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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Folk songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk epics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_epics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk epics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epic_hikayat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_hikayat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Epic hikayat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_hikayat-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Local tales and legends from Malaysia</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/330px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/495px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/660px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>A Kelantanese <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a></i> that narrated the tale of <i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Malaysian folklore</b> is the folk culture of Malaysia and other indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> as expressed in its oral traditions, written manuscripts and local wisdoms. Malaysian folklores were traditionally transmitted orally in the absence of writing systems. Oral tradition thrived among the Malays, but continues to survive among <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> and numerous Bornean ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>. Nevertheless, Malaysian folklores are closely connected with classical <a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a> of the region. Even though, Malay folklore tends to have a regional background, with the passing of time, and through the influence of the modern media, large parts of regional Malay folklore have become interwoven with the wider popular Malaysian folklore. </p><p>In Malay, the term <i>budaya rakyat</i> is used to describe folklore. According to the <i>Kamus Dewan</i>, <i>budaya rakyat</i> can be interpreted as stories, customs, clothing, behaviour etc. that are inherited by a society or a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysian folklore takes a heavy influence from Indian tradition, with a number of figures, legends, and creatures being adapted from the pre-Islamic traditions of the Malay Archipelago. This Indian influence means that Malaysian folklore generally differs between regions in the country, folklores from west Malaysia have more influence of Indian folklores than east Malaysia. However, many parts of Malay and Malaysian folklore still contain evidence of pre-Islamic past. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_tales">Folk tales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Folk tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysian folk tales include a vast variety of forms such as myths, legends, fables, etc. The main influences on Malaysian folk tales have been Indian, Javanese and middle eastern folk tales. Many Indian epics have been translated into Malay since ancient time including the Sanskrit epics of <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, which are the basis of the Malaysian art of <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a></i>. Besides, Indian epics, the Javanese epic of <i><a href="/wiki/Panji_tales" title="Panji tales">Panji</a></i> has also influenced Malay literature and plays a major part in enriching Malaysian folk tales. </p><p>Malaysian folk tales are usually centred around romance between princes and princesses, kings and queens, or heroes and their damsels. Until today, numerous royal courts exist in Malaysia and supplied the basis of many folk stories. For example, folk tales like <i>Puteri Lindungan Bulan</i> and <i>Raja Bersiong</i> have always been associated with the Sultanate of Kedah, and the story of <i>Puteri Limau Purut</i> has been associated with the Sultanate of Perak. Due to the nature of migration in the region, some of the popular Malaysian folk tales may also arrived from other part of Malay Archipelago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_tales_2">Folk tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These folk tales are often told by story tellers called <i>penglipur lara</i>, which defined by <i>Kamus Dewan</i> as people who comfort the sad heart by telling folk tales with elements of humour, usually interspersed with pantun, syair, seloka etc. There are a few <i>penglipur lara</i> that exist today, often farmers or villagers in rural Malaysia. Different form of story tellers exists throughout Malaysia – <i>Awang Batil</i> or <i>Awang Belanga</i> in Perlis; <i><a href="/wiki/Mak_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mak Yong">Mak Yong</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siamese <i><a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Menora</a></i>, <i>Tok Selampit</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> Kelantan</i> in Kelantan; <i>Hamdolok</i> and Javanese <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> Purwo</i> in Johor; Minangkabau <i><a href="/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a></i> and <i>Tukang Kaba</i> in Negeri Sembilan, <i><a href="/wiki/Jikey" title="Jikey">Jikey</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mek_Mulung" title="Mek Mulung">Mek Mulung</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> Gedek</i> in Kedah; <i><a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a></i> in Melaka and Penang. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UlekMayangdance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UlekMayangdance.jpg/220px-UlekMayangdance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UlekMayangdance.jpg/330px-UlekMayangdance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UlekMayangdance.jpg/440px-UlekMayangdance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Terengganuan <i>Ulek Mayang</i> folk dance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the popular Malaysian folk tales are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i>Anak Buluh Betung</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Badang" title="Badang">Badang</a></i></li> <li><i>Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bawang_Merah_Bawang_Putih" title="Bawang Merah Bawang Putih">Bawang Merah Bawang Putih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syair_Bidasari" title="Syair Bidasari">Bidasari</a></i></li> <li><i>Buaya Sangkut & Upeh Guling</i> from Johor</li> <li><i>Bujang Senang</i> from Sarawak<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bukit Melawati</i> from Selangor</li> <li><i>Bukit Puteri</i> from Terengganu</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siti_Wan_Kembang" title="Siti Wan Kembang">Cik Siti Wan Kembang</a></i> from Kelantan</li> <li><i>Dang Isah Tandang Sari</i> from Sarawak<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dayang Senandung</i></li> <li><i>Gua Cerita</i> from Kedah</li> <li><i>Gua Kota Gelanggi</i> from Pahang</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huminodun" title="Huminodun">Huminodun</a></i> from Sabah</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Mangkat_Di_Julang_Mausoleum" title="Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Di Julang Mausoleum">Laksamana Bentan</a></i> from Johor</li> <li><i>Lata Kijang</i> from Negeri Sembilan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahsuri" title="Mahsuri">Mahsuri</a></i> from Kedah</li> <li><i>Mat Chinchang Mat Raya</i> from Kedah</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsopiad" title="Monsopiad">Monsopiad</a></i> from Sabah</li> <li><i>Naga Gunung Kinabalu</i> from Sabah</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_Gumum_Dragon" title="Seri Gumum Dragon">Naga Tasik Chini</a></i> from Pahang<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nahkoda Ragam</i> from Penang</li> <li><i>Puteri Buih</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Puteri_Gunung_Ledang" title="Legend of Puteri Gunung Ledang">Puteri Gunung Ledang</a></i> from Johor</li> <li><i>Puteri Limau Purut</i> from Perak</li> <li><i>Puteri Lindungan Bulan</i> from Kedah<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puteri_Saadong" title="Puteri Saadong">Puteri Saadong</a></i> from Kelantan</li> <li><i>Puteri Santubong Puteri Sejenjang</i> from Sarawak</li> <li><i>Raja Bersiong</i> from Kedah</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_Tanggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Si Tanggang">Si Tanggang</a></i></li> <li><i>Singapura Dilanggar Todak</i></li> <li><i>Sri Rambai</i> from Penang</li> <li><i>Tasik Dayang Bunting</i> from Kedah</li> <li><i>Telaga Tujuh</i> from Kedah</li> <li><i>Tugau</i> from Sarawak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulek_Mayang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulek Mayang">Ulek Mayang</a></i> from Terengganu</li> <li><i>Upu Chendera Burung</i> from Selangor</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walinong_Sari" title="Walinong Sari">Walinong Sari</a></i> from Pahang</li></ul></div> <p>Besides popular Malaysian folk tales mentioned above, the exclusive stories of <i><a href="/wiki/Mak_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mak Yong">Mak Yong</a></i> are considered as the most authentic form of Malay folk tales. Some of those obtained from outside the Malay-Thai region have now died out elsewhere such as <i>Anak Raja Gondang</i>, a story originally from the <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a></i> but now almost unknown in India. </p><p>Twelve <i>Mak Yong</i> stories that are considered complete, original and of sufficient artistic value are:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i>Dewa Muda</i></li> <li><i>Dewa Pencil</i></li> <li><i>Dewa Sakti</i></li> <li><i>Dewa Indera, Indera Dewa</i></li> <li><i>Dewa Panah</i></li> <li><i>Endeng Tejali</i> <ul><li><i>Anak Raja Gondang</i></li> <li><i>Batak Raja Gondang</i></li> <li><i>Bongsu Sakti</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Gading Bertimang</i></li> <li><i>Raja Tangkai Hati</i></li> <li><i>Raja Muda Lakleng</i></li> <li><i>Raja Muda Lembek</i></li> <li><i>Raja Besar Dalam Negeri Ho Gading</i></li> <li><i>Bentara Muda</i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_comics">Folk comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Folk comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malay folk comics are also part of Malaysian folk tales and usually spread orally, even after it is written it still retains its oral properties. </p><p>Among the popular Malay folk comics are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Abu Nawas</i></li> <li><i>Lebai Malang</i></li> <li><i>Mahasyodhak</i></li> <li><i>Mat Jenin</i></li> <li><i>Musang Berjanggut</i></li> <li><i>Pak Belalang</i></li> <li><i>Pak Kadok</i></li> <li><i>Pak Pandir</i></li> <li><i>Si Luncai</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_folk_tales">Animal folk tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Animal folk tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg/450px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg/600px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malacca_New.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The two <i><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">kancils</a></i> supporting the shield of Malaccan coat of arms, serve to recall the legend involving a kancil had attacked one of the hunting dogs of <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a>, the first king of Malacca, and kicked the dog into the river.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malaysian animal folk tales are often used to explain certain natural phenomena or moral lessons. The animals in these stories usually possess the ability to speak and think like humans. In Malaysian animal folk tales, the <i>Kancil</i> usually portray as the main character with other animals in the forest as supporting characters. In Malay culture, <i>Kancil</i> is regarded with the highest esteem due to its ability to overcome obstacles and defeat adversaries despite its rather small appearance. <i>Kancil</i> also appears in the state herald of Melaka and even plays a part in the legend of the founding of Melaka. </p><p>Among the Malaysian <i>Kancil</i> stories manuscripts are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kancil_Story" title="Kancil Story">Hikayat Sang Kancil</a></i></li> <li><i>Pelanduk dengan Anak Memerang</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Pelanduk