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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_(1972–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_(1972–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Foundation (1972–1973) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_(1972–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FN–PFN_rivalry_(1973–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FN–PFN_rivalry_(1973–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 FN–PFN rivalry (1973–1981) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FN–PFN_rivalry_(1973–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean-Marie_Le_Pen's_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Marie_Le_Pen's_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Marie_Le_Pen's_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_breakthrough_(1982–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_breakthrough_(1982–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Electoral breakthrough (1982–1988) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_breakthrough_(1982–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_(1988–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_(1988–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Consolidation (1988–1997) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_(1988–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turmoil_and_split_of_the_MNR_(1997–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turmoil_and_split_of_the_MNR_(1997–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Turmoil and split of the MNR (1997–2002) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turmoil_and_split_of_the_MNR_(1997–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_run-off_(2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_run-off_(2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Presidential run-off (2002) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_run-off_(2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(2003–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(2003–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Decline (2003–2010) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_(2003–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_Le_Pen's_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Le_Pen's_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Marine Le Pen's leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Le_Pen's_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_of_the_FN_(2011–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_the_FN_(2011–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Revival of the FN (2011–2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_the_FN_(2011–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_successes_(2012–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_successes_(2012–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Electoral successes (2012–2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_successes_(2012–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_and_parliamentary_election,_rebranding_(2017–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_and_parliamentary_election,_rebranding_(2017–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Presidential and parliamentary election, rebranding (2017–2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_and_parliamentary_election,_rebranding_(2017–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan_Bardella's_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan_Bardella's_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Jordan Bardella's leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan_Bardella's_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024_European_parliament_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_European_parliament_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 2024 European parliament election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_European_parliament_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_legislative_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_legislative_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 2024 legislative election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_legislative_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 NATO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_reform_and_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_reform_and_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Electoral reform and referendums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_reform_and_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opinions_on_the_holocaust,_and_relations_with_Jewish_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions_on_the_holocaust,_and_relations_with_Jewish_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Opinions on the holocaust, and relations with Jewish groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions_on_the_holocaust,_and_relations_with_Jewish_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czecho-Russian_bank_loan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czecho-Russian_bank_loan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Czecho-Russian bank loan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czecho-Russian_bank_loan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_banned_neo-fascist_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_banned_neo-fascist_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Links with banned neo-fascist group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_banned_neo-fascist_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_payment_of_party_officials_with_EU_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_payment_of_party_officials_with_EU_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Alleged payment of party officials with EU funds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_payment_of_party_officials_with_EU_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Vice Presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 General Secretaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elected_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elected_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Elected representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elected_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affiliation_and_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affiliation_and_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 International affiliation and relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affiliation_and_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Election results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 National Assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Presidential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Regional councils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_New_Caledonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_New_Caledonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Congress of New Caledonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_New_Caledonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">National Rally</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="التجمع الوطني (فرنسا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التجمع الوطني (فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="میلی بیرلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلی بیرلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk_Chio-chi%CC%8Dp" title="Bîn-cho̍k Chio-chi̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-cho̍k Chio-chi̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Национален съюз (Франция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национален съюз (Франция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagrupament_Nacional" title="Reagrupament Nacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reagrupament Nacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_sdru%C5%BEen%C3%AD_(Francie)" title="Národní sdružení (Francie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní sdružení (Francie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusrinne" title="Rahvusrinne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusrinne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Εθνική Συσπείρωση (Γαλλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική Συσπείρωση (Γαλλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(Francia)" title="Agrupación Nacional (Francia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agrupación Nacional (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National_(Francio)" title="Rassemblement National (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rassemblement National (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgune_Nazionala" title="Bilgune Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bilgune Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اجتماع ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجتماع ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national" title="Rassemblement national – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rassemblement national" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaci%C3%B3n_Nacional" title="Agrupación Nacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Agrupación Nacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9_(%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4)" title="국민연합 (프랑스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민연합 (프랑스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF_(%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Ազգային ճակատ (Ֆրանսիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգային ճակատ (Ֆրանսիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional_(Prancis)" title="Barisan Nasional (Prancis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barisan Nasional (Prancis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0fylkingin_(Frakkland)" title="Þjóðfylkingin (Frakkland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðfylkingin (Frakkland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_(%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA)" title="האיחוד הלאומי (צרפת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיחוד הלאומי (צרפת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ეროვნული გაერთიანება (საფრანგეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეროვნული გაერთიანება (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81_apvien%C4%ABba_(Francija)" title="Nacionālā apvienība (Francija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālā apvienība (Francija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national" title="Rassemblement national – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rassemblement national" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalinis_susivienijimas_(Pranc%C5%ABzija)" title="Nacionalinis susivienijimas (Prancūzija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacionalinis susivienijimas (Prancūzija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_National" title="Rassemblement National – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rassemblement National" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_T%C3%B6m%C3%B6r%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Nemzeti Tömörülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzeti Tömörülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="الجبهة الوطنية (فرنسا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجبهة الوطنية (فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional_(Perancis)" title="Barisan Nasional (Perancis) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barisan Nasional (Perancis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national_(Frankrijk)" title="Rassemblement national (Frankrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rassemblement national (Frankrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9)" title="国民連合 (フランス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民連合 (フランス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national" title="Rassemblement national – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rassemblement national" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national" title="Rassemblement national – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rassemblement national" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblament_Nacional" title="Rassemblament Nacional – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rassemblament Nacional" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassannmint_Nacionnal" title="Rassannmint Nacionnal – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rassannmint Nacionnal" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_nassional" title="Front nassional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Front nassional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczenie_Narodowe_(Francja)" title="Zjednoczenie Narodowe (Francja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczenie Narodowe (Francja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagrupamento_Nacional" title="Reagrupamento Nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reagrupamento Nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Adunarea_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_(Fran%C8%9Ba)" title="Partidul Adunarea Națională (Franța) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Adunarea Națională (Franța)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Национальное объединение (Франция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальное объединение (Франция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitional_Rally_(Fraunce)" title="Naitional Rally (Fraunce) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naitional Rally (Fraunce)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Rally" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national" title="Rassemblement national – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rassemblement national" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Национални савез (Француска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални савез (Француска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalno_okupljanje" title="Nacionalno okupljanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalno okupljanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallinen_liittouma" title="Kansallinen liittouma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallinen liittouma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationell_samling" title="Nationell samling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationell samling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_(%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA)" title="ชุมนุมแห่งชาติ (ฝรั่งเศส) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมนุมแห่งชาติ (ฝรั่งเศส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Birlik_(Fransa)" title="Ulusal Birlik (Fransa) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Birlik (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Національне об'єднання (Франція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національне об'єднання (Франція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Mặt trận Quốc gia Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt trận Quốc gia Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="國民陣線 (法國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國民陣線 (法國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="國民聯盟 (法國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國民聯盟 (法國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #254671; border-bottom:2px solid #254671; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">National Rally</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="fr">Rassemblement National</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg/275px-Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg/413px-Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg/550px-Logo_Rassemblement_National.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="149" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">RN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vice Presidents</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">David Rachline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Laporte" title="Hélène Laporte">Hélène Laporte</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Parliamentary party leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (National Assembly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Pierre Bousquet</a><a href="#cite_note-france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-rise-france-right-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5 October 1972; 52 years ago (1972-10-05)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">114 bis rue Michel-Ange <a href="/wiki/16e_arrondissement_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="16e arrondissement de Paris">75016</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Security wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Protection_and_Security" title="Department for Protection and Security">Department for Protection and Security</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100,000 (claimed)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a><a href="#cnote_A">[A]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Rally_far-right-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_bleu_Marine" title="Rassemblement bleu Marine">Rassemblement bleu Marine</a> (2012–2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Patriots.eu" title="Patriots.eu">Patriots.eu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> (since 2024)<a href="#cite_note-8">[nb 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Navy blue<a href="#cite_note-10">[nb 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">126 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 22%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 348<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 0.9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">30 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Regional_Council_(France)" title="President of the Regional Council (France)">Presidencies of Regional Councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 17<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Council (France)">Regional Councillors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">242 / 1,758<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_departmental_councils_(France)" title="List of presidents of departmental councils (France)">Presidencies of Departmental Councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 101<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Departmental Council (France)">Departmental Councillors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">26 / 4,108<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #254671; width: 0.6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rassemblementnational.fr/">rassemblementnational.fr</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205150#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #254671;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><a href="#ref_A">^</a> A: The RN is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">radical right</a> and does not oppose democracy.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">Conservatism in France</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#French_integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a> (1864)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a> (2015)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> (formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrassisme in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist_Right_(French_politics)" title="Sovereigntist Right (French politics)">Sovereigntist Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The National Rally (French: Rassemblement national, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁasɑ̃bləmɑ̃ nɑsjɔnal]</a>, RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (French: Front national, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]</a>, FN), is a French <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> political party, described as <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">nationalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> It is the single largest <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_group_(National_Assembly)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally group (National Assembly)">parliamentary opposition party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> since 2022. Its candidate was defeated in the second round in the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a> presidential elections. It <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposes immigration</a>, advocating significant cuts to <a href="/wiki/Legal_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal immigration">legal immigration</a>, protection of French identity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201246–55-16">[14]</a> and stricter control of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a>. The party advocates a "more balanced" and "independent" French foreign policy, opposing French military intervention in Africa while supporting France leaving <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s integrated command. It also supports reform of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and its related organisations as well as <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a> for breaches of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The party was founded in 1972, created by the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a> to be the legitimate political vehicle for the far-right movement.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> was its founder and leader until his resignation in 2011. While its influence was marginal until 1984, the party's role as a nationalist electoral force has grown considerably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007229-19">[17]</a> It has put forward a candidate at every presidential election but one since 1974. In the 2002 presidential election, Jean-Marie Le Pen advanced to the second round but finished a distant second in the runoff to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199946,_56_and_71-20">[18]</a> His daughter <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. She temporarily stepped down in 2017 in order to concentrate on her presidential candidacy; she resumed her leadership after the election.<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[19]</a> She headed the party until 2021, when she temporarily resigned again. A year later, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> was elected as her successor.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a> The party has seen an increase in its popularity and acceptance in French society in recent years. It has been accused of promoting <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[21]</a> While her father was nicknamed the "Devil of the Republic" by mainstream media and sparked outrage for <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, Marine Le Pen pursued a policy of "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9diabolisation" title="Dédiabolisation">de-demonisation</a>" of the party by softening its image and trying to frame the party as being neither right nor left.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> She endeavoured to extract it from its far-right roots, as well as censuring controversial members like her father, who was suspended and then expelled from the party in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Following her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN grew.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> By 2015, the FN had established itself as a major political party in France.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Sources traditionally label the party as <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_Rally_far-right-7">[7]</a> However, some media outlets have started to refer to the party as "right-wing populist" or "nationalist right" instead, arguing that it has substantially moderated from its years under Jean-Marie Le Pen.<a href="#cite_note-:6-29">[27]</a> At the FN congress of 2018, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party Rassemblement National (National Rally),<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_March_2018-30">[28]</a> and this was confirmed by a ballot of party members.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_June_2018-31">[29]</a> Formerly strongly <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a>, the National Rally changed policies in 2019, deciding to campaign for a reform of the EU rather than leaving it and to keep the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as the main currency of France (together with the <a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a> for some collectivities).<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In 2021, Le Pen announced that she wanted to remain in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, citing "an attachment to the European spirit", but to reserve free movement to nationals of a <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> country, excluding residents of and visitors from another Schengen country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Le Pen reached the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>, receiving 33.9% of the votes in the run-off and losing to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>. Again in the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 election</a>, she lost to Macron in the run-off, receiving 41.45% of the votes. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 French legislative elections">2022 parliamentary elections</a>, the National Rally achieved a significant increase in the number of its MPs in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a>, from 7 to 89 seats. In June 2024, the party, led by its president Jordan Bardella, won the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">European Parliament elections</a> in a landslide with 31.4% of the votes. This caused Macron to announce a snap election to try to garner more support for his party, Ensemble. Later that month, an RN-led right-wing coalition topped the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">snap French legislative election</a> with a record 33.2% of the votes. On 7 July, the RN also won the popular vote (37.06%) in the second round of the snap election, but only won the third highest number of seats.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The party's ideological roots can be traced to both <a href="/wiki/Poujadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poujadism">Poujadism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>, small business <a href="/wiki/Tax_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax protest">tax protest</a> movement founded in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poujade" title="Pierre Poujade">Pierre Poujade</a> and on right-wing dismay over the decision by French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> to abandon his promise of holding on to the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, (many frontistes, including Le Pen, were part of an inner circle of returned servicemen known as Le cercle national des combattants).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201231–35-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199921–24-37">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a>, Le Pen unsuccessfully attempted to consolidate the right-wing vote around presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199925–27-38">[36]</a> Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, the French far-right consisted mainly of small, extreme movements such as <a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a> (GUD), and the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a> (ON).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199927–31-39">[37]</a> Espousing France's Catholic and monarchist traditions, one of the primary progenitors of the ideology generally promoted by FN was the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a>, founded at the end of the 19th century, and its descendants in the Restauration Nationale, a pro-<a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> group that supports the claim of the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Paris" title="Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a> to the French throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199913–17-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_(1972–1973)">Foundation (1972–1973)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation (1972–1973)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the Italian Social Movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg/150px-Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg/225px-Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg/300px-Movimento_Sociale_Italiano_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the National Front between 1972 and 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg/150px-Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg/225px-Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg/300px-Old_Front_Nationale_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Logo of the Italian Social Movement Right: Logo of the National Front between 1972 and 2007</div></div></div></div> While Ordre Nouveau had competed in some local elections since 1970, at its second congress, in June 1972, it decided to establish a new political party to contest the <a href="/wiki/1973_French_legislative_election" title="1973 French legislative election">1973 legislative elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007163–164-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199936_f-43">[41]</a> The party was launched on 5 October 1972 under the name National Front for French Unity (Front national pour l'unité française), or Front National.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007169-44">[42]</a> In order to create a broad movement, ON sought to model the new party (as it earlier had sought to model itself) on the more established <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI), which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition of the Italian hard right. