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<span>Volcanic-sedimentary greenstone sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic-sedimentary_greenstone_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanukitoids_(Calc-alkaline_granitoids)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanukitoids_(Calc-alkaline_granitoids)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sanukitoids (Calc-alkaline granitoids)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanukitoids_(Calc-alkaline_granitoids)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatectic_granites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatectic_granites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anatectic granites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatectic_granites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphic_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphic_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metamorphic record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphic_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archean_crust_accretions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archean_crust_accretions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archean crust accretions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archean_crust_accretions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crustal_reworking_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crustal_reworking_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Crustal reworking events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crustal_reworking_events-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Shifting from oceanic crust melting to mantle melting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shifting_from_oceanic_crust_melting_to_mantle_melting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanukitoid_magmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanukitoid_magmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sanukitoid magmatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanukitoid_magmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure_of_subduction_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure_of_subduction_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Closure of subduction zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure_of_subduction_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implication_for_global_crust_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implication_for_global_crust_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Implication for global crust history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implication_for_global_crust_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Indian Shield in south India</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharwar_Craton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dharwar_Craton.jpg/451px-Dharwar_Craton.jpg" decoding="async" width="451" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dharwar_Craton.jpg/677px-Dharwar_Craton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dharwar_Craton.jpg/902px-Dharwar_Craton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>The location map of the Dharwar Craton. The shaded area represents the Dharwar Craton. Generated from GeoMapApp (Ryan et al., 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Dharwar Craton</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> continental crust <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> formed between 3.6-2.5 billion years ago (<a href="/wiki/Gigaanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigaanna">Ga</a>), which is located in southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and considered the oldest part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peninsula">Indian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in the 2010s suggest that the craton can be separated into three crustal blocks since they show different <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretionary</a> history (i.e., the history of block collisions).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The craton includes the western, central and eastern blocks and the three blocks are divided by several <a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">shear zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithologies</a> of the Dharwar Craton are mainly <a href="/wiki/Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite">TTG (Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite)</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a>, volcanic-sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone</a> sequences and calc-alkaline <a href="/wiki/Granitoid" title="Granitoid">granitoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western Dharwar Craton contains the oldest basement rocks, with greenstone sequences between 3.0-3.4 Ga, whereas the central block of the craton mainly contains <a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatitic</a> TTG gneisses, and the eastern block contains 2.7 Ga greenstone belts and calc-alkaline <a href="/wiki/Plutons" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutons">plutons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the basement rock of the Dharwar Craton was created by intraplate hotspots (i.e., volcanic activities caused by <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a> from the core-mantle boundary), the melting of subducted oceanic crust and the melting of thickened <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic arc">oceanic arc</a> crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuous melting of oceanic arc crust and mantle upwelling generated the TTG and sanukitoid plutons over the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_the_regional_geology">Overview of the regional geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of the regional geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png/453px-Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png" decoding="async" width="453" height="536" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png/679px-Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Simplified_Geological_map_of_Dharwar_Craton.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Simplified geological map of the Dharwar Craton, which shows the western, central and eastern blocks. Modified from Jayananda et al., (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As the Dharwar Craton is located in southern India, it is geographically surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Trap</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Ghats_Mobile_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (page does not exist)">Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt</a> and the Southern Granulite Belt.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the Dharwar Craton includes the western block and eastern block.