Jenaka</i></li></ul> <p>Among the popular Kancil stories are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Sang Kancil Berkawan dengan Monyet</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Buaya</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Gajah</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Gergasi</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Harimau Tua</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Landak</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Monyet</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Perigi Buta</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil dengan Tali Pinggang Hikmat</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil digigit Buaya</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil Menipu Harimau</i></li> <li><i>Sang Kancil Menolong Kerbau</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music of Malaysia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_music_2">Folk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every states in Malaysia employ different versions of oral traditions but the most popular is in the form of folk-singing or <i>lagu rakyat</i>. For example, <i>Ghazal Melayu</i> can be heard in all over Malaysia but it is most associated with Johor district of <a href="/wiki/Muar_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muar (district)">Muar</a>. In <i>Ghazal Melayu</i>, poets and singers vocalize <i>pantun</i> or <i>syair</i> to the middle eastern and Indian-inspired music called <i>Ghazal Melayu</i>. This form of folk-singing is also performs at weddings and cultural festivals. In Melaka, <i><a href="/wiki/Dondang_Sayang" title="Dondang Sayang">Dondang Sayang</a></i>, a Malaccan love ballad, is perform by Malays and the Malay-speaking <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan</a> communities, with pantun usually themed around love, life, and marriage. This variety of genres in Malaysian folk music reflects the cultural groups within Malaysian society; Malay, Chinese, Indian, Dayak, Kadazandusun, Bajau, Orang Asli, Melanau, Kristang, Siamese and others.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different form of folk music can be heard throughout Malaysia – Negeri Sembilan with its Minangkabau <i><a href="/wiki/Bongai" title="Bongai">Bongai</a></i> and <i>Tumbuk Kalang</i>; Kelantan with its <i><a href="/wiki/Dikir_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikir Barat">Dikir Barat</a></i> and <i>Rebana Ubi</i>; Sabah with their <i><a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintangan</a></i> and Bajau <i>Isun-Isun</i> and Kadazandusun Murut <i><a href="/wiki/Sompoton" title="Sompoton">Sompoton</a></i>; Sarawak with their <i>Bermukun</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iban <i>Engkromong</i> and Orang Ulu <i><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sape</a></i>; Perak with its <i>Belotah</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Rebana Perak</i>; Penang with its unique <i><a href="/wiki/Boria_(theatre)" title="Boria (theatre)">Boria</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Ghazal Parti</i>; Selangor with its Javanese <i>Cempuling</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Keroncong" class="mw-redirect" title="Keroncong">Keroncong</a></i>; Terengganu with its middle eastern inspired <i><a href="/wiki/Rodat_(dance)" title="Rodat (dance)">Rodat</a></i> and <i>Kertuk Ulu</i>. </p><p>Within each of these folk-singing forms, messages and stories are told, handing down of local wisdom from one generation to another in the form of poetry which may include any of these: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a></i> – Malay poem that usually consists of four lines in each stanza. The first two lines are hints and the rest contains meaning.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syair" title="Syair">Syair</a></i> – Malay poem that usually consists of four lines with the same sound at the end of each stanza.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurindam" title="Gurindam">Gurindam</a></i> – <i>pantun</i> that consists of two lines that contain advice or teaching.</li> <li><i>Seloka</i> – Malay poem that contains teachings, satire, or humour.</li> <li><i>Nazam</i> – Malay poem (similar to <i>syair</i>) consisting of twelve lines in each stanza.</li> <li><i>Sajak</i> – Modern Malay poem (different from <i>pantun</i> or <i>syair</i>) composed in beautiful language to express thoughts, feelings, or experiences.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantera</a></i> - Malay poem that when read can cause supernatural powers (to cure diseases etc.)</li> <li><i>Teromba</i> - Malay poem that contains teachings of Malay customs and traditions in Negeri Sembilan.</li></ul> <p>Malaysian folk music has also provide inspiration for Malaysian cultural practitioner for centuries. Folk musics, which were originally accompanied by <i>pantun</i>, <i>syair</i> or <i>gurindam</i>, provided inspiration for dance and other styles of performing arts. </p><p>Names of traditional Malay songs are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i>Anak Raja Turun Beradu</i></li> <li><i>Anak Ikan</i></li> <li><i>Anak Manja</i></li> <li><i>Anak Tiong</i></li> <li><i>Bayangan Pelangi</i></li> <li><i>Bukit Melati</i></li> <li><i>Bulan Purnama</i></li> <li><i>Bunga Raya</i></li> <li><i>Bunga Tanjong</i></li> <li><i>Burung Punggok</i></li> <li><i>Burung Puteh</i></li> <li><i>Cenderawasih</i></li> <li><i>Damak</i></li> <li><i>Damak Bentan</i></li> <li><i>Embon Berderai</i></li> <li><i>Embon Menitik</i></li> <li><i>Gambus Api-api</i></li> <li><i>Gunong Banang</i></li> <li><i>Gunong Bentan</i></li> <li><i>Gunong Daik</i></li> <li><i>Gunong Lambak</i></li> <li><i>Gunong Panti</i></li> <li><i>Hari Dunia</i></li> <li><i>Istana Melati</i></li> <li><i>Jalak Lenteng</i></li> <li><i>Kasih Menumpang</i></li> <li><i>Kuala Deli</i></li> <li><i>Laila Majnon</i></li> <li><i>Laila Manja</i></li> <li><i>Laksamana Mati Di-Bunoh</i></li> <li><i>Lanchang Daik</i></li> <li><i>Luka Di Hati</i></li> <li><i>Makan Sireh</i></li> <li><i>Malam Merindu</i></li> <li><i>Mas Merah</i></li> <li><i>Mega Mendong</i></li> <li><i>Mendong Petang</i></li> <li><i>Mustika Embon</i></li> <li><i>Nasib Badan</i></li> <li><i>Pak Ngah