CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hydroxycarbamide - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cf90adb6-b3a2-4098-a8a6-dda9d55b2907","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hydroxycarbamide","wgTitle":"Hydroxycarbamide","wgCurRevisionId":1269017419,"wgRevisionId":1269017419,"wgArticleId":802042,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2024","Infobox drug with local INN variant","Drugs with non-standard legal status","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Multiple Chemboxes","Antineoplastic antimetabolites","Drugs developed by Bristol Myers Squibb","IARC Group 3 carcinogens","Sickle-cell disease","Ureas","World Health Organization essential medicines"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hydroxycarbamide","wgRelevantArticleId":802042,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Hydroxyurea","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q212272","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/1200px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="714"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/800px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="476"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/640px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="381"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hydroxycarbamide - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hydroxycarbamide rootpage-Hydroxycarbamide skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hydroxycarbamide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hydroxycarbamide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hydroxycarbamide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hydroxycarbamide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Natural occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxycarbamide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيدروكسي يوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروكسي يوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هیدروکسی اوره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروکسی اوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyurea" title="Hydroxyurea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydroxyurea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocsicarbamid" title="Hydrocsicarbamid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydrocsicarbamid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamid" title="Hydroxycarbamid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydroxycarbamid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υδροξυκαρβαμίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροξυκαρβαμίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxicarbamida" title="Hidroxicarbamida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidroxicarbamida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هیدروکسی اوره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروکسی اوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyur%C3%A9e" title="Hydroxyurée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydroxyurée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="하이드록시카바마이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이드록시카바마이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="हाइड्रॉक्सीकार्बामाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रॉक्सीकार्बामाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksikarbamida" title="Hidroksikarbamida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidroksikarbamida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-idrossiurea" title="N-idrossiurea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="N-idrossiurea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="הידרוקסיקרבמיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרוקסיקרבמיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxikarbamid" title="Hidroxikarbamid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidroxikarbamid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൈഡ്രോക്സി കാർബാമൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രോക്സി കാർബാമൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksikarbamida" title="Hidroksikarbamida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidroksikarbamida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%9F%E3%83%89" title="ヒドロキシカルバミド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒドロキシカルバミド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1" title="ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍ସିକାର୍ବାମାଇଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍ସିକାର୍ବାମାଇଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroksykarbamid" title="Hydroksykarbamid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hydroksykarbamid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxicarbamid%C4%83" title="Hidroxicarbamidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroxicarbamidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гидроксикарбамид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроксикарбамид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksikarbamid" title="Hidroksikarbamid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hidroksikarbamid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksikarbamid" title="Hidroksikarbamid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidroksikarbamid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroksiurea" title="Hydroksiurea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hydroksiurea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksikarbamid" title="Hidroksikarbamid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidroksikarbamid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Гідроксикарбамід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідроксикарбамід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide" title="Hydroxycarbamide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydroxycarbamide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA%E8%84%B2" title="羟基脲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羟基脲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hydroxycarbamide" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hydroxycarbamide" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hydroxycarbamide" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&oldid=1269017419" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hydroxycarbamide&id=1269017419&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHydroxycarbamide"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHydroxycarbamide"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hydroxycarbamide&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydroxyurea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212272" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyurea&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyurea">Hydroxyurea</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Hydroxycarbamide">Hydroxycarbamide</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxyurea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Structural formula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/140px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/210px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hydroxyurea.svg/280px-Hydroxyurea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png/140px-Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png/210px-Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png/280px-Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Hydroxyurea (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</a> <small><abbr title="United States">US</abbr></small>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxyurea.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682004.html">a682004</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Hydroxyurea">Hydroxyurea</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> D</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L01" title="ATC code L01">L01XX05</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L01XX05">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning"><span style="border:thin solid black;">WARNING</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-Siklos_EPAR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siklos_EPAR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (to CO2 and urea)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">2–4 hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a> and lungs</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">Hydroxyurea</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-07-1">127-07-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3657">3657</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6822">6822</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01005">DB01005</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3530.html">3530</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/X6Q56QN5QC">X6Q56QN5QC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00341">D00341</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:44423">CHEBI:44423</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL467">ChEMBL467</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/NIAID_ChemDB" title="NIAID ChemDB">NIAID ChemDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemdb.niaid.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=006310">006310</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6025438">DTXSID6025438</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212272#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.384">100.004.384</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212272#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001760550000000000♠"></span>76.055</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28N%29NO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">133 to 136 °C (271 to 277 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(N)NO</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CH4N2O2/c2-1(4)3-5/h5H,(H3,2,3,4)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:VSNHCAURESNICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=458281479&page2=Hydroxycarbamide">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hydroxycarbamide</b>, also known as <b>hydroxyurea</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolite</a> medication used in <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle-cell disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_thrombocythemia" title="Essential thrombocythemia">essential thrombocythemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">chronic myelogenous leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">polycythemia vera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sickle-cell disease it increases <a href="/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin" title="Fetal hemoglobin">fetal hemoglobin</a> and decreases the number of attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is taken by mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> include <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_suppression" title="Bone marrow suppression">bone marrow suppression</a>, fevers, loss of appetite, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric problems">psychiatric problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also concern that it increases the risk of later <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> is typically harmful to the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxycarbamide is in the <a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">antineoplastic</a> family of medications. It is believed to work by blocking the making of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroxycarbamide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxycarbamide is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxycarbamide is used for the following <a href="/wiki/Indication_(medicine)" title="Indication (medicine)">indications</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloproliferative disease">Myeloproliferative disease</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Essential_thrombocythemia" title="Essential thrombocythemia">essential thrombocythemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">polycythemia vera</a>). It has been found to be superior to <a href="/wiki/Anagrelide" title="Anagrelide">anagrelide</a> for the control of ET.