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007159,_169-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199931,_36–37-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199794-47">[45]</a> ON wanted to unite the various French far-right currents, and brought together "nationals" of Le Pen's group and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Roger Holeindre</a>'s Party of French Unity; "nationalists" from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Pierre Bousquet</a>'s Militant movement or <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">François Brigneau</a>'s and Alain Robert's <a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a>; the anti-Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a>'s Justice and Liberty movement; as well as former <a href="/wiki/Poujadists" class="mw-redirect" title="Poujadists">Poujadists</a>, Algerian War veterans, and some monarchists, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007169-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199913-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Le Pen was chosen to be the first president of the party, as he was untainted with the militant public image of the ON and was a relatively moderate figure in the far-right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199938_f-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007170-51">[49]</a> The National Front fared poorly in the <a href="/wiki/1973_French_legislative_election" title="1973 French legislative election">1973 legislative elections</a>, receiving 0.5% of the national vote, although Le Pen won 5% in his Paris constituency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007171-52">[50]</a> In 1973, the party created a youth movement, the Front national de la jeunesse (National Front of Youth; FNJ). The rhetoric used in the campaign stressed old, far-right themes and was largely uninspiring to the electorate at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199939-53">[51]</a> Otherwise, its official program at this point was relatively moderate, differing little from the mainstream right's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007173_f-54">[52]</a> Le Pen sought the "total fusion" of the currents in the party, and warned against "crude activism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007174_f-55">[53]</a> The FNJ were banned from the party later that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007175-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199939-53">[51]</a> The move towards the mainstream cost it many leading members and much of its militant base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007175-56">[54]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974 presidential election</a>, Le Pen failed to find a mobilising theme for his campaign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007176_f-57">[55]</a> since many of its platform's major issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, were shared by most of the mainstream right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007183-58">[56]</a> Other FN issues included calls for increased French birth rates, immigration reduction (although this was downplayed), establishment of a professional army, abrogation of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a>, and generally the creation of a "French and European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007177,_185-59">[57]</a> Despite being the only nationalist candidate, he failed to gain the support of the whole of the far-right, as the various groups either rallied behind other candidates or called for voter abstention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007177-60">[58]</a> The campaign further lost ground when the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">Revolutionary Communist League</a> made public a report of Le Pen's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007177-60">[58]</a> In his first participation in a presidential election, Le Pen won only 0.8% of the national vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007177-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FN–PFN_rivalry_(1973–1981)">FN–PFN rivalry (1973–1981)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FN–PFN rivalry (1973–1981)">edit</a>]</div> Following the 1974 election, the FN was obscured by the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a> (PFN), founded by FN dissidents (largely from the ON).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199941-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007178_f-62">[60]</a> Their competition weakened both parties throughout the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199941-61">[59]</a> Along with the growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">François Duprat</a> and his "<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">revolutionary nationalists</a>", the FN gained several new groups of supporters in the late 1970s and early 1980s: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Jean-Pierre Stirbois</a> (1977) and his "<a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Corporate_solidarism" title="Corporatism">solidarists</a>", <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Bruno Gollnisch</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Bernard Antony</a> (1984) and his Catholic fundamentalists, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a> (1985) and the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007180–184-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017121-64">[62]</a> Following the death of Duprat in a bomb attack in 1978, the revolutionary nationalists left the party, while Stirbois became Le Pen's deputy as his solidarists effectively ousted the <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a> tendency in the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007181,_184-65">[63]</a> A radical group split off in 1980 and founded the <a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a>, dismissing the FN as becoming "too <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a>" with Le Pen being a "puppet of the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017106-66">[64]</a> The far right was marginalised altogether in the <a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978 legislative elections</a>, although the PFN came out better off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007179–180,_185–187-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199943-68">[66]</a> In the first election for the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1979 European Parliament election in France">European Parliament in 1979</a>, the PFN became part of an attempt to build a "Euro-Right" alliance of the continent's far-right parties, and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007181_f-69">[67]</a> It fielded Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour as its primary candidate, while Le Pen called for voter abstention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007182-70">[68]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a>, both Le Pen and Pascal Gauchon of the PFN declared their intentions to run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007182-70">[68]</a> However, an increased requirement regarding obtaining signatures of support from elected officials had been introduced for the election, which left both Le Pen and Gauchon unable to participate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[nb 3]</a> The election was won by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> (PS), a results that brought the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> to national power for the first time in the Fifth Republic; Mitterrand immediately dissolved the National Assembly and called a snap legislative election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007182,_198-72">[69]</a> With only three weeks to prepare its campaign, the FN fielded only a limited number of candidates and won only 0.2% of the national vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007183-58">[56]</a> The PFN was even worse off, and the election marked the effective end of competition from the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007183-58">[56]</a> The Socialists attained their best ever result with an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">1981 legislative election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007182_f-73">[70]</a> The "socialist takeover" led to a radicalisation in centre-right, anti-communist, and anti-socialist voters.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Marie_Le_Pen's_leadership">Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_breakthrough_(1982–1988)">Electoral breakthrough (1982–1988)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electoral breakthrough (1982–1988)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg/220px-200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg/330px-200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg/440px-200109_Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>, leader of the National Front from 1972 to 2011</figcaption></figure> While the French party system had been dominated by polarisation and competition between the clear-cut ideological alternatives of two political blocs in the 1970s, the two blocs had largely moved towards the centre by the mid-1980s. This led many voters to perceive the blocs as more or less indistinguishable, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a>' "austerity turn" (tournant de la rigueur) of 1983,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> in turn inducing them to seek out to new political alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199795–98-76">[73]</a> By October 1982, Le Pen supported the prospect of deals with the mainstream right, provided that the FN did not have to soften its position on "key issues."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007195-77">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1983_French_municipal_elections" title="1983 French municipal elections">1983 municipal elections</a>, the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR) and the centrist <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (UDF) formed alliances with the FN in a number of towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007195-77">[74]</a> The most notable result came in the <a href="/wiki/20th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="20th arrondissement of Paris">20th arrondissement of Paris</a>, where Le Pen was elected to the local council with 11% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007195-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199960-78">[75]</a> Subsequent by-elections kept media attention on the party, which was for the first time able to pose as a viable component of the broader right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199961-80">[77]</a> In a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a> in October 1983, the FN won 17% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007195-77">[74]</a> With the choice of defeat to the political left or dealing with the FN, the local RPR and UDF agreed to form an alliance with the FN, causing a national sensation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007195-77">[74]</a> together, they won the second round with 55% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199960-78">[75]</a> The events in Dreux were a monumental turning point in the rise of the FN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann1997100-81">[78]</a> Le Pen protested the "media boycott" against his party by sending letters to President Mitterrand in mid-1982.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a> Following an exchange of letters with Le Pen, Mitterrand instructed the heads of the main television channels to give equitable coverage to the FN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a> In January 1984, the party made its first appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity, in which 9% of respondents held a "positive opinion" of the FN and some support for Le Pen personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a> The next month, Le Pen was, for the first time, invited on a prime-time television interview programme, which he himself later deemed "the hour that changed everything".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199976-82">[79]</a> In the June <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1984 European Parliament election in France">1984 European elections</a>, the FN won 11% of the vote and ten seats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199962-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[nb 4]</a> in a contest that was considered to have a low level of importance by the public, which played to the party's advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199963-85">[81]</a> The FN, notably, made inroads in both right-wing and left-wing constituencies, and finished 2nd in a number of towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007194-86">[82]</a> While many Socialists had arguably exploited the party in order to divide the right,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007230-87">[83]</a> Mitterrand later conceded that he had underestimated Le Pen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007196-79">[76]</a> By July, 17% of opinion poll respondents held a positive opinion of the FN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007197-88">[84]</a> By the early 1980s, the FN featured a mosaic of ideological tendencies and attracted figures who were previously resistant to the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007197-88">[84]</a> The party managed to draw supporters from the mainstream right, including some high-profile defectors from the RPR, the UDF, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents and Peasants</a> (CNIP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007197-88">[84]</a> In the 1984 European elections, eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties, while the party's list also included an <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_France" title="Arabs in France">Arab</a> and a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jew</a> - although in unwinnable positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007197-88">[84]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#France" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a> were also accepted in the party, as Le Pen urged the need for "reconciliation", arguing that forty years after the war the only important question was whether or not "they wish to serve their country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007197-88">[84]</a> The FN won 8.7% overall support in the <a href="/wiki/1985_French_cantonal_elections" title="1985 French cantonal elections">1985 cantonal elections</a>, netting over 30% in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative elections</a>, the FN took advantage of the new, proportional representation system<a href="#cite_note-90">[nb 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199966-91">[86]</a> and won 9.8% of the vote and 35 seats in the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> Many of these seats were filled by a new wave of "respectable" political operatives, notables, who had joined the party after its 1984 success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199964–66-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007216-93">[88]</a> The RPR won a majority with smaller, centre-right parties, and thus avoided the need to deal with the FN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> Although FN was unable to exercise any real political influence, the party could project an image of political legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007216-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199980-94">[89]</a> Several of its legislative proposals were controversial and had a socially reactionary and xenophobic character, among them attempts to restore the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>, expel foreigners who "proportionally committed more crimes than the French", restrict naturalisation, introduce a "national preference" for employment, impose taxes on the hiring of foreigners by French companies, and privatise <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> The party's time in the National Assembly effectively came to an end when <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> reinstated the two-round system of majority voting for the next election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007217-96">[91]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1986_French_regional_elections" title="1986 French regional elections">the regional elections</a> held on the same day, FN won 137 seats, and gained representation in 21 of the 22 French regional councils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils, and the FN won vice-presidential posts in four regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consolidation_(1988–1997)">Consolidation (1988–1997)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consolidation (1988–1997)">edit</a>]</div> Le Pen's campaign for the presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a> To promote his statesmanship credentials, he made trips to South East Asia, the United States, and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a> The management of the formal campaign, launched in April 1987, was entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a>, one of the new notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a> With his entourage, Le Pen traversed France for the entire period and, helped by Mégret, employed an American-style campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199968-98">[93]</a> Le Pen's presidential campaign was highly successful; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a> Using a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> tone, he presented himself as the representative of the people against the "gang of four" (RPR, UDF, PS, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of France">Communist Party</a>), while the central theme of his campaign was "national preference".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>, Le Pen won an unprecedented 14.4% of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007224-99">[94]</a> and double the votes of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199970-100">[95]</a> In the snap <a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">1988 legislative elections</a>, the FN was hurt by the return two-ballot majority voting, by the limited campaign period, and by the departure of many notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199980-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007227-101">[96]</a> In the election, the party retained its 9.8% support from the previous legislative election, but was reduced to a single seat in the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007227-101">[96]</a> Following some <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper National Hebdo in the late 1980s, some valuable FN politicians left the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007223_f-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199989-103">[98]</a> Soon, other quarrels left the party without its remaining member of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199990-104">[99]</a> In November 1988, general secretary Jean-Pierre Stirbois, who, together with his wife Marie-France, had been instrumental in the FN's early electoral successes, died in a car accident, leaving Bruno Mégret as the unrivalled, de facto FN deputy leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007219-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199990-104">[99]</a> The party only got 5% in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_cantonal_elections" title="1988 French cantonal elections">1988 cantonal elections</a>, while the RPR announced it would reject any alliance with the FN, a rejections that now included the local level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007233-105">[100]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1989 European Parliament election in France">1989 European elections</a>, the FN held on to its ten seats, winning 11.7% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007234-106">[101]</a> In the wake of FN's electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">the fatwa</a> against <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, the 1989 <a href="/wiki/France_debate_over_veils" class="mw-redirect" title="France debate over veils">affaire du foulard</a> was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007235–237-107">[102]</a> Following that success, surveys found that French public opinion was largely negative towards Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007237-108">[103]</a> In a 1989 legislative by-election in Dreux, FN candidate Marie-France Stirbois, campaigning mostly on an anti-<a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> platform, returned a symbolic FN presence to the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007236_f-109">[104]</a> By the early 1990s, some mainstream politicians began also employing anti-immigration rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199993-110">[105]</a> In the first round of the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 legislative elections</a>, the FN soared to 12.7% of the overall vote, but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system.<a href="#cite_note-111">[nb 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007247–249-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199994_f-113">[107]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential election</a>, votes for Le Pen rose to 15% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007252-114">[108]</a> The FN won an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> (and thus the mayorship) in three cities in the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_municipal_elections" title="1995 French municipal elections">1995 municipal elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[nb 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007260_f-117">[110]</a> Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its "national preference" policy, with the risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007261-115">[109]</a> The FN's elected representatives pursued interventionist policies with regards to the new cultural complexion of their towns by directly influencing artistic events, cinema schedules, and library holdings, as well as cutting or halting subsidies for multicultural associations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007262_f-118">[111]</a> The party won <a href="/wiki/Vitrolles,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Vitrolles, Bouches-du-Rhône">Vitrolles</a>, its fourth town, in a 1997 by-election, where similar policies were subsequently pursued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007263-119">[112]</a> Vitrolles' new mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_M%C3%A9gret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Mégret (page does not exist)">Catherine Mégret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_M%C3%A9gret" class="extiw" title="fr:Catherine Mégret">fr</a>], who ran in place of her husband Bruno,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999101-120">[113]</a> went further in one significant measure, introducing a special 5,000-<a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a> allowance for babies born to at least one parent of French (or EU) nationality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007263-119">[112]</a> The measure was ruled illegal by a court, whicn also sentenced her to a suspended prison sentence, a fine, and a two-year ban from public office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007263-119">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turmoil_and_split_of_the_MNR_(1997–2002)">Turmoil and split of the MNR (1997–2002)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turmoil and split of the MNR (1997–2002)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg/170px-Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg/255px-Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg/340px-Bruno_Megret_bordeaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a> and his faction broke out from the FN to form the MNR party</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997 legislative elections</a>, the FN polled its best-ever result with 15.3% support in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007264-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999104-122">[115]</a> The result showed that the party had become established enough to compete without its leader, who had decided not to run, in order to focus on the 2002 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999103-123">[116]</a> Although it won only one seat in the National Assembly, in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007264_f-125">[118]</a> The FN was arguably more influential at that time than it had been in 1986 with its 35 seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007275-126">[119]</a> While Bruno Mégret and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Bruno Gollnisch</a>, favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre-right following the left's victory, Le Pen rejected any such "compromise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007276-127">[120]</a> In the tenth FN national congress in 1997, Mégret stepped up his position in the party as its rising star and a potential leader following Le Pen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007271_f-128">[121]</a> Le Pen however refused to designate Mégret as his successor-elect, and instead made his wife Jany the leader of the FN list for the upcoming European election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007277–279-129">[122]</a> Mégret and his faction left the FN in January 1999 and founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a> (MNR), effectively splitting the FN in half at most levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007279-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxfn-131">[124]</a> Many of those who joined the new MNR had joined the FN in the mid-1980s, in part from the Nouvelle Droite, with a vision of building bridges to the parliamentary right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007279-130">[123]</a> Many had also been particularly influential in intellectualising the FN's policies on immigration, identity, and "national preference". Following the split, Le Pen denounced them as "extremist" and "racist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007279-130">[123]</a> Support for the two parties was almost equal in the <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1999 European Parliament election in France">1999 European election</a>, as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5.7%, and the MNR won 3.3%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007280-132">[125]</a> The effects of the split, and competition from more moderate nationalists, resulted in their combined support being lower than the FN result of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007280_f-133">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_run-off_(2002)">Presidential run-off (2002)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidential run-off (2002)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg/220px-200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg/330px-200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg/440px-200109_Pr%C3%A9sidentielles_2002_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Logo for Le Pen's 2002 presidential campaign</figcaption></figure> For the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 presidential election</a>, opinion polls had predicted a run-off between incumbent President Chirac and Socialist candidate <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007281-135">[128]</a> In a shock outcome, Le Pen outperformed Jospin (by 0.7%) in the 1st round, placing second and advancing to the runoff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007281-135">[128]</a> This resulted in the first presidential run-off since 1969 without a leftist candidate and the first ever with a candidate from the far-right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007282-136">[129]</a> To Le Pen's advantage, the election campaign had increasingly focused on law-and-order issues, helped by media attention on a number of violent incidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007283-137">[130]</a> Jospin had also been weakened due to the competition between an exceptional number of leftist parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007284-138">[131]</a> Nevertheless, Chirac did not even have to campaign in the second round, as widespread anti-Le Pen protests from the media and public opinion culminated on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> in a demonstration of 1.5 million participants across France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007288_f-139">[132]</a> Chirac also refused to debate with Le Pen, and the traditional televised debate was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007289-140">[133]</a> In the end, Chirac won the presidential run-off with an unprecedented 82.2% of the vote, with 71% of his votes—according to polls—cast simply "to block Le Pen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007289-140">[133]</a> Following the presidential election, the main centre-right parties merged to form the broad-based <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007291-141">[134]</a> The FN failed to hold on to Le Pen's support for the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">2002 legislative elections</a>, in which it got 11.3% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007291–293-142">[135]</a> It nevertheless outpolled Mégret's MNR, which had fielded the same number of candidates but won a mere 1.1% support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007292_f-143">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_(2003–2010)">Decline (2003–2010)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline (2003–2010)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LePencestpossible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LePencestpossible.jpg/220px-LePencestpossible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LePencestpossible.jpg/330px-LePencestpossible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LePencestpossible.jpg/440px-LePencestpossible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>National advertisement in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> for Le Pen's 2007 presidential bid</figcaption></figure> A new electoral system of two-round voting had been introduced for the <a href="/wiki/2004_French_regional_elections" title="2004 French regional elections">2004 regional elections</a>, in part in an attempt to reduce the FN's influence in regional councils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007297-144">[137]</a> The FN won 15.1% of the vote in metropolitan France, almost the same as in 1998, but its number of councillors was almost halved due to the new system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007298-145">[138]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2004 European Parliament election in France">2004 European elections</a>, too, a new system less favourable to the FN had been introduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007300-146">[139]</a> The party regained some of its strength from 1999, earning 9.8% of the vote and seven seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007300-146">[139]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 presidential election</a>, Le Pen and Mégret agreed to join forces. Le Pen came 4th in the election with 11% of the vote, and the party won no seats in the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election" title="2007 French legislative election">legislative election of the same year</a>. The party's 4.3% support was the lowest score since the 1981 election and only one candidate, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas de Calais">Pas de Calais</a>, reached the runoff -where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent. These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party's financial problems. Le Pen announced the sale of the FN headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a>, Le Paquebot, and of his personal armoured car.