanjing</figcaption></figure> The rebels used brilliant unorthodox strategies that nearly toppled the dynasty but inspired it to adopt what one historian calls "the most significant military experimentation since the seventeenth century."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016275–277-75">[74]</a> The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. It was marked by a high level of discipline and fanaticism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They typically wore a uniform of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in China they were nicknamed "long hair". In the beginning of the rebellion, the large numbers of women serving in the Taiping army also distinguished it from other 19th-century armies. However, after 1853 there ceased being many women in the Taiping army. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuanjiao" title="Hong Xuanjiao">Hong Xuanjiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su_Sanniang" title="Su Sanniang">Su Sanniang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Ersao" title="Qiu Ersao">Qiu Ersao</a> are examples of women who became leaders of the Taiping army's female soldiers. Combat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. Both armies would attempt to push each other off of the battlefield, and though casualties were high, few battles were decisively won. The Taiping army's main strategy of conquest was to take major cities, consolidate their hold on the cities, then march out into the surrounding countryside to recruit local farmers and battle government forces. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2 million soldiers. The army's organization was allegedly inspired by that of the Qin dynasty. Each army corps consisted of roughly 13,000 men. These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes. In addition to the main Taiping forces organised along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars. The rebels were relatively well equipped with modern weapons. They were not supported by foreign governments, but they bought modern munitions—including firearms, artillery, and ammunition—from foreign suppliers. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_16-76">[75]</a> Munitions—partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores—were smuggled into China, mainly by the English and Americans. An April 1862 shipment from an American dealer "well known for their dealings with rebels" included 2,783 (percussion cap) muskets, 66 carbines, 4 rifles, and 895 field artillery guns; the dealer carried passports signed by the Loyal King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_21-77">[76]</a> The rebels also manufactured weapons, and imported manufacturing equipment. In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns—including heavy cannon—than the Qing. The rebels augmented their modern arsenal with captured equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_21-77">[76]</a> Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiucheng" title="Li Xiucheng">Li Xiucheng</a> advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_22-78">[77]</a> As early as 1853, foreigners from various countries joined the rebels in combat and administrative roles, and were in a position to observe the Taiping in battle. The rebels were courageous under fire, erected defensive works quickly, and used mobile pontoon bridges. One tactic was to ring a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing troops as they emerged individually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_16-76">[75]</a> There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. Among the Navy's commanders was the Hang king <a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhengcai" title="Tang Zhengcai">Tang Zhengcai</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Taiping Rebellion">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/310px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/465px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg/620px-Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Retaking the provincial city of <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></figcaption></figure> Ethnically, the Taiping army was at the outset formed largely from these groups: the <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> subgroup; the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a>, local residents of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> (a non-Han ethnic group). It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and the other Taiping royals were Hakka. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. For example, when the Hakka settled in Guangdong and parts of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a> speakers were already the dominant regional Han group there and they had been so for some time, just as speakers of various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> are locally dominant in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. Consequently, the Hakka, to a greater extent than other Han Chinese, have been historically associated with popular unrest and rebellion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regaining_Jinling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Regaining_Jinling.jpg/310px-Regaining_Jinling.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Regaining_Jinling.jpg/465px-Regaining_Jinling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Regaining_Jinling.jpg/620px-Regaining_Jinling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>The retaking of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> by Qing troops</figcaption></figure> The other significant ethnic group in the Taiping army was the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>, an indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> origin and China's largest non-Han ethnic minority group. Over the centuries, Zhuang communities had been adopting Han Chinese culture. This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a great deal of linguistic diversity, so the Zhuang could be absorbed as if the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang language</a> were just another Han Chinese dialect (which it is not). Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social structure">edit</a>]</div> Socially and economically, the Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lowest classes. Many of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Almost none were landlords and in occupied territories landlords were often executed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_forces">Qing forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Qing forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military of the Qing dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/310px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/465px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/620px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Qing forces retaking <a href="/wiki/Run_Prefecture" title="Run Prefecture">Run Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> Opposing the rebellion was an imperial army with over a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. Among the imperial forces was the elite <a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a>, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Townsend_Ward" title="Frederick Townsend Ward">Frederick Townsend Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles Gordon</a>) and supplied by European <a href="/wiki/Arms_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms companies">arms companies</a> like Willoughbe & Ponsonby.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> A particularly famous imperial force was <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. Where the armies under the control of dynasty itself were unable to defeat the Taiping, these gentry-led <a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> armies were able to succeed.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael1966[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-81">[80]</a> Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also meant that the majority of any records it possessed were destroyed, the percentage of records said to have survived is around 10%. Over the course of the conflict, around 90% of recruits to the Taiping side would be killed or defect.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Aside from local militias, the organisation of the Qing army was: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a> Army: 250,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199411-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a>: <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 610,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199413–14-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> (Hunan): 130,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199416-85">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a> (Anhui): 70,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199416-85">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a>: 40,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199416-85">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a>: 5,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199433-86">[85]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Western_powers">Relationship with the Western powers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Western powers">edit</a>]</div> The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Western_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western powers">Western powers</a> who were active in China during this period.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[71]</a> Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas".<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[71]</a> The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[71]</a> In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary <a href="/wiki/Issachar_Jacox_Roberts" title="Issachar Jacox Roberts">Issachar Jacox Roberts</a> to come to Nanjing to aid in the administration of his government.<a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[86]</a> After Roberts arrived in Nanjing in 1861 and met with Hong, he was commissioned by him as the director of foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[86]</a> While some missionaries like Roberts were enthusiastic in the first few years about the Taiping rebellion, Western skepticism existed from the inception of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[71]</a> According to historian Prescott Clarke, Westerners in China became separated into two different groups in regards to their views on the rebellion, with one side depicting the rebels as mere robbers whose intention was to gather wealth through revolting against the Qing, and the other side depicting the rebel army as religious fanatics provoked by skillful leaders to fight against the Qing to the death.<a href="#cite_note-:2-88">[87]</a> The government officials of the Western powers were optimistic about the Taiping government's chance of victory in the early stages.<a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[88]</a> According to historian Eugene P. Boardman, the Qing dynasty's enforcement of the treaty of 1842–1844 was frustrating US and British officials, especially in terms of open trade.<a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[88]</a> According to Boardman the Christian nature of the Taiping opened up the possibility for a more cooperative trade partnership. Many Western officials visited the capital of Taiping between 1863 and 1864, and American commissioner Robert Milligan McLane considered granting official recognition of the Taiping government.<a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[88]</a> According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-:2-88">[87]</a> That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. Upon visiting Nanjing, McCartee described the situation in the city as "Dreadful destruction of life." As for the actual practice of Christianity in the city, McCartee said "I saw no signs of anything resembling Christianity in or near [Nanjing]".