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16000354_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16000354-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">Sickle-cell disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18458272_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18458272-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (increases production of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin" title="Fetal hemoglobin">fetal hemoglobin</a> that then interferes with the hemoglobin polymerisation as well as by reducing white blood cells that contribute to the general inflammatory state in sickle cell patients.)</li> <li>Second line treatment for <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17642550_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17642550-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (slows down the rapid division of skin cells)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_mastocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic mastocytosis">Systemic mastocytosis</a> with associated hematological neoplasm(SM-AHN) <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The utility in treating SM-AHN with hydroxycarbamide stems from its myelosuppressive activity, it does not however exhibit any selective anti-<a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cell</a> activity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">Chronic myelogenous leukemia</a> (largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a>, but still in use for its cost-effectiveness)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reported side effects are: <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> reactions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucositis" title="Mucositis">mucositis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomatitis" title="Stomatitis">stomatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow toxicity">bone marrow toxicity</a> (dose-limiting toxicity; may take 7–21 days to recover after the drug has been discontinued), <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">gastrointestinal ulceration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="Gastrointestinal perforation">perforation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a> (hair loss), <a href="/wiki/Skin_rashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rashes">skin rashes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Maculopapular_rash" title="Maculopapular rash">maculopapular rash</a>), <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">pruritus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesication" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesication">vesication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous membranes">mucous membranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, abnormal <a href="/wiki/Liver_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzyme">liver enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">blood urea nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebelt2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebelt2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its negative effect on the bone marrow, regular monitoring of the <a href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">full blood count</a> is vital, as well as early response to possible infections. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Liver_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzyme">liver enzymes</a>, are commonly checked.<sup id="cite_ref-gale_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, because of this, its use in people with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or severe <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> is contraindicated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroxycarbamide has been used primarily for the treatment of myeloproliferative diseases, which has an inherent risk of transforming to <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myeloid leukemia</a>. There has been a longstanding concern that hydroxycarbamide itself carries a leukemia risk, but large studies have shown that the risk is either absent or very small. Nevertheless, it has been a barrier for its wider use in patients with sickle-cell disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Platt2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platt2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxycarbamide decreases the production of <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">deoxyribonucleotides</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via inhibition of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase" title="Ribonucleotide reductase">ribonucleotide reductase</a> by scavenging tyrosyl free radicals as they are involved in the reduction of nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs).<sup id="cite_ref-Platt2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platt2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, hydroxycarbamide causes production of reactive oxygen species in cells, leading to disassembly of replicative DNA polymerase enzymes and arresting DNA replication.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle-cell disease</a>, hydroxycarbamide increases the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin" title="Fetal hemoglobin">fetal hemoglobin</a>. The precise mechanism of action is not yet clear, but it appears that hydroxycarbamide increases <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> levels, causing soluble <a href="/wiki/Guanylyl_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanylyl cyclase">guanylyl cyclase</a> activation with a resultant rise in <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_GMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic GMP">cyclic GMP</a>, and the activation of gamma globin gene expression and subsequent gamma chain synthesis necessary for fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production (which does not polymerize and deform red blood cells like the mutated HbS, responsible for sickle cell disease). Adult red cells containing more than 1% HbF are termed F cells. These cells are progeny of a small pool of immature committed erythroid precursors (BFU-e) that retain the ability to produce HbF. Hydroxyurea also suppresses the production of granulocytes in the bone marrow which has a mild immunosuppressive effect particularly at vascular sites where sickle cells have occluded blood flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Platt2008_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platt2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12531879_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12531879-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxyurea has been reported as endogenous in human blood plasma at concentrations of approximately 30 to 200 ng/ml.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Hydroxycarbamide </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">Mutagen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_toxicity" title="Reproductive toxicity">Reproductive toxicity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H340: May cause genetic defects">H340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child">H361</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.">P281</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p>Hydroxyurea has been prepared in many different ways since its initial synthesis in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original synthesis by Dresler and Stein was based around the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine_hydrochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxylamine hydrochloride">hydroxylamine hydrochloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanate" title="Potassium cyanate">potassium cyanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxyurea lay dormant for more than fifty years until it was studied as part of an investigation into the toxicity of protein metabolites.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC3069221_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC3069221-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its chemical properties hydroxyurea was explored as an antisickling agent in the treatment of hematological conditions. </p><p>One common mechanism for synthesizing hydroxyurea is by the reaction of calcium cyanate with hydroxylamine nitrate in absolute ethanol and by the reaction of a cyanate salt and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in aqueous solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydroxyurea_synthesis_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydroxyurea_synthesis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxyurea has also been prepared by converting a quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin from the chloride form to the cyanate form with sodium cyanate and reacting the resin in the cyanate form with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This method of hydroxyurea synthesis was patented by Hussain et al. (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain_et_al_2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain_et_al_2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxyurea is a monohydroxyl-substituted urea (hydroxycarbamate) <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolite</a>. Similar to other antimetabolite anti-cancer drugs, it acts by disrupting the DNA replication process of dividing cancer cells in the body. Hydroxyurea selectively inhibits <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleoside_diphosphate_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase">ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase</a>, an enzyme required to convert ribonucleoside diphosphates into deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, thereby preventing cells from leaving the <a href="/wiki/G1/S_transition" title="G1/S transition">G1/S phase</a> of the cell cycle. This agent also exhibits radiosensitizing activity by maintaining cells in the radiation-sensitive G1 phase and interfering with DNA repair.