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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acting (law)</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Acting_(law)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li 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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the law of temporary officials. For the law governing people acting on someone else's behalf, see <a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">law of agency</a>.</div> <p> In law, a person is <b>acting</b> in a position if they are not serving in the position on a permanent basis. This may be the case if the position has not yet been formally created, the person is only occupying the position on an interim basis, the person does not have a <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a>, or if the person meant to execute the role is incompetent or incapacitated. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Business"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Business</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Legal_frameworks"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legal frameworks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Commonwealth"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commonwealth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Business">Business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Business" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Organizations are advised to have a <a href="/wiki/Succession_planning" title="Succession planning">succession plan</a> including the designation of an acting CEO if the person in that job vacates that position before a replacement has been determined. For example, the lead director on the board of directors may be designated to assume the responsibilities of the CEO until the board finds a new CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Acting_(law)" title="Special:EditPage/Acting (law)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acting%22+law">"Acting" law</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acting%22+law+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acting%22+law&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acting%22+law+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acting%22+law">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acting%22+law&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of acting positions in politics include <a href="/wiki/Acting_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting mayor">acting mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acting_governor" title="Acting governor">acting governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting president</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acting_prime_minister" title="Acting prime minister">acting prime minister</a>. Officials in an acting position sometimes do not have the full powers of a properly appointed official, and are often the proper official's deputy or longest serving subordinate. Being placed in an acting position is a good indicator that the acting person has the confidence of their superiors or colleagues, and is likely to be chosen for the position on a permanent basis. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Legal_frameworks">Legal frameworks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal frameworks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commonwealth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth</a> countries including Australia and Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Carltona_doctrine" title="Carltona doctrine">Carltona doctrine</a> is the overarching legal principle governing when a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister</a> may be said to be acting for or on behalf of a government department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalkin2008547–548_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkin2008547%E2%80%93548-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The 1910 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i> defines "acting" as a "term employed to designate a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locum_tenens" class="extiw" title="wikt:locum tenens">locum tenens</a></i> who is performing the duties of an office to which he does not himself claim title".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1914 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Secundum" title="Corpus Juris Secundum">Corpus Juris Secundum</a></i> gives much the same account.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Fraser v. United States</i>, the first case cited in the <i>Black's</i> entry on "acting", concerns <a href="/wiki/James_G._Hill" title="James G. Hill">James G. Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supervising_Architect_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervising Architect of the Treasury">Supervising Architect of the Treasury</a>. Hill had been suspended with pay while being investigated for a charge of fraud. Another person, <a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_(architect)" title="John Fraser (architect)">John Fraser</a>, was then directed by the Secretary of the Treasury to take charge of and perform the duties of Hill's office as "Acting" Supervising Architect. Officially, Fraser was merely a contractor who had been contracted to oversee the construction of a building for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. When Hill was returned to his position some five and a half months later, Fraser sought to be compensated for the time he had worked as Acting Supervising Architect, seeking the difference between the salary for that office and his much lower pay as a contracting architect for the Treasury. The Court of Claims found that the "acting" position was not a statutory creation, and that Fraser was entitled to no pay beyond that of his contract for the period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules for appointment of acting officials are covered in many cases by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Vacancies_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998">Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998</a> (FVRA).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal scholar Anne Joseph O'Connell notes that one central—and unresolved—question about the nature of acting officials under FVRA is their status under the <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connell observes that portions of FVRA, an act of Congress which sets out a detailed scheme for filling vacant positions in federal agencies, may be unconstitutional if acting officials can be "principal" officers under the Appointments Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional issue emerges because the Appointments Clause requires principal officers to be appointed by the President with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the Senate. If acting officers who take office pursuant to FVRA—not pursuant to presidential nomination and Senate confirmation—can be considered principal officers, then the FVRA would be unconstitutional to the extent that it allows this to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020662_(note_238)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020662_(note_238)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heilpern, for his part, argues that acting <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>-level officials are principal officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeilpern2019265_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilpern2019265-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Interim (disambiguation)">Interim (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Brockett, Zabihollah Rezaee, <i>Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting</i> (2012), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMillan2000">McMillan 2000</a>: 'The prevailing presumption of Anglo-Australian public law, articulated in the Carltona case … was that: [t]he duties imposed upon ministers and the powers given to ministers are normally exercised under the authority of the ministers by responsible officials of the department'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkin2008547–548-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalkin2008547%E2%80%93548_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalkin2008">Malkin 2008</a>, pp. 547–548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_Black" title="Henry Campbell Black">Black, Henry Campbell</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a>. 