Balik</i></li> <li><i>Puteri Ledang</i></li> <li><i>Sambas</i></li> <li><i>Sayang Musalmah</i></li> <li><i>Seri Banang</i></li> <li><i>Seri Mersing</i></li> <li><i>Seri Muar</i></li> <li><i>Seri Serawak</i></li> <li><i>Seri Siantan</i></li> <li><i>Siti Payong</i></li> <li><i>Tambak Johor</i></li> <li><i>Timang Banjar</i></li> <li><i>Tudong Saji</i></li></ul></div> <p>The existence of pre-Islamic beliefs can be traced in traditional Malay songs due to the number of <i>"Kualas"</i>, <i>"Hulus"</i>, <i>"Gunungs"</i> and <i>"Seris"</i> mentioned in the lyrics and titles. Geographically, many names in the classical <i>pantun</i> and names of the songs are mainly "southern" Malaysia. Some of these melodies were later adopted into other popular folk music genres such as <i>asli</i>, <i>inang</i> or <i>joget</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_songs">Folk songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Folk songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysian folklore includes a considerable collection of folksongs. However, several of these folksongs might have been originated from other parts of the Malay Archipelago. Many of these songs are in the form of stories weaved into poetry or simple rhyme. These folksongs are often integrated with moral values and some may also include stories of talking animals such as <i>Bangau Oh Bangau</i> and <i>Tanya Sama Pokok</i>. </p><p>Among the popular Malaysian children folksongs are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i>1 2 3 Sayang Semuanya</i></li> <li><i>Air Pasang Pagi</i></li> <li><i>Anak Ayam</i></li> <li><i>Anak Itik Tok Wi</i></li> <li><i>Anak Rusa Nani</i></li> <li><i>Anaklah Ikan</i></li> <li><i>Bangun Pagi</i></li> <li><i>Bangau Oh Bangau</i></li> <li><i>Bapaku Pulang Dari Kota</i></li> <li><i>Buai Laju-laju</i></li> <li><i>Bunga Matahari</i></li> <li><i>Burung Kakak Tua</i></li> <li><i>Burung Kenek-kenek</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chan_Mali_Chan" title="Chan Mali Chan">Chan Mali Chan</a></i></li> <li><i>Che Mamat Parang Tajam</i></li> <li><i>Dayung Sampan</i></li> <li><i>Dodoi Si Dodoi</i></li> <li><i>Embun Sok Sek</i></li> <li><i>Enjit-enjit Semut</i></li> <li><i>Geylang Sipaku Geylang</i></li> <li><i>Hujan Dah Turun</i></li> <li><i>Ikan Kekek</i></li> <li><i>Jong-jong Inai</i></li> <li><i>Kopi Susu</i></li> <li><i>Lagu Tiga Kupang</i></li> <li><i>Lenggang Kangkung</i></li> <li><i>Lompat Si Katak Lompat</i></li> <li><i>Nenek Si Bongkok Tiga</i></li> <li><i>Oh Anakku</i></li> <li><i>Oh Bulan</i></li> <li><i>Patendu Patende</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_Sayang" title="Rasa Sayang">Rasa Sayang</a></i></li> <li><i>Saya Ada Kuda</i></li> <li><i>Sepuluh Budak Hitam</i></li> <li><i>Suar Suir Kemuning</i></li> <li><i>Sungai</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suriram" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriram">Suriram</a></i></li> <li><i>Tanya Sama Pokok</i></li> <li><i>Tebang Tebu</i></li> <li><i>Tepuk Amai-amai</i></li> <li><i>Tidurlah Adik</i></li> <li><i>Trek Tek Tek</i></li> <li><i>Waktu Fajar</i></li> <li><i>Wau Bulan</i></li> <li><i>Wau-wau Pepeh</i></li></ul></div> <p>Among the popular Malaysian regional folksongs are as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau">Bajau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Suluk</a> <ul><li><i>Bolak-bolak</i></li> <li><i>Daling-daling</i></li> <li><i>Kuda Pasu</i></li> <li><i>Limbai</i></li> <li><i>Mengiluk</i></li> <li><i>Tarirai</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a> <ul><li><i>Adai-adai</i></li> <li><i>Dansa</i></li> <li><i>Umang-umang Ting-ting</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadazandusun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazandusun">Kadazandusun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><i>Angalang</i></li> <li><i>Liliput</i></li> <li><i>Magunatip</i></li> <li><i>Mongigol Sumayau</i></li> <li><i>Mongigol Sumundai</i></li> <li><i>Sumazau Papar</i></li> <li><i>Sumazau Penampang</i></li> <li><i>Titikas</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah">Kenyah</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Ateklan</i></li> <li><i>Lan E</i></li> <li><i>Lane Tuyang</i></li> <li><i>Leleng</i></li> <li><i>Nombor Satu Nombor Dua</i></li> <li><i>Pui Ngeleput Burui</i></li> <li><i>Suket</i></li> <li><i>Telu Tiang</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Ala Banda Isti Banda</i></li> <li><i>Che Corte</i></li> <li><i>Farraperra</i></li> <li><i>Jingli Nona</i></li> <li><i>Kanji Papa</i></li> <li><i>Nina Boboi</i></li> <li><i>O Bela</i></li> <li><i>Riba de Barku</i></li> <li><i>Sarampeh</i></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_epics">Folk epics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Folk epics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysian literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_hikayat">Epic hikayat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epic hikayat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/220px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/330px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/440px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Hikayat</i> is a form of Malay literature, which tell the romanticised adventures of Malay heroes, or royal chronicles. The stories though based on historical events, are often involving mythological figures in a setting usually engaging the role of protagonists and antagonists. Often in Malay epics, the child would be born with a weapon or a magical creatures. Many of these <i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat" title="Hikayat">hikayat</a></i> were written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">classical Malay</a> using <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> from around the 15th century onward. Among the popular Malay folk <i>hikayat</i> are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i>Hikayat Ahmad dan Muhammad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah" title="Hikayat Amir Hamzah">Hikayat Amir Hamzah</a></i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda" title="Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda">Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Bayan_Budiman" title="Hikayat Bayan