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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kohanimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohanimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kohanimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohanimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Majandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ühiskond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ühiskond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ühiskond</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ühiskond-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Ühiskond"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ühiskond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sotsiaalne_struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sotsiaalne_struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sotsiaalne struktuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sotsiaalne_struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopoliitika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopoliitika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geopoliitika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopoliitika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kultuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umajaadide_dünastia_Andaluusia_kaliifid_(912–1031)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umajaadide_dünastia_Andaluusia_kaliifid_(912–1031)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Umajaadide dünastia Andaluusia kaliifid (912–1031)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umajaadide_dünastia_Andaluusia_kaliifid_(912–1031)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taifade_kuningriigid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taifade_kuningriigid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Taifade kuningriigid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taifade_kuningriigid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Ándalus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 88 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – atšehi" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atšehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="الأندلس – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأندلس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl-%C6%8Fnd%C9%99l%C3%BCs" title="Əl-Əndəlüs – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl-Əndəlüs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="আন্দালুস – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্দালুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D3%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Әл-Әндәлүс – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әл-Әндәлүс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Endelus" title="El-Endelus – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="El-Endelus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Андалус – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андалус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%80ndalus" title="Al-Àndalus – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Àndalus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أندلوس – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أندلوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Αλ-Άνταλους – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Άνταλους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="اندلس (اسلامی) – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندلس (اسلامی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%95%88%EB%8B%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="알안달루스 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알안달루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ալ-Անդալուս – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Անդալուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="अल अन्दलुस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल अन्दलुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אל-אנדלוס – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-אנדלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალ-ანდალუსია – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-ანდალუსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Әл-Андалуси – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Андалуси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endulus_(dewlet)" title="Endulus (dewlet) – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endulus (dewlet)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – ladiino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladiino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andalusia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusa" title="Andalusa – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Andalusa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalusija" title="Al-Andalusija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Al-Andalusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusz" title="Andalusz – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andalusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ел-Андалус – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ел-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അൽ അന്തലൂസ് – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽ അന്തലൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="الاندلس – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاندلس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="アンダルス – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンダルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andal%C3%B3s" title="Al Andalós – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Al Andalós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="اندلس – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اندلس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مسلم اسپين – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسلم اسپين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andaluz" title="Al Andaluz – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al Andaluz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalus" title="Andalus – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Andalus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ئەندەلوس – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندەلوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ал Андалуз – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ал Андалуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlas" title="Indlas – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Indlas" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்-அந்தலுஸ் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்-அந்தலுஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="อัลอันดะลุส – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลอันดะลุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Андалус – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андалус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C3%BCl%C3%BCs" title="Endülüs – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endülüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="اندلس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اندلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ئەندەلۇس – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەندەلۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安达卢斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%94%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF" title="安達盧斯 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安達盧斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Endulus" title="El Endulus – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="El Endulus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安达卢斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ – tamasikti (Maroko)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamasikti (Maroko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Caliphate_750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caliphate_750.jpg/220px-Caliphate_750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caliphate_750.jpg/330px-Caliphate_750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caliphate_750.jpg/440px-Caliphate_750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Al-Ándalus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umaijaadide_kalifaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umaijaadide kalifaat (pole veel kirjutatud)">Umaijaadide</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">Kalifaadi</a> valitsemisajal, ca 750. aastal</figcaption></figure> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739652">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%;color:var(--color-base)!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-nowraplinks a{white-space:nowrap}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title{background:transparent!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-nowraplinks" style="; width: 18em; width:auto;"><tbody><tr> <th class="sidebar-title" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Andalusi ajalugu</a></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania_vallutamine_Ummaijaadide_poolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispania vallutamine Ummaijaadide poolt (pole veel kirjutatud)">Moslemite vallutused</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(711–732)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalete_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalete lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Guadalete lahing</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toulouse%27i_lahing_(721)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toulouse'i lahing (721) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Toulouse'i lahing</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toursi_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toursi lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Toursi lahing</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Córdoba">Córdoba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ummaijaadide_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ummaijaadide dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ummaijaadid</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(756–1031)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba_emiraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Córdoba emiraat (pole veel kirjutatud)">Córdoba emiraat</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_kalifaat" title="Córdoba kalifaat">Córdoba kalifaat</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almanzor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almanzor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Almanzor</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Esimene taifa-periood</a> <br /> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1009–1110)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;"><a href="/wiki/Almoraviidide_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Almoraviidide dünastia">Almoraviidide võim</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1085–1145)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Almoraviidide_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Almoraviidide dünastia">Vallutused</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagrajase_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagrajase lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sagrajase lahing</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Teine taifa-periood</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1140–1203)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;"><a href="/wiki/Almohaadide_riik" title="Almohaadide riik">Almohaadide võim</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1147–1238)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Las Navas de Tolosa lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Las Navas de Tolosa lahing</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kolmas taifa-periood</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1232–1287)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;"><a href="/wiki/Granada_emiraat" title="Granada emiraat">Granada emiraat</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small>(1238–1492)</small></span></th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasriidide_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasriidide dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nasriidide dünastia</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4ina_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väina lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Väina lahing</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granada_s%C3%B5da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granada sõda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Granada sõda</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-header" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;">Seotud