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.mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;">This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>. <div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <big><a href="/wiki/File:Ambox_warning_pn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="red-outlined triangle containing exclamation point" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/18px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/27px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/36px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="445"></a> Warning: You are not logged in. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=">create an account</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=">log in</a> to proceed.</big> You can customize how inline citations and reference lists appear to you when you are logged into your account by adding any of these rules to <a href="/wiki/Special:MyPage/skin.css" title="Special:MyPage/skin.css">your CSS</a>. After editing, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BYPASS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BYPASS">bypass your cache</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Reference_list">1 Reference list</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Adjust_font_size">1.1 Adjust font size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Suppress_display">1.2 Suppress display</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Highlight_clicked_reference_in_blue">1.3 Highlight clicked reference in blue</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Put_in_a_box_with_a_scrollbar">1.4 Put in a box with a scrollbar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Disable_columns">1.5 Disable columns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Add_dividers_(rules)_between_columns">1.6 Add dividers (rules) between columns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In-text_cites">2 In-text cites</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hide_in-text_footnote_markers">2.1 Hide in-text footnote markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Don't_include_citation_numbers_when_selecting_text_(e.g._to_copy_and_paste)">2.2 Don't include citation numbers when selecting text (e.g. to copy and paste)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Keep_reference_superscript_and_subscript_text_from_breaking_the_line-spacing">2.3 Keep reference superscript and subscript text from breaking the line-spacing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Prevent_wrapping">2.4 Prevent wrapping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Add_a_space_before_the_in-text_citation">2.5 Add a space before the in-text citation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hide_the_brackets_for_the_inline_cite">2.6 Hide the brackets for the inline cite</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hide_in-text_cites">2.7 Hide in-text cites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Larger,_bolder_in-text_citations">2.8 Larger, bolder in-text citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Inconspicuous_in-text_citations">2.9 Inconspicuous in-text citations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Pop-ups">3 Pop-ups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Error_messages">4 Error messages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Show_citation_errors_in_all_namespaces">4.1 Show citation errors in all namespaces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Show_non-fatal_errors">4.2 Show non-fatal errors</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Reference_list" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reference_list">Reference list</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reference list" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjust_font_size" data-mw-thread-id="h-Adjust_font_size-Reference_list">Adjust font size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adjust font size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Set the font size for reference lists */ ol.references, div.reflist, div.refbegin { font-size: 90%; } </pre></div> Change 90% to the desired size. See also <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">Special:Preferences</a> → Gadgets → Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppress_display" data-mw-thread-id="h-Suppress_display-Reference_list">Suppress display</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suppress display" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Suppress display of the reference list */ ol.references { display: none; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highlight_clicked_reference_in_blue" data-mw-thread-id="h-Highlight_clicked_reference_in_blue-Reference_list">Highlight clicked reference in blue</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Highlight clicked reference in blue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Highlight clicked reference in blue to help navigation */ ol.references li:target, sup.reference:target, span.citation:target { background-color: #DEF; } </pre></div> See <a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">web colors</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Put_in_a_box_with_a_scrollbar" data-mw-thread-id="h-Put_in_a_box_with_a_scrollbar-Reference_list">Put in a box with a scrollbar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Put in a box with a scrollbar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Reference list in a box with a scrollbar */ @media screen { div.reflist { overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 0.5em; max-height: 320px; } } </pre></div>To show the reference list in a collapsible box, see <a href="/wiki/User:TheDJ/Folded_references" title="User:TheDJ/Folded references">User:TheDJ/Folded references</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disable_columns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Disable_columns-Reference_list">Disable columns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disable columns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Disable columns for {{reflist}} and {{refbegin}} */ .references-column-count, .references-column-width { column-count: 1 !important; column-width: auto !important; } </pre></div> To set a fixed number of columns, change <code>1</code> to the desired number. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Add_dividers_(rules)_between_columns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Add_dividers_(rules)_between_columns-Reference_list">Add dividers (rules) between columns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Add dividers (rules) between columns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Add dividers (rules) between columns */ .references-column-count, .references-column-width { column-rule: 1px solid #aaa; } </pre></div> You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="In-text_cites" data-mw-thread-id="h-In-text_cites">In-text cites</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In-text cites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hide_in-text_footnote_markers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hide_in-text_footnote_markers-In-text_cites">Hide in-text footnote markers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hide in-text footnote markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Edit <a href="/wiki/Special:MyPage/common.js" title="Special:MyPage/common.js">your common JavaScript</a> and add: <code>{{subst:lusc|User:Zhaofeng Li/RefToggle.js}}</code> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don't_include_citation_numbers_when_selecting_text_(e.g._to_copy_and_paste)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Don't_include_citation_numbers_when_selecting_text_(e.g._to_copy_and_paste)-In-text_cites">Don't include citation numbers when selecting text (e.g. to copy and paste)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Don't include citation numbers when selecting text (e.g. to copy and paste)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Edit <a href="/wiki/Special:MyPage/common.css" title="Special:MyPage/common.css">your