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> In 2008, a French court handed Le Pen a three-month suspended sentence and a €10,000 fine for remarks he made in 2005 that contravened France's law against <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2010_French_regional_elections" title="2010 French regional elections">2010 regional elections</a> the FN appeared to have re-emerged on the political scene after surprisingly winning almost 12% of the overall vote and 118 seats.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Le_Pen's_leadership">Marine Le Pen's leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marine Le Pen's leadership">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_of_the_FN_(2011–2012)">Revival of the FN (2011–2012)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revival of the FN (2011–2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Marine_Le_Pen_presidential_campaign" title="2012 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign">2012 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg/220px-Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg/330px-Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg/440px-Marine_Le_Pen_481910683_0aa38c1c25_o_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, National Front president (2011–2022)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg/220px-French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg/330px-French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg/440px-French_regional_elections_2015_1st_Round.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Results by region at the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections" title="2015 French regional elections">2015 French regional elections</a>, with regions where the National Front gained the most votes in grey</figcaption></figure> Jean-Marie Le Pen announced in September 2008 that he would retire as FN president in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-134">[127]</a> Le Pen's daughter Marine Le Pen and FN executive vice-president Bruno Gollnisch campaigned to succeed Le Pen,<a href="#cite_note-tel1-134">[127]</a> with Marine's candidacy backed by her father.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-134">[127]</a> On 15 January 2011, it was announced that Marine Le Pen had received the two-thirds vote needed to become the new leader of the FN.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-152">[145]</a> She embarked on a project to transform the FN into a "mainstream party" by softening its xenophobic image.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-152">[145]</a> Opinion polls showed the party's popularity increase under Marine Le Pen, and in the <a href="/wiki/2011_French_cantonal_elections" title="2011 French cantonal elections">2011 cantonal elections</a> the party won 15% of the overall vote (up from 4.5% in 2008). However, due to the French electoral system, the party only won 2 of the 2,026 seats that were up for election.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> At the end of 2011, the National Front withdrew from the far-right <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_National_Movements" title="Alliance of European National Movements">Alliance of European National Movements</a> and joined the more moderate <a href="/wiki/European_Alliance_for_Freedom" title="European Alliance for Freedom">European Alliance of Freedom</a>. In October 2013, Bruno Gollnisch and Jean-Marie Le Pen resigned from their position in the AENM. For the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as a serious challenger, with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> In the event, Le Pen came 3rd in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the best showing ever in a presidential election for the FN at that time. In the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election" title="2012 French legislative election">2012 legislative election</a>, the National Front won two seats: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Collard" title="Gilbert Collard">Gilbert Collard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DT2MMLP-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> In two polls about presidential favourites, conducted in April and May 2013,<a href="#cite_note-nouvelobs1-159">[152]</a> Marine le Pen polled ahead of president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> but behind <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nouvelobs1-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_successes_(2012–2017)">Electoral successes (2012–2017)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral successes (2012–2017)">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections" title="2014 French municipal elections">municipal elections held on 23 and 30 March 2014</a>, lists officially supported by the National Front won mayoralties in 12 cities: <a href="/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cogolin" title="Cogolin">Cogolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Fréjus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayange" title="Hayange">Hayange</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9nin-Beaumont" title="Hénin-Beaumont">Hénin-Beaumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Luc" title="Le Luc">Le Luc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Pontet,_Vaucluse" title="Le Pontet, Vaucluse">Le Pontet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Ville" title="Mantes-la-Ville">Mantes-la-Ville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissements of Marseille">the 7th arrondissement of Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Villers-Cotterêts">Villers-Cotterêts</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camaret-sur-Aigues" title="Camaret-sur-Aigues">Camaret-sur-Aigues</a>. While some of these cities were in southern France (like Fréjus) which traditionally votes more for right-wing parties than the rest of the country, others were located in northern France, where Socialist Party had been strong until the 2010s. Following these elections, the National Front had, in cities of over 1,000 inhabitants, 1,546 and 459 councilors at two different levels of local government.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The international media described the results as "historic",<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> and "impressive", although the <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> suggested that "hopes for real political power remain a fantasy" for the National Front.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg/220px-Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg/330px-Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg/440px-Jielbeaumadier_manif_anti-fn_paris_2014.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against the National Front in Paris after the results of the 2014 election</figcaption></figure> The National Front received 4,712,461 votes in the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2014 European Parliament election in France">2014 European Parliament election</a>, finishing first with 24.86% of the vote and 24 of France's 74 seats.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> This was said to be "the first time the anti-immigrant, anti-EU party had won a nationwide election in its four-decade history."<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> The party's success came as a "shock" in France and the EU.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_and_parliamentary_election,_rebranding_(2017–2022)">Presidential and parliamentary election, rebranding (2017–2022)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Presidential and parliamentary election, rebranding (2017–2022)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Marine_Le_Pen_presidential_campaign" title="2017 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign">2017 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign</a></div> On 24 April 2017, a day after the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">presidential election</a>, Marine Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the party's leader in an attempt to "unite voters."<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[19]</a> In the second round of voting, Le Pen was defeated 66.1% to 33.9% by her rival <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> of <a href="/wiki/En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="En Marche!">En Marche!</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_legislative_election" title="2017 French legislative election">following parliamentary elections</a>, the FN received 13.02% of the vote, a little lower than the 13.07% of the 2012 elections. The party appeared to have suffered from a demobilisation of its voters from the previous vote. Nonetheless, eight deputies (six FN and two affiliated) were elected, the best number for the FN in a parliamentary election using a majoritarian electoral system since its creation.<a href="#cite_note-170">[nb 8]</a> Marine Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly for the first time, while <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Collard" title="Gilbert Collard">Gilbert Collard</a> was re-elected. FN's 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Pajot" title="Ludovic Pajot">Ludovic Pajot</a> became the youngest ever member of the French parliament. In late 2017, <a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Florian Philippot</a> left the FN and formed <a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a>, on the grounds that the FN had "softened" its position on leaving the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> and abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> At the conclusion of the 11 March 2018 party congress in Lille, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party to Rassemblement national (National Rally) while keeping the flame as its logo. The new name was put to a vote among all party members.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_March_2018-30">[28]</a> Rassemblement national had already been used as the name of a French party, the <a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a>, led by the radical-right lawyer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a>. His <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">presidential campaign in 1965</a> had been managed by Jean-Marie Le Pen.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> The name had also been used by the FN previously, for <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Front_national_%E2%80%93_Rassemblement_national" class="extiw" title="fr:Groupe Front national – Rassemblement national">its parliamentary group between 1986 and 1988</a>. However, the name change faced opposition from an already-existing party named "Rassemblement national", whose president, Igor Kurek, described it as "Gaullist and republican right": the party had previously registered its name with the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Industrial_Property_(France)" title="National Institute of Industrial Property (France)">National Institute of Industrial Property</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> On 1 June, Le Pen announced that the name change was approved by party adherents with 80.81% in favour.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_June_2018-31">[29]</a> During that party congress, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, former advisor to Donald Trump before and after his 2016 election, gave what has been described as a "populist <a href="/wiki/Pep_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pep talk">pep talk</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-175">[167]</a> Bannon advised the party members to "Let them call you racist, let them call you xenophobes, let them call you nativists. Wear it like a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker. ... History is on our side and will bring us victory." Bannon's remarks brought the members to their feet.<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> In January 2019, ex-Sarkozy minister <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Mariani" title="Thierry Mariani">Thierry Mariani</a> and former conservative lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Garraud" title="Jean-Paul Garraud">Jean-Paul Garraud</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Les_Republicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Republicains">Les Republicains</a> (LR) and joined the National Rally.<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a> During a 2021 debate, Marine Le Pen was called "soft" on Islam by the Minister of the Interior in Macron's government, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Gérald Darmanin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> Marine Le Pen called for a "national-unity government" that would include persons such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Dupont-Aignan" title="Nicolas Dupont-Aignan">Nicolas Dupont-Aignan</a>, former LR officials, and <a href="/wiki/Souverainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Souverainism">souverainistes</a> on the left, such as former economy minister <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Montebourg" title="Arnaud Montebourg">Arnaud Montebourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> In the months before the <a href="/wiki/2021_French_regional_elections" title="2021 French regional elections">2021 French regional elections</a>, political commentators noted an increased moderation in the FN's platform that aimed to attract conservative voters,<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> as well as a new image being promoted by the party as a force of la droite populaire, i.e. the popular right, the social right.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> The party, nonetheless, fared badly in these elections.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 French presidential election</a>, Le Pen again reached the 2nd round with 23.15% of the votes, though she was defeated by incumbent Macron, after receiving 41.45% of the votes in the run-off.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">2022 French legislative election</a>, for which polling had indicated that FN would win only between 15 to 45 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, the party received 18.68% of the votes in the first round<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> and won 89 seats in the second round,<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> a significant increase from the previous total of 8 seats. The 89 seats enabled the National Rally to form a parliamentary group, for which at least 15 deputies are required, for the first time since 1986, when the national assembly was elected by proportional voting. The result made the party the 3rd largest party in the assembly and the largest <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">parliamentary opposition</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan_Bardella's_leadership">Jordan Bardella's leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jordan Bardella's leadership">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 The Republicans crisis">2024 The Republicans crisis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> was elected president of the RN on 5 November 2022, ending Marine Le Pen's period as president of the party. Le Pen remained president of the RN's parliamentary group.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_European_parliament_election">2024 European parliament election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2024 European parliament election">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2024 European Parliament election in France">2024 European parliamentary elections</a>, the RN won the most delegates of any single party (30). On 8 July, Bardella became president of the <a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a>, originally founded by Viktor Orbán with the Czech <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO</a> and the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">FPÖ</a> parties on a platform of refusing military aid to Ukraine, anti-immigration, and pro-"traditional family" values.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> The group, the third largest in the parliament, also includes members from the Flemish <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">PVV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega per Salvini Premier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> The National Rally's success in the European elections led to the dissolution of the French lower house by Emmanuel Macron on 9 June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_legislative_election">2024 legislative election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2024 legislative election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 French legislative election</a></div> In June 2024, the party joined with the micro-party "To the right! Friends of Eric Ciotti", forming the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the far-right">union of the far-right</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 French legislative election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarit-194">[186]</a> Together, these parties secured the largest share of the vote in the first round with 33.15% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-results2024-195">[187]</a> More voters who reported struggling financially voted for the RN than for any other party.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> Based on their first round performance, the RN will receive around €15 million per year in government subsidies for the next five years: each vote in the first round was worth €1.61 per year to the party.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarit-194">[186]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2024_French_legislative_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2024 French legislative election">opinion polls</a>, the National Rally were expected to get 230-270 seats, close to an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a>, However, 2-3 days before the second round, the RN were predicted to win around 170-220 seats. After the <a href="/wiki/Exit_polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit polls">exit polls</a> on 7th July, that figure was reduced to 120-170 seats, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Popular_Front" title="New Popular Front">New Popular Front</a> were predicted to win around 150-190 seats, slightly ahead of president Macron's <a href="/wiki/Together_(coalition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Together (coalition)">Ensemble</a> alliance who were expected to win 140-160 seats. Finally, the RN won only 142 seats, ranking third in the election. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">Conservatism in France</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#French_integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a> (1864)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a> (2015)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> (formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrassisme in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist_Right_(French_politics)" title="Sovereigntist Right (French politics)">Sovereigntist Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg/220px-Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg/330px-Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg/440px-Le_Pen_Paris_2007_05_01_n6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Members of the party's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Protection_and_Security" title="Department for Protection and Security">Department for Protection and Security</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> The party's ideology has been broadly described by scholars, including <a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(academic)" title="James Shields (academic)">James Shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonna_Mayer" title="Nonna Mayer">Nonna Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Michel Winock</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, following <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Pierre-André Taguieff</a>'s analysis, include the party in an old French tradition of "national populism" that can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulangism</a>. National populists combine the social values of the left and the political values of the right, and advocate a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendary</a> republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions. Aiming at a unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", they claim to defend the "average Frenchman" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201712–13-198">[190]</a> The party has been also described as <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> The FN has changed considerably since its foundation, pursuing the principles of modernisation and pragmatism, and adapting to the changing political climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007309-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999115-202">[194]</a> Its message increasingly influenced mainstream political parties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999115-202">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007312-203">[195]</a> and some commentators described it as right-wing, moving closer towards the centre-right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007313-204">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> In the 2010s, the party attempted to "de-demonise" its image and changed its name to National Rally. A 2022 Kanar survey found that 46% of French voters saw Marine Le Pen as "representing a patriotic Right attached to traditional values", although 50% saw her as "a danger to democracy".<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> The party opposed the 2016 criminalisation of the use of <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_France" title="Prostitution in France">prostitution in France</a>, on the grounds that it would negatively affect the safety of sex workers.<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feminism">Feminism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Feminism">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">2002 legislative elections</a>, the first under the new gender parity provision in the French Constitution, Le Pen's <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> was among the few parties to come close to meeting the law, with 49% female candidates; Jospin's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a> had 36%, and Chirac's <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a> had 19.6%.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> Women voters in France were traditionally more attracted to mainstream conservative parties than the radical right until the 2000s. The proportion of women in the party has risen to 39% by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017202-214">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Law and order">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on a <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law-and-order</a> platform of <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a>, harsher sentencing, increased prison capacity, and a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">referendum</a> on re-introducing the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">death penalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007282-136">[129]</a> In its 2001 programme, the party linked the breakdown of law and order to immigration, deeming immigration a "mortal threat to civil peace in France."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007284-138">[131]</a> Marine Le Pen rescinded the party's traditional support for the death penalty with her 2017 campaign launch, instead announcing support for imprisonment "in perpetuity" for the "worst crimes" in February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> In 2022, she proposed to hold a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">capital punishment in France</a> if she were elected.<a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Front.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/National_Front.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>2005 FN political poster reading: "Immigrants are going to vote... and you're abstaining?!!"</figcaption></figure> Since its early years, the party has called for immigration to be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007177–185-218">[210]</a> The theme of exclusion of non-European immigrants was brought into the party in 1978 and became increasingly important in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199795-219">[211]</a> After the 1999 split, the FN cultivated a more moderate image on immigration and Islam, no longer calling for the systematic repatriation of legal immigrants but still supporting the deportation of illegal, criminal or unemployed immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007315-220">[212]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> (2011) rebellions in several countries, Marine Le Pen campaigned for a halt to the migration of Tunisian and Libyan immigrants to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> In November 2015, the party stated as its goal to have a <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net legal immigration rate</a> (immigrants minus emigrants) of 10,000 in France per year. Since 2017, that yearly net immigration rate was around 182,000<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> if one takes into account only people born abroad from non-French parents, but was around 44,000 if one includes also the departures and returns of French expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> In 2022, Marine Le Pen proposed an end to “family reunification” rights for foreigners with residency permits and the end to the right to automatic citizenship for children born in France to foreigners living there.<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[203]</a> She also supported a referendum on immigration policy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> The National Rally has sought to restrict Islamic practice in France. In 2011, Marine Le Pen warned that wearing full face veils are "the tip of the iceberg" of <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a> of French culture.<a href="#cite_note-tnyt-224">[216]</a> In 2021,<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> and again in 2022, Le Pen again proposed banning the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> (which covers the head but not the face) in public.<a href="#cite_note-halal-226">[218]</a> Le Pen also proposed to ban the production of both <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meat.<a href="#cite_note-halal-226">[218]</a> Le Pen says she is "against the visibility of Islam" but not Islam per se.<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> The National Rally is considered <a href="/wiki/Islamophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobic">Islamophobic</a> by many.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> The party has connected immigration to Islamic terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> At the end of the 1970s, Jean-Marie Le Pen broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> heritage of Poujadism and espoused a <a href="/wiki/Market_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Market liberal">market liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statist</a> programme which included lower taxes, reducing state intervention, reducing the size of the public sector, privatisation, and scaling back government bureaucracy. Some scholars have characterised the FN's 1978 programme as "<a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganite</a> before <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199795-219">[211]</a> The party's economic policy shifted from the 1980s to the 1990s from <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007272-236">[228]</a> This occurred within the framework of a changed international environment, from a battle between the <a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communism</a>, to one between <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007275-126">[119]</a> During the 1980s, Jean-Marie Le Pen complained about the rising number of "social parasites", and called for deregulation, tax cuts, and the phasing-out of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007272-236">[228]</a> As the party gained growing support from the economically vulnerable, it converted towards politics of social welfare and economic protectionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007272-236">[228]</a> This was part of its shift away from its former claim of being the "social, popular, and national right" to its claim of being "neither right nor left – French!