artiklid</th> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;;"> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaar</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Rekonkista" title="Rekonkista">Rekonkista</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="sidebar-navbar" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347537">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{margin:0;display:inline-block;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-0.125em;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .navbar li:not(:last-child):after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbar.mini li abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}</style><div class="navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Al-Andalusi_ajalugu" title="Mall:Al-Andalusi ajalugu"><abbr title="Vaata seda malli">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Eri:EditPage/Mall:Al-Andalusi_ajalugu" title="Eri:EditPage/Mall:Al-Andalusi ajalugu"><abbr title="Redigeeri seda malli">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg/225px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg/338px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg/450px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Al-Ándalus osana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umaijaadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umaijaadid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Umaijaadide</a> kalifaadist (u 720)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg/220px-Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg/330px-Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg/440px-Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaar</a> umbes aastal 910</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Al-Ándalus</b> (araabia keeles<i>الأندلس</i>) on <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaare</a> ja Lõuna-Prantsusmaa ala, mis oli <a href="/wiki/Keskaeg" title="Keskaeg">keskajal</a> aastatel 711–1492 <a href="/wiki/Moslem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem">moslemite</a> võimu all.<sup id="cite_ref-NRnNE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRnNE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x7AxN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x7AxN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pärast <a href="/wiki/Moslemid" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslemid">moslemite</a> tungimist Pürenee poolsaarele oli al-Ándalus kõigepealt <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Aafrika" title="Põhja-Aafrika">Põhja-Aafrika</a> piirkonna Umaijaadide <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">kalifaadi</a> osaks, muutudes hiljem <a href="/wiki/Emiraat" title="Emiraat">emiraadiks</a> ning seejärel iseseisvaks <a href="/wiki/Abbassiidid" title="Abbassiidid">Abbassiidide</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">kalifaadiks</a>. Pärast <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_kalifaat" title="Córdoba kalifaat">Córdoba kalifaadi</a> lagunemist 1031. aastal jagunes see territoorium nn esimesteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">taifade</a> kuningriikideks, pärast almoraviidide pealetungi "teisteks taifade kuningriikideks" ning pärast almohaadide pealetungi "kolmandateks taifade kuningriikideks". Poolsaare põhjaosas mägedesse tõrjutud <a href="/wiki/Kristlased" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristlased">kristlaste</a> tagasivallutuse ehk <a href="/wiki/Rekonkista" title="Rekonkista">rekonkista</a> edasiliikumisega seoses kohandati al-Ándalusi nimi <a href="/wiki/Moslemid" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslemid">moslemite</a> võimu all olevale kahanevale piirkonnale, mille piire lükati aina rohkem lõuna suunas, kuni katoliiklik kuningapaar 1492. aastal <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> vallutas. See vallutus tegi lõpu <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islami</a> võimule <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarel</a>, kuid <a href="/wiki/Moslemid" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslemid">moslemi</a> elanikkond poolsaarel säilis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kohanimi">Kohanimi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohanimi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohanimi" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ándalusi kohanimi, mis viitab <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarele</a>, on esmakordselt dokumenteeritud vaid paar aastat pärast <a href="/wiki/Moslemid" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslemid">moslemite</a> sissetungi <a href="/wiki/Hispaania" title="Hispaania">Hispaaniasse</a> – <a href="/wiki/716" title="716">716</a>. aastast pärineval mündil. Seda säilitatakse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.mcu.es/">Hispaania Riiklikus Arheoloogiamuuseumis</a>. Mündil on <a href="/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel">ladinakeelne</a> sõna "Span", mis vastab nimele "Spania", koos araabiakeelse nimega "al-Ándalusi". </p><p>Arvestades mitmeid tunnistusi al-Ándalusi kakskeelsusest läbi ajaloo – samal ajal ja territooriumil kasutati nii romaani rahvakeelt kui ka araabia <a href="/wiki/Murre" title="Murre">murret</a> – ei ole üllatav, et sel ajal käibel olnud müntidel kasutati paralleelselt sama tähendusega sõnade tähistamiseks nii ladina kui ka <a href="/wiki/Araabia_kiri" title="Araabia kiri">araabia tähestikku</a>. Hoolimata sellest, et kohanimi al-Ándalus viitas <a href="/wiki/Araablased" title="Araablased">araablaste</a> aladele <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarel</a>, pole sõna päritolu teada ja selle kohta leidub mitmeid teooriaid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majandus">Majandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islami</a> tsivilisatsiooni sissetung <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarele</a> tõi endaga kaasa olulised muutused <a href="/wiki/Majandus" title="Majandus">majanduses</a>. Traditsioonilise <a href="/wiki/Agraar%C3%BChiskond" title="Agraarühiskond">agraarühiskonna</a> majanduse kõrval saavutas märkimisväärse ulatuse ka linnakaubandus. <a href="/wiki/Moslem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem">Moslemite</a> linnas oli väga tähtis koht <a href="/wiki/Turg" title="Turg">turul</a> (ar. k. <i>sūq</i>, hisp. k. <i>zoco</i>). Islami ülemvõimu perioodil said Pürenee poolsaare turud uue hingamise. Seal äritseti erinevate kaupadega, põhiliselt metallesemete, <a href="/wiki/Siid" title="Siid">siidi</a>- ja <a href="/wiki/Puuvill" title="Puuvill">puuvillakangaste</a> või <a href="/wiki/Vill" title="Vill">villaste</a> kudumitega. Mõningaid al-Ándalusis toodetud luksusesemeid eksporditi ka <a href="/wiki/Kristlus" title="Kristlus">kristlikusse</a> <a href="/wiki/Euroopa" title="Euroopa">Euroopasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magrib" title="Magrib">Magribi</a> ja