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity—worse than useless."<a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[86]</a> After the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>, Royal Navy officer <a href="/wiki/James_Hope_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Hope (Royal Navy officer)">Sir James Hope</a> led an expedition to Nanjing in February 1861.<a href="#cite_note-:2-88">[87]</a> This expedition was the largest party of Westerners to visit Taiping territories, with the inclusion of many British military personnel, entrepreneurs, missionaries, other unofficial observers and two French representatives.<a href="#cite_note-:2-88">[87]</a> Upon visiting the capital, some members of the expedition wrote that "devastation marked our journey" in reference to the conditions in Taiping territories.<a href="#cite_note-:4-91">[90]</a> Some reports suggested a great deal of indiscriminate slaughter of civilians conducted by the Taiping army in newly controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-91">[90]</a> In late 1861, Hope made a brief visit to Nanjing to come to an agreement with the Taiping rebels not to attack the city of Shanghai, a proposal which was refused by the Taiping government.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningbo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-88">[87]</a> Western assistance for the Qing was also driven by the fear that a successful rebellion would lead to a stronger China able to resist Western power.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Total_war">Total war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Total war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg/220px-Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg/330px-Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg/440px-Taiping_Rebellion_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Taiping Rebellion, 1866</figcaption></figure> The Taiping Rebellion was a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. Under the Taiping household registration system, one adult male from each household was to be <a href="/wiki/Conscripted" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripted">conscripted</a> into the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_13-94">[93]</a> During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. This war was total in the sense that civilians on both sides participated in the war effort to a significant extent and the armies on both sides waged war against both the civilian population and military forces. Contemporary accounts describe the amount of desolation which befell rural areas as a result of the conflict.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-60">[59]</a> In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population. In the province of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> one Qing loyalist who observed the <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">genocidal massacres</a> which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus"—men, women and children—were executed by the Taiping forces. The Taiping rebels were seen chanting while slaughtering the Manchus in Hefei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_139]-95">[94]</a> After capturing Nanjing, Taiping forces killed about 40,000 Manchu civilians.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On 27 October 1853, they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cang_Prefecture" title="Cang Prefecture">Cangzhou</a> and murdered 10,000 Manchus.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Since the rebellion began in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Reportedly in the province of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, it is written that one million were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, that at their height killed up to 30,000 each day.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> These policies of mass murder of civilians occurred elsewhere in China, including <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197340-102">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> This resulted in a massive civilian flight and death toll with some 600 towns destroyed<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> and other bloody policies resulting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Beyond staggering human and economic devastation, the Taiping Rebellion left changes within the late Qing dynasty. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19738-105">[104]</a> The traditional Manchu banner forces upon which the Qing dynasty depended failed and were gradually replaced with gentry-organized local armies. <a href="/wiki/Franz_H._Michael" title="Franz H. Michael">Franz H. Michael</a>, wrote that these evolved into armies used by <a href="/wiki/Warlord#China" title="Warlord">local warlords</a> who dominated China after the fall of the Qing dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Diana Lary, however, in a review-of-the-field article, cited studies that were skeptical of these claims, since the armies created to put down the Taiping operated in a different context from later regional armies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> and other future revolutionaries. Some Taiping veterans joined the <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19739-109">[108]</a> whose Christian members organized short-lived <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Kingdom_of_the_Great_Mingshun" title="Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun">Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun</a> in 1903. Although <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. Chinese Communist historians, following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, however, characterized the rebellion as a proto-communist uprising.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Both Communist and Nationalist commanders studied Taiping organization and strategy during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. American General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>, who commanded Chinese troops during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, praised Zeng Guofan's campaigns for combining "caution with daring" and "initiative with perseverance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford2018113-111">[110]</a> Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze delta">Yangtze delta</a>. The result was a shortage in labor supply for the first time in centuries, making labor relatively more valuable than land.<a href="#cite_note-greatqing-112">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Xiang Army used <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched earth tactics">scorched earth tactics</a>, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. The landed gentry of the Lower Yangtze region were reduced in numbers and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">concentration of land ownership</a> was reduced.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion by military forces from Hunan led to the dramatic increase of Hunanese representation in the government, who played a role in reform efforts. By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. The Hunanese gentry, based on their experience with the Taiping, were more guarded against the influence of Westerners than other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Merchants in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huizhou_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Huizhou region">Huizhou region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country.<a href="#cite_note-greatqing-112">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, trade in coastal regions, especially in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> was less affected by violence than trade in inland areas was. Streams of refugees who entered Shanghai contributed to the economic development of the city, which was previously less commercially relevant than other cities in the area were. Only a tenth of Taiping-published records survive to this day because they were mostly destroyed by the Qing in an attempt to rewrite the history of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> compares the Taiping rebels with the communists under Mao Zedong who came to power a century later: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In addition to the zeal, vigor, and puritanical discipline so often found in new political movements, they shared certain traditional Chinese interests, such as propagating and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, recruiting an elite of talent, realizing a utopian social order, and developing military power based on farmer-soldiers. Furthermore, both made use of foreign ideologies which required translation into Chinese with inevitable modifications in the process.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The Taiping Rebellion has been treated in <a href="/wiki/Historical_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novels">historical novels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elegant" title="Robert Elegant">Robert Elegant</a>'s 1983 <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(Elegant_novel)" title="Mandarin (Elegant novel)">Mandarin</a> depicts the time from the point of view of a Jewish family living in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Flashman_and_the_Dragon" title="Flashman and the Dragon">Flashman and the Dragon</a>, the fictional <a href="/wiki/Harry_Paget_Flashman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Paget Flashman">Harry Paget Flashman</a> recounts his adventures during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> and the Taiping Rebellion. In <a href="/wiki/Lisa_See" title="Lisa See">Lisa See</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Snow_Flower_and_the_Secret_Fan" title="Snow Flower and the Secret Fan">Snow Flower and the Secret Fan</a> the title character is married to a man who lives in Jintian and the characters get caught up in the action. <a href="/wiki/Amy_Tan" title="Amy Tan">Amy Tan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Secret_Senses" title="The Hundred Secret Senses">The Hundred Secret Senses</a> takes place in part during the time of the Taiping Rebellion. <a href="/wiki/Rebels_of_the_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom">Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom</a> by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. Li Bo's Tienkuo: The Heavenly Kingdom takes place within the Taiping capital at Nanjing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The war has also been depicted in a few television shows and films. In 1988, a 45-episode drama series about the Taiping Rebellion called <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_a_Nation" title="Twilight of a Nation">Twilight of a Nation</a> was produced in Hong Kong by <a href="/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a>. In 2000, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> produced <a href="/wiki/The_Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom_(TV_series)" title="The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (TV series)">The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a>, a 46-episode series about the Taiping Rebellion. <a href="/wiki/The_Warlords" title="The Warlords">The Warlords</a> is a 2007 historical film set in the 1860s showing Gen. Pang Qinyun, leader of the Shan Regiment, as responsible for the capture of Suzhou and Nanjing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiping_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_Asia#Ming_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Cannibalism in Asia">Cannibalism in Asia § Ming and Qing dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism_in_colonial_societies" title="Millenarianism in colonial societies">Millenarianism in colonial societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqibu" title="Taqibu">Taqibu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodblock print">woodblock print</a> of an unidentified Taiping leader.