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007274-237">[229]</a> Increasingly, the party's program became an amalgam of free market and welfarist policies. By the 2010s, some political commentators described its economic policies as left-wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007275-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-238">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> Under Marine Le Pen, the RN has supported <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a> which it calls "economic patriotism", and it has advocated populist policies, such as tax cuts for people under 30 years old, and cuts in the <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> on energy and essential products. The party has supported public services, protectionism, and economic intervention, and opposed the increase in the fuel tax in 2018, and the increase in the retirement age in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> Under Jordan Bardella, the RN has adopted some more pro-market policies, including lower taxes, and simplification of industrial norms.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> Bardella advocated an audit of public finances as a precursor to determining the 2025 budget.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> Bardella has sought to use these policies to court business support during the <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 French legislative election</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> During this time, Bardella also rescinded the prior RN pledge to repeal the <a href="/wiki/2023_French_pension_reform_law" title="2023 French pension reform law">2023 French pension reform law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Le Pen does not plan to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Climate_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Climate Agreement">Paris Climate Agreement</a>, but has stated that climate change is "not the priority" of the party.<a href="#cite_note-presidential_program-247">[239]</a> The party is against measures to tackle climate change and protecting the environment.<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> The National Rally has proposed abolition of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>, highlighting key policies it opposes such as the 2035 ban on fossil fuel cars.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> From the 1980s to the 1990s, the party's policy shifted from favouring the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to turning against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007272-236">[228]</a> In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on pulling France out of the EU and re-introducing the <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">franc</a> as the country's national currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007282-136">[129]</a> In the early 2000s the party denounced the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> treaties as foundations for "a supranational entity spelling the end of France."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007282_f-250">[242]</a> In 2004, the party criticised the EU as "the last stage on the road to <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>", likening it to a "puppet of the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007299-251">[243]</a> It also proposed breaking all institutional ties back to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, while it returned to supporting a common European currency to rival the United States dollar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007299-251">[243]</a> Further, it rejected the possible <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">accession of Turkey to the EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007299-251">[243]</a> The FN was also one of several parties that backed France's 2005 <a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">rejection of the Treaty for a European Constitution</a>. In other issues, Le Pen opposed the invasions of Iraq, led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, both in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007315-220">[212]</a> He visited <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1990, and subsequently considered him a friend.<a href="#cite_note-tnyt2-252">[244]</a> Marine Le Pen advocated France leaving the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (along with Spain, Greece and Portugal) – although that policy was dropped in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> She also wants to reintroduce <a href="/wiki/Customs_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs area">customs borders</a> and has campaigned against allowing <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-255">[247]</a> During both the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Ivorian_crisis" title="2010–2011 Ivorian crisis">2010–2011 Ivorian crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">2011 Libyan civil war</a>, she opposed the French military involvements.<a href="#cite_note-tnyt-224">[216]</a> However, the party supported the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a> in Mali against Islamist militants in the country, because it was at the request of the Malian government.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> Le Pen has praised Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_El-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Fattah El-Sisi">Abdel Fattah El-Sisi</a> for "fighting radical Islam", stating that Egypt's "ability to separate extremist Islam from the religion sets an example to the rest of the world, including France, of how to deal with poisonous ideologies".<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> The party has also favourably contrasted the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>'s opposition to Islamism with the more pro-Islamist position taken by <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> The party has advocated closer <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="France–Morocco relations">France–Morocco relations</a>, criticising Macron's attempts to deepen ties with Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> In January 2023, the National Rally was one of only four parties in the European Parliament that voted against a resolution condemning Morocco's treatment of journalist <a href="/wiki/Omar_Radi" title="Omar Radi">Omar Radi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a> It praised the 2024 recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> and suggested the French government should have acted sooner.<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> Le Pen supports the restoration of <a href="/wiki/France-Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Syria relations">France-Syria relations</a> and called for cooperation with Israel, the United States, Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia to support the economic recovery of Lebanon from the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_economic_crisis_(2019-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese economic crisis (2019-present)">Lebanese economic crisis</a>. The party supports a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Israel-Palestine_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Palestine conflict">Israel-Palestine conflict</a> and welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-presidential_program-247">[239]</a> The party has shifted towards more <a href="/wiki/Pro-Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Israel">pro-Israel</a> policies over time, particularly following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> Bardella has expressed opposition to recognition of Palestinian statehood following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, on the grounds that this would be "recognising terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a>, Le Pen suggested that a ceasefire would be impossible without the "dismantling" of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_and_Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Russia and Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> Marine Le Pen described Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as a "defender of the Christian heritage of European civilisation."<a href="#cite_note-Ind141127-267">[259]</a> The National Front considers that <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> has been subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>. The National Front denounces anti-Russian feelings in Eastern Europe and the submission of Western Europe to "Washington's" interests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> Marine Le Pen is very critical against the threats of sanctions directed by the international community against Russia: "European countries should seek a solution through diplomacy rather than making threats that could lead to an escalation." She argues that the United States is leading a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">new Cold War</a> against Russia. She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organise a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> She thinks Ukraine should be sovereign and free as any other nation.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Luke Harding</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> that the National Front's <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> were a "pro-Russian bloc."<a href="#cite_note-GN141208-271">[263]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvel Observateur">Nouvel Observateur</a> said that the Russian government considered the National Front "capable of seizing power in France and changing the course of European history in Moscow's favour."<a href="#cite_note-NO141127-272">[264]</a> According to the French media, party leaders had frequent contact with Russian ambassador Alexander Orlov and Marine Le Pen made multiple trips to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BD141123-273">[265]</a> In May 2015, one of her advisers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Leroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Leroy (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Leroy</a>, attended an event in Donetsk marking the "independence" of the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DB150514-274">[266]</a> The RN remains divided on relations with Russia, with Bardella stating that he believed Russia was a threat to French security, while <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Mariani" title="Thierry Mariani">Thierry Mariani</a> suggested it was not a threat to France or Europe.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 French presidential election</a>, Le Pen supported sending non-lethal defensive aid to Ukraine in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, but not heavy weapons that would make France a "co-belligerent" in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-presidential_program-247">[239]</a> Similarly, Bardella has expressed support for defense equipment, ammunition and logistical assistance to Ukraine, but maintains opposition to giving long-range missiles to Ukraine or deploying French soldiers there.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> He is also opposed to Ukrainian NATO membership, suggesting it could escalate the war.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> Since their entry into the European Parliament in 1979, the National Rally has promoted a message of being pro-Europe, but anti-EU.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a> However, in 2019, the proposal that France leave the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> and the EU was removed from the party's manifesto, which has since called for "reform from within" of the union.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> The party advocates that EU legislation should be initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the EU</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, and that French laws should have primacy over EU laws.<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO">NATO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: NATO">edit</a>]</div> The party's stance on NATO has varied throughout the years. Under Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership, the party advocated a complete withdrawal from the organization, while under Marine Le Pen's leadership, the party has softened its stance to instead advocate leaving NATO's integrated military command structure, which France joined in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> later added that the RN would not advocate withdrawing France from the integrated command while the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> was ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_reform_and_referendums">Electoral reform and referendums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Electoral reform and referendums">edit</a>]</div> The National Rally has advocated for full <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in France, claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> disenfranchises voters. In early 2021, Marine Le Pen, along with centrist politician <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> and green politician <a href="/wiki/Julien_Bayou" title="Julien Bayou">Julien Bayou</a>, cosigned a letter asking President Emmanuel Macron to implement proportional representation for future elections.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> The party advocates referendums on key issues such as the death penalty, immigration policy, and constitutional change. In 2022, Marine Le Pen stated: "I want the referendum to become a classic operating tool."<a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinions_on_the_holocaust,_and_relations_with_Jewish_groups">Opinions on the holocaust, and relations with Jewish groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Opinions on the holocaust, and relations with Jewish groups">edit</a>]</div> There has been a difference between Marine Le Pen's and her father's opinions concerning the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and Jews. In 2005, Jean-Marie Le Pen wrote in the far-right weekly magazine <a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a> that the German occupation of France "was not particularly inhumane, even if there were a few blunders, inevitable in a country of 640,000 square kilometres (250,000 sq. mi.)" and in 1987 referred to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas chambers">Nazi gas chambers</a> as "a point of detail of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>". He has repeated the latter claim several times.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> In 2004, Bruno Gollnisch said: "I do not question the existence of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, but historians could discuss the number of deaths. As to the existence of gas chambers, it is up to historians to determine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007308-289">[281]</a> Jean-Marie Le Pen was fined for these remarks, but Gollnisch was found not guilty by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-holocauste-291">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> The leader of the party, Marine Le Pen, distanced herself for a time from the party machine in protest at her father's comments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007317-293">[285]</a> In response to her father's remarks, Marine Le Pen referred to the Holocaust as the "abomination of abominations".<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> During the 2012 presidential election, Marine Le Pen sought the support of Jewish people in France.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> Interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily newspaper">daily newspaper</a> <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> about the fact that some of her European senior colleagues had formed alliances with, and visited, some Israeli settlers and groups, Marine Le Pen said: "The shared concern about radical Islam explains the relationship ... but it is possible that behind it is also the need of the visitors from Europe to change their image in their countries ... As far as their partners in Israel are concerned, I myself don't understand the idea of continuing to develop the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">settlements</a>. I consider it a political mistake and would like to make it clear in this context that we must have the right to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Israeli government">criticise the policy of the State of Israel</a> – just as we are allowed to criticise any sovereign country – without it being considered <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">anti-Semitism</a>. After all, the National Front has always been <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionistic</a> and always defended Israel's right to exist". She has opposed the emigration of French Jews to Israel in response to radical Islam, explaining: "The Jews of France are Frenchmen, they're at home here, and they must stay here and not emigrate. The country is obligated to provide solutions against the development of radical Islam in problematic areas".<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czecho-Russian_bank_loan">Czecho-Russian bank loan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Czecho-Russian bank loan">edit</a>]</div> In November 2014, Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a €9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank (FCRB) in Moscow to the National Front.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-MP141127-298">[290]</a> Senior FN officials from the party's political bureau informed <a href="/wiki/Mediapart" title="Mediapart">Mediapart</a> that this was the first instalment of a €40 million loan, although Marine Le Pen has disputed this.<a href="#cite_note-Ind141127-267">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-MP141127-298">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> said the loans "take Moscow's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level."<a href="#cite_note-Ind141127-267">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_B%C3%BCtikofer" title="Reinhard Bütikofer">Reinhard Bütikofer</a> stated, "It's remarkable that a political party from the motherland of freedom can be funded by Putin's sphere—the largest European enemy of freedom."<a href="#cite_note-DW141129-299">[291]</a> Marine Le Pen argued that it was not a <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donation</a> from the Russian government but a loan from a private Russian bank because no other bank would give her a loan. This loan is meant to prepare future electoral campaigns and to be repaid progressively. Marine Le Pen has publicly disclosed all the rejection letters that French banks have sent to her concerning her loan requests.<a href="#cite_note-leparisien1-300">[292]</a> Since November 2014, she insists that if a French bank agrees to give her a loan, she would break her contract with the FCBR, but she has not received any other counter-propositions.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> Le Pen accused the banks of collusion with the government.<a href="#cite_note-leparisien1-300">[292]</a> In April 2015, a Russian hacker group published texts and emails between Timur Prokopenko, a member of Putin's administration, and Konstantin Rykov, a former Duma deputy with ties to France, discussing Russian financial support to the National Front in exchange for its support of <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's annexation of Crimea</a>, though this has not coalesced.<a href="#cite_note-Monde150403-302">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_banned_neo-fascist_group">Links with banned neo-fascist group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Links with banned neo-fascist group">edit</a>]</div> A 2019 undercover investigation by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> uncovered links between high-ranking National Rally figures and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a>, a far-right group. In secretly taped conversations, RN leaders endorsed goals of Generation Identity and discussed plans to "remigrate" immigrants, effectively sending them back to their countries of origin, if the RN came to power. <a href="/wiki/Christelle_Lechevalier" title="Christelle Lechevalier">Christelle Lechevalier</a>, a RN Member of the European Parliament (MEP), said that many RN leaders held similar opinions as the GI, but sought to hide them from voters.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_payment_of_party_officials_with_EU_funds">Alleged payment of party officials with EU funds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Alleged payment of party officials with EU funds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_assistants_affair" title="National Rally assistants affair">National Rally assistants affair</a></div> In December 2023, 28 people, including <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> and her father <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Le_Pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Marie Le Pen">Jean Marie</a>, were ordered to stand trial after they were charged with a scheme which involved paying National Rally party officials through <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> funds which were earmarked for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> assistants.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> The executive bureau features: <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> (president), <a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Steeve Briois</a> (vice-president), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a> (vice-president), <a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">David Rachline</a> (vice-president), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_Pfeffer" title="Kévin Pfeffer">Kévin Pfeffer</a> (treasurer), <a href="/wiki/Julien_Sanchez" title="Julien Sanchez">Julien Sanchez</a> (spokesperson), <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Pennelle" title="Gilles Pennelle">Gilles Pennelle</a> (regional councilor), <a href="/wiki/Edwige_Diaz" title="Edwige Diaz">Edwige Diaz</a> (deputy regional councilor), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Laporte" title="Hélène Laporte">Hélène Laporte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Olivier" title="Philippe Olivier">Philippe Olivier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Garraud" title="Jean-Paul Garraud">Jean-Paul Garraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidents">Presidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No </th> <th>President </th> <th>Term start </th> <th>Term end </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg/120px-Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg/180px-Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg/240px-Jean-marie_le_pen_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="474" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>5 October 1972 </td> <td>15 January 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the National Front for French Unity party in 1972 and contested the Presidency of France in <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>. He served several terms as a deputy of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly of France</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a>. He later served as honorary president of the party from January 2011 to August 2015<a href="#cite_note-:0-307">[299]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Le_Pen_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Marine_Le_Pen_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1621" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td>15 January 2011 </td> <td>5 November 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Marine Le Pen took over as the president of the party in 2011 and contested the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a> French presidential elections. She served as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> from 2004 to 2017 and has served as a deputy of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly of France</a> since 2017. Under her leadership the party was renamed National Rally in 2018. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Bardella_(July_2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg/120px-Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg/180px-Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg/240px-Jordan_Bardella_%28July_2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1063" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> </td> <td>5 November 2022 Acting since 13 September 2021 </td> <td>Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jordan Bardella became acting president of the party after Marine Le Pen launched her presidential campaign in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> He was elected president in November 2022. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vice_Presidents">Vice Presidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Vice Presidents">edit</a>]</div> The party had five vice presidents between July 2012 and March 2018 (against three previously).<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jamet" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain Jamet">Alain Jamet</a>, first vice president (2011–2014)<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a>, in charge of training and demonstrations (2011–2018)<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Christine_Arnautu" title="Marie-Christine Arnautu">Marie-Christine Arnautu</a>, in charge of social affairs (2011–2018)<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jean-François Jalkh</a>, in charge of elections and electoral litigations (2012–2018)<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Florian Philippot</a>, in charge of strategy and communication (2012–2017)<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Steeve Briois</a>, in charge of local executives and supervision (2014–2018)<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a>, (2019–2022)</li></ul> In March 2018, the position of vice-president replaced that of General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-:0-307">[299]</a> It became a duo in June 2019:<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">David Rachline</a></li> <li>Steeve Briois (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Laporte" title="Hélène Laporte">Hélène Laporte</a> (2022-present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Secretaries">General Secretaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: General Secretaries">edit</a>]</div> The position of General Secretary was held between 1972 and 2018:<a href="#cite_note-:0-307">[299]</a> <ul><li>Alain Robert (1972–1973)</li> <li>Dominique Chaboche (1973–1976)</li> <li>Victor Barthélémy (1976–1978)</li> <li>Alain Renault (1978–1980)</li> <li>Pierre Gérard (1980–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Jean-Pierre Stirbois</a> (1981–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Carl Lang</a> (1988–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Bruno Gollnisch</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a> (2005–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jean-François Jalkh</a> (2010–2011; interim period during the internal campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Steeve Briois</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Nicolas Bay</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li>Steeve Briois (2017–2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elected_representatives">Elected representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Elected representatives">edit</a>]</div> As of February 2023, the National Rally has 88 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">MPs</a>. They sit in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> as members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_group_(National_Assembly)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally group (National Assembly)">National Rally group</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affiliation_and_relations">International affiliation and relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: International affiliation and relations">edit</a>]</div> The FN has been part of several groups in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. The first group it helped co-establish was the <a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="European Right (1984–1989)">European Right</a> after the 1984 election, which also consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI), its early inspiration, and the Greek <a href="/wiki/National_Political_Union_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Political Union (Greece)">National Political Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007198-317">[309]</a> Following the 1989 election, it teamed up with the German <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">Republicans</a> and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a> in a new <a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1989%E2%80%931994)" title="European Right (1989–1994)">European Right</a> group, while the MSI left due to the Germans' arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999193-318">[310]</a> As the MSI evolved into the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a>, it chose to distance itself from the FN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair1999194-319">[311]</a> From 1999 to 2001, the FN was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">Technical Group of Independents</a>. In 2007, it was part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty</a> group. Between the mentioned groups, the party sat among the non-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a>. It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a> group, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD), the Czech <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Freedom and Direct Democracy">Freedom and Direct Democracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Freedom_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Freedom Party">Dutch Freedom Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a>. It was formerly known as the Europe of Nations and Freedom group, during which time it also included the Polish <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right" title="Congress of the New Right">Congress of the New Right</a>, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> and a former member of Romania's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania)" title="Conservative Party (Romania)">Conservative Party</a>. The RN has also been part of the <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity and Democracy Party">Identity and Democracy Party</a> (formerly the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom) since 2014, which additionally includes Slovakia's <a href="/wiki/We_Are_Family_(Slovakia)" title="We Are Family (Slovakia)">We Are Family</a> and the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Volya_Movement" title="Volya Movement">Volya Movement</a>, which was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Patriots.eu" title="Patriots.eu">Patriots.eu</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 European Parliament election</a>, the National Rally joined the <a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> group with Fidesz, Vox, the Czech <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a>, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Chega_(political_party)" title="Chega (political party)">Chega</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Reason_(political_party)" title="Voice of Reason (political party)">Voice of Reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia_First" title="Latvia First">Latvia First</a> and most former ID members, with Bardella ultimately chairing the group.