Idamaadesse. Töökojad ja ärid, kus neid toodeti, kuulusid tavaliselt riigile. </p><p>Al-Ándalusis tuli tihti ette ka <a href="/wiki/Orjus" title="Orjus">orjade</a> kasutamist tööjõuna. Orjadele omistati vastavalt nende <a href="/wiki/Rass" title="Rass">rassile</a> erinevaid tööoskusi ja sellest tulenevalt oli neil ka erinev väärtus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fz2Sj_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fz2Sj-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ühiskond"><span id=".C3.9Chiskond"></span>Ühiskond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühiskond"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühiskond" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ándalusi elanikkond oli väga heterogeenne. Rahvastiku etnilises koosseisus olid ülekaalus hispanogoodid, arvukuse poolest järgnesid neile <a href="/wiki/Berberid" title="Berberid">berberid</a>, kes moodustasid poolsaare vallutanud sõjaväe põhiosa, kohalikest araablastest kõrgklass moodustas juba tunduvalt väiksema rühma. </p><p>Usulisest vaatepunktist koosnes rahvastik kas moslemitest või <i>dhimmi</i> 'dest (<a href="/wiki/Kristlased" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristlased">kristlased</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid">juudid</a>). <i>Muladí</i> 'dena tunti neid al-Ándalusi kristlasi, kes pöördusid islami usku; mosaraablastena aga neid, kes säilitasid ristiusu. Nii ühed kui ka teised võtsid omaks moslemite traditsioonid ja eluviisid. Võimulolev klass koosnes araablastest, berberitest ja <i>muladí</i> 'dest ning valitsetava klassi moodustasid kristlased ja juudid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sotsiaalne_struktuur">Sotsiaalne struktuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Sotsiaalne struktuur"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Sotsiaalne struktuur" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ándalusi sotsiaalne struktuur olenes iga grupi päritolust ja sotsiaalsest klassist. Kuigi <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> tunnustas ainult üht ühiskonna tüüpi, <i><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">umma</a></i> 't ehk usklike kogukonda, lõid islami juristid ühiskonna põhikirja vabade inimeste ja orjade seisuse kohta. Iga grupi sisestruktuur vastas järgmisele skeemile: aadel (<i>jassa</i>); aukandjad (<i>ayan</i>); rahvas (<i>amma</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maur" class="mw-redirect" title="Maur">Mauride</a> sotsiaalse struktuuri püramiidi tipu moodustasid <a href="/wiki/Moslem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem">moslemitest</a> araablased, kellele järgnesid moslemiusu vastu võtnud <a href="/wiki/Berberid" title="Berberid">berberid</a> ja moslemi usu vastu võtnud kohalikud endised kristlased, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muladi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muladi (pole veel kirjutatud)">muladi</a> (araabia sõnast <i>mūwallad</i>). </p><p><i>Mozárabe</i> 'del (<a href="/wiki/Kristlased" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristlased">kristlastel</a>) ja <a href="/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid">juutidel</a> oli usuvabadus, kuid nad pidid seevastu tasuma kahte lõivu: isiklik maks (<i>yizia</i>) ja maaharimismaks. Nendel kahel grupil olid oma valitsejad, nad neil oli liikumisvabadus ning neil oli õigus oma seaduste järgi kohut mõista. Sellest hoolimata olid neil järgmised piirangud: </p> <ul><li>nad ei võinud töötada poliitilistel ametikohtadel</li> <li>mehed ei võinud abielluda moslemist naisega</li> <li>nad ei võinud omada moslemitest teenreid ega matta oma surnuid suurejooneliselt</li> <li>nad pidid elama moslemitest eraldatud linnaosades</li> <li>nad olid kohustatud näitama üles külalislahkust seda vajavatele moslemitele, saamata selle eest rahalist tasu</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg/300px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg/450px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg/600px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Córdoba kalifaat (roheline), umbes aastal 1000</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnad nagu <a href="/wiki/Toledo" title="Toledo">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida">Mérida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Lissabon" title="Lissabon">Lissabon</a> olid olulised <i>mozárabe</i> keskused. Nende kooseksisteerimine ei olnud aga alati konfliktidest prii. <a href="/wiki/Toledo" title="Toledo">Toledos</a> juhtisid <i>mozárabe</i>’d vastuhakku araabia võimu vastu. Mõned <i>mozárabe</i>’d rändasid põhjas asuvatesse kristlaste kuningriikidesse, võttes oma kultuurist kaasa <a href="/wiki/Arhitektuur" title="Arhitektuur">arhitektuurilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomastika" title="Onomastika">onomastilisi</a> ja ka kohanimede elemente. Tähtsamateks keskusteks olid ka <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeria">Almeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaga">Malaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>. Juudid pühendusid kaubandusele ja maksude kogumisele. Nad olid ka arstid, saadikud ja varahoidjad. <a href="/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid">Juudil</a> Hasdai Ibn Shaprutil (915–970) õnnestus isegi <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_kalifaat" title="Córdoba kalifaat">Córdoba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba_kaliif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Córdoba kaliif (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaliif</a> (929–961) <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Abd_ar-Ra%E1%B8%A9m%C4%81n_III" title="‘Abd ar-Raḩmān III">‘Abd ar-Raḩmān III</a> üheks usaldusisikuks saada. </p><p>Numbritesse arvestatuna oli <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granadas</a> <a href="/wiki/15._sajand" title="15. sajand">15. sajandi</a> lõpus umbes 50 000 juuti ja kogu islami võimu all oleval <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarel</a> ligikaudu 100 000.