Budiman">Hikayat Bayan Budiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a></i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Indera Quraisyin</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Inderaputera" title="Hikayat Inderaputera">Hikayat Inderaputera</a></i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Isma Dewa</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Malim Deman</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Malim_Dewa" title="Hikayat Malim Dewa">Hikayat Malim Dewa</a></i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Marakarma</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a></i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Raja Ambong</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Raja Budiman</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Raja Dewa Maharupa</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Raja Donan</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Raja Muda</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Silindung Dalima</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Terung Pipit</i></li> <li><i>Hikayat Ular Nangkawang</i></li></ul></div> <p>Some of these epic stories were also believed to be an actual historical events that took place in the Malay Archipelago. For example, </p> <ul><li><i>Anggun Cik Tunggal</i> is set in Tiku-Pariaman</li> <li><i>Malim Deman</i> – set in <a href="/wiki/Muar_District" title="Muar District">Muar</a></li> <li><i>Hang Tuah</i> – set in <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></li> <li><i>Benua Tua</i> – a village located in <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><i>Lindungan Bulan</i> – an alternative name for <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><i>Nyiur Gading</i> – an alternative name for <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></li> <li><i>Serendah Sekebun Bunga</i> – an alternative name for <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li></ul> <p>Among the popular supporting characters in Malay epics are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Nenek Kebayan</i></li> <li><i>Si Kembang Cina</i></li> <li><i>Bujang Selamat</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_syair">Epic syair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epic syair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg/220px-Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg/330px-Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg/440px-Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>Syair Siti Zubaidah in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Syair</i> is a form of Malay literature, that is made up of long narrative poems composed of four-line stanzas with the same end rhyme. The <i>syair</i> can be a narrative poem, a didactic poem, a poem used to convey ideas on religion or philosophy, or even one to describe a historical event. Many of these <i><a href="/wiki/Syair" title="Syair">syair</a></i> were written in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">classical Malay</a>. </p><p>Among the popular Malay folk <i>syair</i> that in form of <i>hikayat</i> are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Malay <i>syair</i> based on <i>Panji</i> stories: <ul><li><i>Syair Angreni</i></li> <li><i>Syair Jaran Temasa</i></li> <li><i>Syair Ken Tambuhan</i></li> <li><i>Syair Panji Semerang</i></li> <li><i>Syair Undakan Agung Udaya</i></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <i>syair</i> based on romantic stories: <ul><li><i>Syair Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup</i></li> <li><i>Syair Bidasari</i></li> <li><i>Syair Damar Wulan</i></li> <li><i>Syair Dandan Setia</i></li> <li><i>Syair Dang Sirat</i></li> <li><i>Syair Kumbang Mengindera</i></li> <li><i>Syair Puteri Bunga Kamar</i></li> <li><i>Syair Puteri Handalan</i></li> <li><i>Syair Ratu Juwita</i></li> <li><i>Syair Si Lindung Delima</i></li> <li><i>Syair Silambari (known as Shak-yer Sinyor Layla in Baba Malay<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syair_Siti_Zubaidah_Perang_Cina" title="Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang Cina">Syair Siti Zubaidah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syair_Abdul_Muluk" title="Syair Abdul Muluk">Syair Sultan Abdul Muluk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <i>syair</i> based on real events, places or characters: <ul><li><i>Syair Bah Singapura</i></li> <li><i>Syair Pelayaran Sultan Iskandar</i></li> <li><i>Syair Perang Johor</i></li> <li><i>Syair Perang Perak</i></li> <li><i>Syair Perang Turki dan Rusia</i></li> <li><i>Syair Singapura Terbakar</i></li> <li><i>Syair Sultan Abu Bakar</i></li> <li><i>Syair Sultan Mansur</i></li> <li><i>Syair Sultan Maulana</i></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <i>syair</i> based on Islamic stories: <ul><li><i>Syair Abdassaman </i></li> <li><i>Syair Adham</i></li> <li><i>Syair Anbia</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nabi Allah Adam</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nabi Allah Ibrahim</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nabi Allah Yusuf</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nur Muhammad</i></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <i>syair</i> that contains stories that are told in the form of allegory: <ul><li><i>Syair Burung Pungguk</i></li> <li><i>Syair Ikan Terubuh Berahikan Puyu-Puyu</i></li> <li><i>Syair Kumbang dan Melati</i></li> <li><i>Syair Kupu-kupu</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nuri</i></li> <li><i>Syair Nyamuk dan Lalat</i></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_creatures">Epic creatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epic creatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Ghosts in Malaysian culture, see <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Ghosts in Malay culture</a>.