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">mylonite</a> zone at the eastern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga" title="Chitradurga">Chitradurga</a> greenstone belt is the margin between the western block and the eastern block.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chitradurga greenstone belt is an elongated linear <a href="/wiki/Supracrustal_rock" title="Supracrustal rock">supracrustal</a> belt which is 400 km long from North to South.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cratonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cratonization">Cratonisation</a> is an important process to form a craton with sufficient and stable continental masses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of the ages of the blocks, the western blocks is older with a cratonisation age around 3.0 Ga while the eastern block is younger with the cratonisation age around 2.5 Ga.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Simplified stratigraphic column of the Dharwar Craton<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><u>Sargur group (3.3-3.0 Ga)</u> <ul><li>The Sargur group mainly consist of ultramafic-mafic rocks like <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is dominated in the western block from <a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u>Dharwar supergroup (2.9-2.6 Ga)</u> <ul><li>The Dharwar Supergroup can be divided into two groups as well, including the Bababudan group with older age and the Chitradurga group with a younger age.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is dominated in the western block from <a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u>Kolar group (2.7 Ga)</u> <ul><li>Since the eastern block cratonised later than the western block, the eastern block is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Kolar,_Karnataka" title="Kolar, Karnataka">Kolar</a> greenstone belts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kolar-type greenstone mainly contains some metabasalts and felsic volcanic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u>Granitic plutons (2.7-2.5 Ga)</u> <ul><li>The granitoids include high-magnesium <a href="/wiki/Sanukitoid" title="Sanukitoid">sanukitoids</a> and high-potassium granites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png/456px-Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png" decoding="async" width="456" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png/684px-Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png/912px-Xscn_of_dharwar_craton.png 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Simplified cross-section of the Dharwar Craton from SW to NE, showing the shear zone and the granitic intrusions. Modified from Jayananda et al., (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithologies">Lithologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lithologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TTG_gneisses">TTG gneisses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: TTG gneisses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TTG rocks are intrusive rocks with a granitic composition of quartz and feldspar but contain less potassium feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Archean craton, TTG rocks are usually present in batholiths formed by plate subduction and melting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two kinds of gneisses can be found on the Dharwar Craton, which includes the typical TTG-type gneisses (i.e., traditional TTG with a major component of quartz and plagioclase) and the dark grey TTG banded gneisses (relatively more potassium feldspar than typical TTG gneisses):<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blocks </th> <th>Associated group </th> <th>Main TTG type </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td>western block </td> <td>Sargur Group<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>typical TTG gneisses<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>some of the TTG are with minor granitic intrusions<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>central block </td> <td>Kolar Group<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>transitional TTG gneisses (contain both typical TTG and dark grey banded gneisses)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>the TTG shows foliation<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the abundance of the weakly foliated TTG gneisses decreases gradually from the west to the east<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the abundance of the dark grey banded gneisses with younger age increases gradually from the west to the east <sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eastern block </td> <td>Kolar Group<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>banded gneisses<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>it contains less TTG than those of the western and central blocks<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic-sedimentary_greenstone_sequences">Volcanic-sedimentary greenstone sequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanic-sedimentary greenstone sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greenstone is metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic rock that formed in volcanic eruptions in the early stage of Earth formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcanic-sedimentary greenstone sequence occupies the majority of the Archean crustal record, which is about 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western block comprises the greenstone sequences with adequate sediments, while the central block and the eastern block comprise the greenstone sequences with adequate volcanic rocks but minor sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blocks </th> <th>Associated group(s) </th> <th>Composition of the volcanic greenstone </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td>Western block </td> <td>Sargur group and Dharwar Supragroup<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ultramafic <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiite</a> with interlayered sediments<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>rocks were formed in calm and shallow water environments<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>basaltic flows, conglomerate and some felsic volcanics can be found in the greenstone of the Dharwar Supragroup<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central block </td> <td>Kolar group<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>basalts with minor ultramafic komatiite<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>the volcanic rocks comprised with minor sediment and some felsic rocks<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern block </td> <td>Kolar group<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>basalts with minor ultramafic komatiite<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>basalts are with high magnesium</li> <li>the greenstone contains interlayered sediments like <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a><sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanukitoids_(Calc-alkaline_granitoids)"><span id="Sanukitoids_.28Calc-alkaline_granitoids.29"></span>Sanukitoids (Calc-alkaline granitoids)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sanukitoids (Calc-alkaline granitoids)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanukitoids are granitoids with high-magnesium composition that are commonly formed by plate collision events in Archean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Dharwar Craton, there is no sanukitoid record in the western block. However, there are a lot of granitoid intrusions in the central block, which become less in the eastern block.