<sup id="cite_ref-IN1oV_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IN1oV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kõige madalama sotsiaalse grupi moodustasid <a href="/wiki/Ida-Euroopa" title="Ida-Euroopa">Ida-Euroopa</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Euraasia" title="Euraasia">Euraasia</a> päritolu, orjakaubandusega Al-Ándalusi toimetatud orjad (<i>Saqaliba</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopoliitika">Geopoliitika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Geopoliitika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Geopoliitika" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On väga keeruline arvutada kokku al-Ándalusi rahvaarvu islami võimu kõige laiema ulatuse ajal (<a href="/wiki/10._sajand" title="10. sajand">10. sajand</a>), kuid on arvatud, et see võib jääda umbes 10 miljoni kanti. Araablased seadsid end sisse kõige viljakamatel aladel: <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquiviri</a> orus, Kagu-Hispaanias ja <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> orus. Berberid hõivasid aga mägised alad, nagu näiteks mäestikud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meseta_kiltmaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meseta kiltmaa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Meseta kiltmaal</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serran%C3%ADa_de_Ronda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serranía de Ronda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Serranía de Ronda</a> piirkond, paljud neist elasid ka <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarves</a> (berber Said ibn Harun andis nime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faro_(Portugal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faro (Portugal) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Faro</a> linnale). Siiski pöördusid paljud neist pärast berberite vastuhakku araablastele <a href="/wiki/740" title="740">740</a>. aastal tagasi <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Aafrika" title="Põhja-Aafrika">Põhja-Aafrikasse</a>. <a href="/wiki/741" title="741">741</a>. aastal saabus al-Ándalusi suur hulk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCrlased" title="Süürlased">süürlasi</a> eesmärgiga olla abiks berberite vastuhaku mahasurumisel ning jäid paikseks poolsaare ida- ja lõunaosasse. On ka allikaid, mis kinnitavad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeemenlased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeemenlased (pole veel kirjutatud)">jeemenlaste</a> kohalolekut linnades nagu näiteks Silves. Jääb veel välja tuua kahe väiksema etnilise grupi olemasolu: <a href="/wiki/Neegrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neegrid">neegrid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Slaavlased" title="Slaavlased">slaavlased</a>. </p><p>Neegrid jõudsid al-Ándalusi orjade või palgatöölistena. Samal ajal kui mehed hoolitsesid võimukandjate isikliku turvalisuse eest või töötasid käskjalgadena, teenisid mustanahalised naised leiba <a href="/wiki/Konkubiin" title="Konkubiin">konkubiinide</a> või koduabilistena. Slaavlased olid esialgu orjad, kuid paljud suutsid ennast tasapisi vabaks osta. Mõned neist hõivasid olulised ametikohad valitsuses või moodustasid esimeste <i>taifa</i> ’de ehk iseseisvate moslemi kuningriikide ajal (11. sajand) oma eraldiseisvad riigid. 15. sajandil asusid poolsaare aladele elama <a href="/wiki/Mustlased" title="Mustlased">mustlased</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kultuur"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kultuur" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jõukamate ühiskonnakihtide kodud olid mugavad ja ilusad, eelkõige tänu <a href="/wiki/Diivan" title="Diivan">diivanitele</a>, patjadele ning põranda- ja seinavaipadele. Õhtuid muutsid oma kohalolekuga lõbusamaks luuletajad, muusikud ja tantsijad. </p><p>Nii maa- kui ka linnapiirkondades olid levinud araabia saunad ehk <i>hammam</i>’id, mis ei olnud mõeldud mitte ainult pesemiseks, vaid ka seltskondlikuks koosviibimiseks. Araabia saunad olid oma olemuselt sarnased <a href="/wiki/Saun#Rooma_saun" title="Saun">rooma termidega</a>, mille juurde kuulusid erinevad külma- ja soojaveebasseinidega saalid. Neis tegid tööd massöörid, habemeajajad, rätsepad, jumestajad jt. Mehed käisid saunas õhtuti ning naised hommikuti. Need olid sobivad kohad poliitiliste vandenõude sepitsemiseks ning seksuaalsuheteks, mistõttu kristliku <a href="/wiki/Rekonkista" title="Rekonkista">rekonkista</a> käigus paljud saunad suleti. </p><p>Põhilised toiduained olid <a href="/wiki/Leib" title="Leib">leib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liha" title="Liha">liha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kala_(toit)" title="Kala (toit)">kala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaunvili" title="Kaunvili">kaun</a>- ja <a href="/wiki/Puuviljad" class="mw-redirect" title="Puuviljad">puuviljad</a>. Söögi valmistamisel kasutati aromaatseid <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Crt" title="Ürt">ürte</a> (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Pune" class="mw-redirect" title="Pune">pune</a>) ning <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BCrts" class="mw-redirect" title="Vürts">vürtse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ingver" title="Ingver">ingver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipar" title="Pipar">pipar</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6men" title="Köömen">köömen</a>), rasvainena tarvitati kuulsast <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> piirkonnast pärit õli. Maiustused olid samuti kõrgelt hinnatud: <i>queijadas</i> ehk juustukoogikesed, magus riis <a href="/wiki/Kaneel" title="Kaneel">kaneeliga</a> ning mitmesugused kuivatatud puuviljade ja <a href="/wiki/Mesi" title="Mesi">meega</a> küpsetised. Need magustoidud on veel tänapäevalgi teatud piirkondade kokakunstile iseloomulikud. </p><p>Algupärane al-Ándalusi kultuur tekkis 10.–12. sajandi paiku, pärast <a href="/wiki/Abbassiidide_kalifaat" title="Abbassiidide kalifaat">Bagdadi kalifaadi</a> ja Pärsia (klassikalise islami kultuurikeskus) kuningate poolt läbi viidud assimilatsiooni esimest etappi ning edukat emuleerimist. Al-Ándalus muutus vahelüliks Euroopa ning ülejäänud islamimaailma vahel, olles ühtlasi ka peamine kreeka, araabia, hiina ja hindu päritolu teadmiste vahendaja. Kõige selle tõttu räägivad paljud ajaloolased esimesest Euroopa renessansist ehk eelrenessansist. Araabia keel muudeti kohustuslikuks, ehkki suur osa elanikkonnast kõneles <a href="/wiki/Romaani_keeled" title="Romaani keeled">romaani keeli</a> või <a href="/wiki/Heebrea_keel" title="Heebrea keel">heebrea keelt</a>. Lingvistiline mitmekesisus peegeldus ka kirjanduses, eriti <i>moaxaja'</i>des ehk keskaegsetes poeetilistes heliteostes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paber" title="Paber">Paberi</a> kasutamine võimaldas odavate koopiate tegemist. Al-Hakam II raamatukogus Córdobas, mis on üks linna 70 raamatukogust, leidub 400 000 köidet, teiste seas <a href="/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka">Vana-Kreeka</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Vana-Rooma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma">Vana-Rooma</a> ajast