</div> <p>Malaysians have always taken great interest in stories of ghosts and mythical creatures. Due to the animistic root of Malaysian folk lores, these ghosts are seen as sharing the plane of existence with humans and are not always considered evil. However, when the delicate line that separates the boundaries of existence is crossed, or a transgression of living spaces occurs, a conflict ensues that may result in disturbances such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">possessions</a>. In Malay, the term <i>hantu</i> is used to describe demon, ghost or ghoul and similar to the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></i>. Malay folk stories also adopted elements from the Islamic world, of middle eastern and Persian origin, which are somewhat differ from what Malays now refer to as angels or demons. </p><p>Among the popular ghost or mythical creatures in Malay folk lores are as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li>Ghosts <ul><li><i>Bajang</i>: a ghost with long nails that supposedly likes to disturb pregnant women or children</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelesit" title="Pelesit">Pelesit</a></i>: a ghost who supposedly likes to suck blood (usually represent themselves as grasshoppers)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggalan</a></i>: a ghost that supposedly can fly while its stomach is strapped out.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pocong" title="Pocong">Pocong</a></i>: a ghost in the form of corpses wrapped in shrouds</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Puntianak</a></i> or <i>Langsuir</i>: a ghost who supposedly likes to suck blood and disturb women in childbirth, and usually are themselves like women</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toyol" title="Toyol">Toyol</a></i>: a ghost who supposedly like to steal money</li></ul></li> <li>Humanoid beings <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Bidadara</a></i>: a prince in heaven or in <i><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Kayangan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Bidadari</a></i>: a princess in heaven or in <i>Kayangan</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Bunian" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Bunian">Bunian</a></i> or <i>Siluman</i>: hidden people in the forest</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Duyung</a></i>: a woman who is supposedly half human and half fish (tail part) and lives in the sea</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sang_Kelembai" title="Sang Kelembai">Kelambai</a></i>: a female red-haired ogre</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Mawas" title="Orang Mawas">Orang Mawas</a></i>: a Bigfoot of Johor</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Minyak" title="Orang Minyak">Orang Minyak</a></i>: a being who lubricates his body with oil (so that he will not be easily caught) and usually harasses women with the intention of violating them</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Raksasa</a></i> or <i>Gergasi</i> or <i>Bota</i>: a man-eating giant</li></ul></li> <li>Lycanthropic beings <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Jadian</a></i>: a human being who can transform themselves into animals (especially tigers)</li></ul></li> <li>Mythical beings <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a></i>: a fictional creature in the form of crocodiles or snakes but with wings and claws, able to breathe fire out of its mouth</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Semberani</a></i>: a fictional creature in the form of a horse with wing and can fly</li> <li><i>Sulur Bidar</i>: a fictional creature in the form of man-eating carpet monster and lives in the lake</li> <li><i>Tambuakar</i>: a fictional creature in the form of a dragon that evolved from fish after thousand of years</li></ul></li> <li>Mythical birds <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">Burung Bayan</a></i>: a mythical bird that brings romantic notions</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">Burung Cenderawasih</a></i>: a mythical bird in heaven or in <i><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Kayangan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Burung Geroda</a></i>: a mythical bird in classical Malay literature, great eagle</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Burung Jentayu</a></i>: a mythical bird that always cries out for rain</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burung_Petala" class="mw-redirect" title="Burung Petala">Burung Petala</a></i>: a mythical bird, guardian of Kelantan</li></ul></li> <li>Middle eastern and Persian additions <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></i>: an animal (in the form of winged horses and heads like human) ridden by Muhammad during Israk</li> <li><i>Dajal</i>: a creature that is believed to exist when the end times is near</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">Jin</a></i>: a creature created by Allah from fire that can resemble angels</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Malaikat</a></i>: a creature created by Allah from light, their nature and habits are always submissive and obedient to Allah and never violate His commands</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></i>: a genie who can be transformed into a beautiful woman</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Syaitan</a></i>: an evil subtle being who encourages evil</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For traditional medicine from Malaysia, see <a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine_2">Folk medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaysia is home to one of the world's oldest rainforests, rich in biodiversity with a great variety of plant species. With this biodiversity, a traditional medicine called <i>ramuan</i> is made from natural materials, such as roots, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves and fruits found in the forest, creating pleasing or healthful effects in the preparation of food and herbal medicines. In a broader context, the term <i>ramuan</i> is interchangeable with the concept of “mixture”. However, it further encompasses the sense of ingredient harmonizations; unity and integration of local ingredients. </p><p><i>Kitab Tib</i> is a medical manuscripts written in classical Malay is the basis of written Malay folk medicine. It refers to all medical manuscripts that usually discusses how to treat various diseases using materials from trees and plants mixed with spice ingredients, including constipation, menstruation and rheumatism. The use of prayer is also sometimes included