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blocks </th> <th>Rock units intruded by granitoids </th> <th>Main composition </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td>Central block </td> <td rowspan="2">TTG gneisses and volcanic greenstone<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">monzogranite</a> and monzodiorite<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>they are comprised with pink <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>granitoid intrusions form plutons over the block that are north-south trending<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the largest pluton in the central block is the Closepet <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">Batholith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern block </td> <td> <ul><li>The granitoids are associated with the diatexites (i.e., the granite was mixed with older rocks due to partial melting), indicating there was intense metamorphism which causes <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(geology)" title="Recrystallization (geology)">recrystallization</a> of minerals<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatectic_granites">Anatectic granites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anatectic granites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatectic granite is a kind of rock formed by the partial melting of the pre-existing crustal rock, which is relatively younger than the TTG and greenstone in the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The granites usually cut across the older rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blocks </th> <th>Rock units intruded by granites </th> <th>Main composition </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td>Western block </td> <td rowspan="3">TTG gneisses and volcanic greenstone<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3">granite with high-potassium content<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <ul><li>they occupy the ductile shear zone over the TTG gneisses, forming cross-cutting dykes and veins<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central block </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern block </td> <td> <ul><li>they occupy a large area in the eastern block<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in the southern part of the block, many veins and dykes cut across the gneisses<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>some mafic to ultramafic xenoliths can be found<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metamorphic_record">Metamorphic record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metamorphic record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the rocks were under subductions, they experienced high temperature and pressure leading to the chemical changes and textural changes of rocks (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mineral assemblages of the metamorphic rocks can tell us how high the temperature and pressure are when they are under the peak metamorphism (the progress with the highest pressure and temperature).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metamorphic rocks in the Dharwar Craton usually recorded the mineral assemblages from amphibolite facies to granulite facies:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blocks </th> <th>Pressure-Temperature conditions </th> <th>Metamorphic facies </th> <th>Records </th></tr> <tr> <td>Western block </td> <td>Progressive increase from the N to the S<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the greenschist facies to the hornblende-granulite facies <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Holenarasipura" title="Holenarasipura">Holenarsipur</a> greenstone belt</u> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: kyanite-garnet</li> <li>pressure: 6–8 Kb</li> <li>temperature range: 500–675 °C<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><u><a href="/wiki/Gundlupet" title="Gundlupet">Gundlupet</a> region</u> </p> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: garnet-hornblende-clinopyroxene</li> <li>temperature range: 650-750 °C<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central block </td> <td>Progressive increase from the N to the S<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>From the greenschist facies to the granulite facies<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Pavagada" title="Pavagada">Pavagada</a> region, the central part of the central block</u> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: sillimanite-spinel-quartz</li> <li>temperature condition: ultrahigh<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><u><a href="/wiki/B_R_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="B R Hills">B.R Hills</a> region</u> </p> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: amphibolite-granulite</li> <li>pressure: 5–9 Kb</li> <li>temperature range: 600–775 °C<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern block </td> <td>Poorly understood<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Poorly understood<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><u>Hutti greenstone belt</u> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: amphibolite<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><u><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri" title="Krishnagiri">Krishnagiri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a> region, the southern part of the eastern block</u> </p> <ul><li>mineral assemblages: amphibolite-granulite</li> <li>temperature range: 650 to 800 °C<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archean_crust_accretions">Archean crust accretions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archean crust accretions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accretions mean the collisions between plates leading to the plate subduction. Crust accretions are important in the Dharwar Craton since the continuous volcanic eruptions caused by accretions led to the formation of Archean felsic continent crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png/470px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png" decoding="async" width="470" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png/705px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png/940px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-20_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%885.48.42.png 