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sentient</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleve_Backster_1969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cleve_Backster_1969.png/220px-Cleve_Backster_1969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cleve_Backster_1969.png/330px-Cleve_Backster_1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Cleve_Backster_1969.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cleve_Backster" title="Cleve Backster">Cleve Backster</a> in 1969, a notable proponent of paranormal plant perception</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about theories regarding paranormal emotion and perception in plants. For the physiology of normal perception in multicellular plants, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant perception (physiology)</a>.</div><p><b>Plant perception</b> or <b>biocommunication</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> idea that <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a>, that they feel pain, that they respond to humans in a manner that amounts to <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">ESP</a>, and that they experience a range of emotions or <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychological</a> states. Since plants lack <a href="/wiki/Nervous_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous systems">nervous systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paranormal claims regarding plant perception are considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1979_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1979-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such paranormal claims are distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment</a> via chemical and related stimuli. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_research">Early research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1811, <a href="/wiki/James_Perchard_Tupper" title="James Perchard Tupper">James Perchard Tupper</a> authored <i>An Essay on the Probability of Sensation in Vegetables</i> which argued that plants possess a low form of sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdougal,_1895_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdougal,_1895-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been cited as an early botanist "attracted to the notion that the ability of plants to feel pain or pleasure demonstrated the universal beneficence of a Creator".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion that plants are capable of feeling emotions was first recorded in 1848, when <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental psychologist">experimental psychologist</a>, suggested that plants are capable of emotions and that one could promote healthy growth with talk, attention, attitude, and affection.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> began to conduct experiments on plants in the year 1900. Bose invented various devices and instruments to measure electrical responses in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1979_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1979-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated from his experiments that an electrical spasm occurs during the end of life for a plant.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to biologist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a> "In his investigations on response in general Bose had found that even ordinary plants and their different organs were sensitive— exhibiting, under mechanical or other stimuli, an electric response, indicative of excitation."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One visitor to his laboratory, the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, was intensely disturbed upon witnessing a demonstration in which a <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> had "convulsions" as it boiled to death.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, ornithologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a> authored <i>Intelligence in Plants and Animals</i> which argued that plants have consciousness. Historian Ed Folsom described it as "an exhaustive investigation of how such animals as bees, ants, worms and buzzards, as well as all kinds of plants, display intelligence and thus have souls".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_research">Later research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Later research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Cleve_Backster" title="Cleve Backster">Cleve Backster</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a> specialist with the CIA, conducted research that led him to believe that plants can communicate with other lifeforms. Backster's interest in the subject began in February 1966 when he tried to measure the rate at which water rises from a <a href="/wiki/Philodendron" title="Philodendron">philodendron</a>'s root into its leaves. Because a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> or "lie detector" can measure electrical resistance, which would alter when the plant was watered, he attached a polygraph to one of the plant's leaves. Backster stated that, to his immense surprise, "the tracing began to show a pattern typical of the response you get when you subject a <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> to emotional stimulation of short duration".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, K. A. Horowitz, D. C. Lewis and E. L. Gasteiger published an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> giving their results when repeating one of Backster's effects – plant response to the killing of <a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimp</a> in boiling water. The researchers grounded the plants to reduce electrical interference and rinsed them to remove dust particles. As a control, three of five pipettes contained brine shrimp while the remaining two only had water; the pipettes were delivered to the boiling water at random. This investigation used a total of 60 brine shrimp deliveries to boiling water while Backster's had used 13. Positive correlations did not occur at a rate great enough to be considered statistically significant.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other controlled experiments that attempted to replicate Backster's findings have also produced negative results.<sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Botanist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Galston" title="Arthur Galston">Arthur Galston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiologist</a> Clifford L. Slayman who investigated Backster's claims wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>There is no objective scientific evidence for the existence of such complex behaviour in plants. The recent spate of popular literature on "plant consciousness" appears to have been triggered by "experiments" with a lie detector, subsequently reported and embellished in a book called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Plants" title="The Secret Life of Plants">The Secret Life of Plants</a></i>. Unfortunately, when scientists in the discipline of plant physiology attempted to repeat the experiments, using either identical or improved equipment, the results were uniformly negative. Further investigation has shown that the original observations probably arose from defective measuring procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galston_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>John M. Kmetz noted that Backster had not used proper controls in his experiments. When controls were used, no plant reactions to thoughts or threats were observed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The television show <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i> also performed <a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2006_season)#Primary_Perception" title="MythBusters (2006 season)">experiments</a> (Season 4, Episode 18, 2006) to verify or disprove the concept. The tests involved connecting plants to a polygraph <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a> and employing actual and imagined harm upon the plants or upon others in the plants' vicinity. The galvanometer showed a reaction about one third of the time. The experimenters, who were in the room with the plant, posited that the vibrations of their actions or the room itself could have affected the polygraph. After isolating the plant, the polygraph showed a response slightly less than one third of the time. Later experiments with an <a href="/wiki/EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> failed to detect anything. The show concluded that the results were not repeatable, and that the theory was not true.