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199411–16-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199411–16_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, pp. 11–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19944-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath19944_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19947-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath19947_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012xxiii-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012xxiii_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012xxiii_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatt2012">Platt (2012)</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19734–7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian19734–7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian19734–7_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, pp. 4–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael19667-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael19667_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsautumninheavenly00plat_p._xxiii]-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsautumninheavenly00plat_p._xxiii]_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatt2012">Platt (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat">p. xxiii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12582157-global-trends">"Global Trends: Facing up to a Changing World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Trends%3A+Facing+up+to+a+Changing+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F12582157-global-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickersJackson2016" class="citation book cs1">Bickers, Robert; Jackson, Isabella (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JPsyDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power</a>. Routledge. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26628-0"><bdi>978-1-317-26628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+Ports+in+Modern+China%3A+Law%2C+Land+and+Power&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-26628-0&rft.aulast=Bickers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJPsyDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Fong201311–12_11-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer-Fong2013">Meyer-Fong (2013)</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Meyer-Fong, Tobie. "War". What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China. Stanford University Press, September 26, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015652–654-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015652–654_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsterhammel2015">Osterhammel (2015)</a>, pp. 652–654. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996115–16,_160–163,_181–82-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996115–16,_160–163,_181–82_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, pp. 115–16, 160–163, 181–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohr2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, P. Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters/vol26/iss1/3/">"Did the Hakka Save China? Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation"</a>. Headwaters. 26. College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University: 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Headwaters&rft.atitle=Did+the+Hakka+Save+China%3F+Ethnicity%2C+Identity%2C+and+Minority+Status+in+China%27s+Modern+Transformation&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=P.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csbsju.edu%2Fheadwaters%2Fvol26%2Fiss1%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197323–24-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197323–24_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesneaux1973">Chesneaux (1973)</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael19664,_10-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael19664,_10_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, pp. 4, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196615–16-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196615–16_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196610–12-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196610–12_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196614–15-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196614–15_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng (1977) p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Pamela Kyle Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800 (2010) 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197315–18-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian197315–18_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian197315–18_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, pp. 15–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196623-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196623_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199647–49-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199647–49_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199647–49_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang196628-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang196628_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaelChang1966">Michael & Chang (1966)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197319-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian197319_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian197320-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian197320_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian197320_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199664-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199664_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199664_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-sources-31"><a href="#cite_ref-sources_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BaryLufrano2000" class="citation book cs1">De Bary, William Theodore; Lufrano, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaarAgAAQBAJ">Sources of Chinese Tradition</a>. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. pp. 213–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11271-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+Tradition&rft.pages=213-215&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11271-0&rft.aulast=De+Bary&rft.aufirst=William+Theodore&rft.au=Lufrano%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaarAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Teng, Yuah Chung. "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion". The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol 23, No. 1 (November 1963), pp. 55–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhee-Asian-Millenarianism-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhee-Asian-Millenarianism_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhee2007" class="citation book cs1">Rhee, Hong Beom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8IRdcnxg08C">Asian Millenarianism: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Taiping and Tonghak Rebellions in a Global Context</a>. Youngstown, NY: Cambria. pp. 163, 172, 186–187, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934-04342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934-04342-4"><bdi>978-1-934-04342-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Millenarianism%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Study+of+the+Taiping+and+Tonghak+Rebellions+in+a+Global+Context&rft.place=Youngstown%2C+NY&rft.pages=163%2C+172%2C+186-187%2C+191&rft.pub=Cambria&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934-04342-4&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Hong+Beom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8IRdcnxg08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199678–80-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199678–80_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, pp. 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilcourse2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilcourse2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilcourse2016">Kilcourse (2016)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXbrNq1sBVtMCqTaipingChristianity_4]-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXbrNq1sBVtMCqTaipingChristianity_4]_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXbrNq1sBVtMCqTaipingChristianity_4]_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReilly2011">Reilly (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbrNq1sBVtMC&q=Taiping+Christianity">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199697–99-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199697–99_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, pp. 97–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196635-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196635_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly201144–45-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly201144–45_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReilly2011">Reilly (2011)</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1982-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1982_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1982">Perry (1982)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiBS8AAAAIAAJqtriads_348,_350]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiBS8AAAAIAAJqtriads_348,_350]_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1982">Perry (1982)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBS8AAAAIAAJ&q=triads">348, 350</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECdqKillthedemonsmanchuspgPA139_139]-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECdqKillthedemonsmanchuspgPA139_139]_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECdqKillthedemonsmanchuspgPA139_139]_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReilly2011">Reilly (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wm4CuSvIYiEC&dq=Kill+the+demons+manchus&pg=PA139">139</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196693-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196693_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Taiping_Rebellion_2002-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Taiping_Rebellion_2002_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Taiping_Rebellion_2002_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2002" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Maochun (2002). "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution". In Graff, David A.; Higham, Robin (eds.). A Military History of China. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%3A+A+Military+Assessment+of+Revolution+and+Counterrevolution&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=138&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Maochun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael196694–95-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael196694–95_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996237,_242–244-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996237,_242–244_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, pp. 237, 242–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996244-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996244_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElleman200153–54-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElleman200153–54_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElleman2001">Elleman (2001)</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElleman200152-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElleman200152_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElleman2001">Elleman (2001)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford201898-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford201898_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayford2018">Hayford (2018)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Richard J. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorious Army in Nineteenth Century China (Millwood, New York: KTO Press, 1978), passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996325-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996325_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang1966173-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaelChang1966173_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaelChang1966">Michael & Chang (1966)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Long (2010). Tiān cháoxiàng zuǒ, shìjiè xiàng yòu: Jìndài zhōngxī jiāofēng de shízìlù kǒu <bdi lang="zh">天朝向左，世界向右：近代中西交锋的十字路口</bdi> [The Celestial Empire Turns Left, the World Turns Right: The Crossroads of Sino-Western Confrontation in Modern Times] (in Chinese). Beijing: Huawen chubanshe. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-507-52744-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-507-52744-5"><bdi>978-7-507-52744-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ti%C4%81n+ch%C3%A1oxi%C3%A0ng+zu%C7%92%2C+sh%C3%ACji%C3%A8+xi%C3%A0ng+y%C3%B2u%3A+J%C3%ACnd%C3%A0i+zh%C5%8Dngx%C4%AB+ji%C4%81of%C4%93ng+de+sh%C3%ADz%C3%ACl%C3%B9+k%C7%92u+%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%9D%E5%90%91%E5%B7%A6%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%91%E5%8F%B3%EF%BC%9A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%A4%E9%94%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%B7%AF%E5%8F%A3&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Huawen+chubanshe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-507-52744-5&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2017" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). The roots and consequences of civil wars and revolutions: conflicts that changed world history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-84294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-440-84294-8"><bdi>978-1-440-84294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+roots+and+consequences+of+civil+wars+and+revolutions%3A+conflicts+that+changed+world+history&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-440-84294-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Bradley Camp (2017). Imperial Bandits: Outlaws and Rebels in the China-Vietnam Borderlands. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99969-2"><bdi>978-0-295-99969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Bandits%3A+Outlaws+and+Rebels+in+the+China-Vietnam+Borderlands&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99969-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Bradley+Camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580815">Taiping Rebellion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Gregory (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx6DDwAAQBAJ&dq=taiping+rebellion+%22100+million%22&pg=PT208">China Imagined: From European Fantasy to Spectacular Power</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-787-38168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-787-38168-1"><bdi>978-1-787-38168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Imagined%3A+From+European+Fantasy+to+Spectacular+Power&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-787-38168-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMx6DDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtaiping%2Brebellion%2B%2522100%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPT208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstrom2016" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRs9DAAAQBAJ&dq=taiping+rebellion+%22100+million%22&pg=PA64">The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern China</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-68375-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-68375-8"><bdi>978-0-199-68375-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-199-68375-8&rft.aulast=Wasserstrom&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRs9DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtaiping%2Brebellion%2B%2522100%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatt2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2018)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatt2012">Platt (2012)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-62"><a href="#cite_ref-r1_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Xinlong (王新龙) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vsdAgAAQBAJ&q=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E5%92%8C%E8%93%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%BC%8E&pg=RA1-PT108">Dà qīng wángcháo 4 <bdi lang="zh">大清王朝4</bdi></a> [Qing Dynasty 4] (in Chinese). Qingpingguo shuju zhongxin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A0+q%C4%ABng+w%C3%A1ngch%C3%A1o+4+%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D4&rft.pub=Qingpingguo+shuju+zhongxin&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xinlong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vsdAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E6%259D%258E%25E6%25B0%25B8%25E5%2592%258C%25E8%2593%259D%25E6%259C%259D%25E9%25BC%258E%26pg%3DRA1-PT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhPyvsdymU8C&q=Small+Sword+Society&pg=PA415">"Small Sword Society"</a>. China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84415-3"><bdi>978-1-598-84415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Small+Sword+Society&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-598-84415-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhPyvsdymU8C%26q%3DSmall%2BSword%2BSociety%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&q=du+wenxiu+han&pg=PA59">China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</a>. Richmond: Curzon. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-700-71026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-700-71026-4"><bdi>0-700-71026-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-700-71026-4&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwuSpFiOFfYC%26q%3Ddu%2Bwenxiu%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwill2005" class="citation book cs1">Atwill, David G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&q=du+wenxiu+anti+han&pg=PA139">The Chinese sultanate: Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in southwest China, 1856–1873</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-804-75159-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-804-75159-5"><bdi>0-804-75159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+sultanate%3A+Islam%2C+ethnicity%2C+and+the+Panthay+Rebellion+in+southwest+China%2C+1856%E2%80%931873&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-804-75159-5&rft.aulast=Atwill&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDa2M_viEclEC%26q%3Ddu%2Bwenxiu%2Banti%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEW6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+great+Yunnan+uprising,+launched+by+Du+Wenxiu+in+conjunction+with+members+of+the+Han,+Li,+Bai,+Hani">Chinese studies in philosophy, Volume 28</a>. M. E. Sharpe. 1997. p. 67. Retrieved June 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+studies+in+philosophy%2C+Volume+28&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEW6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bgreat%2BYunnan%2Buprising%2C%2Blaunched%2Bby%2BDu%2BWenxiu%2Bin%2Bconjunction%2Bwith%2Bmembers%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHan%2C%2BLi%2C%2BBai%2C%2BHani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFytche1878" class="citation book cs1">Fytche, Albert (1878). Burma past and present. C. K. Paul. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K28oAAAAYAAJ/page/n320">300</a>. <q>joined by hill tribes of shans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+past+and+present&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=C.+K.+Paul&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Fytche&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnaut-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut" class="citation book cs1">Garnaut, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals</a> (PDF). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. p. 98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 9, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3A+Governor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Pacific+and+Asian+History%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-80055-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-80055-0"><bdi>0-295-80055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-295-80055-0&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8Nzux7z6KAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1954" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, H. A. R. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&q=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849">Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5</a>. Brill. p. 849. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-004-07164-4" title="Special:BookSources/9-004-07164-4"><bdi>9-004-07164-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pages=849&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9-004-07164-4&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJY3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhui%2Bmuslims%2Bchinese%2Bnew%2Byear%26pg%3DPA849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1999176-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1999176_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1999">Spence (1999)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagner, Rudolf G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-china/taiping-rebellion-COM_00135?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-china&s.q=Taiping#d264813970e237">"Taiping Rebellion"</a>. Brill's Encyclopedia of China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiping+Rebellion&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+China&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-china%2Ftaiping-rebellion-COM_00135%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-china%26s.q%3DTaiping%23d264813970e237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarocco2007" class="citation book cs1">Tarocco, Francesca (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAqayrP3wmwC">The Cultural Practices of Modern Chinese Buddhism: Attuning the Dharma</a>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAqayrP3wmwC&pg=PA48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75439-5"><bdi>978-1-136-75439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Practices+of+Modern+Chinese+Buddhism%3A+Attuning+the+Dharma&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75439-5&rft.aulast=Tarocco&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKAqayrP3wmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_138–141]-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_138–141]_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_138–141]_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReilly2011">Reilly (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wm4CuSvIYiEC&pg=PA139">138–141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016275–277-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016275–277_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade (2016)</a>, pp. 275–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_16-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_16_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_16_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, chapter 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_21-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_21_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_21_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, chapter 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_22-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_22_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, chapter 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsey-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsey_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, Robert S. (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 167, 232–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06694-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06694-9"><bdi>0-691-06694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.pages=167%2C+232-236&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-691-06694-9&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chappell, Jonathan (2018). "Some Corner of a Chinese Field: The politics of remembering foreign veterans of the Taiping civil war". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 52 (4): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X16000986">10.1017/S0026749X16000986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Corner+of+a+Chinese+Field%3A+The+politics+of+remembering+foreign+veterans+of+the+Taiping+civil+war&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X16000986&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael1966[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael1966[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael1966">Michael (1966)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2011" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Kent G. (2011). China's Political Economy in Modern Times: Changes and Economic Consequences, 1800–2000. Business & Economies. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+Economy+in+Modern+Times%3A+Changes+and+Economic+Consequences%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.series=Business+%26+Economies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Kent+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199411-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199411_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199413–14-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199413–14_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199416-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199416_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199416_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199416_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath199433-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath199433_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1994">Heath (1994)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeng1963" class="citation journal cs1">Teng, Yuan Chung (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050633">"Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion"</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies. 23 (1): 55–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2050633">10.2307/2050633</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050633">2050633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162690095">162690095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Reverend+Issachar+Jacox+Roberts+and+the+Taiping+Rebellion&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-67&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162690095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2050633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2050633&rft.aulast=Teng&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2050633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeGregory1982" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Prescott; Gregory (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/115161">Western reports on the Taiping : a selection of documents</a>. Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+reports+on+the+Taiping+%3A+a+selection+of+documents&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Prescott&rft.au=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F115161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1951" class="citation journal cs1">Boardman, Eugene P. (1951). "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 10 (2): 115–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049091">10.2307/2049091</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6917">0363-6917</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049091">2049091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Christian+Influence+Upon+the+Ideology+of+the+Taiping+Rebellion&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-124&rft.date=1951&rft.issn=0363-6917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049091&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=Eugene+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> "A letter from Dr D B McCartee". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/115161">Western reports on the Taiping: a selection of documents</a>. Clarke, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_91-1">b</a> "A Report by R. J. Forest". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/115161">Western reports on the Taiping: A selection of documents</a>. Clarke, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1862/03/29/archives/our-china-correspondence-affairs-at-ningpo-admiral-hope-finds-fault.html">"Our China Correspondence: Affairs at Ningpo Admiral Hope Finds Fault with the Rebels Proceedings of the Insurrectionists Distress at Shanghai How Foreigners are to be Protected"</a>. The New York Times. March 29, 1862. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Our+China+Correspondence%3A+Affairs+at+Ningpo+Admiral+Hope+Finds+Fault+with+the+Rebels+Proceedings+of+the+Insurrectionists+Distress+at+Shanghai+How+Foreigners+are+to+be+Protected.&rft.date=1862-03-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1862%2F03%2F29%2Farchives%2Four-china-correspondence-affairs-at-ningpo-admiral-hope-finds-fault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism/The-Opium-Wars">"Western colonialism – The Opium Wars"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Western+colonialism+%E2%80%93+The+Opium+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWestern-colonialism%2FThe-Opium-Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary sources">tertiary source</a> reuses information from other sources but does not name them. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_13-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1996chapter_13_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1996">Spence (1996)</a>, chapter 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_139]-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwm4CuSvIYiECpgPA139_139]_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReilly2011">Reilly (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wm4CuSvIYiEC&pg=PA139">139</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA289">Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History</a>. W. W. Norton. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%3A+The+100+Deadliest+Episodes+in+Human+History&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fQHlaIpR4C%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2002" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZpAAAAMAAJ">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures</a>. McFarland. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1204-4&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTCZpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPing-ti1959" class="citation book cs1">Ping-ti, Ho (1959). Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Population+of+China%2C+1368%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Ping-ti&rft.aufirst=Ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiang1992" class="citation book cs1">Kiang, Clyde (1992). The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland. Allegheny. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hakka+Odyssey+%26+their+Taiwan+homeland&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Allegheny&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kiang&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell1962" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Victor (1962). China. London: Ernest Benn. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFPurcell1962">Purcell 1962</a>, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197340-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesneaux197340_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesneaux1973">Chesneaux (1973)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelissier1967" class="citation book cs1">Pelissier, Roger (1967). The Awakening of China: 1793–1949. Translated by Kieffer, Martin. New York: Putnam. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+of+China%3A+1793%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pelissier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurcell1962">Purcell 1962</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19738-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian19738_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1949" class="citation journal cs1">Michael, Franz (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/18/4/469.full.pdf">"Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion"</a> (PDF). Pacific Historical Review. 18 (4): 469–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3635664">10.2307/3635664</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3635664">3635664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Military+Organization+and+Power+Structure+of+China+During+the+Taiping+Rebellion&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-483&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3635664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3635664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphr.ucpress.edu%2Fcontent%2Fucpphr%2F18%2F4%2F469.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrandChan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Strand, David; Chan, Ming K. (1981). "Militarism and Militarization in Modern Chinese History". Trends in History. 2 (2): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ265v02n02_06">10.1300/J265v02n02_06</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+History&rft.atitle=Militarism+and+Militarization+in+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ265v02n02_06&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Chan%2C+Ming+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLary1980" class="citation journal cs1">Lary, Diana (1980). "Warlord Studies". Modern China. 6 (4): 468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048000600403">10.1177/009770048000600403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Warlord+Studies&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=468&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048000600403&rft.aulast=Lary&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJian19739-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJian19739_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJian1973">Jian (1973)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Little" title="Daniel Little">Little, Daniel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538&context=chinabeatarchive">"Marx and the Taipings"</a>. Retrieved December 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx+and+the+Taipings&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1538%26context%3Dchinabeatarchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford2018113-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford2018113_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayford2018">Hayford (2018)</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-greatqing-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greatqing_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greatqing_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Rowe" title="William T. Rowe">Rowe, William T.</a> (2012). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06624-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06624-3"><bdi>978-0-674-06624-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Last+Empire%3A+The+Great+Qing&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06624-3&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ping-ti_Ho" title="Ping-ti Ho">Ho, Ping-ti</a> (1959). Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Harvard University Press. pp. 221–222, 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674852457" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674852457"><bdi>978-0674852457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Population+of+China%2C+1368%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=221-222%2C+236-237&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0674852457&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Ping-ti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2017" class="citation book cs1">Shaffer, Lynda (2017). "Chapter 2 The Setting: Hunan, its Elite and Mao". Mao Zedong and Workers: The Labour Movement in Hunan Province, 1920–23. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351715942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351715942"><bdi>978-1351715942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+The+Setting%3A+Hunan%2C+its+Elite+and+Mao&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+Workers%3A+The+Labour+Movement+in+Hunan+Province%2C+1920%E2%80%9323&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351715942&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuddard1975" class="citation journal cs1">Suddard, Adrienne (1975). "The Jen Yu-wen Collection on the Taiping Revolutionary Movement". The Yale University Library Gazette. 49 (3): 293–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858560">40858560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+University+Library+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Jen+Yu-wen+Collection+on+the+Taiping+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-296&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40858560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Suddard&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankReischauerCraig1965" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Reischauer, Edwin O.; Craig, Albert M. (1965). East Asia: The modern transformation: A History of East Asian Civilization. Vol. II. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+The+modern+transformation%3A+A+History+of+East+Asian+Civilization&rft.pages=162&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+Edwin+O.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Albert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkus1983" class="citation cs2">Kirkus (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-s-elegant-4/mandarin/">"Mandarin, by Robert S. Elegant"</a>, Kirkus (Book review)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirkus&rft.atitle=Mandarin%2C+by+Robert+S.+Elegant&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Kirkus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Frobert-s-elegant-4%2Fmandarin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2017" class="citation book cs1">Li, Bo (March 10, 2017). Tienkuo: The Heavenly Kingdom. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5426-6057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5426-6057-0"><bdi>978-1-5426-6057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tienkuo%3A+The+Heavenly+Kingdom&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-5426-6057-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_monographs_and_surveys">Modern monographs and surveys</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern monographs and surveys">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691178141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691178141"><bdi>978-0691178141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691178141&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesneaux1973" class="citation book cs1">Chesneaux, Jean (1973). Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949. Translated by Curwen, C. A. New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Revolts+in+China%2C+1840%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chesneaux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElleman2001" class="citation book cs1">Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfrJ94gA1BoC">Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415214735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415214735"><bdi>978-0415214735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Warfare%2C+1795%E2%80%931989&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415214735&rft.aulast=Elleman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfrJ94gA1BoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1994" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Ian (1994). The Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1866. Osprey Military Men-at-Arms Series. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-346-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-346-X"><bdi>1-85532-346-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%2C+1851%E2%80%931866&rft.series=Osprey+Military+Men-at-Arms+Series&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85532-346-X&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJian1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jian_Youwen" title="Jian Youwen">Jian, Youwen</a> (1973). The Taiping Revolutionary Movement. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01542-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01542-9"><bdi>0-300-01542-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-300-01542-9&rft.aulast=Jian&rft.aufirst=Youwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcourse2016" class="citation book cs1">Kilcourse, Carl S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRolDQAAQBAJ">Taiping Theology: The Localization of Christianity in China, 1843–64</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53728-7"><bdi>978-1-137-53728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiping+Theology%3A+The+Localization+of+Christianity+in+China%2C+1843%E2%80%9364&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-53728-7&rft.aulast=Kilcourse&rft.aufirst=Carl+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRolDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Fong2013" class="citation book cs1">Meyer-Fong, Tobie S. (2013). What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5425-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-5425-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Remains%3A+Coming+to+Terms+with+Civil+War+in+19th+Century+China&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5425-5&rft.aulast=Meyer-Fong&rft.aufirst=Tobie+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterhammel2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Osterhammel" title="Jürgen Osterhammel">Osterhammel, Jürgen</a> (2015). The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Camiller, Patrick. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16980-4"><bdi>978-0-691-16980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+the+World%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16980-4&rft.aulast=Osterhammel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2012" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Stephen R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat">Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27173-0"><bdi>978-0-307-27173-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autumn+in+the+Heavenly+Kingdom%3A+China%2C+the+West%2C+and+the+Epic+Story+of+the+Taiping+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27173-0&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautumninheavenly00plat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2011" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Thomas H. (2011) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wm4CuSvIYiEC">The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80192-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80192-6"><bdi>978-0-295-80192-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Heavenly+Kingdom%3A+Rebellion+and+the+Blasphemy+of+Empire&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80192-6&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwm4CuSvIYiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godschinesesonta0000spen">God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03844-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03844-0"><bdi>0-393-03844-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Chinese+Son%3A+The+Taiping+Heavenly+Kingdom+of+Hong+Xiuquan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-393-03844-0&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodschinesesonta0000spen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1999" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393973518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393973518"><bdi>978-0393973518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0393973518&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelChang1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Franz_H._Michael" title="Franz H. Michael">Michael, Franz H.</a>; Chang, Chung-li (1966). The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents. Vol. I: History. Seattle: University of Washington Publications on Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%3A+History+and+Documents&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Publications+on+Asia&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Franz+H.&rft.au=Chang%2C+Chung-li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayford2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hayford, Charles W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/fhic/13/1/article-p90_7.xml">"New Chinese Military History, 1839–1951: What's the Story?"</a>. Frontiers of History in China. 13 (1): 90–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3868%2Fs020-007-018-0006-0">10.3868/s020-007-018-0006-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+History+in+China&rft.atitle=New+Chinese+Military+History%2C+1839%E2%80%931951%3A+What%27s+the+Story%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90-126&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3868%2Fs020-007-018-0006-0&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ffhic%2F13%2F1%2Farticle-p90_7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Perry" title="Elizabeth J. Perry">Perry, Elizabeth J.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBS8AAAAIAAJ">"Taipings and Triads: The Role of Religion in Inter-rebel Relations"</a>. In Bak, János M.; Benecke, Gerhard (eds.). Religion and Rural Revolt: Papers Presented to the Fourth Interdisciplinary Workshop on Peasant Studies, University of British Columbia, 1982. Manchester University Press. pp. 342–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0990-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0990-1"><bdi>0-7190-0990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taipings+and+Triads%3A+The+Role+of+Religion+in+Inter-rebel+Relations&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Rural+Revolt%3A+Papers+Presented+to+the+Fourth+Interdisciplinary+Workshop+on+Peasant+Studies%2C+University+of+British+Columbia%2C+1982&rft.pages=342-353&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7190-0990-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiBS8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_H._Michael" title="Franz H. Michael">Michael, Franz H.</a> (1966). The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents. Seattle: University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%3A+History+and+Documents&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Franz+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988">. 3 vols. Volumes two and three select and translate basic documents.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1952" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, Eugene P. (1952). Christian Influence upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1864. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844537061">844537061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Influence+upon+the+Ideology+of+the+Taiping+Rebellion%2C+1851%E2%80%931864&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844537061&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=Eugene+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brine, Lindesay, The Taeping Rebellion in China (London: J. Murray, 1862)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chappell, Jonathan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88338/2/Chappell_Shanghai%20Bridgehead_Accepted.pdf">"The Limits of the Shanghai Bridgehead: Understanding British Intervention in the Taiping Rebellion 1860–62"</a> (PDF). Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 44 (4): 533–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2016.1210251">10.1080/03086534.2016.1210251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159751071">159751071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+the+Shanghai+Bridgehead%3A+Understanding+British+Intervention+in+the+Taiping+Rebellion+1860%E2%80%9362&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=533-550&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2016.1210251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159751071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F88338%2F2%2FChappell_Shanghai%2520Bridgehead_Accepted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1992" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Caleb (1992). The devil soldier: the story of Frederick Townsend Ward. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41114-7"><bdi>978-0-679-41114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+devil+soldier%3A+the+story+of+Frederick+Townsend+Ward&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41114-7&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Carl J. Danko, Foreign Devils and God-Worshipers: Western Mercenaries and Cross-Cultural Realism During the Taiping Rebellion (Army Command And General Staff College, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1038932.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1990" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Jack (1990). Rebellions and revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s. The Short Oxford history of the modern world. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913076-4"><bdi>978-0-19-913076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellions+and+revolutions%3A+China+from+the+1800s+to+the+1980s&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Short+Oxford+history+of+the+modern+world&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-913076-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsü2000" class="citation book cs1">Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofmodernchin00hs">The rise of modern China</a> (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512503-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+modern+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512503-0&rft.aulast=Hs%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Immanuel+C.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofmodernchin00hs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuan2017" class="citation book cs1">Huan, J. I. N. (2017). "In Search of a Chinese Utopia: The Taiping Rebellion as a Literary Event". A New Literary History of Modern China. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+a+Chinese+Utopia%3A+The+Taiping+Rebellion+as+a+Literary+Event&rft.btitle=A+New+Literary+History+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Huan&rft.aufirst=J.+I.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Philip A. Kuhn, "The Taiping Rebellion", in John K. Fairbank, ed., Cambridge History of China Vol Ten Pt One (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970): 264–317.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn" title="Philip A. Kuhn">Philip A. Kuhn</a>, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China; Militarization and Social Structure, 1796–1864 (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1970). Influential analysis of the rise of rebellion and the organization of its suppression. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebellionitsenem0000kuhn">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Philip A. (1977). "Origins of the Taiping Vision: Cross-Cultural Dimensions of a Chinese Rebellion". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 9 (3): 350–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500008756">10.1017/S0010417500008756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177996">177996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144407449">144407449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Taiping+Vision%3A+Cross-Cultural+Dimensions+of+a+Chinese+Rebellion&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-366&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144407449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177996%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500008756&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Levenson" title="Joseph R. Levenson">Levenson, Joseph R.</a> (1962). "Confucian and Taiping "Heaven": The Political Implications of Clashing Religious Concepts". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 4 (4): 436–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500001390">10.1017/S0010417500001390</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177693">177693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144053533">144053533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Confucian+and+Taiping+%22Heaven%22%3A+The+Political+Implications+of+Clashing+Religious+Concepts&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=436-453&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144053533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177693%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500001390&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1970" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, Augustus (1970) [1866]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tipingtienkwohh01lindgoog/page/n5">Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh: The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution</a>. Day & Son. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3467844">3467844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ti-Ping+Tien-Kwoh%3A+The+History+of+the+Ti-Ping+Revolution&rft.pub=Day+%26+Son&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3467844&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftipingtienkwohh01lindgoog%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions, Viewed in Connection with Their National Philosophy, Ethics, Legislation, and Administration. To Which is Added, an Essay on Civilization and Its Present State in the East and West. (London: Smith, Elder; Bombay: Smith, Taylor, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseandtheir02meadgoog">American Libraries eBook text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Moule" title="George Moule">Archdeacon Moule</a>, Personal Recollections of the T'ai-P'ing Rebellion 1861–63 (Shanghai: Printed at the "Celestial Empire" Office 1884).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1982" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Rudolf G. (1982). Reenacting the heavenly vision: the role of religion in the Taiping Rebellion. China research monograph. Vol. 25. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912966-60-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912966-60-1"><bdi>978-0-912966-60-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reenacting+the+heavenly+vision%3A+the+role+of+religion+in+the+Taiping+Rebellion&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=China+research+monograph&rft.pub=Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-912966-60-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1978" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Mary C. (1978) [1957]. The Last stand of Chinese conservatism: the T'ung-chih restoration, 1862-1874. History (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0476-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-0476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+stand+of+Chinese+conservatism%3A+the+T%27ung-chih+restoration%2C+1862-1874&rft.series=History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0476-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiucheng1970" class="citation book cs1">Xiucheng, Li (1970). The Autobiography of the Chung-Wang (Confession of the Loyal Prince). Translated by Lay, W. T. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-02723-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-02723-0"><bdi>978-0-275-02723-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+the+Chung-Wang+%28Confession+of+the+Loyal+Prince%29&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-275-02723-0&rft.aulast=Xiucheng&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2002" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Maochun (2002). "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution". In Graff, David A.; Higham, Robin (eds.). A Military History of China. Westview. pp. 135–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813337364" title="Special:BookSources/0813337364"><bdi>0813337364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion%3A+A+Military+Assessment+of+Revolution+and+Counterrevolution&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=135-152&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0813337364&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Maochun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng, Xiaowei (2018). "The Literary Turn: An Introduction of the Special Issue on Ways of Writing the Taiping Civil War". Frontiers of History in China. 13 (2): 167–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+History+in+China&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Turn%3A+An+Introduction+of+the+Special+Issue+on+Ways+of+Writing+the+Taiping+Civil+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Xiaowei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiping+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Taiping Rebellion <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiping+Rebellion">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiping+Rebellion&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yqvqt">The Taiping Rebellion</a> – BBC discussion with <a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Rana Mitter</a>, University of Oxford; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Frances Wood</a> British Library; and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Lovell" title="Julia Lovell">Julia Lovell</a>, University of London.