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The graph shows the distribution of zircons according to their U-Pb ages. It shows the 5 major crustal accretion events with the ranges of age 3450–3300, 3230–3200, 3150–3000, 2700–2600 and 2560–2520 Ma. Modified from Jayananda et al, (2015, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>For finding when the Archean crust accretions happened, the parent-daughter isotopes dating, like <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">uranium-lead</a> (U-Pb) decay could be used to find out the ages of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the zircon <a href="/wiki/U-Pb_geochronology" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Pb geochronology">U-Pb ages</a> of the TTG gneisses from the Dharwar Craton, there were 5 major accretion events leading to the formation of the Archean felsic continental crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events occurred with the ranges of age 3450–3300, 3230–3200, 3150–3000, 2700–2600 and 2560–2520 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western block records the two earliest crust accretion events, that happened in 3450 Ma and 3230 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rates of the continental growth of the two events are fast since the events led to the widespread of greenstone volcanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central block records 4 major accretion events, that occurred in 3375 Ma, 3150 Ma, 2700 Ma and 2560 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isotopic data suggests that the scale of the continental growth due to felsic crust accretion was large during 2700–2600 Ma and 2560–2520 Ma, leading to the large-scale greenstone volcanism at that time. <sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern block records the 2 latest major accretion events occurring in 2700 Ma and 2560 Ma with massive continental growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crustal_reworking_events">Crustal reworking events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crustal reworking events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crustal reworking means the old rocks (<a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protoliths</a>) are destroyed and regenerated into new rocks. The continental crust is relatively old if the crust experienced crustal reworking events. For the rocks that experienced crustal reworking, minerals like zircon, which is difficult to melt, are preserved in the reworked rocks. Some new zircons with a younger age would be formed in the reworking events.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crustal reworking events happened in the time range of 3100–3000 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 3 crustal blocks record the crustal reworking events in 2520 Ma due to the final assembly of the Superia supercontinent. <sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the western block, there are two reworking events. The first event happened in 3100–3000 Ma accounting to the emplacement of granite.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second reworking event led to the emplacement of 2640–2600 Ma of granites.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the central block, the event happened in 3140 Ma is considered as the earliest crustal reworking due to the TTG accretion event between 3230–3140 Ma in the central block of the craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the eastern block, the second highest-temperature reworking event was recorded in the centre of the block, which happened in 2640–2620 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reworking event is related to the greenstone volcanism of the TTG accretion event in 2700 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formation and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intraplate_hotspot_model">Intraplate hotspot model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intraplate hotspot model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png/457px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png" decoding="async" width="457" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png/686px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png/914px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-10-26_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%886.31.16.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The annotated diagram of the intraplate hotspot model before 3400 Ma, forming the oceanic plateaus. Modified from Jayananda et al, (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before 3400 Ma, the magma upwelling from the mantle led to the intraplate hotspot setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upwelling magma formed the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">oceanic plateaus</a> with komatiites and komatiitic basalts in the oceanic crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-stage_melting_of_oceanic_crust">Two-stage melting of oceanic crust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Two-stage melting of oceanic crust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png/459px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png" decoding="async" width="459" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png/689px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png/919px-%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9C%96_2021-11-03_%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%889.52.41.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>The evolutionary diagram of the two-stage melting of the oceanic crust during 3350-3100 Ma, forming the TTG plutons. Modified from Jayananda et al, (2018) and Tushipokla et al, (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the mantle plume hotspots were formed, the tectonic setting was followed by the two-stage melting, which include the melting of the subducted oceanic crust and the melting of the thickened <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic arc">oceanic arc</a> crust.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 3350 Ma, due to the ridge push from the oceanic spreading centres (<a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-oceanic ridges</a>), some oceanic crust subducted under the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subduction led to the melting of the subducted crust and formed magma that rose to the oceanic crust and formed oceanic island arc crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 3350–3270 Ma, the mafic to ultramafic hydrous melt formed by the slab melting melted the base of the thickened oceanic arc crust, which formed the TTG melt, as well as magmatic protoliths of TTGs in the oceanic arc crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 3230–3100 Ma, the continuous collision of the oceanic island arc crust, the TTG and oceanic plateaus, that are formed in the previous stage, caused the melting of the juvenile crust in the oceanic island arc, which generated trondhjemite plutons in 3200 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trondhjemite emplacement generated heat and fluid that led to the melting that made the low-density TTG crust rose while the high-density greenstone volcanics sank, which developed the dome-keel structures between the TTG and greenstone.