CSS</a> to add: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>sup.reference { user-select: none; } /* Don't copy citation numbers */ </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keep_reference_superscript_and_subscript_text_from_breaking_the_line-spacing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Keep_reference_superscript_and_subscript_text_from_breaking_the_line-spacing-In-text_cites">Keep reference superscript and subscript text from breaking the line-spacing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Keep reference superscript and subscript text from breaking the line-spacing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#content sup.reference { vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; bottom: 0.33em; } #content sub.reference { vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; bottom: -0.25em; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevent_wrapping" data-mw-thread-id="h-Prevent_wrapping-In-text_cites">Prevent wrapping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevent wrapping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This fixes a cosmetic issue with Internet Explorer where a wikilink followed immediately by an in-text cite may cause the link and cite to be underlined together; not supported by IE6 and IE7 <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Add a zero-width space before the in-text citation */ sup.reference:before { content: "\200B"; text-decoration: none; } </pre></div> This will join the in-text cite to the preceding text, preventing it from wrapping; it does not add a space; does not work for Internet Explorer <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Add a zero-width joiner before the in-text citation */ sup.reference:before { content: "\200D"; text-decoration: none; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Add_a_space_before_the_in-text_citation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Add_a_space_before_the_in-text_citation-In-text_cites">Add a space before the in-text citation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Add a space before the in-text citation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This will join the in-text cite to the preceding text, preventing it from wrapping; a space will show between the text and the in-text cite; not supported by IE6 and IE7 <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Add a non-breaking space before the in-text citation */ sup.reference:before { content: "\A0"; text-decoration: none; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hide_the_brackets_for_the_inline_cite" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hide_the_brackets_for_the_inline_cite-In-text_cites">Hide the brackets for the inline cite</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hide the brackets for the inline cite" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Hide the brackets for the inline cite */ sup.reference a span { display: none; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hide_in-text_cites" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hide_in-text_cites-In-text_cites">Hide in-text cites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hide in-text cites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Hide in-text cites */ .reference { display: none; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larger,_bolder_in-text_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Larger,_bolder_in-text_citations-In-text_cites">Larger, bolder in-text citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Larger, bolder in-text citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* Larger, bolder in-text citations */ p sup.reference a { font-weight: bold; font-size: 140% !important; color: #55C !important; background: #FFF !important; } hover sup.reference a { background: #FFFF00 !important; color: #1010FF !important; } hover sup.reference a:visited { color: #5A3696 !important; } hover sup.reference a:active { color: #FAA700 !important; background: #0808F8 !important; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconspicuous_in-text_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Inconspicuous_in-text_citations-In-text_cites">Inconspicuous in-text citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inconspicuous in-text citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The :before and :after pseudo-elements are not supported by IE6 and IE7 <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* inconspicuous in-text citations */ sup.reference { white-space: nowrap; } sup.reference a { font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: lighter } sup.reference:after { content: ' '; /* non-break space after cites */ text-decoration: none; } sup.reference a span { display: none; /* hide the brackets */ } p sup.reference a, tr sup.reference a, caption sup.reference a, ol sup.reference a, ul sup.reference a, dl sup.reference a { color: black; } p:hover sup.reference a, tr:hover sup.reference a, caption:hover sup.reference a, ol:hover sup.reference a, ul:hover sup.reference a, dl:hover sup.reference a { color: rgb(0, 43, 184); text-decoration: underline; } p:hover sup.reference a:visited, tr:hover sup.reference a:visited, caption:hover sup.reference a:visited, ol:hover sup.reference a:visited, ul:hover sup.reference a:visited, dl:hover sup.reference a:visited { color: #5A3696; } p:hover sup.reference a:hover, tr:hover sup.reference a:hover, caption:hover sup.reference a:hover, ol:hover sup.reference a:hover, ul:hover sup.reference a:hover, dl:hover sup.reference a:hover { color: #002BB8; } p:hover sup.reference a:active, tr:hover sup.reference a:active, caption:hover sup.reference a:active ol:hover sup.reference a:active, ul:hover sup.reference a:active, dl:hover sup.reference a:active { color: #FAA700; } </pre></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Pop-ups" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pop-ups">Pop-ups</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pop-ups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> To add pop-ups for the in-text citation that show the full citation, see <a href="/wiki/User:Blue-Haired_Lawyer/Footnote_popups" title="User:Blue-Haired Lawyer/Footnote popups">User:Blue-Haired Lawyer/Footnote popups</a>. Also, the Gadget at <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets" title="Special:Preferences">Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets</a>->Browsing->Reference Tooltips. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Error_messages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Error_messages">Error messages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Error messages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Show_citation_errors_in_all_namespaces" data-mw-thread-id="h-Show_citation_errors_in_all_namespaces-Error_messages">Show citation errors in all namespaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Show citation errors in all namespaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By default error messages only show for article, user, template, category, help and file pages. Errors do not show on talk, Wikipedia, MediaWiki, portal and book unless enabled: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/*show cite errors on all pages*/ .mw-parser-output span.brokenref { display: inline; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Show_non-fatal_errors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Show_non-fatal_errors-Error_messages">Show non-fatal errors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Reference_display_customization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Show non-fatal errors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Additionally, in the Article namespace citation templates suppress non-fatal errors by default. These messages can be made visible using:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>.mw-parser-output span.cs1-hidden-error { display: inline; } </pre></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a> (External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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