in these manuscripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_healing">Folk healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Folk healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides, written manuscript, <i>Main Puteri</i>, a traditional methods of healing in Kelantan has existed since long ago among the Malay community in the state. It is difficult to distinguish between the aspects of "performing arts" and "medical ritual" in <i>Main Puteri</i> because there is a close relationship between these two elements. From the point of view of performance there are interesting elements in this art, combines the elements of acting, singing, dance and music; in addition to a combination of Islamic, magical and ritual elements. <i>Tok Teri</i>, the group leader, also acts as an intermediary to connect the patient with the <i>Angin</i> or <i>Semangat</i>. During this ritual, <i>Tok Teri</i> will be changing character; being cruel and fierce, senile old, disabled youth, nasal-voiced and various other characters to describe the pain borne by the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different form of folk-healing ritual can be performed throughout Malaysia – Sabah with its Bajau <i>Berasik</i> and Murut <i>Magunatip</i>; Sarawak with its Melanau <i>Dakan</i> and Iban <i>Sugi Sakit</i>; Terengganu with its <i>Saba</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian culture">Malaysian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=budaya+rakyat">"Carian Umum"</a>. <i>prpm.dbp.gov.my</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prpm.dbp.gov.my&rft.atitle=Carian+Umum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprpm.dbp.gov.my%2FCari1%3Fkeyword%3Dbudaya%2Brakyat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWazir-Jahan_Begum_Karim1990" class="citation book cs1">Wazir-Jahan Begum Karim, ed. (1990). <i>Emotions of culture: a Malay perspective</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/01-958-8931-2" title="Special:BookSources/01-958-8931-2"><bdi>01-958-8931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotions+of+culture%3A+a+Malay+perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=01-958-8931-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhulam-Sarwar_Yousof2015" class="citation book cs1">Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof (2015). <i>One Hundred and One Things Malay</i>. Partridge Publishing Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-828-5534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-828-5534-0"><bdi>978-14-828-5534-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+and+One+Things+Malay&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing+Singapore&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-14-828-5534-0&rft.au=Ghulam-Sarwar+Yousof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinitulniza_Abdul_Kadir2014" class="citation book cs1">Zinitulniza Abdul Kadir (2014). <i>MEK MULUNG: Kesenian Perantaraan Manusia dan Kuasa Ghaib Warisan Kedah Tua</i>. ITBM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-96-743-0772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-96-743-0772-1"><bdi>978-96-743-0772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEK+MULUNG%3A+Kesenian+Perantaraan+Manusia+dan+Kuasa+Ghaib+Warisan+Kedah+Tua&rft.pub=ITBM&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-96-743-0772-1&rft.au=Zinitulniza+Abdul+Kadir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebrochures.malaysia.travel/storage/myfile/files/Miscellaneous%20(Packages)/Archives/Archives5/treasured_080715(1).pdf">"Treasured Malaysian Legends"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ebrochures.malaysia.travel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789794618103" title="Special:BookSources/9789794618103"><bdi>9789794618103</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Classical+Malay+Literature&rft.pub=Yayasan+Pustaka+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=9789794618103&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Liaw+Yock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAsZDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Ann_Matusky,_Sooi_Beng_Tan2004" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Ann Matusky, Sooi Beng Tan, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofmalaysiac0000matu"><i>The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk, and Syncretic Traditions</i></a></span>. Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofmalaysiac0000matu/page/6">6</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754608318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754608318"><bdi>978-0754608318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Malaysia%3A+The+Classical%2C+Folk%2C+and+Syncretic+Traditions&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0754608318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofmalaysiac0000matu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish Corporation">Marshall Cavendish Corporation</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC"><i>World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei</i></a>. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1218–1222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761476429" title="Special:BookSources/9780761476429"><bdi>9780761476429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Malaysia%2C+Philippines%2C+Singapore%2C+and+Brunei&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1218-1222&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780761476429&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2018/01/03/bermukun-adat-melayu-sarawak-yang-tidak-lapuk-ditelan-zaman">"Bermukun, adat Melayu Sarawak yang tidak lapuk ditelan zaman"</a>. January 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermukun%2C+adat+Melayu+Sarawak+yang+tidak+lapuk+ditelan+zaman&rft.date=2018-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utusanborneo.com.my%2F2018%2F01%2F03%2Fbermukun-adat-melayu-sarawak-yang-tidak-lapuk-ditelan-zaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pemetaanbudaya.my/culture/dis/92">"Belotah"</a>. 15 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belotah&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpemetaanbudaya.my%2Fculture%2Fdis%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmah_Bujang1987" class="citation book cs1">Rahmah Bujang (1987). <i>Boria: A Form of Malay Theatre</i>. 