<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> During Jean-Marie Le Pen's presidency, the party has also been active in establishing extra-parliamentary confederations. During the FN's 1997 national congress, the FN established the loose <a href="/wiki/Euronat" title="Euronat">Euronat</a> group, which consisted of a variety of European <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> parties. Having failed to cooperate in the European Parliament, Le Pen sought in the mid-1990s to initiate contacts with other far-right parties, including from non-EU countries. The FN drew most support in Central and Eastern Europe, and Le Pen visited the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a>. The significant <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> (FPÖ) refused to join the efforts, as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a> sought to distance himself from Le Pen, and later attempted to build a separate group.<a href="#cite_note-tnyt2-252">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> In 2009, the FN joined the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_National_Movements" title="Alliance of European National Movements">Alliance of European National Movements</a>; it left the alliance since. Along with some other European parties, the FN in 2010 visited Japan's <a href="/wiki/Issuikai" class="mw-redirect" title="Issuikai">Issuikai</a> ("right-wing") movement and the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> At a conference in 2011, the two new leaders of the FN and the FPÖ, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Heinz-Christian Strache</a>, announced deeper cooperation between their parties.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> Pursuing her de-demonisation policy, in October 2011, Marine Le Pen, as new president of the National Front, joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Alliance_for_Freedom" title="European Alliance for Freedom">European Alliance for Freedom</a> (EAF).<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> The EAF is a pan-European sovereigntist platform founded late 2010 that is recognised by the European Parliament. The EAF has individual members linked to the Austrian Freedom Party of <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Heinz-Christian Strache</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>, and other movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> (Belgian Flanders), Germany (<a href="/wiki/Citizens_in_Rage" title="Citizens in Rage">Bürger in Wut</a>), and Slovakia (<a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Party" title="Slovak National Party">Slovak National Party</a>).<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> During her 2012 visit to the United States, Marine Le Pen met two <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Illinois_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Illinois politician)">Joe Walsh</a>, who is known for his strong stance against <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which Domenic Powell argues, rises to <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> and three-time presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, whom Le Pen complimented for his stance on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> In February 2017, two more conservative Republican Congressmen, <a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">Steve King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a>, also met with Le Pen in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a> The party also has ties to <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Strategist" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Chief Strategist">White House Chief Strategist</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and addressed an RN event in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> The FN allied with the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> (PVV) in November 2013, after years of the PVV rejecting collaboration with the FN.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> Similarly, in December 2013, the FN formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>, the new leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>, which had previously eschewed cooperation with the FN when it was led by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Bossi" title="Umberto Bossi">Umberto Bossi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> was critical of the FN, claiming that the FN's association with "anti-Semitism and general prejudice" made it impossible for UKIP to join Le Pen's efforts for a united right-wing populist European Parliament group<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> despite an invitation from PVV leader Wilders.<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a> In 2017, Marine Le Pen met with and was interviewed for the British radio station <a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a> by Farage, who praised Le Pen and expressed support for her presidential bid.<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>, Farage's <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a> initially considered forming a joint group in the next European Parliament, but ultimately once again declined.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUalliance-340">[332]</a> In 2024, Farage, in his capacity as the leader of <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a>, distanced himself from the RN, describing its economic agenda as a "disaster" for France.<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> Though the FN had close contacts with <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> (FdI) from 2013 onwards,<a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a> the relationship between the RN and FdI became strained in 2022, after Meloni publicly declined to support Le Pen's 2022 presidential bid.<a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a> In 2023, Meloni complained to French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> after he compared her to Le Pen,<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> while Le Pen criticised Meloni's illegal immigration policies.<a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a> However, in early 2024, Le Pen and Meloni made overtures to one another, declining to rule out future cooperation between their parties.<a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a> In July 2024, Meloni praised Le Pen's alliance with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ciotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Ciotti">Eric Ciotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a> during the 2024 French legislative election, congratulated the RN on its success in the first round of the election, and expressed preference for the right-wing alliance in the second round of the election.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> In addition, the party has had relations with <a href="/wiki/Krasimir_Karakachanov" title="Krasimir Karakachanov">Krasimir Karakachanov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement">IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement</a> in 2014<a href="#cite_note-349">[341]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nenad_Popovi%C4%87" title="Nenad Popović">Nenad Popović</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Serbian_People%27s_Party_(2014)" title="Serbian People's Party (2014)">Serbian People's Party</a> since 2021.<a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a> The RN was critical of the decision to allow the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Revival_(Bulgarian_political_party)" title="Revival (Bulgarian political party)">Revival</a> to join the ID Party in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a> Since 2018, the RN has had relations with <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Santiago Abascal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a> In 2024, Vox had Le Pen address its conference, despite Vox being a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a>; after the election, Vox joined the RN in <a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a> In 2019, RN MEPs participated in the first international delegation to visit India's <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> following the decision by <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> government to <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir</a>. The delegation was not sanctioned by the European Parliament, and consisted mostly of right-wing populist politicians including MEPs from Vox, AfD, the Northern League, Vlaams Belang, the British <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a>, and Poland's <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[347]</a> In October 2021, Le Pen met with <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> leader and Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (PiS) party, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a> leader and Slovenian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[348]</a> Both PiS and Fidesz had previously rejected cooperation with Le Pen in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-EUalliance-340">[332]</a> Orbán subsequently supported Le Pen during the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 French presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a> Morawiecki later expressed openness to the RN joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> in February 2024.<a href="#cite_note-358">[350]</a> Relations with the AfD deteriorated in early 2024, following Le Pen's disagreements with the AfD members' discussions over <a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">remigration</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a> and the AfD questioning French control of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[352]</a> In May 2024, the RN announced it would end its alliance with the AfD in the next European Parliament term.<a href="#cite_note-361">[353]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 French legislative election</a>, Israeli minister <a href="/wiki/Amichai_Chikli" title="Amichai Chikli">Amichai Chikli</a> expressed support for Le Pen and the National Rally, and suggested that <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> leader and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> shared his views, prompting a rebuke by President Macron.<a href="#cite_note-362">[354]</a> Chikli later described his relations with the RN, stating it was "natural that conservative leaders will have good relations with conservative leaders all across the globe".<a href="#cite_note-363">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Election results">edit</a>]</div> The National Front was a marginal party in 1973, the first election it participated in, but the party made its breakthrough in the 1984 European Parliament election, where it won 11% of the vote and ten MEPs. Following this election, the party's support mostly ranged from around 10 to 15%, although it saw a drop to around 5% in some late 2000s elections. Since 2010, the party's support seems to have increased towards its former heights. The party managed to advance to the final round of the 2002 French presidential election, although it failed to attract much more support after the initial first round vote. In the late 2000s the party suffered decline in elections. Under Marine Le Pen's presidency the party has increased its vote share significantly. The National Front came first in a national election for the first time during the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2014 European Parliament election in France">2014 European elections</a>, when it gained 24% of the vote. During the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a> the party advanced to the second round of the election for the second time, and doubled the percentage it received in the 2002 presidential election, earning 34%. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2019 European Parliament election in France">2019 European elections</a> the rebranded National Rally retained its spot as first party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly">National Assembly</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: National Assembly">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>1st round votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>2nd round votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1973_French_legislative_election" title="1973 French legislative election">1973</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>108,616 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 491<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td>82,743 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 491<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">1981</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td>44,414 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 491<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td>2,703,442 </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">35 / 573<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">1988</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td>2,359,528 </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 34</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993</a><a href="#cite_note-eed-365">[357]</a> </th> <td>3,155,702 </td> <td>12.7% </td> <td>1,168,143 </td> <td>5.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997</a><a href="#cite_note-eed-365">[357]</a> </th> <td>3,791,063 </td> <td>14.9% </td> <td>1,435,186 </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">2002</a><a href="#cite_note-eed-365">[357]</a> </th> <td>2,873,390 </td> <td>11.1% </td> <td>393,205 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election" title="2007 French legislative election">2007</a><a href="#cite_note-eed-365">[357]</a> </th> <td>1,116,136 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>17,107 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election" title="2012 French legislative election">2012</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td>3,528,373 </td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>842,684 </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_French_legislative_election" title="2017 French legislative election">2017</a> </th> <td>2,990,454 </td> <td>13.2% </td> <td>1,590,858 </td> <td>8.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">8 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">2022</a> </th> <td>4,248,626 </td> <td>18.7% </td> <td>3,589,465 </td> <td>17.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">89 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 81</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> </td> <td>10,647,914 </td> <td>33.2% </td> <td>10,110,079 </td> <td>37.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">142 / 577<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 53</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential">Presidential</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Presidential">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election year </th> <th rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="3">First round </th> <th colspan="3">Second round </th> <th rowspan="2">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Rank </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>190,921 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7th </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981</a> </th> <td colspan="8" align="center">did not participate </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a> </th> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>4,375,894 </td> <td>14.39 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4th </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995</a> </th> <td>4,570,838 </td> <td>15.00 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4th </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a> </th> <td>4,804,713 </td> <td>16.86 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td>5,525,032 </td> <td>17.70 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a> </th> <td>3,834,530 </td> <td>10.44 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4th </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td>6,421,426 </td> <td>17.90 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3rd </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a> </th> <td>7,678,491 </td> <td>21.30 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td>10,638,475 </td> <td>33.90 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a> </th> <td>8,133,828 </td> <td>23.15 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td>13,288,686 </td> <td>41.45 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_councils">Regional councils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Regional councils">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(France)" title="Regional council (France)">Regional councils</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>1st round votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>2nd round votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>Regional presidencies </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Winning party </th> <th>Rank </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_French_regional_elections" title="1986 French regional elections">1986</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>2,654,390 </td> <td>9.7% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">137 / 1,880<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 26<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> </td> <td>4th </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_French_regional_elections" title="1992 French regional elections">1992</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a> </th> <td>3,396,141 </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">239 / 1,880<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 26<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">3rd </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_French_regional_elections" title="1998 French regional elections">1998</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[358]</a> </th> <td>3,270,118 </td> <td>15.3% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">275 / 1,880<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 26<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_French_regional_elections" title="2004 French regional elections">2004</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[359]</a> </th> <td>3,564,064 </td> <td>14.7% </td> <td>3,200,194 </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">156 / 1,880<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 26<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_French_regional_elections" title="2010 French regional elections">2010</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[360]</a> </th> <td>2,223,800 </td> <td>11.4% </td> <td>1,943,307 </td> <td>9.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">118 / 1,749<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 26<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections" title="2015 French regional elections">2015</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[361]</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td>6,018,672 </td> <td>27.7% </td> <td>6,820,147 </td> <td>27.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">358 / 1,722<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 18<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_French_regional_elections" title="2021 French regional elections">2021</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[363]</a> </th> <td>2,743,497 </td> <td>18.7% </td> <td>2,908,253 </td> <td>19.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">252 / 1,926<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 18<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td>Leftist Union + Ecologists </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>EP Group </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1984 European Parliament election in France">1984</a> </th> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> </td> <td>2,210,334 </td> <td>10.95 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="European Right (1984–1989)">ER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1989 European Parliament election in France">1989</a> </th> <td>2,129,668 </td> <td>11.73 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1989%E2%80%931994)" title="European Right (1989–1994)">ER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1994 European Parliament election in France">1994</a> </th> <td>2,050,086 </td> <td>10.52 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">11 / 87<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1999 European Parliament election in France">1999</a> </th> <td>1,005,113 </td> <td>5.70 (#8) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">5 / 87<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">TGI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2004 European Parliament election in France">2004</a> </th> <td>1,684,792 </td> <td>9.81 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 78<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2009 European Parliament election in France">2009</a> </th> <td>1,091,691 </td> <td>6.34 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 74<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2014 European Parliament election in France">2014</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td>4,712,461 </td> <td>24.86 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">24 / 74<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">ENF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2019 European Parliament election in France">2019</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> </td> <td>5,286,939 </td> <td>23.34 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">23 / 79<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">ID</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2024 European Parliament election in France">2024</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[a]</a> </th> <td>7,765,936 </td> <td>31.50 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">30 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">PfE</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> Run in a joint list with <a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">LAF</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_New_Caledonia">Congress of New Caledonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Congress of New Caledonia">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_New_Caledonian_legislative_election" title="2004 New Caledonian legislative election">2004</a> </td> <td>6,135 </td> <td>6.85% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 54<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_New_Caledonian_legislative_election" title="2009 New Caledonian legislative election">2009</a> </td> <td>2,591 </td> <td>2.68% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 54<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Caledonian_legislative_election" title="2014 New Caledonian legislative election">2014</a> </td> <td>2,706 </td> <td>2.57% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 54<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Caledonian_legislative_election" title="2019 New Caledonian legislative election">2019</a> </td> <td>2,707 </td> <td>2.46% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 54<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004A77; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Right_in_Western_Europe" title="The Radical Right in Western Europe">The Radical Right in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right (Europe)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The party was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="European Right (1984–1989)">European Right</a> (1984–1989), the <a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1989%E2%80%931994)" title="European Right (1989–1994)">European Right</a> (1989–1994), the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">Technical Group of Independents</a> (1999–2001), <a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom</a> (2015–2019) and <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a> (2019–2024). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Other customary colours<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> include the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> In France, parties have to secure support from a specific number of elected officials, from a specific number of departments, in order to be eligible to run for election. In 1976, the number of required elected officials was increased fivefold from the 1974 presidential cycle, and the number of departments threefold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007182-70">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The 1984 European election used proportional representation system. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The system had been designed by Mitterand's party to soften its predicted weakening in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007209-89">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> if the election had used proportional representation, it would have won 64 seats. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> It had won a mayorship only once before, in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles-du-Gard" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Gilles-du-Gard">Saint-Gilles-du-Gard</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007261-115">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> The proportional representation was used in the 1986 elections. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGatehouse2015" class="citation news cs1">Gatehouse, Gabriel (5 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35003920">"Vive la difference – has France's Front National changed?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717051037/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35003920">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vive+la+difference+%E2%80%93+has+France%27s+Front+National+changed%3F&rft.date=2015-12-05&rft.aulast=Gatehouse&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35003920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-2"><a href="#cite_ref-france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2024" class="citation news cs1">Corbet, Sylvie (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-dbe220c915894f6aded6f3547c05aae0">"Renowned Nazi hunter in France advises Jews to choose far right over far left in elections"</a>. AP News. The Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703172743/https://apnews.com/article/france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-dbe220c915894f6aded6f3547c05aae0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Renowned+Nazi+hunter+in+France+advises+Jews+to+choose+far+right+over+far+left+in+elections&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-dbe220c915894f6aded6f3547c05aae0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rise-france-right-3"><a href="#cite_ref-rise-france-right_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2024" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Paul (30 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn087x77g1dt?post=asset%3A74817d7b-7a89-42c3-9d5b-7941ebfbf819#post">"The rise and rise of France's far right"</a>. BBC News. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708085233/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn087x77g1dt?post=asset%3A74817d7b-7a89-42c3-9d5b-7941ebfbf819#post">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+France%27s+far+right&rft.date=2024-06-30&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fcn087x77g1dt%3Fpost%3Dasset%253A74817d7b-7a89-42c3-9d5b-7941ebfbf819%23post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/front-national/le-rn-affirme-avoir-passe-la-barre-des-100-000-adherents_6640227.html">"Le RN affirmé avoir 100,000 adhérents"</a>. 