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biochemical research has explored its role as a <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> inhibitor<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14573610_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14573610-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which causes deoxyribonucleotide depletion and results in DNA double strand breaks near <a href="/wiki/Replication_fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Replication fork">replication forks</a> (see <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>). Repair of DNA damaged by chemicals or irradiation is also inhibited by hydroxyurea, offering potential synergy between hydroxyurea and radiation or alkylating agents.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1641648_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1641648-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroxyurea has many pharmacological applications under the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> classification system:<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Antineoplastic agents – Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms.</li> <li>Antisickling agents – Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions.</li> <li>Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors – Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.</li> <li>Enzyme inhibitors – Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.</li> <li>Cytochrome P-450 <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> inhibitors – Agents that inhibit one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed oxidase system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brand names include: Hydrea, Litalir, Droxia, and Siklos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802">"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"</a>. <i>nctr-crs.fda.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nctr-crs.fda.gov&rft.atitle=FDA-sourced+list+of+all+drugs+with+black+box+warnings+%28Use+Download+Full+Results+and+View+Query+links.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnctr-crs.fda.gov%2Ffdalabel%2Fui%2Fspl-summaries%2Fcriteria%2F343802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4b37d336-86da-4363-aef1-34a7d3ba973b">"Xromi- hydroxyurea solution"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 8 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Xromi-+hydroxyurea+solution&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D4b37d336-86da-4363-aef1-34a7d3ba973b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siklos_EPAR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siklos_EPAR_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/siklos">"Siklos EPAR"</a>. <i>European Medicines Agency</i>. 9 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Medicines+Agency&rft.atitle=Siklos+EPAR&rft.date=2003-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2FEPAR%2Fsiklos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxyurea.html">"Hydroxyurea"</a>. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydroxyurea&rft.pub=The+American+Society+of+Health-System+Pharmacists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fhydroxyurea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/19081">"Hydrea 500 mg Hard Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) – (eMC)"</a>. <i>www.medicines.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220184353/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/19081">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicines.org.uk&rft.atitle=Hydrea+500+mg+Hard+Capsules+%E2%80%93+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SPC%29+%E2%80%93+%28eMC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fmedicine%2F19081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO21st-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO21st_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2019). <i>World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019</i>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F325771">10665/325771</a></span>. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+21st+list+2019&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F325771&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16000354-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16000354_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonCampbellBuckWheatley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, Wheatley K, East CL, Bareford D, et al. (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa043800">"Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>353</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa043800">10.1056/NEJMoa043800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16000354">16000354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea+compared+with+anagrelide+in+high-risk+essential+thrombocythemia&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa043800&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16000354&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=CN&rft.au=Campbell%2C+PJ&rft.au=Buck%2C+G&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+K&rft.au=East%2C+CL&rft.au=Bareford%2C+D&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+BS&rft.au=van+der+Walt%2C+JD&rft.au=Reilly%2C+JT&rft.au=Grigg%2C+AP&rft.au=Revell%2C+P&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+BE&rft.au=Green%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMoa043800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18458272-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18458272_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanzkronStrouseWilsonBeach2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lanzkron S, Strouse JJ, Wilson R, Beach MC, Haywood C, Park H, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256736">"Systematic review: Hydroxyurea for the treatment of adults with sickle cell disease"</a>. <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>148</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">939–</span>955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00221">10.7326/0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256736">3256736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458272">18458272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Systematic+review%3A+Hydroxyurea+for+the+treatment+of+adults+with+sickle+cell+disease&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E939-%3C%2Fspan%3E955&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3256736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18458272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00221&rft.aulast=Lanzkron&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Strouse%2C+JJ&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R&rft.au=Beach%2C+MC&rft.au=Haywood%2C+C&rft.au=Park%2C+H&rft.au=Witkop%2C+C&rft.au=Bass%2C+EB&rft.au=Segal%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3256736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17642550-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17642550_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharmaDuttaRamam2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma VK, Dutta B, Ramam M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2004;volume=70;issue=1;spage=13;epage=17;aulast=Sharma">"Hydroxyurea as an alternative therapy for psoriasis"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17642550">17642550</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703155748/http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323%3Byear%3D2004%3Bvolume%3D70%3Bissue%3D1%3Bspage%3D13%3Bepage%3D17%3Baulast%3DSharma">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Dermatology%2C+Venereology+and+Leprology&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea+as+an+alternative+therapy+for+psoriasis&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17642550&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=VK&rft.au=Dutta%2C+B&rft.au=Ramam%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdvl.com%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D0378-6323%3Byear%3D2004%3Bvolume%3D70%3Bissue%3D1%3Bspage%3D13%3Bepage%3D17%3Baulast%3DSharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLimPardananiButterfieldLi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lim KH, Pardanani A, Butterfield JH, Li CY, Tefferi A (December 2009). "Cytoreductive therapy in 108 adults with systemic mastocytosis: Outcome analysis and response prediction during treatment with interferon-alpha, hydroxyurea, imatinib mesylate or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine". <i>American Journal of Hematology</i>. <b>84</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">790–</span>794. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajh.21561">10.1002/ajh.21561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19890907">19890907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Hematology&rft.atitle=Cytoreductive+therapy+in+108+adults+with+systemic+mastocytosis%3A+Outcome+analysis+and+response+prediction+during+treatment+with+interferon-alpha%2C+hydroxyurea%2C+imatinib+mesylate+or+2-chlorodeoxyadenosine&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajh.21561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19890907&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Pardanani%2C+A&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+JH&rft.au=Li%2C+CY&rft.au=Tefferi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalzielRoundSteinGarside2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dalziel K, Round A, Stein K, Garside R, Price A (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta8280">"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of imatinib for first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: a systematic review and economic analysis"</a>. <i>Health Technology Assessment</i>. <b>8</b> (28): iii, 1-iii120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta8280">10.3310/hta8280</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15245690">15245690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Technology+Assessment&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+and+cost-effectiveness+of+imatinib+for+first-line+treatment+of+chronic+myeloid+leukaemia+in+chronic+phase%3A+a+systematic+review+and+economic+analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=iii%2C+1-iii120&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fhta8280&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15245690&rft.aulast=Dalziel&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Round%2C+A&rft.au=Stein%2C+K&rft.au=Garside%2C+R&rft.au=Price%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3310%252Fhta8280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebelt2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liebelt2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiebeltBalkFaberFisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Liebelt EL, Balk SJ, Faber W, Fisher JW, Hughes CL, Lanzkron SM, et al. (August 2007). "NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydroxyurea". <i>Birth Defects Research. Part B, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdrb.20123">10.1002/bdrb.20123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17712860">17712860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birth+Defects+Research.