pärit teoseid ning moslemi mõtlejate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avempace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avempace (pole veel kirjutatud)">Avempace</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroese</a> originaalteoseid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umajaadide_dünastia_Andaluusia_kaliifid_(912–1031)"><span id="Umajaadide_d.C3.BCnastia_Andaluusia_kaliifid_.28912.E2.80.931031.29"></span>Umajaadide dünastia Andaluusia kaliifid (912–1031)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Umajaadide dünastia Andaluusia kaliifid (912–1031)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Umajaadide dünastia Andaluusia kaliifid (912–1031)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umajaadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umajaadid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Umajaadide</a> dünastia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/912" title="912">912</a>–961 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%98Abd_ar-Ra%E1%B8%A9man_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="‘Abd ar-Raḩman III (pole veel kirjutatud)">an-Nāşir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/961" title="961">961</a>–976 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakan_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hakan II (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mustanşir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a>–1009 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham II (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mu'assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1009" title="1009">1009</a>–1009 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_(Umajaadid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II (Umajaadid) (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1009" title="1009">1009</a>–1009 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulayman_(Umajaadid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulayman (Umajaadid) (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mustasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1009" title="1009">1009</a>–1010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_(Umajaadid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II (Umajaadid) (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1010" title="1010">1010</a>–1013 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham II (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mu'assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1013" title="1013">1013</a>–1016 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulayman_al-Mustain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulayman al-Mustain (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sulayman al-Mustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1016" title="1016">1016</a>–1018 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ben_Hammud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ben Hammud (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a>–1018 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahman_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahman IV (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Murtada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a>–1021 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qasim_ben_Hammud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qasim ben Hammud (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1021" title="1021">1021</a>–1023 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_I_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya I ben Ali (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mutali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1023" title="1023">1023</a>–1023 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qasim_ben_Hammud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qasim ben Hammud (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1023" title="1023">1023</a>–1024 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahman_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahman V (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1024" title="1024">1024</a>–1025 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_III_(Umajaadid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad III (Umajaadid) (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a>–1027 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_I_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya I ben Ali (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mutali</a> (teist korda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1027" title="1027">1027</a>–<a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_III_(Umajaadid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham III (Umajaadid) (pole veel kirjutatud)">al-Mutadd</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Reinos_Taifas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Reinos_Taifas.jpg/300px-Reinos_Taifas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Reinos_Taifas.jpg/450px-Reinos_Taifas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Reinos_Taifas.jpg/600px-Reinos_Taifas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Taifade kuningriigid 1030. aastal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taifade_kuningriigid">Taifade kuningriigid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Taifade kuningriigid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Taifade kuningriigid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pärast <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_kalifaat" title="Córdoba kalifaat">Córdoba kalifaadi</a> lagunemist 1031. aastal jagunes territoorium nn esimesteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">taifade</a> kuningriikideks, pärast kristlike kuningriikide poolt ohustatud Taifade kuningriikide alade vallutamist <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalistlike</a> <a href="/wiki/Berberid" title="Berberid">berberi</a> <a href="/wiki/Almoraviidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoraviidid">almoraviidide</a> poolt <a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a>. aastaks "teisteks taifade kuningriikideks" ning pärast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohaadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almohaadid (pole veel kirjutatud)">almohaadide</a> (<i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i>) pealetungi "kolmandateks taifade kuningriikideks". <a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a>. aastaks oli <a href="/wiki/Ibeeria_poolsaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibeeria poolsaar">Ibeeria poolsaare</a> Al-Ándalus <a href="/wiki/Almohaadide_riik" title="Almohaadide riik">Alhohaadide võimu all</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Empire_almohade.