1 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+RN+affirm%C3%A9+avoir+100%2C000+adh%C3%A9rents&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fpolitique%2Ffront-national%2Fle-rn-affirme-avoir-passe-la-barre-des-100-000-adherents_6640227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Rydgren2008" class="citation book cs1">Jens Rydgren (2008). "France: The Front National, Ethnonationalism and Populism". Twenty-First Century Populism. Link.springer.com. pp. 166–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230592100_11">10.1057/9780230592100_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28476-4"><bdi>978-1-349-28476-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%3A+The+Front+National%2C+Ethnonationalism+and+Populism&rft.btitle=Twenty-First+Century+Populism&rft.pages=166-180&rft.pub=Link.springer.com&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230592100_11&rft.isbn=978-1-349-28476-4&rft.au=Jens+Rydgren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/18/nation-state-marine-le-pen-global-mood-france-brexit-trump-front-national">"'The nation state is back': Front National's Marine Le Pen rides on global mood"</a>. The Guardian. 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+nation+state+is+back%27%3A+Front+National%27s+Marine+Le+Pen+rides+on+global+mood&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fsep%2F18%2Fnation-state-marine-le-pen-global-mood-france-brexit-trump-front-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/11/03/marine-le-pen-says-sanctions-on-russia-are-not-working">"Marine Le Pen says sanctions on Russia are not working"</a>. The Economist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+says+sanctions+on+Russia+are+not+working&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2022%2F11%2F03%2Fmarine-le-pen-says-sanctions-on-russia-are-not-working&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2014/04/21/depuis-2011-le-fn-est-devenu-protectionniste-au-sens-large_1001771">"Depuis 2011, le FN est devenu "protectionniste au sens large""</a>. Liberation. 21 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927204331/http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2014/04/21/depuis-2011-le-fn-est-devenu-protectionniste-au-sens-large_1001771">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberation&rft.atitle=Depuis+2011%2C+le+FN+est+devenu+%22protectionniste+au+sens+large%22&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fpolitiques%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2Fdepuis-2011-le-fn-est-devenu-protectionniste-au-sens-large_1001771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (8 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/08/french-far-right-leader-seeks-to-reintroduce-death-penalty-after-charlie-hebdo-attack/">"French far-right leader seeks to reintroduce death penalty after Charlie Hebdo attack"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707005414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/08/french-far-right-leader-seeks-to-reintroduce-death-penalty-after-charlie-hebdo-attack/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=French+far-right+leader+seeks+to+reintroduce+death+penalty+after+Charlie+Hebdo+attack&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F08%2Ffrench-far-right-leader-seeks-to-reintroduce-death-penalty-after-charlie-hebdo-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Rally_far-right-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Rally_far-right_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Rally_far-right_7-1">b</a> Abridged list of reliable sources that refer to the National Rally as far-right: <ul><li>Academic: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzémaWinock1994" class="citation book cs1">Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Winock, Michel (1994). Histoire de l'extrême droite en France. Éditions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782020232005" title="Special:BookSources/9782020232005"><bdi>9782020232005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite+en+France&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9782020232005&rft.aulast=Az%C3%A9ma&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Winock%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoboltDe_Vries2020" class="citation book cs1">Hobolt, Sara; De Vries, Catherine (16 June 2020). Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691194752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691194752"><bdi>978-0691194752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Entrepreneurs%3A+The+Rise+of+Challenger+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0691194752&rft.aulast=Hobolt&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2008" class="citation book cs1">Joly, Bertrand (2008). Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France, 1885–1902. Les Indes Savantes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalistes+et+Conservateurs+en+France%2C+1885%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Les+Indes+Savantes&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitscheltMcGann1995" class="citation book cs1">Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony (1995). The radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 91–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472106635" title="Special:BookSources/0472106635"><bdi>0472106635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+radical+right+in+Western+Europe%3A+a+comparative+analysis&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=91-120&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0472106635&rft.aulast=Kitschelt&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=McGann%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGannKitschelt1997" class="citation book cs1">McGann, Anthony; Kitschelt, Herbert (1997). The Radical Right in Western Europe A Comparative Analysis. 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Parliamentary Affairs. 66 (1): 160–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgss071">10.1093/pa/gss071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=From+Jean-Marie+to+Marine+Le+Pen%3A+Electoral+Change+on+the+Far+Right&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=160-178&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgss071&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Nonna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessina2015" class="citation journal cs1">Messina, Anthony (2015). "The political and policy impacts of extreme right parties in time and context". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 38 (8): 1355–1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2015.1016071">10.1080/01419870.2015.1016071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143522149">143522149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+political+and+policy+impacts+of+extreme+right+parties+in+time+and+context&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1355-1361&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2015.1016071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143522149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Messina&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mondon, Aurelien (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/37668/1/The_French_secular_hypocrisy_Final_.docx">"The French secular hypocrisy: the extreme right, the Republic and the battle for hegemony"</a>. 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'49 (4): 392–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2015.1069063">10.1080/0031322X.2015.1069063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146600042">146600042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+French+secular+hypocrisy%3A+the+extreme+right%2C+the+Republic+and+the+battle+for+hegemony&rft.volume=%2749&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=392-413&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2015.1069063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146600042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mondon&rft.aufirst=Aurelien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopus.bath.ac.uk%2F37668%2F1%2FThe_French_secular_hypocrisy_Final_.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudde2019" class="citation book cs1">Mudde, Cas (25 October 2019). The Far Right Today and The ideology of the extreme right. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509536856" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509536856"><bdi>978-1509536856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Right+Today+and+The+ideology+of+the+extreme+right&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.isbn=978-1509536856&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydgren2008" class="citation book cs1">Rydgren, Jens (2008). France: The Front National, Ethnonationalism and Populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349284764" title="Special:BookSources/9781349284764"><bdi>9781349284764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+The+Front+National%2C+Ethnonationalism+and+Populism.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781349284764&rft.aulast=Rydgren&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Harvey G. (1996). The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge To Democracy. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813389790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813389790"><bdi>978-0813389790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+National+Front%3A+The+Extremist+Challenge+To+Democracy&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0813389790&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Harvey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Michelle Hale (January 2011). "A new era for French far right politics? Comparing the FN under two Le Pens and The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies". Análise Social. 201 (1): 679–695.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An%C3%A1lise+Social&rft.atitle=A+new+era+for+French+far+right+politics%3F+Comparing+the+FN+under+two+Le+Pens+and+The+Impact+of+Radical+Right-Wing+Parties+in+West+European+Democracies&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=679-695&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>News: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/victory-for-frances-conservatives-in-local-elections/a-18348677">"Victory for France's conservatives in local elections"</a>. Deutsche Welle. AP, AFP, Reuters. 30 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301094302/http://www.dw.com/en/victory-for-frances-conservatives-in-local-elections/a-18348677">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Victory+for+France%27s+conservatives+in+local+elections&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fvictory-for-frances-conservatives-in-local-elections%2Fa-18348677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamat2011" class="citation news cs1">Bamat, Joseph (23 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110421-marine-le-pen-france-opinion-poll-presidential-election-sarkozy-strauss-kahn">"New poll shows far right could squeeze out Sarkozy"</a>. France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427182625/http://www.france24.com/en/20110421-marine-le-pen-france-opinion-poll-presidential-election-sarkozy-strauss-kahn">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+poll+shows+far+right+could+squeeze+out+Sarkozy&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.aulast=Bamat&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110421-marine-le-pen-france-opinion-poll-presidential-election-sarkozy-strauss-kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodman2014" class="citation news cs1">Dodman, Benjamin (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20141123-france-far-right-turns-russian-lender-national-front-marine-le-pen/">"France's cash-strapped far right turns to Russian lender"</a>. France24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129205458/http://www.france24.com/en/20141123-france-far-right-turns-russian-lender-national-front-marine-le-pen/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=France%27s+cash-strapped+far+right+turns+to+Russian+lender&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Dodman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20141123-france-far-right-turns-russian-lender-national-front-marine-le-pen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlangerde_Freytas-Tamura2016" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven; de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (17 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html">"E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302100409/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=E.U.+Faces+Its+Next+Big+Test+as+France%27s+Election+Looms&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=de+Freytas-Tamura%2C+Kimiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feuropean-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrosch2011" class="citation news cs1">Frosch, Jon (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110307-new-poll-far-right-marine-le-pen-presidential-frontrunner">"Far-right's Marine Le Pen leads in shock new poll"</a>. France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310165822/http://www.france24.com/en/20110307-new-poll-far-right-marine-le-pen-presidential-frontrunner">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Far-right%27s+Marine+Le+Pen+leads+in+shock+new+poll&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110307-new-poll-far-right-marine-le-pen-presidential-frontrunner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2015" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html">"Rise of the French far right: Front National party could make sweeping gains at this month's local elections"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925191526/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+French+far+right%3A+Front+National+party+could+make+sweeping+gains+at+this+month%27s+local+elections&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichtryBisserbe2015" class="citation news cs1">Meichtry, Stacy; Bisserbe, Noemie (19 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-family-drama-splits-far-right-in-france-1440029252">"Le Pen Family Drama Splits France's Far Right National Front Party"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804051659/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-family-drama-splits-far-right-in-france-1440029252">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Le+Pen+Family+Drama+Splits+France%27s+Far+Right+National+Front+Party&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.aulast=Meichtry&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft.au=Bisserbe%2C+Noemie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fa-family-drama-splits-far-right-in-france-1440029252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolakow-Suransky" class="citation news cs1">Polakow-Suransky, Sasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/01/the-ruthlessly-effective-rebranding-of-europes-new-far-right">"The ruthlessly effective rebranding of Europe's new far right"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708104251/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/01/the-ruthlessly-effective-rebranding-of-europes-new-far-right">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ruthlessly+effective+rebranding+of+Europe%27s+new+far+right&rft.aulast=Polakow-Suransky&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fnov%2F01%2Fthe-ruthlessly-effective-rebranding-of-europes-new-far-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourret2010" class="citation news cs1">Tourret, Nathalie (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20100813-japan-europe-far-right-gathering-tokyo-yasukuni-shrine-le-pen-ww2">"Japanese and European far right gathers in Tokyo"</a>. France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215031332/http://www.france24.com/en/20100813-japan-europe-far-right-gathering-tokyo-yasukuni-shrine-le-pen-ww2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japanese+and+European+far+right+gathers+in+Tokyo&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.aulast=Tourret&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20100813-japan-europe-far-right-gathering-tokyo-yasukuni-shrine-le-pen-ww2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Van, Sonia (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085728_2085727_2085707,00.html">"France – A Guide to Europe's Right-Wing Parties and Extremist Groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227151808/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2085728_2085727_2085707,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=France+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+to+Europe%27s+Right-Wing+Parties+and+Extremist+Groups&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.aulast=Van&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2085728_2085727_2085707%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnier2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garnier, Christophe-Cécil (7 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.fr/story/111151/couleur-front-national-cartes-regionales">"Quelle doit être la couleur du Front national sur les cartes électorales?"</a> (in French). Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172549/http://www.slate.fr/story/111151/couleur-front-national-cartes-regionales">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quelle+doit+%C3%AAtre+la+couleur+du+Front+national+sur+les+cartes+%C3%A9lectorales%3F&rft.pub=Slate&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Garnier&rft.aufirst=Christophe-C%C3%A9cil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.fr%2Fstory%2F111151%2Fcouleur-front-national-cartes-regionales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvaldi2016" class="citation book cs1">Ivaldi, Gilles (18 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft8eDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">"A new course for the French radical right? The Front National and "de-demonisation""</a>. In Akkerman, Tjitske; de Lange, Sarah L.; Rooduijn, Matthijs (eds.). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41978-5"><bdi>978-1-317-41978-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926144322/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft8eDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+new+course+for+the+French+radical+right%3F+The+Front+National+and+%22de-demonisation%22&rft.btitle=Radical+Right-Wing+Populist+Parties+in+Western+Europe%3A+Into+the+Mainstream%3F&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.isbn=978-1-317-41978-5&rft.aulast=Ivaldi&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFt8eDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForchtner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Forchtner, Bernhard (September 2019). "Climate change and the far right". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 10 (5): e604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WIRCC..10E.604F">2019WIRCC..10E.604F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.604">10.1002/wcc.604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202196807">202196807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+the+far+right&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e604&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202196807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019WIRCC..10E.604F&rft.aulast=Forchtner&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForchtner2020" class="citation book cs1">Forchtner, Bernhard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBmvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14">The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-10402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-10402-9"><bdi>978-1-351-10402-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927072356/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBmvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Right+and+the+Environment%3A+Politics%2C+Discourse+and+Communication&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-10402-9&rft.aulast=Forchtner&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBmvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvaldi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ivaldi, Gilles (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01258016">"Le Front national français dans l'espace des droites radicales européennes"</a>. Pouvoirs (157): 115–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpouv.157.0115">10.3917/pouv.157.0115</a>. <q>le mouvement lepéniste peut être à juste titre considéré comme le modèle prototypique de la « nouvelle » droite radicale populiste paneuropéenne, variante contemporaine de l'extrême droite traditionnelle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pouvoirs&rft.atitle=Le+Front+national+fran%C3%A7ais+dans+l%27espace+des+droites+radicales+europ%C3%A9ennes&rft.issue=157&rft.pages=115-126&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpouv.157.0115&rft.aulast=Ivaldi&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01258016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201246–55-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201246–55_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2012">Davies 2012</a>, pp. 46–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rassemblementnational.fr/22-mesures">"22 MESURES POUR 2022 (22 measures for 2022)"</a>. Rassemblement National. 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rassemblement+National&rft.atitle=22+MESURES+POUR+2022+%2822+measures+for+2022%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frassemblementnational.fr%2F22-mesures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebourgPreda2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lebourg, Nicolas; Preda, Jonathan (15 May 2013). "Ordre Nouveau, fin des illusions droitières et matrice activiste du premier Front national" [New Order, end of illusions and the activist matrix of the first National Front]. Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea. 30: 205–230. <q>Sa "mémoire" se structure autour de deux motifs: la violence de masse, et l'intégration de l'extrême droite au jeu politique avec la création par Ordre Nouveau du Front National en 1972.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Historica.+Historia+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Ordre+Nouveau%2C+fin+des+illusions+droiti%C3%A8res+et+matrice+activiste+du+premier+Front+national&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=205-230&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Lebourg&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Preda%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007229-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007229_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199946,_56_and_71-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199946,_56_and_71_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a>, pp. 46, 56 and 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/marine-le-pen-front-national-stepping-down-leader-party-french-election-a7700286.html">"Marine Le Pen temporarily steps down as Front National leader to concentrate on presidential bid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/marine-le-pen-front-national-stepping-down-leader-party-french-election-a7700286.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+temporarily+steps+down+as+Front+National+leader+to+concentrate+on+presidential+bid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmarine-le-pen-front-national-stepping-down-leader-party-french-election-a7700286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/frances-far-right-picks-jordan-bardella-to-succeed-marine-le-pen-as-party-chief/a-63659047">"France's far right replaces Le Pen with Jordan Bardella – DW – 11/05/2022"</a>. dw.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=France%27s+far+right+replaces+Le+Pen+with+Jordan+Bardella+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+11%2F05%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffrances-far-right-picks-jordan-bardella-to-succeed-marine-le-pen-as-party-chief%2Fa-63659047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Rally-France">"National Rally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=National+Rally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNational-Rally-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Softening image: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215151555/http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4821&title=The-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power">"The French National Front: On its way to power?"</a>. Policy-network.net. 22 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4821&title=The-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power">the original</a> on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+National+Front%3A+On+its+way+to+power%3F&rft.pub=Policy-network.net&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policy-network.net%2Fpno_detail.aspx%3FID%3D4821%26title%3DThe-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Devil of the Republic: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraw2015" class="citation news cs1">Craw, Victoria (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/national-front-leader-marine-le-pen-tipped-for-french-presidential-run-following-terror-attacks/story-fn5tas5k-1227193765793">"Marine Le Pen National Front leader | Who is Marine Le Pen?"</a>. News.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123055934/http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/national-front-leader-marine-le-pen-tipped-for-french-presidential-run-following-terror-attacks/story-fn5tas5k-1227193765793">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+National+Front+leader+%26%23124%3B+Who+is+Marine+Le+Pen%3F&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Craw&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ffinance%2Fwork%2Fnational-front-leader-marine-le-pen-tipped-for-french-presidential-run-following-terror-attacks%2Fstory-fn5tas5k-1227193765793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Holocaust denial: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/06/jean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail">"Jean-Marie Le Pen fined again for dismissing Holocaust as 'detail'"</a>. theguardian. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040033/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/06/jean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Marie+Le+Pen+fined+again+for+dismissing+Holocaust+as+%27detail%27&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fapr%2F06%2Fjean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Islamophobia: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2005/02/24/jean-marie-le-pen-condamne-pour-incitation-a-la-haine-raciale_399429_3224.html">"Jean-Marie Le Pen condamné pour incitation à la haine raciale"</a>. Le Monde.fr. lemonde.fr. 24 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013204/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2005/02/24/jean-marie-le-pen-condamne-pour-incitation-a-la-haine-raciale_399429_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. 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University of Michigan. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536278-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536278-7-5"><bdi>978-0-9536278-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+of+the+world&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9536278-7-5&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Alan+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmwYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007163–164-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007163–164_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199936_f-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199936_f_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a>, pp. 36 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007169-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007169_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007169_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007159,_169-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007159,_169_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 159, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199931,_36–37-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199931,_36–37_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a>, pp. 31, 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199794-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitscheltMcGann199794_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitscheltMcGann1997">Kitschelt & McGann 1997</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199913-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199913_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Boissieu" class="citation web cs1">De Boissieu, Laurent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france-politique.fr/chronologie-fn.htm">"Chronologie du Front National FN"</a>. France Politique. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1765-2898">1765-2898</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831115618/https://www.france-politique.fr/chronologie-fn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Politique&rft.atitle=Chronologie+du+Front+National+FN&rft.issn=1765-2898&rft.aulast=De+Boissieu&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-politique.fr%2Fchronologie-fn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199938_f-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199938_f_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeClair1999">DeClair 1999</a>, pp. 38 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007170-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007170_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007171-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007171_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeClair199939-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeClair199939_53-0">a</a> <a 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Archives.lesoir.