+Part+B%2C+Developmental+and+Reproductive+Toxicology&rft.atitle=NTP-CERHR+expert+panel+report+on+the+reproductive+and+developmental+toxicity+of+hydroxyurea&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbdrb.20123&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17712860&rft.aulast=Liebelt&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Balk%2C+SJ&rft.au=Faber%2C+W&rft.au=Fisher%2C+JW&rft.au=Hughes%2C+CL&rft.au=Lanzkron%2C+SM&rft.au=Lewis%2C+KM&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+F&rft.au=Mehendale%2C+HM&rft.au=Rogers%2C+JM&rft.au=Shad%2C+AT&rft.au=Skalko%2C+RG&rft.au=Stanek%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gale-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gale_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLonge2002" class="citation book cs1">Longe JL (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galeencyclopedia0000unse_b0o7/page/514"><i>Gale Encyclopedia Of Cancer: A Guide To Cancer And Its Treatments</i></a></span>. Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galeencyclopedia0000unse_b0o7/page/514">514–516</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0362-5"><bdi>978-1-4144-0362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+Of+Cancer%3A+A+Guide+To+Cancer+And+Its+Treatments&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=514-516&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-0362-5&rft.aulast=Longe&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaleencyclopedia0000unse_b0o7%2Fpage%2F514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/016295s040lbl.pdf">"HYDREA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Accessdata.fda.gov</i>. US Food and Drug Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accessdata.fda.gov&rft.atitle=HYDREA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Flabel%2F2010%2F016295s040lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platt2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Platt2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platt2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platt2008_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Platt OS (March 2008). "Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>358</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">1362–</span>1369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMct0708272">10.1056/NEJMct0708272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18367739">18367739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea+for+the+treatment+of+sickle+cell+anemia&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1362-%3C%2Fspan%3E1369&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMct0708272&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18367739&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=OS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/four/000050608.htm">"hydroxyurea"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2024" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw A (October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11494364">"Revised mechanism of hydroxyurea-induced cell cycle arrest and an improved alternative"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>121</b> (42): e2404470121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12104470S">2024PNAS..12104470S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2404470121">10.1073/pnas.2404470121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11494364">11494364</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39374399">39374399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Revised+mechanism+of+hydroxyurea-induced+cell+cycle+arrest+and+an+improved+alternative&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=e2404470121&rft.date=2024-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11494364%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39374399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2404470121&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PNAS..12104470S&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Alisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11494364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12531879-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12531879_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCokicSmithBeleslin-CokicNjoroge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cokic VP, Smith RD, Beleslin-Cokic BB, Njoroge JM, Miller JL, Gladwin MT, et al. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151872">"Hydroxyurea induces fetal hemoglobin by the nitric oxide-dependent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>111</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI16672">10.1172/JCI16672</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151872">151872</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12531879">12531879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea+induces+fetal+hemoglobin+by+the+nitric+oxide-dependent+activation+of+soluble+guanylyl+cyclase&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12531879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI16672&rft.aulast=Cokic&rft.aufirst=VP&rft.au=Smith%2C+RD&rft.au=Beleslin-Cokic%2C+BB&rft.au=Njoroge%2C+JM&rft.au=Miller%2C+JL&rft.au=Gladwin%2C+MT&rft.au=Schechter%2C+AN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettaniCottonGulbisFerster2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kettani T, Cotton F, Gulbis B, Ferster A, Kumps A (February 2009). "Plasma hydroxyurea determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". <i>Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences</i>. <b>877</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">446–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2008.12.048">10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19144580">19144580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography.+B%2C+Analytical+Technologies+in+the+Biomedical+and+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Plasma+hydroxyurea+determined+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry&rft.volume=877&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2008.12.048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19144580&rft.aulast=Kettani&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Cotton%2C+F&rft.au=Gulbis%2C+B&rft.au=Ferster%2C+A&rft.au=Kumps%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dresler_and_Stein_et_al_1869_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDreslerStein1869" class="citation journal cs1">Dresler WF, Stein R (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1663584">"Ueber den Hydroxylharnstoff"</a>. <i>Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem</i>. <b>150</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1317–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18691500212">10.1002/jlac.18691500212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justus+Liebigs+Ann.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Ueber+den+Hydroxylharnstoff&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1317-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18691500212&rft.aulast=Dresler&rft.aufirst=WF&rft.au=Stein%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1663584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC3069221-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMC3069221_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rees DC (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069221">"The rationale for using hydroxycarbamide in the treatment of sickle cell disease"</a>. <i>Haematologica</i>. <b>96</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">488–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3324%2Fhaematol.2011.041988">10.3324/haematol.2011.041988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069221">3069221</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21454878">21454878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haematologica&rft.atitle=The+rationale+for+using+hydroxycarbamide+in+the+treatment+of+sickle+cell+disease&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069221%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21454878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3324%2Fhaematol.2011.041988&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hydroxyurea_synthesis-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hydroxyurea_synthesis_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFGraham_PJ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2705727">US 2705727</a>, Graham PJ, "Synthesis of Ureas",  assigned to E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2705727&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Synthesis+of+Ureas&rft.inventor=Graham+PJ&rft.assignee=E.I.+du+Pont+de+Nemours+%26+Co.%2C+Wilmington%2C+DE"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain_et_al_2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain_et_al_2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussainAbidAdam2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hussain KA, Abid DS, Adam GA (2016). "New Method for Synthesis of Hydroxyurea and Some of its Polymer Supported Derivatives As New Controlled Release Drugs". <i>Journal of Basrah Research</i>. <b>41</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3607.2720">10.13140/RG.2.1.3607.2720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Basrah+Research&rft.atitle=New+Method+for+Synthesis+of+Hydroxyurea+and+Some+of+its+Polymer+Supported+Derivatives+As+New+Controlled+Release+Drugs&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3607.2720&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Abid%2C+DS&rft.au=Adam%2C+GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pubchem-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pubchem_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubchem_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydroxyurea#section=Prescription-Drug-Products">"Hydroxyurea"</a>. <i>PubChem</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518234727/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydroxyurea#section=Prescription-Drug-Products">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2Fhydroxyurea%23section%3DPrescription-Drug-Products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14573610-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14573610_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoçWheelerMathewsMerrill2004" class="citation journal cs1">Koç A, Wheeler LJ, Mathews CK, Merrill GF (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M303952200">"Hydroxyurea arrests DNA replication by a mechanism that preserves basal dNTP pools"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>279</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M303952200">10.1074/jbc.M303952200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14573610">14573610</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2675195">2675195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Hydroxyurea+arrests+DNA+replication+by+a+mechanism+that+preserves+basal+dNTP+pools&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2675195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14573610&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M303952200&rft.aulast=Ko%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+LJ&rft.au=Mathews%2C+CK&rft.au=Merrill%2C+GF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M303952200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1641648-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1641648_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYarbro1992" class="citation journal cs1">Yarbro JW (June 1992). "Mechanism of action of hydroxyurea". <i>Seminars