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/220px-Empire_almohade.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/330px-Empire_almohade.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/440px-Empire_almohade.PNG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Almohaadide riik (punane) hiilgeajal, 1180-1212</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Hispaania_islamiriikide_riigipeade_loend" title="Hispaania islamiriikide riigipeade loend">Hispaania islamiriikide riigipeade loend</a></i></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklites <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sevilla_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sevilla taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sevilla taifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Córdoba taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Córdoba taifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1laga_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Málaga taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Málaga taifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algecirase_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algecirase taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Algecirase taifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granada_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granada taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Granada taifa</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaragoza_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaragoza taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Zaragoza taifa</a></i></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklites <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badajozi_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badajozi taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Badajozi taifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toledo_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toledo taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Toledo taifa</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencia_taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valencia taifa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Valencia taifa</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Almohaadide võim <a href="/wiki/Ibeeria_poolsaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibeeria poolsaar">Ibeeria poolsaarel</a> kestis kuni aastani 1212, kui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Nasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al-Nasir (pole veel kirjutatud)">Muhammad "al-Nasir" III</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Las Navas de Tolosa lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Las Navas de Tolosa lahingus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Morena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Morena (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sierra Morenas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kastiilia_kuningriik" title="Kastiilia kuningriik">Kastiilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3ni_kroon" title="Aragóni kroon">Aragóni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarra_kuningriik" title="Navarra kuningriik">Navarra</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Portugali_kuningriik" title="Portugali kuningriik">Portugali</a> kristlike kuningate liidult lüüa sai. <a href="/wiki/Maurid" title="Maurid">Mauride</a> võim Ibeerias taandus peagi peaaegu täielikult, kui <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Córdoba">Córdoba</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a> vastavalt aastatel 1236 ja 1248 <a href="/wiki/Kastiilia" title="Kastiilia">Kastiilia</a> kristlaste kätte langesid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NRnNE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NRnNE_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Los árabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de al-Ándalus a todas aquellas tierras que habían formado parte del reino visigodo: la Península Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica.", Eloy Benito Ruano, Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media, Real Academia de la Historia, 2000, p.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x7AxN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-x7AxN_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término al-Ándalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas -siquiera temporalmente- por tropas árabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia", José Ángel García de Cortázar, V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fz2Sj-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fz2Sj_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">AL-SAQATI, "Kitab fi adab al-hisba", Adaptación de la trad. castellana de P. CHALMETA en "Al-Andalus", 1968, XXXIII, fasc. 2, pp. 370–371, 374–375 y 383–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IN1oV-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IN1oV_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasserstein, 1995, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%C3%81ndalus&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Darío Fernández-Morera: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmisi.org/ir/41_02/fernandez-morera.pdf">"The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise"</a>, <i>The Intercollegiate Review</i>, 2006</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ándalus&oldid=6649967">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ándalus&oldid=6649967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Hispaania_keskaeg" title="Kategooria:Hispaania keskaeg">Hispaania keskaeg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Hispaania_ajaloolised_piirkonnad" title="Kategooria:Hispaania ajaloolised piirkonnad">Hispaania ajaloolised piirkonnad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Euroopa_keskaeg" title="Kategooria:Euroopa keskaeg">Euroopa keskaeg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Portugali_ajalugu" title="Kategooria:Portugali ajalugu">Portugali ajalugu</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 10:47, 12. mai 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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