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228104404/http://archives.lesoir.be/toulon-la-vitrine-du-fn-sur-l-hexagone_t-19970529-Z0DRXN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives&rft.pub=Archives.lesoir.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.lesoir.be%2Ftoulon-la-vitrine-du-fn-sur-l-hexagone_t-19970529-Z0DRXN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007264_f-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007264_f_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 264 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007275-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007275_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007275_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007275_126-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007276-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007276_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007271_f-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007271_f_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 271 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007277–279-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007277–279_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 277–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007279-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007279_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007279_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007279_130-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfn-131"><a href="#cite_ref-oxfn_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQXLgP6CZBkC&pg=PP356">"National Front (France)"</a>. The concise Oxford dictionary of politics. Oxford University. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920516-5"><bdi>978-0-19-920516-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927060006/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQXLgP6CZBkC&pg=PP356">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. 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Retrieved 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=French+far-right+leader+Jean-Marie+Le+Pen+sets+retirement+date&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F2798961%2FFrench-far-right-leader-Jean-Marie-Le-Pen-sets-retirement-date.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007281-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007281_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007281_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007282-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007282_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007282_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007282_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007283-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007283_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007284-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007284_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007284_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007288_f-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007288_f_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 288 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007289-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007289_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007289_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007291-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007291_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007291–293-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007291–293_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 291–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007292_f-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007292_f_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 292 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007297-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007297_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007298-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007298_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007300-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007300_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007300_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiché2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riché, Pascal (29 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rue89.com/mon-oeil/apres-le-paquebot-le-pen-vend-sa-605-blindee-sur-ebay">"Après le "Paquebot", Le Pen vend sa 605 blindée sur eBay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rue_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 89">Rue 89</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141611/http://www.rue89.com/mon-oeil/apres-le-paquebot-le-pen-vend-sa-605-blindee-sur-ebay">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2011. 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Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Macron+Won%3A+Luck%2C+Skill+and+France%27s+Dark+History&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwhy-macron-won-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Louise Nordstorm, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20171218-france-philippot-les-patriotes-le-pen-ex-protege-win-over-french-far-right-party">Les Patriotes: How Le Pen's ex-protégé hopes to win over French far right</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109164057/http://www.france24.com/en/20171218-france-philippot-les-patriotes-le-pen-ex-protege-win-over-french-far-right-party">Archived</a> 9 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+propose+de+rebaptiser+le+FN+%22Rassemblement+national%22&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2Farticle%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2F2757543-marine-le-pen-propose-de-rebaptiser-le-fn-rassemblement-national.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreros2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herreros, Romain (11 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/03/11/rassemblement-national-trop-proche-de-rassemblement-national-populaire-ancien-parti-collaborationniste_a_23382664/">""Rassemblement national", trop proche de "Rassemblement national populaire", ancien parti collaborationniste?"</a> ["National Rally", too close to "National People's Rally", former collaborationist party?]. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192325/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/03/11/rassemblement-national-trop-proche-de-rassemblement-national-populaire-ancien-parti-collaborationniste_a_23382664/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=%22Rassemblement+national%22%2C+trop+proche+de+%22Rassemblement+national+populaire%22%2C+ancien+parti+collaborationniste%3F&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft.aulast=Herreros&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.fr%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2Frassemblement-national-trop-proche-de-rassemblement-national-populaire-ancien-parti-collaborationniste_a_23382664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2018" class="citation web cs1">Willsher, Kim (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/marine-le-pen-row-new-name-front-national-rassemblement-national">"Marine Le Pen sparks row over new name for Front National"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theguardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theguardian.com">theguardian.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192330/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/marine-le-pen-row-new-name-front-national-rassemblement-national">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+sparks+row+over+new+name+for+Front+National&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F12%2Fmarine-le-pen-row-new-name-front-national-rassemblement-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nossiter-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2018" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (10 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/europe/steve-bannon-france-national-front.html">"'Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Let+Them+Call+You+Racists%27%3A+Bannon%27s+Pep+Talk+to+National+Front&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fsteve-bannon-france-national-front.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNicholl,_Tracy2018" class="citation cs2">McNicholl, Tracy (11 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20180311-france-usa-bannon-le-pen-national-front-racist-badge-honour-populist-pep-talk-lille-trump?ref=tw">Wear 'racist' like a badge of honour, Bannon tells French far-right summit</a>, France 24, retrieved 11 August 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wear+%27racist%27+like+a+badge+of+honour%2C+Bannon+tells+French+far-right+summit&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft.au=McNicholl%2C+Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180311-france-usa-bannon-le-pen-national-front-racist-badge-honour-populist-pep-talk-lille-trump%3Fref%3Dtw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Willsher, Kim (10 March 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/10/steve-bannon-tells-french-far-right-history-is-on-our-side">"Steve Bannon tells French far-right 'history is on our side'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215020200/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/10/steve-bannon-tells-french-far-right-history-is-on-our-side">Archived</a> 15 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Ganley, Elaine (10 March 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bannon-racist-label-is-badge-of-honor-france-far-right-party-speech-2018-3-2">"Steve Bannon told a French far-right party to wear the 'racist' label 'as a badge of honor'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804134443/https://www.businessinsider.com/bannon-racist-label-is-badge-of-honor-france-far-right-party-speech-2018-3-2">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> via <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/ex-sarkozy-minister-jumps-conservative-ship-to-join-french-far-right-11103410">"Ex-Sarkozy minister jumps conservative ship to join French far-right - Channel NewsAsia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109174418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/ex-sarkozy-minister-jumps-conservative-ship-to-join-french-far-right-11103410">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-Sarkozy+minister+jumps+conservative+ship+to+join+French+far-right+-+Channel+NewsAsia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fex-sarkozy-minister-jumps-conservative-ship-to-join-french-far-right-11103410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/marine-le-pen-molle-les-propos-de-gerald-darmanin-sement-l-embarras-au-sein-de-la-rem_AN-202102150325.html">"Marine le Pen "molle": Les propos de Gérald Darmanin sèment l'embarras au sein de LaREM"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404122316/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/marine-le-pen-molle-les-propos-de-gerald-darmanin-sement-l-embarras-au-sein-de-la-rem_AN-202102150325.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+le+Pen+%22molle%22%3A+Les+propos+de+G%C3%A9rald+Darmanin+s%C3%A8ment+l%27embarras+au+sein+de+LaREM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfmtv.com%2Fpolitique%2Fmarine-le-pen-molle-les-propos-de-gerald-darmanin-sement-l-embarras-au-sein-de-la-rem_AN-202102150325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2996931-20210312-marine-pen-promet-gouvernement-union-nationale-si-elue-2022">"Marine le Pen promet un " gouvernement d'union nationale " si elle est élue"</a>. 12 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316122047/https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2996931-20210312-marine-pen-promet-gouvernement-union-nationale-si-elue-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+le+Pen+promet+un+%22+gouvernement+d%27union+nationale+%22+si+elle+est+%C3%A9lue&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutes.fr%2Fsociete%2F2996931-20210312-marine-pen-promet-gouvernement-union-nationale-si-elue-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/regionales/regionales-en-paca-a-marseille-les-lr-historiques-voteront-thierry-mariani-le-candidat-du-rn-16-05-2021-ESIYLIBSDBAXPAA7HKJPJ2RRGE.php">"Régionales en Paca : à Marseille, "les LR historiques voteront Thierry Mariani", le candidat du RN"</a>. 16 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015054/https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/regionales/regionales-en-paca-a-marseille-les-lr-historiques-voteront-thierry-mariani-le-candidat-du-rn-16-05-2021-ESIYLIBSDBAXPAA7HKJPJ2RRGE.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. 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Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+parti+de+Marine+le+Pen+engrange+les+ralliements+%C3%A0+droite&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fle-parti-de-marine-le-pen-engrange-les-ralliements-a-droite-20210511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/05/12/le-rn-veut-seduire-la-droite-9540606.php">"Elections régionales : En Aveyron, le RN veut séduire la droite"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015056/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/05/12/le-rn-veut-seduire-la-droite-9540606.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+r%C3%A9gionales+%3A+En+Aveyron%2C+le+RN+veut+s%C3%A9duire+la+droite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2F2021%2F05%2F12%2Fle-rn-veut-seduire-la-droite-9540606.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2021" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (27 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/27/le-pens-far-right-party-suffers-blow-in-french-regional-elections">"Le Pen's far-right party suffers blow in French regional elections"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628073435/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/27/le-pens-far-right-party-suffers-blow-in-french-regional-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Le+Pen%27s+far-right+party+suffers+blow+in+French+regional+elections&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F27%2Fle-pens-far-right-party-suffers-blow-in-french-regional-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61209058">"French election result: Macron defeats Le Pen and vows to unite divided France"</a>. BBC News. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=French+election+result%3A+Macron+defeats+Le+Pen+and+vows+to+unite+divided+France&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-61209058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/legislatives/resultats-des-legislatives-2022-le-rassemblement-national-arrive-troisieme-avec-18-9-des-voix-au-premier-tour-selon-notre-estimation-ipsos-sopra-steria_5184748.html">"Résultats des législatives 2022 : le Rassemblement national arrive troisième avec 18,68% des voix au premier tour, selon les résultats définitifs"</a>. Franceinfo (in French). 12 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franceinfo&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+des+l%C3%A9gislatives+2022+%3A+le+Rassemblement+national+arrive+troisi%C3%A8me+avec+18%2C68%25+des+voix+au+premier+tour%2C+selon+les+r%C3%A9sultats+d%C3%A9finitifs&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Felections%2Flegislatives%2Fresultats-des-legislatives-2022-le-rassemblement-national-arrive-troisieme-avec-18-9-des-voix-au-premier-tour-selon-notre-estimation-ipsos-sopra-steria_5184748.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/video/20220619-marine-le-pen-s-national-rally-estimated-to-win-89-seats">"France: Marine Le Pen's National Rally estimated to win 89 seats"</a>. 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Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Bardella+heads+Patriots+for+Europe%2C+EU+Parliament%27s+third-largest+group&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.aulast=Malingre&rft.aufirst=Virginie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2024%2F07%2F10%2Fbardella-heads-the-third-largest-group-of-the-eu-parliament-patriots-for-europe_6679639_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bardella se récupère à Strasbourg". Le Canard Enchaîné. 10 July 2024. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Canard+Encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Bardella+se+r%C3%A9cup%C3%A8re+%C3%A0+Strasbourg&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2024-07-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240709-le-pen-orban-and-the-patriots-for-europe-is-the-eu-being-undermined-from-within">"Le Pen, Orban and the 'Patriots for Europe': Is the EU being undermined from within?"</a>. France 24. 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Le+Pen%2C+Orban+and+the+%27Patriots+for+Europe%27%3A+Is+the+EU+being+undermined+from+within%3F&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20240709-le-pen-orban-and-the-patriots-for-europe-is-the-eu-being-undermined-from-within&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/06/10/french-president-emmanuel-macron-announces-anticipated-elections-after-stinging-eu-electio">"Why has Macron announced snap elections after EU poll defeat?"</a>. euronews. 10 June 2024. 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Public Sénat (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+S%C3%A9nat&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislatives+%3A+le+financement+politique+des+partis%2C+l%27autre+enjeu+du+scrutin&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Barbarit&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicsenat.fr%2Factualites%2Fpolitique%2Flegislatives-le-financement-politique-des-partis-lautre-enjeu-du-scrutin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-results2024-195"><a href="#cite_ref-results2024_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives2024/ensemble_geographique/index.html">"Publication des candidatures et des résultats aux élections"</a>. Ministère de l'Intérieur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630181416/https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives2024/ensemble_geographique/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=Publication+des+candidatures+et+des+r%C3%A9sultats+aux+%C3%A9lections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr%2Flegislatives2024%2Fensemble_geographique%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/07/02/french-elections-heres-who-voted-for-the-different-political-parties">"French elections: Here's who voted for the different political parties"</a>. Euronews. 2 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+elections%3A+Here%27s+who+voted+for+the+different+political+parties&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2024%2F07%2F02%2Ffrench-elections-heres-who-voted-for-the-different-political-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Scholarly descriptions: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2013" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Nonna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626004928/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/160.short">"From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/160.short">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Jean-Marie+to+Marine+Le+Pen%3A+Electoral+Change+on+the+Far+Right&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Nonna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpa.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F66%2F1%2F160.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Winock, Michel</a> (dir.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_l_extr%C3%AAme_droite_en_France.html?hl=fr&id=gtsiAQAAIAAJ">Histoire de l'extrême droite en France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235209/https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_l_extr%C3%AAme_droite_en_France.html?hl=fr&id=gtsiAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1993)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201712–13-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201712–13_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/2015/04/13/31001-20150413ARTFIG00155-jean-yves-camus-marion-le-pen-incarne-la-ligne-nationale-conservatrice-du-fn.php">"Jean-Yves Camus"</a>. Lefigaro.fr. 13 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807213735/http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/2015/04/13/31001-20150413ARTFIG00155-jean-yves-camus-marion-le-pen-incarne-la-ligne-nationale-conservatrice-du-fn.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016. 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Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Jean-Marie+Le+Pen+renvoy%C3%A9+devant+la+justice+pour+ses+propos+sur+l%27Occupation&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Farticle%2F0%2C1-0%402-3224%2C36-794895%4051-776560%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocauste-291"><a href="#cite_ref-holocauste_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223053/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=8443">"Bruno Gollnisch condamné pour ses propos sur l'Holocauste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a> (in French). Reuters. 18 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=8443">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Express&rft.atitle=Bruno+Gollnisch+condamn%C3%A9+pour+ses+propos+sur+l%27Holocauste&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Finfo%2Fquotidien%2Factu.asp%3Fid%3D8443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20090624.OBS1737/bruno-gollnisch-blanchi-par-la-cour-de-cassation.html">"Bruno Gollnisch blanchi par la Cour de cassation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">Le Nouvel Observateur</a> (in French). 24 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107123118/https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090624.OBS1737/bruno-gollnisch-blanchi-par-la-cour-de-cassation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvel+Observateur&rft.atitle=Bruno+Gollnisch+blanchi+par+la+Cour+de+cassation&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempsreel.nouvelobs.com%2Factualite%2Fsociete%2F20090624.OBS1737%2Fbruno-gollnisch-blanchi-par-la-cour-de-cassation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007317-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007317_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2015/04/03/detail-de-l-histoire-marine-le-pen-en-desaccord-profond-avec-son-pere_4609050_823448.html">"" Détail de l'histoire " : Marine le Pen en " désaccord profond " avec son père"</a>. Le Monde. 3 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519030227/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2015/04/03/detail-de-l-histoire-marine-le-pen-en-desaccord-profond-avec-son-pere_4609050_823448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%22+D%C3%A9tail+de+l%27histoire+%22+%3A+Marine+le+Pen+en+%22+d%C3%A9saccord+profond+%22+avec+son+p%C3%A8re&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F04%2F03%2Fdetail-de-l-histoire-marine-le-pen-en-desaccord-profond-avec-son-pere_4609050_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitiaux2011" class="citation news cs1">Boitiaux, Charlotte (14 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20111214-national-front-goes-all-out-jewish-vote">"The National Front and the quest for the Jewish vote"</a>. France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230191348/http://www.france24.com/en/20111214-national-front-goes-all-out-jewish-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+National+Front+and+the+quest+for+the+Jewish+vote&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.aulast=Boitiaux&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20111214-national-front-goes-all-out-jewish-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimor2011" class="citation web cs1">Primor, Adar (7 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-daughter-as-de-demonizer-1.335743">"The daughter as de-demonizer"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+daughter+as+de-demonizer&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft.aulast=Primor&rft.aufirst=Adar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2Fthe-daughter-as-de-demonizer-1.335743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21720665-france-and-germany-fear-propaganda-and-espionage-favouring-pro-kremlin-candidates-europe-trying">"Europe is trying to keep Russia from influencing its elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 12 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413184953/http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21720665-france-and-germany-fear-propaganda-and-espionage-favouring-pro-kremlin-candidates-europe-trying">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Europe+is+trying+to+keep+Russia+from+influencing+its+elections&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21720665-france-and-germany-fear-propaganda-and-espionage-favouring-pro-kremlin-candidates-europe-trying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP141127-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP141127_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP141127_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchi2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Turchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Turchi (page does not exist)">Turchi</a>, Marine (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediapart.fr/en/journal/international/271114/far-right-front-nationals-russian-loan-31-mln-euros-more-follow">"Far-right Front National's Russian loan: '31 mln euros more to follow'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mediapart" title="Mediapart">Mediapart</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114091645/https://www.mediapart.fr/en/journal/international/271114/far-right-front-nationals-russian-loan-31-mln-euros-more-follow">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediapart&rft.atitle=Far-right+Front+National%27s+Russian+loan%3A+%2731+mln+euros+more+to+follow%27&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Turchi&rft.aufirst=Marine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapart.fr%2Fen%2Fjournal%2Finternational%2F271114%2Ffar-right-front-nationals-russian-loan-31-mln-euros-more-follow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW141129-299"><a href="#cite_ref-DW141129_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPabst2014" class="citation news cs1">Pabst, Sabrina (29 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/is-the-kremlin-financing-europes-right-wing-populists/a-18101352">"Is the Kremlin financing Europe's right-wing populists?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216001401/http://www.dw.de/is-the-kremlin-financing-europes-right-wing-populists/a-18101352">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Is+the+Kremlin+financing+Europe%27s+right-wing+populists%3F&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft.aulast=Pabst&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fis-the-kremlin-financing-europes-right-wing-populists%2Fa-18101352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leparisien1-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leparisien1_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leparisien1_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pret-russe-au-fn-marine-le-pen-publie-les-refus-des-banques-francaises-08-12-2014-4357529.php">"Prêt russe au FN : Marine Le Pen publie les refus des banques françaises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a>. 8 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317171026/http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pret-russe-au-fn-marine-le-pen-publie-les-refus-des-banques-francaises-08-12-2014-4357529.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%AAt+russe+au+FN+%3A+Marine+Le+Pen+publie+les+refus+des+banques+fran%C3%A7aises&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fpret-russe-au-fn-marine-le-pen-publie-les-refus-des-banques-francaises-08-12-2014-4357529.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMestre2014" class="citation news cs1">Mestre, Abel (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/11/23/marine-le-pen-justifie-le-pret-russe-du-fn_4528041_823448.html">"Marine Le Pen justifie le prêt russe du FN"</a>. Le Monde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326234351/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/11/23/marine-le-pen-justifie-le-pret-russe-du-fn_4528041_823448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+justifie+le+pr%C3%AAt+russe+du+FN&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Mestre&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2014%2F11%2F23%2Fmarine-le-pen-justifie-le-pret-russe-du-fn_4528041_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde150403-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Monde150403_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/04/02/fn-des-hackers-russes-devoilent-des-echanges-au-kremlin_4608660_4355770.html">"Financement du FN : des hackers russes dévoilent des échanges au Kremlin"</a> [Financing of the National Front: Russian hackers unveil contacts with the Kremlin]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). 3 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404133319/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/04/02/fn-des-hackers-russes-devoilent-des-echanges-au-kremlin_4608660_4355770.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Financement+du+FN+%3A+des+hackers+russes+d%C3%A9voilent+des+%C3%A9changes+au+Kremlin&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fles-decodeurs%2Farticle%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Ffn-des-hackers-russes-devoilent-des-echanges-au-kremlin_4608660_4355770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/france-national-rally-links-violent-group-revealed-181216092409471.html">"France's National Rally links to violent far-right group revealed"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902152210/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/france-national-rally-links-violent-group-revealed-181216092409471.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019. <q>Lechevalier said that most National Front politicians, and most of its leaders, held similar views as the GI. But they had to hide them from voters, she said. "We need the greatest number of people to come to our side to obtain the highest vote, in order to win,' she said. 'Then we can do what we want when we are in power.