in Oncology</i>. <b>19</b> (3 Suppl 9): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1641648">1641648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Oncology&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+of+hydroxyurea&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3+Suppl+9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1641648&rft.aulast=Yarbro&rft.aufirst=JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxycarbamide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intracellular_chemotherapeutic_agents_/_antineoplastic_agents_(L01)604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemotherapeutic_agents" title="Template:Chemotherapeutic agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemotherapeutic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Chemotherapeutic agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemotherapeutic_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemotherapeutic agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intracellular_chemotherapeutic_agents_/_antineoplastic_agents_(L01)604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Intracellular <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapeutic agents</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">antineoplastic agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L01" title="ATC code L01">L01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">SPs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mitotic_inhibitor" title="Mitotic inhibitor">MIs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/M_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="M phase">M phase</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Block <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a> assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinca_alkaloid" title="Vinca alkaloid">Vinca alkaloids</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vinblastine" title="Vinblastine">Vinblastine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincristine" title="Vincristine">Vincristine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindesine" title="Vindesine">Vindesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinflunine" title="Vinflunine">Vinflunine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinorelbine" title="Vinorelbine">Vinorelbine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Block microtubule disassembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxane" title="Taxane">Taxanes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cabazitaxel" title="Cabazitaxel">Cabazitaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">Docetaxel</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larotaxel" title="Larotaxel">Larotaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortataxel" title="Ortataxel">Ortataxel</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesetaxel" title="Tesetaxel">Tesetaxel</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epothilone" title="Epothilone">Epothilones</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ixabepilone" title="Ixabepilone">Ixabepilone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a><br />inhibitor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA precursors/<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolites</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/S_phase" title="S phase">S phase</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">Folic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase_inhibitor" title="Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor">Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aminopterin" title="Aminopterin">Aminopterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">Pemetrexed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralatrexate" title="Pralatrexate">Pralatrexate</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase_inhibitor" title="Thymidylate synthase inhibitor">Thymidylate synthase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">Pemetrexed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raltitrexed" title="Raltitrexed">Raltitrexed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purine_analogue" title="Purine analogue">Purine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosine deaminase inhibitor">Adenosine deaminase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pentostatin" title="Pentostatin">Pentostatin</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">Halogenated</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase_inhibitor" title="Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor">ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cladribine" title="Cladribine">Cladribine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofarabine" title="Clofarabine">Clofarabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludarabine" title="Fludarabine">Fludarabine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelarabine" title="Nelarabine">Nelarabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabacfosadine" title="Rabacfosadine">Rabacfosadine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiopurine" title="Thiopurine">Thiopurine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mercaptopurine" title="Mercaptopurine">Mercaptopurine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioguanine" title="Tioguanine">Tioguanine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_analogue" title="Pyrimidine analogue">Pyrimidine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase_inhibitor" title="Thymidylate synthase inhibitor">Thymidylate synthase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">Capecitabine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmofur" title="Carmofur">Carmofur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxifluridine" title="Doxifluridine">Doxifluridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floxuridine" title="Floxuridine">Floxuridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">Fluorouracil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegafur" title="Tegafur">Tegafur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil" title="Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil">+gimeracil/oteracil</a>))</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA polymerase inhibitor">DNA polymerase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cytarabine" title="Cytarabine">Cytarabine</a><sup>#</sup> <a href="/wiki/Daunorubicin/cytarabine" title="Daunorubicin/cytarabine">+daunorubicin</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase_inhibitor" title="Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor">Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gemcitabine" title="Gemcitabine">Gemcitabine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypomethylating_agent" title="Hypomethylating agent">Hypomethylating agent</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Azacitidine" title="Azacitidine">Azacitidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decitabine" title="Decitabine">Decitabine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxyribonucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase_inhibitor" title="Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor">Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydroxycarbamide</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/S_phase" title="S phase">S phase</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_topoisomerase#Inhibition" title="Type I topoisomerase">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camptotheca" title="Camptotheca">Camptotheca</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Belotecan" title="Belotecan">Belotecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camptothecin" title="Camptothecin">Camptothecin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cositecan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cositecan (page does not exist)">Cositecan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etirinotecan_pegol" title="Etirinotecan pegol">Etirinotecan pegol</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exatecan" title="Exatecan">Exatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimatecan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimatecan (page does not exist)">Gimatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan">Irinotecan</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurtotecan" title="Lurtotecan">Lurtotecan</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubitecan" title="Rubitecan">Rubitecan</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silatecan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silatecan (page does not exist)">Silatecan</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topotecan" title="Topotecan">Topotecan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_topoisomerase#Inhibition" title="Type II topoisomerase">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Podophyllum_peltatum" title="Podophyllum peltatum">Podophyllum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Etoposide" title="Etoposide">Etoposide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniposide" title="Teniposide">Teniposide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_topoisomerase#Inhibition" title="Type II topoisomerase">II</a>+<a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(biochemistry)" title="Intercalation (biochemistry)">Intercalation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracycline" title="Anthracycline">Anthracyclines</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aclarubicin" title="Aclarubicin">Aclarubicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrubicin" title="Amrubicin">Amrubicin</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunorubicin" title="Daunorubicin">Daunorubicin</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daunorubicin/cytarabine" title="Daunorubicin/cytarabine">+cytarabine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">Doxorubicin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirubicin" title="Epirubicin">Epirubicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idarubicin" title="Idarubicin">Idarubicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirarubicin" title="Pirarubicin">Pirarubicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valrubicin" title="Valrubicin">Valrubicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorubicin" title="Zorubicin">Zorubicin</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">Anthracenediones</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Losoxantrone" title="Losoxantrone">Losoxantrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitoxantrone" title="Mitoxantrone">Mitoxantrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixantrone" title="Pixantrone">Pixantrone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsacrine" title="Amsacrine">Amsacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisantrene" title="Bisantrene">Bisantrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisnatol" title="Crisnatol">Crisnatol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menogaril" title="Menogaril">Menogaril</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA" title="Crosslinking of DNA">Crosslinking of DNA</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cell-cycle_nonspecific_antineoplastic_agents" title="Cell-cycle nonspecific antineoplastic