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_of_transitional_TTGs">Stage of transitional TTGs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stage of transitional TTGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transitional TTGs, which were recorded in the central and eastern blocks, was formed during 2700–2600 Ma. The transitional TTGs are relatively enriched in <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enrichment of the incompatible elements could be account for the high-angle subduction and the chemical interaction between the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_wedge" title="Mantle wedge">mantle wedge</a> and the melt from the subducted crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2700 Ma, the central and eastern block of the Dharwar Craton had developed into <a href="/wiki/Microcontinents" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinents">microcontinents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weathering and erosion of the microcontinents led to a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Detritus_(geology)" title="Detritus (geology)">detrital</a> input to the ocean floor and subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the subducted slab with a large amount of sediment brought incompatible elements into the mantle due to a high-angle subduction.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mantle wedge interacted with the slab, leading to the partial enrichment of the incompatible elements in the wedge and generated mafic to intermediate magma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mafic magma rose and accumulated under the oceanic arc crust, leading to the partial melting of the thickened, incompatible element enriched arc crust and their magma mixed to form the transitional TTGs during 2700–2600 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifting_from_oceanic_crust_melting_to_mantle_melting">Shifting from oceanic crust melting to mantle melting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shifting from oceanic crust melting to mantle melting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the transitional TTG accretion, the inflexible subducted oceanic crust broke and fell into the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>, leading to the mantle upwelling under the pre-existing crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upwelling mantle rock rose to the shallow depth and melted the upper mantle to generate intermediate to mafic magma.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, the magma intruded into the middle part of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It underwent differentiation in magma chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat from the magma transferred into the surrounding rock leading to the partial melting of gneisses and the formation of calc-alkaline granitoids.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanukitoid_magmatism">Sanukitoid magmatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sanukitoid magmatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_for_DC21_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Model_for_DC21_new.jpg/457px-Model_for_DC21_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="457" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Model_for_DC21_new.jpg/685px-Model_for_DC21_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Model_for_DC21_new.jpg/913px-Model_for_DC21_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>The model showing the transitional TTG accretion, shifting from the melting of oceanic crust to the melting of the mantle, as well as the sanukitoid magmatism during 2740-2500 Ma. Modified from Jayananda et al, (2013, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sanukitoids were formed during the <a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a> magmatic accretion events, that are originated from the mantle with low silicon dioxide and high magnesium.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanukitoid magma could be generated by either plate subduction or plume setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sanukitoids created by subduction might lead to the chemical alteration of the mantle wedge and the melting of the wedge.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotitic</a> mantle wedge was mixed with intermediate to felsic melts.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be explained by the mixing of the previous TTG melts.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanukitoids created by plume setting would lead to the sanukitoid intrusions with high magnesium content and low silicon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sanukitoid magmatism is not related to the TTG accretion events during 3450–3000 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magmatism was followed by the transitional TTG accretion event in 2600 Ma and only occurred in the central and eastern blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the sanukitoids are enriched in both incompatible and compatible elements, while the TTGs are not, it indicates the appearance of the sanukitoid magmatism shows the tectonic change from melting of oceanic crust to melting of mantle during the period of 2600–2500 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure_of_subduction_zones">Closure of subduction zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Closure of subduction zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2560–2500 Ma, the three blocks joined together to form the Dharwar Craton and all the subduction zones closed, followed by the regional metamorphism due to heat release from the mantle during 2535–2500 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final cratonisation finished in 2400 Ma through slow cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implication_for_global_crust_history">Implication for global crust history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Implication for global crust history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cratons </th> <th>Characteristics </th> <th>Possible relationships with the Dharwar Craton </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundelkand_Craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundelkand Craton">Bundelkhand Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>lithologies: TTG gneisses, volcanic-sedimentary greenstone sequences and calc-alkaline granitoids<sup id="cite_ref-:24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>similar lithologies with the Dharwar Craton<sup id="cite_ref-:24_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 crust generating events (i.e., 3327–3270 Ma, 2700 Ma