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea that plants can feel is also found in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. Jains believe that <a href="/wiki/Plant_soul" title="Plant soul">souls</a> called <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīvas</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">cycle of birth and death</a> inhabit plants, but are considered one-sensed beings classed as <i><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">ekendriya</a></i> which only have the sense of touch.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Mani Codex">Cologne Mani Codex</a></i> contains stories showing that Manichaeans believed in the existence of sentient <a href="/wiki/Plant_soul" title="Plant soul">plant souls</a>. Manichaean beliefs in the existence of plant souls likely originated from Jain ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FynesRCC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FynesRCC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plant rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_soul" title="Plant soul">Plant soul</a> (in religions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Plants" title="The Secret Life of Plants">The Secret Life of Plants</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Saxton_Burr" title="Harold Saxton Burr">Harold Saxton Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychology_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychology topics">List of parapsychology topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galston_1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1981_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. <i>Plant Sensitivity and Sensation</i>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Ogden_Abell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ogden Abell">George Ogden Abell</a>, Barry Singer. (1981). <i>Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural</i>. Junction Books. pp. 40-55. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86245-037-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86245-037-3">0-86245-037-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepdic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/plants.html">"Plant perception (a.k.a. the Backster effect) - The Skeptic's Dictionary"</a>. Skepdic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+perception+%28a.k.a.+the+Backster+effect%29+-+The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Skepdic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fplants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittle, Peg. (2011). <i>Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason</i>. Routledge. p. 317. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-84161-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-84161-1">0-203-84161-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jong, Tom de; Klinkhamer, Peter. (2005). <i>Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Reproductive Strategies</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82142-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82142-8">0-521-82142-8</a> "Plants do not have a nervous system and certainly do not make conscious decisions about what to do next."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Audus" title="Leslie Audus">Audus, Leslie</a>. (1974). <i>Roots of Absurdity</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 17 October. p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galston_1979-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1979_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galston_1979_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. (1979). <i>The Not-So-Secret Life of Plants: In Which the Historical and Experimental Myths About Emotional Communication Between Animal and Vegetable Are Put to Rest</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i> 67 (3): 337-344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdougal,_1895-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdougal,_1895_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdougal,_D._T.1895" class="citation journal cs1">Macdougal, D. T. (1895). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_47/June_1895/Irritability_and_Movement_in_Plants">"Irritability and Movement in Plants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. <b>47</b>: 225–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Irritability+and+Movement+in+Plants&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=225-234&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Macdougal%2C+D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPopular_Science_Monthly%2FVolume_47%2FJune_1895%2FIrritability_and_Movement_in_Plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sha, Richard C. (2009). <i>Perverse Romanticism: Aesthetics and Sexuality in Britain, 1750–1832</i>. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 60-61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9041-3">978-0-8018-9041-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhippo,_Craig_W;_Hangarter,_Roger_P.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Whippo, Craig W; Hangarter, Roger P. (2009). "The "Sensational" Power of Movement in Plants: A Darwinian System for Studying the Evolution of Behavior". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>96</b> (12): 2115–2127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0900220">10.3732/ajb.0900220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21622330">21622330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+%22Sensational%22+Power+of+Movement+in+Plants%3A+A+Darwinian+System+for+Studying+the+Evolution+of+Behavior&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2115-2127&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.0900220&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21622330&rft.au=Whippo%2C+Craig+W%3B+Hangarter%2C+Roger+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidelberger, Michael. (2004). <i>Nature From Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-4210-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-4210-0">0-8229-4210-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. A Shepard cited in Alexander Volkov. (2012). <i>Plant Electrophysiology: Methods and Cell Electrophysiology</i>. Springer. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-29119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-29119-7">978-3-642-29119-7</a> "Bose began by applying delicate instrumentation he had invented in his semiconductor research to deliver electrical stimuli and record electrical responses from various plant parts... He discovered that both living animal and plant tissues exhibited a diminution of sensitivity after continuous stimulation, recovery after rest, a 'staircase' or summation of electrical effects following mechanical stimulation, abolition of current flow after applying poisons and reduced sensitivity at low temperature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biswal, Basanti; Krupinska, Karin; Biswal, Udaya C. (2013). <i>Plastid Development in Leaves During Growth and Senescence</i>. Springer. p. 303. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5723-3">978-94-007-5723-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Geddes, Patrick</a>. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sirjagadisbose00geddrich#page/120/mode/2up"><i>The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose</i></a>. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Geddes, Patrick</a>. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sirjagadisbose00geddrich#page/146/mode/2up"><i>The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose</i></a>. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolsom,_Ed1983" class="citation journal cs1">Folsom, Ed (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61122805.pdf">"The Mystical Ornithologist and the Iowa Tufthunter: Two Unpublished Whitman Letters and Some Identifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Walt Whitman Quarterly Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 18–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13008%2F2153-3695.1003">10.13008/2153-3695.1003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walt+Whitman+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mystical+Ornithologist+and+the+Iowa+Tufthunter%3A+Two+Unpublished+Whitman+Letters+and+Some+Identifications&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13008%2F2153-3695.1003&rft.au=Folsom%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F61122805.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cleve_Backster" title="Cleve Backster">Backster, Cleve</a>. (2003). <i>Primary Perception: Biocommunication with Plants, Living Foods, and Human Cells</i>. White Rose Millennium Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0966435436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0966435436">978-0966435436</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz, K. A., Lewis, D. C, and Gasteiger, E. L. (1975). <i>Plant Primary Perception: Electrophysiological Unresponsiveness to Brine Shrimp Killing</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> 189: 478-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwebs, Ursula. (1973). <i>Do Plants Have Feelings?</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harpers</a></i>. pp. 75-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chedd, Graham. (1975). <i>AAAS takes on Emotional Plants</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 13 February. pp. 400-401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neher, Andrew. (2011). <i>Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination</i>. Dover Publications. pp. 155-156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486261676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486261676">978-0486261676</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kmetz, John M. (1978). <i>Plant Primary Perception: The Other Side of the Leaf</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> 2 (2): 57-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwc.org/mythbusters/2006/09/episode_61_deadly_straw_primar.html">"Episode 61: Deadly Straw, Primary Perception"</a>. <i>Annotated Mythbusters</i>. September 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annotated+Mythbusters&rft.atitle=Episode+61%3A+Deadly+Straw%2C+Primary+Perception&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwc.org%2Fmythbusters%2F2006%2F09%2Fepisode_61_deadly_straw_primar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/beliefs/soul.shtml">"The Soul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2009-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Soul&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjainism%2Fbeliefs%2Fsoul.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FynesRCC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FynesRCC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFynes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fynes, Richard C.C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757253">"Plant Souls in Jainism and Manichaeism The Case for Cultural Transmission"</a>. <i>East and West</i>. <b>46</b> (1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 21–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376">0012-8376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757253">29757253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Plant+Souls+in+Jainism+and+Manichaeism+The+Case+for+Cultural+Transmission&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=21-44&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8376&rft.aulast=Fynes&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+perception+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cusack, Anne E; Cusack, Michael J. (1978). <i>Plant Mysteries: A Scientific Inquiry</i>. Messner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Galston" title="Arthur Galston">Galston, Arthur W</a>. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory83newy#page/n253/mode/2up"><i>The Unscientific Method</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)">Natural History</a></i> 83: 18–24.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Galston" title="Arthur Galston">Galston, Arthur W</a>. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory84newy#page/n309/mode/2up"><i>The Limits of Plant Power</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)">Natural History</a></i> 84: 22–24.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Galston" title="Arthur Galston">Galston, Arthur W</a>; Slayman, Clifford L. (1979). <i>The Not-So-Secret Life of Plants: In Which the Historical and Experimental Myths About Emotional Communication Between Animal and Vegetable Are Put to Rest</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i> 67 (3): 337–344.</li> <li>Horowitz, K. A., Lewis, D. C, and Gasteiger, E. L. (1975). <i>Plant 'Primary Perception': Electrophysiological Unresponsiveness to Brine Shrimp Killing</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> 189: 478–480.</li> <li>Kmetz, John M. (1977). <i>A Study of Primary Perception in Plants and Animal Life</i>. Journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a> 71 (2): 157–170.</li> <li>Kmetz, John M. (1978). <i>Plant Primary Perception: The Other Side of the Leaf</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> 2 (2): 57–61.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, Robert Todd</a>. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/plants.html"><i>Plant Perception (a.k.a. The Backster Effect)</i></a>. Accessed 30 Nov 2006.</li> <li>Mescher, Mark C; Moraes, Consuelo M. De. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107010553/http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/2/425.full"><i>The Role of Plant Sensory Perception in Plant–Animal Interactions</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Botany" title="Journal of Experimental Botany">Journal of Experimental Botany</a></i> 66: 425–433.</li> <li>Stone, Robert. (1994). <i>The Secret Life of Your Cells</i>. Whitford Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_perception_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/plants.html">Plant Perception</a> - <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic's Dictionary">Skeptic's Dictionary</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plants-cannot-think-and-remember-but-theres-nothing-stupid-about-them-theyre-shockingly-sophisticated/">Plants cannot "think and remember," but there's nothing stupid about them: They're shockingly sophisticated</a> - <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/23/the-intelligent-plant">The Intelligent Plant</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/articles/442356/no-plants-dont-have-feelings">No, plants don't have feelings</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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