agents">CCNS</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustards</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bendamustine" title="Bendamustine">Bendamustine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">Chlormethine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ifosfamide" title="Ifosfamide">Ifosfamide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trofosfamide" title="Trofosfamide">Trofosfamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorambucil" title="Chlorambucil">Chlorambucil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melphalan" title="Melphalan">Melphalan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melphalan_flufenamide" title="Melphalan flufenamide">Melphalan flufenamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednimustine" title="Prednimustine">Prednimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uramustine" title="Uramustine">Uramustine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrosourea" title="Nitrosourea">Nitrosoureas</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carmustine" title="Carmustine">Carmustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotemustine" title="Fotemustine">Fotemustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomustine" title="Lomustine">Lomustine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semustine" title="Semustine">Semustine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimustine" title="Nimustine">Nimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranimustine" title="Ranimustine">Ranimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptozotocin" title="Streptozotocin">Streptozocin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_sulfonate" title="Alkyl sulfonate">Alkyl sulfonates</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Busulfan" title="Busulfan">Busulfan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mannosulfan" title="Mannosulfan">Mannosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treosulfan" title="Treosulfan">Treosulfan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aziridine" title="Aziridine">Aziridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Carboquone" title="Carboquone">Carboquone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotepa" title="Thiotepa">Thiotepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaziquone" title="Triaziquone">Triaziquone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylenemelamine" title="Triethylenemelamine">Triethylenemelamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platinum-based_antineoplastic" title="Platinum-based antineoplastic">Platinum-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">Carboplatin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloplatin" title="Dicycloplatin">Dicycloplatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedaplatin" title="Nedaplatin">Nedaplatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">Oxaliplatin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satraplatin" title="Satraplatin">Satraplatin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent#Nonclassical" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Nonclassical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altretamine" title="Altretamine">Altretamine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazines</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Procarbazine" title="Procarbazine">Procarbazine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoglucid" title="Etoglucid">Etoglucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitobronitol" title="Mitobronitol">Mitobronitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipobroman" title="Pipobroman">Pipobroman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">Triazenes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dacarbazine" title="Dacarbazine">Dacarbazine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitozolomide" title="Mitozolomide">Mitozolomide</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temozolomide" title="Temozolomide">Temozolomide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(biochemistry)" title="Intercalation (biochemistry)">Intercalation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dactinomycin" title="Dactinomycin">Dactinomycin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleomycin" title="Bleomycin">Bleomycin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitomycins" title="Mitomycins">Mitomycins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plicamycin" title="Plicamycin">Plicamycin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photosensitizer" title="Photosensitizer">Photosensitizers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">PDT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">Aminolevulinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaproxiral" title="Efaproxiral">Efaproxiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_aminolevulinate" title="Methyl aminolevulinate">Methyl aminolevulinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padeliporfin" title="Padeliporfin">Padeliporfin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">Porphyrin derivatives</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Porfimer_sodium" title="Porfimer sodium">Porfimer sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaporfin" title="Talaporfin">Talaporfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoporfin" title="Temoporfin">Temoporfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verteporfin" title="Verteporfin">Verteporfin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase_inhibitor" title="Farnesyltransferase inhibitor">FI</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tipifarnib" title="Tipifarnib">Tipifarnib</a><sup>§</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase">CDK</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_inhibitor" title="Protein kinase inhibitor">inhibitors</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Abemaciclib" title="Abemaciclib">Abemaciclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvocidib" title="Alvocidib">Alvocidib</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palbociclib" title="Palbociclib">Palbociclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribociclib" title="Ribociclib">Ribociclib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seliciclib" title="Seliciclib">Seliciclib</a><sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteasome_inhibitor" title="Proteasome inhibitor">PrI</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bortezomib" title="Bortezomib">Bortezomib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfilzomib" title="Carfilzomib">Carfilzomib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprozomib" title="Oprozomib">Oprozomib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixazomib" title="Ixazomib">Ixazomib</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">PhI</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Anagrelide" title="Anagrelide">Anagrelide</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IMP_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="IMP dehydrogenase">IMPDI</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tiazofurin" title="Tiazofurin">Tiazofurin</a><sup>§</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoxygenase inhibitor">LI</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Masoprocol" title="Masoprocol">Masoprocol</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PARP_inhibitor" title="PARP inhibitor">PARP inhibitor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fuzuloparib" title="Fuzuloparib">Fuzuloparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niraparib" title="Niraparib">Niraparib</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaparib" title="Olaparib">Olaparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucaparib" title="Rucaparib">Rucaparib</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_inhibitor" title="Histone deacetylase inhibitor">HDAC</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Belinostat" title="Belinostat">Belinostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entinostat" title="Entinostat">Entinostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panobinostat" title="Panobinostat">Panobinostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romidepsin" title="Romidepsin">Romidepsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorinostat" title="Vorinostat">Vorinostat</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase_inhibitor" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor">PIKI</a> (Pi3K)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alpelisib" title="Alpelisib">Alpelisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copanlisib" title="Copanlisib">Copanlisib</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvelisib" title="Duvelisib">Duvelisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idelalisib" title="Idelalisib">Idelalisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inavolisib" title="Inavolisib">Inavolisib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbralisib" title="Umbralisib">Umbralisib</a><sup>‡</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">IDH</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Enasidenib" title="Enasidenib">Enasidenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivosidenib" title="Ivosidenib">Ivosidenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olutasidenib" title="Olutasidenib">Olutasidenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorasidenib" title="Vorasidenib">Vorasidenib</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">ERA</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Atrasentan" title="Atrasentan">Atrasentan</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor" title="Retinoid X receptor">Retinoid X receptor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bexarotene" title="Bexarotene">Bexarotene</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex steroid</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Testolactone" title="Testolactone">Testolactone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adagrasib" title="Adagrasib">Adagrasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine depleters</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Asparaginase" title="Asparaginase">Asparaginase</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Pegaspargase" title="Pegaspargase">Pegaspargase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axicabtagene_ciloleucel" title="Axicabtagene ciloleucel">Axicabtagene ciloleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzutifan" title="Belzutifan">Belzutifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bexarotene" title="Bexarotene">Bexarotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexucabtagene_autoleucel" title="Brexucabtagene autoleucel">Brexucabtagene autoleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciltacabtagene_autoleucel" title="Ciltacabtagene autoleucel">Ciltacabtagene autoleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demecolcine" title="Demecolcine">Demecolcine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denileukin_diftitox" title="Denileukin diftitox">Denileukin