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=France%27s+National+Rally+links+to+violent+far-right+group+revealed&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F12%2Ffrance-national-rally-links-violent-group-revealed-181216092409471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostov2023" class="citation news cs1">Kostov, Nick (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/frances-marine-le-pen-to-face-trial-over-spending-e41ced4e">"France's Marine Le Pen to Face Trial Over Spending"</a>. Wall Street Journal. 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Reuters. 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Insight%3A+Meloni%2C+Le+Pen+rift+mars+far+right%27s+prospects+of+wielding+EU+power&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmeloni-le-pen-rift-mars-far-rights-prospects-wielding-eu-power-2024-03-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/le-pen-praises-salvinis-previous-anti-migration-efforts-tackling-meloni/">"Le Pen praises Salvini's previous anti-migration efforts, tackling Meloni"</a>. Euractiv. 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Le+Pen+praises+Salvini%27s+previous+anti-migration+efforts%2C+tackling+Meloni&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fle-pen-praises-salvinis-previous-anti-migration-efforts-tackling-meloni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2024/02/02/le-pen-draws-closer-to-meloni-and-distances-herself-from-germany-s-afd_6486350_5.html">"Le Pen draws closer to Meloni and distances herself from Germany's AfD"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geert+Wilders+voit+Marine+le+Pen+pr%C3%A9sidente+en+2017&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20min.ch%2Fro%2Fnews%2Fmonde%2Fstory%2FGeert-Wilders-voit-Marine-Le-Pen-presidente-en-2017-23367934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИме*2021" class="citation web cs1">Име* (12 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srpskanarodnapartija.rs/popovic-sa-predstavnicima-omladina-partija-clanica-grupe-identitet-i-demokratija/">"Српска народна партија"</a>. Srpskanarodnapartija.rs. 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Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+le+Pen+felicita+a+Vox+por+su+resultado+en+Andaluc%C3%ADa+antes+de+que+se+conozca&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fespana%2Fpolitica%2F20181202%2Fmarine-pen-felicita-vox-resultado-andalucia-conozca%2F357714833_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/meloni-orban-le-pen-back-spanish-far-right-in-battle-against-brussels/">"Meloni, Orbán, Le Pen back Spanish far right in 'battle against Brussels'"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Finally+Lets+Lawmakers+into+Kashmir%3A+Far-Right+Europeans&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-kashmir-european.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/22-of-27-eu-parliamentarians-visiting-kashmir-are-from-right-wing-parties/cid/1714921">"22 of 27 EU parliamentarians visiting Kashmir are from Right-wing parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph (India)</a>. 28 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102091121/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/22-of-27-eu-parliamentarians-visiting-kashmir-are-from-right-wing-parties/cid/1714921">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=22+of+27+EU+parliamentarians+visiting+Kashmir+are+from+Right-wing+parties&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2F22-of-27-eu-parliamentarians-visiting-kashmir-are-from-right-wing-parties%2Fcid%2F1714921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://information.tv5monde.com/info/bruxelles-le-pen-loue-le-bienfaisant-courage-de-la-pologne-face-l-ue-429536">"À Bruxelles, Le Pen loue le "bienfaisant courage" de la Pologne face à l'UE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a>. 22 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025120756/https://information.tv5monde.com/info/bruxelles-le-pen-loue-le-bienfaisant-courage-de-la-pologne-face-l-ue-429536">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV5Monde&rft.atitle=%C3%80+Bruxelles%2C+Le+Pen+loue+le+%22bienfaisant+courage%22+de+la+Pologne+face+%C3%A0+l%27UE&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformation.tv5monde.com%2Finfo%2Fbruxelles-le-pen-loue-le-bienfaisant-courage-de-la-pologne-face-l-ue-429536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pen-and-eric-zemmour-face-off-in-rival-rallies/">"Marine Le Pen and Eric Zemmour face off in rival rallies – POLITICO"</a>. 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Le+Pen+and+Eric+Zemmour+face+off+in+rival+rallies+%E2%80%93+POLITICO&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fmarine-le-pen-and-eric-zemmour-face-off-in-rival-rallies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw_and_Justice2024" class="citation web cs1">Law and Justice (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/pisorgpl_EN/status/1755257065147089265">"News: Morawiecki inviting Orbán's Fidesz and Le Pen's National Rally to join Law and Justice's group in European Parliament. The common goal is "to save Europe" and "the ECR will most likely accept everyone who agrees against the dominant liberal and left-wing groups that are on course to destroy Europe," says Morawiecki"</a>. Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=News%3A+Morawiecki+inviting+Orb%C3%A1n%27s+Fidesz+and+Le+Pen%27s+National+Rally+to+join+Law+and+Justice%27s+group+in+European+Parliament.+The+common+goal+is+%22to+save+Europe%22+and+%22the+ECR+will+most+likely+accept+everyone+who+agrees+against+the+dominant+liberal+and+left-wing+groups+that+are+on+course+to+destroy+Europe%2C%22+says+Morawiecki.&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.au=Law+and+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fpisorgpl_EN%2Fstatus%2F1755257065147089265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/le-pen-questions-eu-level-alliance-with-afd-spelling-trouble-for-id-unity/">"Le Pen questions EU-level alliance with AfD, spelling trouble for ID unity"</a>. Euractiv. 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Le+Pen+questions+EU-level+alliance+with+AfD%2C+spelling+trouble+for+ID+unity&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Felections%2Fnews%2Fle-pen-questions-eu-level-alliance-with-afd-spelling-trouble-for-id-unity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/mayotte-marine-le-pen-fachee-contre-l-afd-qui-s-interroge-sur-l-appartenance-de-l-ile-a-la-france-20240420">"Mayotte: Marine Le Pen «fâchée» contre l'AfD qui s'interroge sur l'appartenance de l'île à la France"</a>. Le Figaro. 20 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Mayotte%3A+Marine+Le+Pen+%C2%ABf%C3%A2ch%C3%A9e%C2%BB+contre+l%27AfD+qui+s%27interroge+sur+l%27appartenance+de+l%27%C3%AEle+%C3%A0+la+France&rft.date=2024-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fmayotte-marine-le-pen-fachee-contre-l-afd-qui-s-interroge-sur-l-appartenance-de-l-ile-a-la-france-20240420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/politique/elections/le-rn-rompt-avec-ses-allies-allemands-de-lafd-apres-des-declarations-sur-les-ss-20240521_LSL3Q6EWY5FQTCT66JKDRFWAJE/">"Parlement européen : le RN rompt avec ses alliés allemands de l'AfD après des déclarations sur les SS"</a>. Liberation. 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberation&rft.atitle=Parlement+europ%C3%A9en+%3A+le+RN+rompt+avec+ses+alli%C3%A9s+allemands+de+l%27AfD+apr%C3%A8s+des+d%C3%A9clarations+sur+les+SS&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fpolitique%2Felections%2Fle-rn-rompt-avec-ses-allies-allemands-de-lafd-apres-des-declarations-sur-les-ss-20240521_LSL3Q6EWY5FQTCT66JKDRFWAJE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/10/frances-macron-slams-israeli-ministers-backing-of-marine-le-pen">"France's Macron slams Israeli minister's backing of Marine Le Pen"</a>. Al Jazeera. 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=France%27s+Macron+slams+Israeli+minister%27s+backing+of+Marine+Le+Pen&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F7%2F10%2Ffrances-macron-slams-israeli-ministers-backing-of-marine-le-pen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themedialine.org/top-stories/diaspora-affairs-minister-chikli-stands-by-praise-for-frances-le-pen-exclusive/">"Diaspora Affairs Minister Chikli Stands by Praise for France's Le Pen – Exclusive"</a>. The Media Line. 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Media+Line&rft.atitle=Diaspora+Affairs+Minister+Chikli+Stands+by+Praise+for+France%27s+Le+Pen+%E2%80%93+Exclusive&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Ftop-stories%2Fdiaspora-affairs-minister-chikli-stands-by-praise-for-frances-le-pen-exclusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007319-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007319_364-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-eed-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eed_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eed_365-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eed_365-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eed_365-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/france/">"France: Elections 1990–2010"</a>. European Election Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224133032/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/france/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%3A+Elections+1990%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=European+Election+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsd.uib.no%2Feuropean_election_database%2Fcountry%2Ffrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales_1998/(path)/regionales_1998/index.html">"Résultat des élections Régionales 1998"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029234526/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales_1998/(path)/regionales_1998/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultat+des+%C3%A9lections+R%C3%A9gionales+1998&rft.pub=Minister+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FRegionales%2Felecresult__regionales_1998%2F%28path%29%2Fregionales_1998%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales_2004/(path)/regionales_2004/index.html">"Résultat des élections Régionales 2004"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107123324/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales_2004/(path)/regionales_2004/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultat+des+%C3%A9lections+R%C3%A9gionales+2004&rft.pub=Minister+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FRegionales%2Felecresult__regionales_2004%2F%28path%29%2Fregionales_2004%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales-2015/(path)/regionales-2015/index.html">"Résultat des élections Régionales 2010"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320014435/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2010/FE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultat+des+%C3%A9lections+R%C3%A9gionales+2010&rft.pub=Minister+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FRegionales%2Felecresult__regionales-2015%2F%28path%29%2Fregionales-2015%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales-2015/(path)/regionales-2015/index.html">"Résultat des élections Régionales 2015"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107123203/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales-2015/(path)/regionales-2015/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultat+des+%C3%A9lections+R%C3%A9gionales+2015&rft.pub=Minister+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FRegionales%2Felecresult__regionales-2015%2F%28path%29%2Fregionales-2015%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales-2021/(path)/regionales-2021/index.html">"Résultat des élections Régionales 2021"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107123445/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Regionales/elecresult__regionales-2021/(path)/regionales-2021/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultat+des+%C3%A9lections+R%C3%A9gionales+2021&rft.pub=Minister+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FRegionales%2Felecresult__regionales-2021%2F%28path%29%2Fregionales-2021%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.bfmtv.com/">"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2017"</a>. Elections.bfmtv.com. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+2017&rft.pub=Elections.bfmtv.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.bfmtv.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Lebourg, Nicolas</a> (2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674971530" title="Special:BookSources/9780674971530"><bdi>9780674971530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780674971530&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter (2012). The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72530-4"><bdi>978-1-134-72530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Front+in+France%3A+Ideology%2C+Discourse+and+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72530-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeClair1999" class="citation book cs1">DeClair, Edward G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4xTc6CW78QC">Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front</a>. Duke University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2139-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-2139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+on+the+Fringe%3A+The+People%2C+Policies%2C+and+Organization+of+the+French+National+Front&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2139-2&rft.aulast=DeClair&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4xTc6CW78QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitscheltMcGann1997" class="citation book cs1">Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZiD0rsmqO4C&pg=PA91">"France: The National Front As Prototype of the New Radical Right"</a>. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. University of Michigan. pp. 91–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08441-8"><bdi>978-0-472-08441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%3A+The+National+Front+As+Prototype+of+the+New+Radical+Right&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Western+Europe%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=91-120&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08441-8&rft.aulast=Kitschelt&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=McGann%2C+Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZiD0rsmqO4C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2007" class="citation book cs1">Shields, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVif-FAKfZIC">The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37200-8"><bdi>978-0-415-37200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37200-8&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVif-FAKfZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauzamy2013" class="citation book cs1">Beauzamy, Brigitte (2013). "Explaining the Rise of the Front National to Electoral Prominence: Multi-Faceted or Contradictory Models?". Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. London/New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 177–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-343-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-343-6"><bdi>978-1-78093-343-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Rise+of+the+Front+National+to+Electoral+Prominence%3A+Multi-Faceted+or+Contradictory+Models%3F&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Populism+in+Europe%3A+Politics+and+Discourse&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pages=177-190&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78093-343-6&rft.aulast=Beauzamy&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDHOCh1y_wQC">The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15866-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15866-4"><bdi>978-0-415-15866-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Front+in+France%3A+Ideology%2C+Discourse+and+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15866-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDHOCh1y_wQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hainsworth, Paul (2012). "The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen". Modern & Contemporary France. 20 (3): 392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09639489.2012.691290">10.1080/09639489.2012.691290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145348163">145348163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+France&rft.atitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09639489.2012.691290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145348163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joly, Bertrand (2008). Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France, 1885–1902 (in French). Les Indes Savantes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalistes+et+Conservateurs+en+France%2C+1885%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Les+Indes+Savantes&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2013" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Nonna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626004928/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/160.short">"From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/160.short">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Jean-Marie+to+Marine+Le+Pen%3A+Electoral+Change+on+the+Far+Right&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Nonna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpa.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F66%2F1%2F160.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2014" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Luana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027121835/http://www.laurasudulich.eu/1/150/resources/news_647_1.pdf#page=181">"France: The historic victory of the Front National"</a> (PDF). In De Sio L.; Emanuele V.; Maggini N. (eds.). The European Parliament Elections of 2014. Rome: CISE. pp. 181–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98012-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98012-15-2"><bdi>978-88-98012-15-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurasudulich.eu/1/150/resources/news_647_1.pdf#page=181">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%3A+The+historic+victory+of+the+Front+National&rft.btitle=The+European+Parliament+Elections+of+2014&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=181-188&rft.pub=CISE&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-88-98012-15-2&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Luana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laurasudulich.eu%2F1%2F150%2Fresources%2Fnews_647_1.pdf%23page%3D181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shields, James (2013). "Marine Le Pen and the 'New' FN: A Change of Style or of Substance?". Parliamentary Affairs. 66 (1): 179–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgss076">10.1093/pa/gss076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen+and+the+%27New%27+FN%3A+A+Change+of+Style+or+of+Substance%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgss076&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Harvey G. (1996). The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge To Democracy. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813389790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813389790"><bdi>978-0813389790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+National+Front%3A+The+Extremist+Challenge+To+Democracy&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0813389790&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Harvey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinock1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Winock, Michel</a> (1993). Histoire de l'extrême droite en France (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite+en+France&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Winock&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rally" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rassemblement_National" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rassemblementnational.fr/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205150#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fninfos.fr/">FNinfos, the official website of National Front activists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507014848/http://fninfos.fr/">Archived</a> 7 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationspresse.info/">Nations Presse Info, an information Website near the National Front</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/economy/20120503-has-marine-le-pen-made-frances-front-national-respectable">Has Marine Le Pen made France's Front National respectable? RFI English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-european-far-right-actually-right-or-left-or-something-altogether-different-6796">Marine Le Pen's Protectionist Economics and Social Conservatism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriots.eu" title="Template:Patriots.eu"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriots.eu" title="Template talk:Patriots.eu"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriots.eu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriots.eu"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriots.eu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriots.eu" title="Patriots.eu">Patriots.eu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;"><div>Parliamentary group: <a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">Member parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">FPÖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">VB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/ANO_(political_party)" title="ANO (political party)">ANO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">EKRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">RN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Reason_(political_party)" title="Voice of Reason (political party)">ΦΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">PVV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chega_(political_party)" title="Chega (political party)">CHEGA!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">Other parliamentary group members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Motorists_for_Themselves" title="Motorists for Themselves">AUTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADsaha" title="Přísaha">Přísaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">DF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">KDNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia_First" title="Latvia First">LPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">RN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">Party President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerolf_Annemans" title="Gerolf Annemans">Gerolf Annemans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">European Parliament Group President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a></li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">European Commissioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;;width:1%">Heads of government at the European Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a></li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2B3856, inset -2px -2px 0 #2B3856;"><div><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundation</a>: Patriots for Europe Foundation</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Main_political_parties_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_political_parties" title="Template:French political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_political_parties" title="Template talk:French political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Main_political_parties_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Main <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">political parties in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">New Anticapitalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">Left</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_Insoumise" title="La France Insoumise">La France Insoumise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ecologists_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecologists (political party)">The Ecologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">Union of Democrats and Independents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity%E2%80%93Freedoms" title="Identity–Freedoms">Identity–Freedoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">Miscellaneous left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_centre" title="Miscellaneous centre">Miscellaneous centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">Miscellaneous right</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Rally" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#004A77; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Front" title="Template:National Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Front" title="Template talk:National Front"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Front"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Rally" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> (1972–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Vice-Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Christine_Arnautu" title="Marie-Christine Arnautu">Marie-Christine Arnautu</a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Florian Philippot</a> (2012-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jean-François Jalkh</a> (2012-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Steeve Briois</a> (2014-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">J Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">J Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">J Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">J Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">J Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">M Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">M Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">M Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Jean-Pierre Stirbois</a> (1981-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Carl Lang</a> (1988-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Bruno Gollnisch</a> (1995-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Louis Aliot</a> (2005-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jean-François Jalkh</a> (2010-2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Steeve Briois</a> (2011-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Nicolas Bay</a> (2014-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Chamber of Deputies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal-Le Pen</a> (2012-2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Collard" title="Gilbert Collard">Gilbert Collard</a> (2012-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Stéphane Ravier</a> (2014-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">David Rachline</a> (2014-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership election</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tours_Congress_(National_Front)" title="Tours Congress (National Front)">Tours Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyon_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyon Congress (page does not exist)">Lyon Congress</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Lyon_(Front_National)" class="extiw" title="fr:Congrès de Lyon (Front National)">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_bleu_Marine" title="Rassemblement bleu Marine">Rassemblement bleu Marine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9,_identit%C3%A9_et_libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Souveraineté, identité et libertés">SIEL</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9,_ind%C3%A9pendance_et_libert%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Souveraineté, indépendance et libertés">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">Miscellaneous right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Collard" title="Gilbert Collard">Gilbert Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Marie_Co%C3%BBteaux" title="Paul-Marie Coûteaux">Paul-Marie Coûteaux</a> (2012-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Peyrat" title="Jacques Peyrat">Jacques Peyrat</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">Affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_bleu_Marine" title="Rassemblement bleu Marine">Rassemblement bleu Marine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004A77; color:white;;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom">Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Template:Jean-Marie Le Pen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Template talk:Jean-Marie Le Pen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-Marie Le Pen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Front</a> (1972–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue,_White_and_Red_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue, White and Red Rally">Blue, White and Red Rally</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_Jeanne" title="Comités Jeanne">Comités Jeanne</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_:_fils_de_la_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoires : fils de la nation">Mémoires : fils de la nation</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pen_family" title="Le Pen family">Le Pen family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrette_Le_Pen" title="Pierrette Le Pen">Pierrette Le Pen</a> (wife 1960–1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National-Hebdo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National-Hebdo (page does not exist)">National-Hebdo</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Hebdo" class="extiw" title="fr:National-Hebdo">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205150#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/603156565742923500001">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1167191226">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2023044784">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993012f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993012f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/w8qchhp6t2b91h9g">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/236778560">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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