and 2578–2544 Ma) in the Bundelkhand Craton occurred at the same time as the TTG accretion event and the sanukitoid intrusions of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the accretion events with the continental growth and assembly of micro-blocks: 2720–2600 Ma and 2550–2500 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>similar magmatic events, crustal reworking and high rates of continental growth with the central and eastern blocks of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton" title="Kaapvaal Craton">Kaapvaal Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the zircon ages of the TTG gneisses and granitoids: 3400–3200 Ma and 2650–2620 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the ages of sanukitoids: 2617–2590 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:25_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>the zircon ages are the same as the TTG gneisses and potassic granitic intrusions from the western block of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>those sanukitoids share the same ages as the 2600 Ma transitional TTGs and the early formed sanukitoids in the central and eastern blocks of the Dharwar craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the accretion event : 3500–3220 Ma (with a large number of gneisses and granitoids)<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>the accretion event occurred at a similar time to the 3450–3200 Ma TTG accretion event in the western Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Detrital_zircon_geochronology" title="Detrital zircon geochronology">detrital zircons</a> in the TTG gneisses of the western Dharwar Craton showed the ages of 3700–3800 Ma, which might come from the old crust of the Pilbara Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yilgarn_Craton" title="Yilgarn Craton">Yilgarn Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the ages of gneisses and granitoids: 2700–2630 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:26_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>the ages of the gneisses and granitoids corresponded with the transitional TTGs accretion event in the central and eastern blocks of the Dharwar craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Craton" title="Tanzania Craton">Tanzania Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the U-Pb ages of the basement gneisses: 3234-3140 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the ages of the granitoids and greenstone sequences: 2720-2640 Ma and 2815 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-:27_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>the ages of the basement gneisses may be related to the ages of the detrital zircons and TTG gneisses in the western block of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the greenstones and granitoids share the same ages with the transitional TTGs and the greenstone sequences in the central and the eastern blocks of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antongil_Craton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antongil Craton (page does not exist)">Antongil Craton</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the zircon ages of TTG gneisses: 3320-3231 Ma and 3187-3154 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>the crust forming events in the Antongil Craton occurred at the same time with the crustal formation and reworking events in the western block of the Dharwar Craton.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone_metamorphism" title="Subduction zone metamorphism">Subduction zone metamorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochronology" title="Thermochronology">Thermochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma differentiation">Magma differentiation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJayanandaPeucatChardonRao2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jayananda, M.; Peucat, J.-J.; Chardon, D.; Rao, B. Krishna; Fanning, C.M.; Corfu, F. (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1885/71644">"Neoarchean greenstone volcanism and continental growth, Dharwar craton, southern India: Constraints from SIMS U–Pb zircon geochronology and Nd isotopes"</a>. <i>Precambrian Research</i>. <b>227</b>: 55–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PreR..227...55J">2013PreR..227...55J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2012.05.002">10.1016/j.precamres.2012.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F71644">1885/71644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&rft.atitle=Neoarchean+greenstone+volcanism+and+continental+growth%2C+Dharwar+craton%2C+southern+India%3A+Constraints+from+SIMS+U%E2%80%93Pb+zircon+geochronology+and+Nd+isotopes&rft.volume=227&rft.pages=55-76&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F71644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2012.05.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PreR..227...55J&rft.aulast=Jayananda&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Peucat%2C+J.-J.&rft.au=Chardon%2C+D.&rft.au=Rao%2C+B.+Krishna&rft.au=Fanning%2C+C.M.&rft.au=Corfu%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1885%2F71644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharwar+Craton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.M.K.R.2018" class="citation journal cs1">M., Jayananda; M., Santosh; K.R., Aadhiseshan (June 2018). "Formation of Archean (3600–2500 Ma) continental crust in the Dharwar Craton, southern India". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>181</b>: 12–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESRv..181...12J">2018ESRv..181...12J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2018.03.013">10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243889151">243889151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Archean+%283600%E2%80%932500+Ma%29+continental+crust+in+the+Dharwar+Craton%2C+southern+India&rft.volume=181&rft.pages=12-42&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243889151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2018.03.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ESRv..181...12J&rft.aulast=M.&rft.aufirst=Jayananda&rft.au=M.%2C+Santosh&rft.au=K.R.%2C+Aadhiseshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharwar+Craton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeucatJayanandaChardonCapdevila2013" class="citation journal cs1">Peucat, Jean-Jacques; Jayananda, Mudlappa; Chardon, Dominique; Capdevila, Ramon; Fanning, C. 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data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Other prehistoric continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Possible future supercontinents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&oldid=1259181842">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharwar_Craton&oldid=1259181842</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cratons" title="Category:Cratons">Cratons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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