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USA: Hal Leonard. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781540044730" title="Special:BookSources/9781540044730"><bdi>9781540044730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Folk+Songs+Collection%3A+Early+to+Mid-Intermediate+Level&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781540044730&rft.au=Charmaine+Siagian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aXkwgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipbl.edu.my/portal/penyelidikan/seminarpapers/2007/bengkel/chongbengkelIPBLfp.pdf">"BENGKEL INOVASI PEDAGOGI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ipbl.edu.my</i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hikayat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnm.gov.my%2Fmanuskrip%2Fmelayu%2F03koleksi%2F302_hikayat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamidAbdullah2017" class="citation book cs1">Hamid, Rahimah A.; Abdullah, Nurul Farhana Low (2017). <i>Kearifan Melayu dalam Syair Dang Sirat</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-461-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-461-174-3"><bdi>978-967-461-174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kearifan+Melayu+dalam+Syair+Dang+Sirat&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-967-461-174-3&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Rahimah+A.&rft.au=Abdullah%2C+Nurul+Farhana+Low&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/layla.htm">"Shak-yer Sinyor Layla"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shak-yer+Sinyor+Layla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabrizain.org%2Fmalaya%2Flayla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mythology_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Mythology of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mythology_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Mythology of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Mythology_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor"><img alt="Johor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Badang" title="Badang">Badang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca"><img alt="Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca"><img alt="Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hang_Jebat" title="Hang Jebat">Hang Jebat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah"><img alt="Kedah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahsuri" title="Mahsuri">Mahsuri</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah"><img alt="Sabah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nunuk_Ragang" title="Nunuk Ragang">Nunuk Ragang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca"><img alt="Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">Panglima Awang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor"><img alt="Johor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Puteri_Gunung_Ledang" title="Legend of Puteri Gunung Ledang">Princess of Mount Ledang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang"><img alt="Pahang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seri_Gumum_Dragon" title="Seri Gumum Dragon">Seri Gumum Dragon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan"><img alt="Negeri Sembilan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malin_Kundang" title="Malin Kundang">Si Tanggang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan"><img alt="Kelantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siti_Wan_Kembang" title="Siti Wan Kembang">Siti Wan Kembang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu"><img alt="Terengganu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulek_Mayang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulek Mayang">Tujuh Puteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priestesses, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisan" title="Bisan">Bisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of Malay ghosts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Air" title="Hantu Air">Hantu Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_(supernatural_creature)" title="Hantu (supernatural creature)">Hantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Raya" title="Hantu Raya">Hantu Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Tinggi" title="Hantu Tinggi">Hantu Tinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Bunian" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Bunian">Orang Bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Minyak" title="Orang Minyak">Orang Minyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocong" title="Pocong">Pocong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polong" title="Polong">Polong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelesit" title="Pelesit">Pelesit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyol" title="Toyol">Toyol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malay saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datuk_Keramat" title="Datuk Keramat">Datuk Keramat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese spirit places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na_Tuk_Kong" title="Na Tuk Kong">Na Tuk Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong" title="Tua Pek Kong">Tua Pek Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Sze_Si_Ya_Temple" title="Sin Sze Si Ya Temple">Sin Sze Ya and Si Sze Ya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay culture">Malay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Ghosts in Malay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian folk religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folklore of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie%27s_Castle#History" title="Kellie's Castle">Kellie's Castle Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81_Bao_A_Qu" title="Á Bao A Qu">Á Bao A Qu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Folklore of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Maldives" title="Folklore of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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