diftitox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflornithine" title="Eflornithine">Eflornithine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elesclomol" title="Elesclomol">Elesclomol</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsamitrucin" title="Elsamitrucin">Elsamitrucin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epacadostat" title="Epacadostat">Epacadostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribulin" title="Eribulin">Eribulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdegib" title="Glasdegib">Glasdegib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idecabtagene_vicleucel" title="Idecabtagene vicleucel">Idecabtagene vicleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imetelstat" title="Imetelstat">Imetelstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifileucel" title="Lifileucel">Lifileucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisocabtagene_maraleucel" title="Lisocabtagene maraleucel">Lisocabtagene maraleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucanthone" title="Lucanthone">Lucanthone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurbinectedin" title="Lurbinectedin">Lurbinectedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitoguazone" title="Mitoguazone">Mitoguazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotane" title="Mitotane">Mitotane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadofaragene_firadenovec" title="Nadofaragene firadenovec">Nadofaragene firadenovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navitoclax" title="Navitoclax">Navitoclax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obecabtagene_autoleucel" title="Obecabtagene autoleucel">Obecabtagene autoleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblimersen" title="Oblimersen">Oblimersen</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omacetaxine_mepesuccinate" title="Omacetaxine mepesuccinate">Omacetaxine mepesuccinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitidepsin" title="Plitidepsin">Plitidepsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabelecleucel" title="Tabelecleucel">Tabelecleucel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Alitretinoin" title="Alitretinoin">Alitretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a><sup>#</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinexor" title="Selinexor">Selinexor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitimagene_ceradenovec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitimagene ceradenovec (page does not exist)">Sitimagene ceradenovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotorasib" title="Sotorasib">Sotorasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagraxofusp" title="Tagraxofusp">Tagraxofusp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talimogene_laherparepvec" title="Talimogene laherparepvec">Talimogene laherparepvec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazemetostat" title="Tazemetostat">Tazemetostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebentafusp" title="Tebentafusp">Tebentafusp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiazofurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiazofurine">Tiazofurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigilanol_tiglate" title="Tigilanol tiglate">Tigilanol tiglate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisagenlecleucel" title="Tisagenlecleucel">Tisagenlecleucel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabectedin" title="Trabectedin">Trabectedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliparib" title="Veliparib">Veliparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetoclax" title="Venetoclax">Venetoclax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdinexor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdinexor (page does not exist)">Verdinexor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosaroxin" title="Vosaroxin">Vosaroxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiviral_drugs:_antiretroviral_drugs_used_against_HIV_(primarily_J05)1239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiretroviral_drug" title="Template:Antiretroviral drug"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiretroviral_drug" title="Template talk:Antiretroviral drug"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiretroviral_drug" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiretroviral drug"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antiviral_drugs:_antiretroviral_drugs_used_against_HIV_(primarily_J05)1239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drugs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drug">antiretroviral drugs</a> used against <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J05" title="ATC code J05">J05</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV_capsid_inhibition" title="HIV capsid inhibition">Capsid inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenacapavir" title="Lenacapavir">Lenacapavir (LEN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entry_inhibitor" title="Entry inhibitor">Entry/fusion inhibitors</a> <br /> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_CCR5_receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists">Discovery and development</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gp41" title="Gp41">gp41</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Enfuvirtide" title="Enfuvirtide">Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)</a>)<sup>◊</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Maraviroc" title="Maraviroc">Maraviroc (MVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicriviroc" title="Vicriviroc">Vicriviroc</a><sup>†</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Cenicriviroc" title="Cenicriviroc">Cenicriviroc</a><sup>†</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Leronlimab" title="Leronlimab">Leronlimab</a><sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ibalizumab" title="Ibalizumab">Ibalizumab (IBA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semzuvolimab" title="Semzuvolimab">Semzuvolimab</a><sup>§</sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fostemsavir" title="Fostemsavir">Fostemsavir (FTR)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrase_inhibitor" title="Integrase inhibitor">Integrase inhibitors</a><br />(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bictegravir" title="Bictegravir">Bictegravir (BIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir" title="Cabotegravir">Cabotegravir (CAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir" title="Dolutegravir">Dolutegravir (DTG)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvitegravir" title="Elvitegravir">Elvitegravir (EVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raltegravir" title="Raltegravir">Raltegravir (RAL)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BI_224436" title="BI 224436">BI 224436</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-2048" title="MK-2048">MK-2048</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maturation_inhibitor" title="Maturation inhibitor">Maturation inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bevirimat" title="Bevirimat">Bevirimat</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-955176" title="BMS-955176">BMS-955176</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipravirimat" title="Fipravirimat">Fipravirimat</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">Protease Inhibitors (PI)</a><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_HIV_protease_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery and development of HIV protease inhibitors">Discovery and development</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1<sup>st</sup> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amprenavir" title="Amprenavir">Amprenavir (APV)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosamprenavir" title="Fosamprenavir">Fosamprenavir (FPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indinavir" title="Indinavir">Indinavir (IDV)</a><sup>◊</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopinavir" title="Lopinavir">Lopinavir (LPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelfinavir" title="Nelfinavir">Nelfinavir (NFV)</a><sup>◊</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">Ritonavir (RTV)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saquinavir" title="Saquinavir">Saquinavir (SQV)</a><sup>◊</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<sup>nd</sup> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atazanavir" title="Atazanavir">Atazanavir (ATV)</a>°<sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darunavir" title="Darunavir">Darunavir (DRV)</a>°<sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipranavir" title="Tipranavir">Tipranavir (TPV)</a><sup>◊</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMC-310911" title="TMC-310911">TMC-310911</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">Reverse-transcriptase<br /> inhibitors</a> (RTIs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">Nucleoside and<br /> nucleotide (NRTI)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_analogue" title="Nucleoside analogue">Nucleoside analogues</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor#Nucleoside_analog_reverse-transcriptase_inhibitors_.28NARTIs_or_NRTIs.29" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">NRTIs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abacavir" title="Abacavir">Abacavir (ABC)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didanosine" title="Didanosine">Didanosine (ddI)</a><sup>◊</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine" title="Emtricitabine">Emtricitabine (FTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">Lamivudine (3TC)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavudine" title="Stavudine">Stavudine (d4T)</a><sup>◊</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalcitabine" title="Zalcitabine">Zalcitabine (ddC)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdoxovir" title="Amdoxovir">Amdoxovir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricitabine" title="Apricitabine">Apricitabine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censavudine" title="Censavudine">Censavudine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvucitabine" title="Elvucitabine">Elvucitabine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islatravir" title="Islatravir">Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racivir" title="Racivir">Racivir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stampidine" title="Stampidine">Stampidine</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide analogue">Nucleotide analogues</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor#Nucleotide_analog_reverse-transcriptase_inhibitors_.28NtARTIs_or_NtRTIs.29" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">NtRTIs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_disoproxil" title="Tenofovir disoproxil">Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_alafenamide" title="Tenofovir alafenamide">Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor#Non-nucleoside_reverse-transcriptase_inhibitors_(NNRTIs)" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)</a><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_non-nucleoside_reverse-transcriptase_inhibitors" title="Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors">Discovery and development</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1<sup>st</sup> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz (EFV)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevirapine" title="Nevirapine">Nevirapine (NVP)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delavirdine" title="Delavirdine">Delavirdine (DLV)</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<sup>nd</sup> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diarylpyrimidines" title="Diarylpyrimidines">diarylpyrimidines</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapivirine" title="Dapivirine">Dapivirine (DPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etravirine" title="Etravirine">Etravirine (ETR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilpivirine" title="Rilpivirine">Rilpivirine (RPV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doravirine" title="Doravirine">Doravirine (DOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsulfavirine" title="Elsulfavirine">Elsulfavirine (ESV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-dose_combination_(antiretroviral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-dose combination (antiretroviral)">Combined formulations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacavir/lamivudine" title="Abacavir/lamivudine">Abacavir/lamivudine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine" title="Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine">Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine" title="Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine">Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atazanavir/cobicistat" title="Atazanavir/cobicistat">Atazanavir/cobicistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir_alafenamide" title="Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide">Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir/rilpivirine" title="Cabotegravir/rilpivirine">Cabotegravir/rilpivirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darunavir/cobicistat" title="Darunavir/cobicistat">Darunavir/cobicistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide">Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide">Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir/lamivudine" title="Dolutegravir/lamivudine">Dolutegravir/lamivudine</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide">Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil">Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil</a>°<sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolutegravir/rilpivirine" title="Dolutegravir/rilpivirine">Dolutegravir/rilpivirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil">Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil">Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil">Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide">Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil">Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide">Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir_alafenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide">Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil">Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil">Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine" title="Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine">Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine" title="Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine">Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine/raltegravir" title="Lamivudine/raltegravir">Lamivudine/raltegravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine/tenofovir_disoproxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil">Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine/zidovudine" title="Lamivudine/zidovudine">Lamivudine/zidovudine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopinavir/ritonavir" title="Lopinavir/ritonavir">Lopinavir/ritonavir</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharmacokinetic boosters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobicistat" title="Cobicistat">Cobicistat (c)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">Ritonavir (r)</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug#Uncoating_inhibitor" title="Antiviral drug">Uncoating inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIM5alpha" title="TRIM5alpha">TRIM5alpha</a> (gene)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_(HIV)#Clinical_significance" title="Tat (HIV)">Tat antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug#Translation_.2F_ribozymes" title="Antiviral drug">Translation inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichosanthin" title="Trichosanthin">Trichosanthin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug#BNAbs.2F_BNAbs" title="Antiviral drug"> BNAbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elipovimab" title="Elipovimab">Elipovimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzyme" title="Abzyme">Abzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIT225" title="BIT225">BIT225</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calanolide_A" title="Calanolide A">Calanolide A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceragenin" title="Ceragenin">Ceragenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanovirin-N" title="Cyanovirin-N">Cyanovirin-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpyrimidines" title="Diarylpyrimidines">Diarylpyrimidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foscarnet" title="Foscarnet">Foscarnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosdevirine" title="Fosdevirine">Fosdevirine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffithsin" title="Griffithsin">Griffithsin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydroxycarbamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP-1461" title="KP-1461">KP-1461</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltefosine" title="Miltefosine">Miltefosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_inhibitor" title="Portmanteau inhibitor">Portmanteau inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytovirin" title="Scytovirin">Scytovirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seliciclib" title="Seliciclib">Seliciclib</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistic_enhancer_(antiretroviral)" title="Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral)">Synergistic enhancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tre_recombinase" title="Tre recombinase">Tre recombinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc finger protein transcription factor">Zinc finger protein transcription factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failed agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aplaviroc" title="Aplaviroc">Aplaviroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atevirdine" title="Atevirdine">Atevirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecanavir" title="Brecanavir">Brecanavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capravirine" title="Capravirine">Capravirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexelvucitabine" title="Dexelvucitabine">Dexelvucitabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxinavir" title="Droxinavir">Droxinavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasinavir" title="Lasinavir">Lasinavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emivirine" title="Emivirine">Emivirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lersivirine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lersivirine">Lersivirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodenosine" title="Lodenosine">Lodenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loviride" title="Loviride">Loviride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozenavir" title="Mozenavir">Mozenavir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinavir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palinavir (page does not exist)">Palinavir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telinavir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telinavir (page does not exist)">Telinavir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> °<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">DHHS</a> <i>recommended</i> <a href="/wiki/Therapy#Lines_of_therapy" title="Therapy">initial regimen options</a>. <sup>◊</sup>Formerly or rarely used agent.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&oldid=1269017419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&oldid=1269017419</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antineoplastic_antimetabolites" title="Category:Antineoplastic antimetabolites">Antineoplastic antimetabolites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Bristol_Myers_Squibb" title="Category:Drugs developed by Bristol Myers Squibb">Drugs developed by Bristol Myers Squibb</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_3_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens">IARC Group 3 carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sickle-cell_disease" title="Category:Sickle-cell disease">Sickle-cell disease</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ureas" title="Category:Ureas">Ureas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Health_Organization_essential_medicines" title="Category:World Health Organization essential medicines">World Health Organization essential medicines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2024">Use dmy dates from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_drug_with_local_INN_variant" title="Category:Infobox drug with local INN variant">Infobox drug with local INN variant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_non-standard_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with non-standard legal status">Drugs with non-standard legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiple_Chemboxes" title="Category:Multiple Chemboxes">Multiple Chemboxes</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 January 2025, at 16:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxycarbamide&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxycarbamide</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>29 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dbf9b8f9d-hmt47","wgBackendResponseTime":238,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.817","walltime":"1.063","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9315,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":299687,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21783,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128348,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 909.092 1 -total"," 39.94% 363.112 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 32.13% 292.101 1 Template:Infobox"," 23.11% 210.114 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.71% 106.471 12 Template:Navbox"," 9.33% 84.837 17 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 8.99% 81.699 7 Template:Cite_web"," 8.93% 81.216 1 Template:Chemotherapeutic_agents"," 8.60% 78.168 1 Template:Chembox"," 8.32% 75.634 3 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.374","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10027781,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-86c59b8c7c-wl4gn","timestamp":"20250308165258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hydroxycarbamide","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxycarbamide","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212272","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212272","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-10T02:42:39Z","dateModified":"2025-01-12T16:49:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/Hydroxyurea.svg","headline":"chemical compound"}</script> </body> </html>