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;">(1616–1683)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;">(1683–1799)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;">(1801–1900)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;">(1901–1912)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiping_Rebellion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiping_Rebellion" title="Template:Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiping_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiping_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiping Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiping_Rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiping Rebellion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jintian_Uprising" title="Jintian Uprising">Jintian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1852)" title="Battle of Changsha (1852)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuchang" title="Battle of Wuchang">Wuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing_(1853)" title="Battle of Nanjing (1853)">1st Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Expedition" title="Western Expedition">Western Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(Taiping_Rebellion)" title="Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Expedition" title="Eastern Expedition">Eastern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangnan_(1856)" title="Battle of Jiangnan (1856)">1st Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjing_incident" title="Tianjing incident">Tianjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanhe" title="Battle of Sanhe">Sanhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangnan_(1860)" title="Battle of Jiangnan (1860)">2nd Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Ningbo" title="Occupation of Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anqing" title="Battle of Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai_(1861)" title="Battle of Shanghai (1861)">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guanzhong_(1861)" title="Battle of Guanzhong (1861)">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cixi" title="Battle of Cixi">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changzhou" title="Battle of Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Nanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Nanking">3rd Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hubei" title="Battle of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fujian" title="Battle of Fujian">Fujian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Tianguifu" title="Hong Tianguifu">Hong Tianguifu</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuanjiao" title="Hong Xuanjiao">Hong Xuanjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiuqing" title="Yang Xiuqing">Yang Xiuqing</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yunshan" title="Feng Yunshan">Feng Yunshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Chaogui" title="Xiao Chaogui">Xiao Chaogui</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Changhui" title="Wei Changhui">Wei Changhui</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Rengan" title="Hong Rengan">Hong Rengan</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Dakai" title="Shi Dakai">Shi Dakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiucheng" title="Li Xiucheng">Li Xiucheng</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yucheng" title="Chen Yucheng">Chen Yucheng</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shixian" title="Li Shixian">Li Shixian</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Rigang" title="Qin Rigang">Qin Rigang</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other rebel leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lexing" title="Zhang Lexing">Zhang Lexing</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Nian Rebels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Sanniang" title="Su Sanniang">Su Sanniang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Ersao" title="Qiu Ersao">Qiu Ersao</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Red Turban rebels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qing dynasty leaders and personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengge_Rinchen" title="Sengge Rinchen">Sengge Rinchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanwen" title="Guanwen">Guanwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Bingzhang" title="Luo Bingzhang">Luo Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirhangga" title="Jirhangga">Jirhangga</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoliang" title="Zhang Guoliang">Zhang Guoliang</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Chun" title="He Chun">He Chun</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Rong" title="Xiang Rong">Xiang Rong</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Townsend_Ward" title="Frederick Townsend Ward">Frederick Townsend Ward</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_L%C3%A9opold_Protet" title="Auguste Léopold Protet">Auguste Protet</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Shanxiang" title="Fu Shanxiang">Fu Shanxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jiumei" title="Hu Jiumei">Hu Jiumei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Fuqing" title="Yang Fuqing">Yang Fuqing</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_ranks_of_the_Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Noble ranks of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Noble ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also:</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192408#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024092">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph239909&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285783205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1259847192">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1259847192</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiping_Rebellion" title="Category:Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850_in_China" title="Category:1850 in China">1850 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1851_in_China" title="Category:1851 in China">1851 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1852_in_China" title="Category:1852 in China">1852 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1853_in_China" title="Category:1853 in China">1853 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1854_in_China" title="Category:1854 in China">1854 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1855_in_China" title="Category:1855 in China">1855 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1856_in_China" title="Category:1856 in China">1856 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1857_in_China" title="Category:1857 in China">1857 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1858_in_China" title="Category:1858 in China">1858 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_in_China" title="Category:1859 in China">1859 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860_in_China" title="Category:1860 in China">1860 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_in_China" title="Category:1861 in China">1861 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1862_in_China" title="Category:1862 in China">1862 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1863_in_China" title="Category:1863 in China">1863 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_in_China" title="Category:1864 in China">1864 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_China" title="Category:19th century in China">19th century in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_rebellions" title="Category:19th-century rebellions">19th-century rebellions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_China" title="Category:Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianization" title="Category:Christianization">Christianization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eight_Banners" title="Category:Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocides_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocides in Asia">Genocides in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peasant_revolts" title="Category:Peasant revolts">Peasant revolts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Category:Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-based_civil_wars" title="Category:Religion-based civil wars">Religion-based civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Category:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty">Rebellions in the Qing dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_in_China" title="Category:Civil wars in China">Civil wars in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Category:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_France" title="Category:Wars involving France">Wars involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Category:Wars involving the Qing dynasty">Wars involving the Qing dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom">Wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2024">Use mdy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_reorganization_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2013">Articles needing additional references from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 11:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mv6dh","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.159","walltime":"2.444","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19891,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":345040,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19195,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":334538,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2081.057 1 -total"," 23.66% 492.459 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.59% 386.967 77 Template:Sfnp"," 16.80% 349.663 57 Template:Cite_book"," 13.54% 281.787 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 11.80% 245.472 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 6.89% 143.332 11 Template:Fix"," 6.25% 130.140 3 Template:Cite_web"," 5.67% 117.987 20 Template:Delink"," 4.55% 94.664 1 Template:Campaignbox_Taiping_Rebellion"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.318","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19926382,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrade2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBickersJackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoardman1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoardman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesneaux1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeGregory1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BaryLufrano2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElleman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankReischauerCraig1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFytche1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnaut\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsü2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJian1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiang1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilcourse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkus1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLary1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer-Fong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelChang1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsterhammel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelissier1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPing-ti1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrandChan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuddard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarocco2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeng1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserstrom2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiucheng1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZheng2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Taiping Rebellion\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Cleanup reorganize\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Est.\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 6,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 14,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 12,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Natural Causes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Pn\"] = 3,\n [\"Qing dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 77,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Taiping Rebellion\"] = 1,\n [\"Tertiary\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","18.7"],["?","220","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","4.0"],["tostring","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","2.7"],["[others]","360","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-g98r4","timestamp":"20241130105934","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Taiping Rebellion","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiping_Rebellion","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192408","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192408","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-24T21:21:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T11:37:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/Regaining_the_Provincial_City_Anqing2.jpg","headline":"Qing Dynasty era rebellion (1851-1864)"}</script> </body> </html>