23 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>A term employed to designate a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locum_tenens" class="extiw" title="wikt:locum tenens">locum tenens</a></i> who is performing the duties of an office to which he does not himself claim title; <i>e.g.</i>, "<i>Acting</i> Supervising Architect." <i>Fraser v. United States</i>, 16 Ct. Cl. 514. An acting executor is one who assumes to act as executor for a decedent, not being the executor legally appointed or the executor in fact. <i>Morse v. Allen</i>, 99 Mich. 303, 58 N. W. 327. An acting trustee is one who takes upon himself to perform some or all of the trusts mentioned in a will. <i>Sharp v. Sharp</i>, 2 Barn. & Ald. 415.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=West&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Black%27s_Law_Dictionary_(Second_Edition).djvu/31" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Black's Law Dictionary (Second Edition).djvu/31">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikisource link" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackHale1914" class="citation book cs1">Mack, William; Hale, William Benjamin, eds. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpusjurisbein03kisegoog/page/n949/mode/1up">"Acting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Secundum" title="Corpus Juris Secundum">Corpus Juris Secundum</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: American Law Book Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">913–</span>914 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acting&rft.btitle=Corpus+Juris+Secundum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E913-%3C%2Fspan%3E914&rft.pub=American+Law+Book+Company&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorpusjurisbein03kisegoog%2Fpage%2Fn949%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fraser v. United States</i>, 16 Ct. Cl. 507, 1800 <a href="/wiki/Westlaw" title="Westlaw">WL</a> 1254 (1880).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrannon2018" class="citation web cs1">Brannon, Valerie C. (20 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44997.pdf">"The Vacancies Act: A Legal Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Congressional_Research_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congressional Research Service">U.S. Congressional Research Service</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043154/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44997.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=The+Vacancies+Act%3A+A+Legal+Overview&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Brannon&rft.aufirst=Valerie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020660_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2020">O'Connell 2020</a>, p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020662_(note_238)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2020662_(note_238)_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2020">O'Connell 2020</a>, p. 662 (note 238).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilpern2019265-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeilpern2019265_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeilpern2019">Heilpern 2019</a>, p. 265: "… this article shows that under current Supreme Court case law, an interim Cabinet Head is clearly an 'Officer of the United States'".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Acting_(law)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_Black" title="Henry Campbell Black">Black, Henry Campbell</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a>. 23 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=West&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Black%27s_Law_Dictionary_(Second_Edition).djvu/31" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Black's Law Dictionary (Second Edition).djvu/31">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikisource link" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>] </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilpern2019" class="citation journal cs1">Heilpern, James A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720201613/http://georgemasonlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Heilpern_Final_Web2-1.pdf">"Acting Officers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Law_Review" title="George Mason Law Review">George Mason Law Review</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">263–</span>306. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgemasonlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Heilpern_Final_Web2-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=George+Mason+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Acting+Officers&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Heilpern&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgemasonlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FHeilpern_Final_Web2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Malkin, Alissa (2008). "Government Reorganization and the Transfer of Powers: Does Certainty Matter?". <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa Law Review">Ottawa Law Review</a></i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">537–</span>570. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2714178">2714178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Government+Reorganization+and+the+Transfer+of+Powers%3A+Does+Certainty+Matter%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2714178%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Alissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2000" class="citation web cs1">McMillan, John (7 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP13">"Parliament and Administrative Law"</a>. Research Paper 13 2000-01. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+and+Administrative+Law&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=2000-11-07&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp0001%2F01RP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2020" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, Anne Joseph (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbialawreview.org/content/actings/">"Actings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>120</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">613–</span>728. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26910475">26910475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Actings&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E728&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26910475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Anne+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolumbialawreview.org%2Fcontent%2Factings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097304697">.mw-parser-output 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